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  • Articles  (38)
  • vulnerability  (20)
  • Mexico  (17)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • temperature
  • Springer  (38)
  • Geography  (38)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration caused by climate change: how vulnerable are people inn dryland areas? (2000)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 5 (2000), S. 379-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; Ethiopia ; historical analogy ; migration ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Climate change has been presented as a likely trigger formigration of people, especially in dryland areas of less developed countries.The underlying research questions focus on the strength of adaptationcapacity of subsistence farmers in Northern Ethiopia, and evaluate historicalexperiences gained from drought-induced migration. Through a survey of104 peasants who had to migrant due to persistent drought, vulnerabilityto climate change has shown to be a complex issue, including themultiplicity of factors comprising a household environment. Still, to bevulnerable does not make someone a potential climate migrant, as peoplein marginal regions have developed a great variety of adaptationmechanisms, which strengthen their ability to cope with both, slow climaticchanges and extreme climatic events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026570529614
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reducing Vulnerability of Water Resources of Canadian Prairies to Potential Droughts and Possible Climatic Warming (2000)
    Springer
    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 111-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Canadian Prairies ; climate anomalies ; climatic warming ; drought ; hydroclimatic trends ; strategic adaptation of water resources ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Past and the present studies show that the Canadian Prairies havebecome warmer and may have been drier in the last four to five decadesbut the drying trends are scattered and inconclusive.Statistical analysis shows that only the Winter and Fall (insome instances) precipitation is marginally related to ENSO andthe PNA (Pacific North Americ) Index, and streamflow is highlyvariable. With uncertainties on the potential impact of climaticchange and other uncertainties, several strategies are proposedto reduce the vulnerability of the Prairies to future droughts,where surface water is the primary water supply and agricultureis the major water user: (1) Continue implementing small-scalewater resources projects and increase water storage through snowmanagement, (2) increase integration between existing waterresources systems, and (3) promote water conservation measuresin agriculture practice, water pricing and water metering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008195827031
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GIS Techniques for Mapping Groundwater Contamination Risk (1999)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 20 (1999), S. 279-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: risk assessment ; groundwater contamination ; vulnerability ; GIS ; hazard ; economic ; value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The groundwater contamination risk map of a samplealluvial area was produced by using the IlwisGeographical Information System (GIS) to construct andto overlay thematic maps. The risk map has beenderived from the vulnerability map, the hazard map,where the potential contaminating sources wereidentified, and the socio-economic value of thegroundwater resource, represented by the wells. Thegroundwater quality map allowed thereliability of hazard and risk maps to be tested. The final map shows interesting results and stressesthe need for the GIS to test and improve on thegroundwater contamination risk assessment methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008192919933
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dew and its effect on two heliophile understorey species of a tropical dry deciduous forest in Mexico (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 43 (1999), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Dew ; Heliophile species ; Mexico ; Transpiration ; Tropical dry deciduous forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  A series of horizontal and vertical measurements of dew deposition and dew duration were carried out in a tropical dry deciduous forest in western Mexico (19° 30′ N, 105° 03′ W). The effect of dew on transpiration in heliophile species was also investigated. The amount of dew was very variable with no temporal or spatial pattern. The amount of dew measured at two horizontal transects (maximum and minimum) (at heights of 0.20 m and 1.30 m above ground level) was from 0.014 to 0.203 mm and from 0.013 to 0.061 mm in the middle and at the end of the dry season, respectively. Dew deposition at different vertical levels (0.50–12.5 m height) ranged from 0.04 to 0.36 mm. The duration of dew formation ranged between 60 and 129 min after sunrise above the canopy (a height of 11 m), and between 259 and 290 min after sunrise at a height of 2 m. Daily transpiration rates were 883 and 632 g m–2 d–1 in Coccoloba liebmannii and 538 and 864 g m–2 d–1 in Jacquinia pungens in January and April, respectively. Transpiration was restricted from sunrise to early afternoon in April, as a result of the pronounced midday closure of stomata in both species. The reduction of transpiration by dew ranged from 13.2 to 50.1 g m–2 d–1 and from 4.5 to 77.7 g m–2 d–1 for C. liebmannii and J. pungens, respectively. Dew can play an important role in enhancing the survival of heliophile species in the dry season by reducing transpiration rates during the morning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Science of Adaptation: A Framework for Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 199-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; impact assessment ; response options ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper outlines what is meant by "adaptation" to climate change, and how it might be addressed in the IPCC Assessments. Two roles of adaptation in the climate change field are identified: adaptation as part of impact assessment (where the key question is: what adaptations are likely?), and adaptation as part of the policy response (where the central question is: what adaptations are recommended?). The concept of adaptation has been adopted in several fields including climate impact assessment and policy development, risk management, and natural hazards research. A framework for systematically defining adaptations is based on three questions: (i) adaptation to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation occur? The paper demonstrates that, for adaptation purposes, climate extremes and variability are integral parts of climate change, along with shifts in mean conditions. Attributes for differentiating adaptations include purposefulness, timing, temporal and spatial scope, effects, form and performance. The framework provides a guide for the treatment of adaptation in the IPCC assessments, both in the assessment of impacts and in the evaluation of adaptive policy options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652531101
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Can the IPCC Technical Guidelines be applied? (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; coastal zones ; adaptation ; vulnerability ; IPCC Technical Guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations with respect to the guidance offered for coastal-adaptation assessment. It appears that the IPCC Technical Guidelines focus strongly on implementation. This paper uses both conceptual and empirical information is used in this paper to show that coastal adaptation embraces more than selecting one of the "technical" options to respond to sea-level rise (retreat, accommodate or protect). Coastal adaptation is a more complex and iterative process with a series of policy cycles. To be effective, an expanded adapta-tion framework involving four steps is suggested, including (i) information collection and awareness raising; (ii) planning and design; (iii) implementation; and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. The incom-plete coverage of these four steps in existing coastal-adaptation assessments constrains the development of adaptation strategies that are supported by the relevant actors and integrated into existing management. Researchers and policy-makers are recommended to work together to establish a framework for adaptation that is integrated within current coastal management processes and practices and takes a broader view on the subject.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681207419
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Architecture of Entitlements (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate variability ; vulnerability ; socio-economic indicators ; institutional analysis ; social Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of vulnerability to climate change as the first step in appraising and understanding the social and economic processes which facilitate and constrain adaptation. Vulnerability as defined here pertains to individuals and social groups. It is the state of individuals, of groups, of communities defined in terms of their ability to cope with and adapt to any external stress placed on their livelihoods and well-being. This proposed approach puts the social and economic well-being of society at the centre of the analysis, thereby reversing the central focus of approaches to climate impact assessment based on impacts on and the adaptability of natural resources or ecosystems and which only subsequently address consequences for human well-being. The vulnerability or security of any group is determined by the availability of resources and, crucially, by the entitlement of individuals and groups to call on these resources. This perspective extends the concept of entitlements developed within neo-classical and institutional economics. Within this conceptual framework, vulnerability can be seen as a socially-constructed phenomenon influenced by institutional and economic dynamics. The study develops proxy indicators of vulnerability related to the structure of economic relations and the entitlements which govern them, and shows how these can be applied to a District in coastal lowland Vietnam. This paper outlines the lessons of such an approach to social vulnerability for the assessment of climate change at the global scale. We argue that the socio-economic and biophysical processes that determine vulnerability are manifest at the local, national, regional and global level but that the state of vulnerability itself is associated with a specific population. Aggregation from one level to another is therefore not appropriate and global-scale analysis is meaningful only in so far as it deals with the vulnerability of the global community itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009601904210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Societal Vulnerability to Climate Change and Variability (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: societal adaptation ; globalisation ; institutional capacity ; resilience ; uncertainty ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Institutions in many wealthy industrialised countries are robust and their societies appear to be relatively well insulated against the impacts of climate variability, economic problems elsewhere and so on. However, many countries are not in this position, and there is a growing group of humanity which is not benefiting from the apparent global adaptive trends. Worst case scenarios reinforce the impact of this uneven distribution of adaptive capacity, both between and within countries. Nevertheless, at the broad global scale human societies are strongly adaptive and not threatened by climate change for many decades. At the local level the picture is quite different and the survival of some populations at their present locations is in doubt. In the absence of abatement, the longer term outlook is highly uncertain. Adaptation research needs to begin with an understanding of social and economic vulnerability. It requires a different approach to the traditional IPCC impacts assessment, as human behaviour, institutional capacity and culture are more important than biophysical impacts. This is consistent with the intellectual history of the IPCC which has gradually embraced an increasing range of disciplines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009611621048
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lahar hazard micro-zonation and risk assessment in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: hazard-zone mapping ; Indonesia ; Java ; lahar ; Merapi ; risk assessment ; vulnerability ; Yogyakarta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Yogyakarta urban area (500,000 inhab.) is located in Central Java on the fluvio-volcanic plain beside Merapi volcano, one of the most active of the world. Since the last eruption of Merapi in November 1994, the Code river, which goes across this city, is particularly threatened by lahars (volcanic debris flows). Until now, no accurate hazard map exists and no risk assessment has been done. Therefore, we drew a detailed hazard map (1/2,000 scale), based on morphometric surveys of the Code channel and on four scenarios of discharge. An additional risk assessment revealed that about 13,000 people live at risk along this river, and that the approximate value of likely loss is US $ 52 millions. However, the risk level varies between the urban suburbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007035612681
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Littoral benthos of the saline crater lakes of the basin of Oriental, Mexico (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 87-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: benthos ; crater lakes ; littoral ; macroinvertebrates ; Mexico ; Puebla ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Two saline crater lakes in the basin of Oriental, Puebla-Tlaxcala-Veracruz, were investigated for littoral benthic macroinvertebrates. Fifty taxa were identified with the oligochaetes, amphipods, chironomids and leeches the dominant organisms. These four taxa made up to 99 per cent in both number and biomass. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Hyalella azteca, Tanypus (Apelopia) sp. and Stictochironomus sp. were the most abundant organisms. Unlike other saline lakes which have a littoral benthos dominated by chironomids, Alchichica and Atexcac were dominated by oligochaetes (70–73 per cent). The gastropod, Physa sp., was found up to a salinity of 8 g L-1; in other studies, it has been found in lower salinities. L. hoffmeisteri is also a typical inhabitant of freshwater lakes, particularly of deep waters. It was dominant in the shallow, saline waters of the two lakes studied. Salinity did not affect species richness. Alchichica, the most saline of the six crater lakes of Puebla (salinity, 7.4 g L-1), had 30 per cent more species than the freshwater lakes, and double the species number of Atexcac. It seems the main factor controlling species richness and the density and biomass of organisms in Alchichica and Atexcac is the presence of aquatic vegetation. It does this by increasing habitat heterogeneity and providing food and protection against predators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009077214847
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Littoral benthos of the saline crater lakes of the basin of Oriental, Mexico (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 87-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: benthos ; crater lakes ; littoral ; macroinvertebrates ; Mexico ; Puebla ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Two saline crater lakes in the basin of Oriental, Puebla-Tlaxcala-Veracruz, were investigated for littoral benthic macroinvertebrates. Fifty taxa were identified with the oligochaetes, amphipods, chironomids and leeches the dominant organisms. These four taxa made up to 99 per cent in both number and biomass.Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Hyalella azteca, Tanypus (Apelopia) sp. andStictochironomus sp. were the most abundant organisms. Unlike other saline lakes which have a littoral benthos dominated by chironomids, Alchichica and Atexcac were dominated by oligochaetes (70–73 per cent). The gastropod,Physa sp., was found up to a salinity of 8 g L−1; in other studies, it has been found in lower salinities.L. hoffmeisteri is also a typical inhabitant of freshwater lakes, particularly of deep waters. It was dominant in the shallow, saline waters of the two lakes studied. Salinity did not affect species richness. Alchichica, the most saline of the six crater lakes of Puebla (salinity, 7.4 g L−1), had 30 per cent more species than the freshwater lakes, and double the species number of Atexcac. It seems the main factor controlling species richness and the density and biomass of organisms in Alchichica and Atexcac is the presence of aquatic vegetation. It does this by increasing habitat heterogeneity and providing food and protection against predators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441880
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance Risk Analysis for Fukuoka Water Supply System (1998)
    Springer
    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: risk ; reliability ; resiliency ; vulnerability ; drought risk index ; drought damage index ; simulation ; water supply ; reservoir operation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this study, simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the municipal water system in Fukuoka city. In combination with daily simulation model, a kind of risk model incorporating water demand prediction is presented. This model applies five risk indices: reliability, resiliency, vulnerability, drought risk index (DRI) and drought damage index (DDI). They aid in the identification of operation policies for the municipal water system, and the planning and operational policies obtained are aimed at achieving minimum risk for a given scenario of operation. In this paper, the performance risk of the municipal water system is investigated under three alternatives: (1) the existing system operation when available supply from the Chikugo river is decreased; (2) water restrictions for different percentages of reduction are implemented; and (3) available water supply increases when desalination of sea water is implemented. The results obtained show that savings of between 5 and 12% of water consumption from May 1, or increasing of daily desalination of sea water about 30 000 m3 or more, may efficiently decrease the performance risk of the Fukuoka water supply system. Potentials also exist for further increase of reservoir storage by more rational operation. The measure that more attention should be paid to increasing the water supply from stable sources is recommended as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007951806144
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Hedging on Over-Year Reservoir Performance (1998)
    Springer
    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 95-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: reliability ; resilience ; vulnerability ; reservoirhedging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Based on a detailed Monte-Carlo simulation, the effects of hedging parameters namely, starting water availability (SWA), ending water availability (EWA) and hedging factor (HF) on reservoir storage performance indicators have been investigated within the storage-yield plane of over-year reservoirs. Also, trade-off relationships between the various storage performance indicators are developed and selection of reasonable compromising hedging policies based on performance criteria is attempted for over-year reservoirs. Regions within the storage-yield plane of over-year reservoirs where hedging would be effective are identified. This would help the reservoir managers in mitigating the severity during long stretched critical drought periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007936115706
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon stable isotopes ratios of pelagic and littoral communities in Alchichica crater-lake, Mexico (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: δ13C ; crater-lake ; food webs ; Mexico ; pelagic and littoral communities ; saline-lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Carbon stable isotope ratios were determined in dominant biotic components of pelagic and littoral systems in Alchichica crater-lake. Results showed that carbon signatures were significantly different between both systems. The pelagic environment was more depleted (−26.15 to −15.14 per mille) than the littoral zone (−21.03 to −17.91 per mille). The potential source end-point in the simplified pelagic community was established to be diatomaceous phytoplankton; its predicted value was −21.7 per mille. There is a clear evidence that Nodularia does not sustain the pelagic food chain. In contrast, the highly diverse littoral community was sustained by epiphytes. No allochthonous sources seemed to influence this food web. 13C enrichment was observed along the components of both systems with fractionations of 0.8 to 1.4 per mille. The contribution of the seagrass Ruppia maritima is probably associated with the detritus pathway. Carbon source partitioning between both systems was not recorded. The δ13C in Alchichica crater-lake was more enriched than in other saline lakes and could be attributed to different salinity and CO2 concentrations among lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009052526657
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon stable isotopes ratios of pelagic and littoral communities in Alchichica crater-lake, Mexico (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: δ13C ; crater-lake ; food webs ; Mexico ; pelagic and littoral communities ; saline-lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Carbon stable isotope ratios were determined in dominant biotic components of pelagic and littoral systems in Alchichica crater-lake. Results showed that carbon signatures were significantly different between both systems. The pelagic environment was more depleted (−26.15 to −15.14 per mille) than the littoral zone (−21.03 to −17.91 per mille). The potential source end-point in the simplified pelagic community was established to be diatomaceous phytoplankton; its predicted value was −21.7 per mille. There is a clear evidence thatNodularia does not sustain the pelagic food chain. In contrast, the highly diverse littoral community was sustained by epiphytes. No allochthonous sources seemed to influence this food web.13C enrichment was observed along the components of both systems with fractionations of 0.8 to 1.4 per mille. The contribution of the seagrassRuppia maritima is probably associated with the detritus pathway. Carbon source partitioning between both systems was not recorded. The δ13C in Alchichica crater-lake was more enriched than in other saline lakes and could be attributed to different salinity and CO2 concentrations among lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442143
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction Scenarios in Mexico for Year 2005: Industrial Cogeneration and Efficient Lighting (1998)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1998), S. 359-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: CO2emissions ; CO2mitigation costs ; cogeneration ; efficient lighting ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the impacts on Mexican energy demand and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the year 2005 due to efficient lighting in the commercial and residential sectors and cogeneration in the industrial sector is presented. Estimation of CO2 abatement costs and an incremental cost curve for CO2 mitigation options are considered. These technologies are cost effective opportunities, and together are projected to reduce CO2 emissions in 2005 by nearly 13 percent. Implementation of efficient lighting is already part of the demand side management (DSM) programs of the Mexican state-owned utility. However, there are important barriers that may hinder the implementation of large scale cogeneration plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004665.58546.4b
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adapting to Climate Change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004663.31074.64
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adapting to climate change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437055
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: Case Studies in the Former Soviet Union, the Conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000027388.65532.60
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    Carbon dioxide emission reduction scenarios in Mexico for year 2005: Industrial cogeneration and efficient lighting (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 359-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: CO2emissions ; CO2mitigation costs ; cogeneration ; efficient lighting ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the impacts on Mexican energy demand and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the year 2005 due to efficient lighting in the commercial and residential sectors and cogeneration in the industrial sector is presented. Estimation of CO2 abatement costs and an incremental cost curve for CO2 mitigation options are considered. These technologies are cost effective opportunities, and together are projected to reduce CO2 emissions in 2005 by nearly 13 percent. Implementation of efficient lighting is already part of the demand side management (DSM) programs of the Mexican state-owned utility. However, there are important barriers that may hinder the implementation of large scale cogeneration plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437051
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    Modelling Crop-Climate Interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and Adaptation of Different Agricultural Systems to Climate Change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018139.42373.f1
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    Impact of Climate Change on Possible Scenarios for Egyptian Agriculture in the Future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018270.16497.39
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    Impact of climate change on possible scenarios for Egyptian agriculture in the future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaption ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517805
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    Modelling crop-climate interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and adaptation of different agricultural systems to climate change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517807
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    Terrestrial carbon dynamics: Case studies in the former Soviet Union, the conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (=uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (-37) and Brazil (-16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (=emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU -342; U.S. -243; Mexico -35; and Brazil -235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464888
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    Metropolitan growth and labor markets in Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 43 (1997), S. 371-383 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: metropolitan labor markets ; Mexico ; social polarization ; precarization of labor force
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to examine the main changes in the metropolitan labor markets associated with economic restructuring in Mexico during the late 1980s and beginning of the 1990s. The analysis refers particularly to the four largest metropoles of the country, Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey and Puebla, looking for common characteristics in their emergent employment structures now strongly differentiated in terms of rewards, stability in employment relations and conditions of access to jobs. The analysis reveals that largest metropolitan areas have been the most profoundly affected by the economic restructuring resulting from globalization, through a rapid de-industrialization and the expansion of the tertiary sector. Metropolitan labor markets in Mexico, at the time that show signs of social polarization in the formal sector, put in evidence a general process of precarization – less labor stability, replacement of permanent by part-time jobs, and increasing subcontracting –, segmentation of the labor force, and an increasing informal conditions of economic activities with small businesses and unskilled, temporarly and poorly paid jobs. The labor force segmentation and its more precarious and casual conditions are mostly explained by the impact of recent neoliberal policies, and recurrent economic crisis during the 1980s and 1990s which highly contributes to social inequality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006895907459
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    Historical and recent changes in Lake Texcoco, a saline lake in Mexico (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 45-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: conservation ; human impacts ; Lake Texcoco ; Mexico ; saline lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Historical and recent changes in the nature of Lake Texcoco, a saline lake in Mexico, are described. These changes are particularly important since they significantly affect water supply, drainage and other urban issues in Mexico City, Mexico's largest city and capital located within the general boundaries of the lake basin and gradually sinking (mean annual sinking rate is 30 cm). After brief reviews of the present status of the lake and background geological, palaeolimnological and climatic features, human activities during historical and recent times are considered. Of particular note have been drainage basin activities, diversion of inflows, pollution and over-exploitation of groundwater and biological resources (especially fish and waterfowl). The major effects of these activities are water shortages, soil erosion, salinization, dust storms, sinking ground, poor water quality and decreased biological resources. Conservation measures are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01996035
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    The macrobenthic fauna of a former perennial and now episodically filled mexican saline lake (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 261-274 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: episodic playa lakes ; macroinvertebrates ; Mexico ; salt lakes ; temporary waters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Totolcingo (El Carmen), a large and now episodically filled playa lake in the east-ernmost portion of the Mexican Plateau, filled with water in 1993. Water persisted for just one month (May). Alkaline (pH ≈ 10), saline (K25 up to 30,000μS/cm) waters, dominated by NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, characterized the lake. The fauna was depauperate. The components of the fauna wereEphydra (Hydropyrus)hians Say (ephydrid),Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède (tubificid), andBerosus sp. (Coleoptera). The species in the lake were widely dispersed and typical inhabitants of saline lakes. Possible reasons for the depauperate fauna include (a) overall physical and chemical conditions, (b) unpredictable hydrology, and (c) the short (one month) inundation period prevented colonization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997141
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    Variations in some physico-chemical parameters in a hypersaline coastal lagoon of Baja California, Mexico (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 265-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: hypersaline coastal lagoon ; physico-chemical seasonal variations ; winds ; Artemia ; cysts ; Baja California ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract San Jose lagoon is a hypersaline body of water located in Mexico in the Baja California Peninsula. The lagoon belongs to a system that lies between the fault ridge known as San Jose Creek. Because of its marine origin, it can be considered as thalassohaline, but its isolation from the ocean has brought about changes in its salt composition. It has an area of 13,500 m2, a mean depth of 80 cm and a total volume of 10,000 m3. It does not desiccate and can be considered as a permanent lagoon. Seasonal variations are small. TheArtemia population in San Jose produces cysts all year. To determine the physico-chemical conditions inducing permanent production of cysts, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH of the lagoon were monitored, as well as relative humidity and wind conditions in the region in different seasons of the year. From spring to summer, differences of 1 mg L−1 of O2, 1°C in water temperature, and 8 g L−1 in salinity were observed, and from summer to winter differences of 3.3 mg L−1, 6.5°C, and 14 g L−1, respectively. Despite small seasonal variations, the lagoon exhibits strong spatial and daily changes that are important for cyst production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02001495
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    The pollina (northern Sicily, Italy) earthquake of 26 June 1993: an application of the new European Macroseismic Scale 1992 (1995)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 12 (1995), S. 289-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: macroseismic survey ; intensity assessment ; vulnerability ; historical seismicity ; Sicily
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The new European Macroseismic Scale 1992 (EMS) is applied to intensity estimation of data collected in field investigations of the 26 June 1993 Pollina (northern Sicily) earthquake and the results are compared with those obtained using the MSK-81 scale. The highest intensity estimated (VI–VII) fits with the low magnitude value (M L = 4.7) and the low resistance level of buildings is responsible for some unexpected severe damage, thus raising the seismic vulnerability of the area. The tectonic framework shows significant elements of recent activity accounting for the frequent seismicity. The study also evaluated the validity of using vulnerability classes of buildings as defined in the EMS scale in the intensity assessment of historical earthquakes of the area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00596223
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    Disasters in Bangladesh (1995)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 11 (1995), S. 247-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: disaster ; vulnerability ; Bangladesh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with various types of natural disasters which occur very frequently in Bangladesh. Disaster can occur at any time, in any place, in any dimension, and may owe as much to the circumstances as to the scale of the event. With the exception of the man-made disaster of war, famine, fire, pollution, accident and civil strife, the worst disasters follow natural events. Bangladesh is widely known as a land of natural disasters and is highly vulnerable to flood, cyclone and river erosion. By the effects of these disasters the country is now permanently in distress. These disasters have become a regular phenomenon and cause suffering to millions of people of the country since many decades. Besides, it also focuses on policy options concerning disaster management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613409
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662588
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    Volcanic hazards in the surroundings of Pico de Orizaba, eastern Mexico (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 10 (1994), S. 197-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Mexico ; Citlaltepetl ; volcanic lava ; pyroclastic ; epiclastic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Volcanic hazards from Pico de Orizaba volcano are presented here tor the first time. Some 1.3 million people live within the hazard zone, which in the most severe case would encompass the Mexican Gulf coast, east of the volcano. Three major cities located in the eastern part of the hazard zone account for 800 000 of this population and about 200 000 people live within a 20 km radius of the volcano. Probability calculations are presented as an attempt to quantify the hazards in the surroundings of the volcano. Such quantification can be of use in planning for future land use within the hazard zones. A zone of about 10 km radius centred on the top crater is a high hazard zone for gravity-driven flows and fallout ejecta. For large volume eruptions, the radius could be extended to 120 km to the east and 60 km to the west. The asymmetrical distribution is related to the topography of the volcano. Hazards from Pyroclastic-fall deposits are principally to the west of the volcano, since easterly winds are dominant in the area lava-flow hazards are greatest within a 10 km radius from the summit crater. Pyroclastic flow hazards are high up to 20 km from the volcano summit. In the case of reactivation of the volcano, melting of a glacier covering the summit of Pico de Orizaba having a volume equivalent to some 45 × 109 litres of water, would produce lahars which would descend the flanks of the volcano.
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    Re-evaluation of minor events: The examples of the 1895 and 1909 Rome earthquakes (1993)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 7 (1993), S. 219-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Rome ; local earthquakes ; vulnerability ; intensity estimation ; historical earthquakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The city of Rome is subjected to moderate seismic risk due to both local and external seismicity. Up to now, the maximum intensity felt has never exceeded VIII MCS. The 1 November 1895 (I o = VII) and 31 August 1909 (I o = VI) earthquakes demonstrate that small local events can also cause damage in a large old city. In the present work, we have re-evaluated the intensity values of those two events by means of automatic processing. A comparison between the present results with geological evidence and previous studies is shown, especially for the historical centre of Rome. For the first time, the 1909 earthquake instrumental magnitudeM L = 3.6 has been calculated from original recordings.
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    Albedo model for a tropical dry deciduous forest in western Mexico (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 36 (1992), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Albedo ; Deciduous vegetation ; Energy regime ; Mexico ; Tropical deciduous forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple albedo model is presented for a tropical dry deciduous forest. The model is based on point observations of the solar radiation, leaf cover of the vegetation, precipitation and air temperature from 1981 to 1988 in western Mexico. Four main periods were noted: leafing, leafed, leaf-fall and leafless. During the leafed period the albedo was almost constant (0.16) but increased slowly in the leaf-fall period, at a rate of 0.0008/day, until its maximal values in the leafless period (0.24). During the leafing and leafed periods, the albedo decrease was a hyperbolic function of precipitation at a rate of 7.9 albedo percentage/mm. Albedo showed a linear regression on leaf cover and decreased at a rate of 0.119 albedo percentage per leaf cover percentage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208922
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    Natural hazards and disasters in Latin America (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 6 (1992), S. 131-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Natural disasters ; Latin America ; marginality ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Natural hazards and disasters occur widely throughout the world. Disasters can be costly both in terms of human lives and property and ecosystem disruption. Higher death tolls in developing nations may be the result of poverty, rapid population growth, urbanization, and inadequate communication facilities. The purpose of this study is to show patterns of major catastrophic events in Latin America so that their impacts can be evaluated and compared. Latin America was selected because of the variety of recent events commanding wide attention: earthquakes in Mexico, volcanic eruptions in Colombia, hurricanes and floods in Haiti, and drought and mudflows in Brazil. Spatial and temporal aspects of natural disasters are presented in nine tables and 21 maps. The tables give selected disaster data by country for volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and atmospheric disturbances from the 16th century to 1989. Most data is derived from disasters occurring during the 20th century and include number of events, people killed, people affected, and U.S.$ damage. Maps show environmental settings for disasters and allow detailed comparison among countries. Floods account for the greatest number of major events in the most countries, earthquakes cause the most deaths and damage, while droughts affect the most people. Peru surpasses all others in susceptibility to major disasters. Assessment of vulnerability to hazards, improved economic opportunities, and an increased social and political concern for poor people should help reduce future losses from natural disasters in Latin America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124620
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    The tsunami threat on the Mexican west coast: A historical analysis and recommendations for hazard mitigation (1991)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 4 (1991), S. 301-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Tsunami catalog ; precursors ; warning system ; public education ; risk assessment ; Mexico ; Mesoamerican subduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract From an inspection of all tide gauge records for the western coast of Mexico over the last 37 years, a data base of all recorded tsunamis was made. Information on relevant historical events dating back two centuries, using newspaper archives, previous catalogs, and local witness interviews, was added to produce a catalog of tsunamis for the western coast of Mexico. A description of the 1932 Cuyutlán tsunami is given. This is considered to be the most destructive local tsunami which has ever occurred in the region for which historical accounts are available. It was preceded by two precursor events, a not uncommon occurrence in that zone. A summary of the generation and coastal effects from the 1985 Michoacán tsunamis is also given. These Michoacán tsunamis are the most recent local events in that zone. This information, and knowledge of local undersea faulting characteristics along the Mexican Pacific coast, leads to a clear differentiation of two zones of potential tsunami hazard: locally generated tsunamis south of the Rivera fracture, in the Cocos plate subsidence region, and remotely generated tsunamis north of this zone. Based on this zonation, two types of tsunami warning systems are proposed: real-time for the southern zone, and delayed-time for the northern. A description is provided of the Baja California Regional Tsunami Warning System that is presently operational in the northern zone. Several major industrial ports and tourist resort areas are located in the southern zone, and are therefore most vulnerable to local destructive tsunamis. Some of these sites represent important socioeconomic resources for Mexico, and have therefore been chosen for a vulnerability assessment and microzonation risk analysis. Land use patterns are identified, risks defined, and recommendations to minimize future tsunami impact are given. One case is illustrated.
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    Source mechanism of the tsunamis of 19 and 21 September 1985, in Mexico (1988)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 285-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Source-mechanism ; tsunami ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The major earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale which struck the west coast of Mexico on Thursday 19 September 1985, generated a small tsunami. A major aftershock on 21 September, with a magnitude of 7.5 also produced a small tsunami. Both tsunamis propagated across the Pacific and were recorded by several tide stations in Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, French Polynesia, Samoa, and Hawaii. No reports of damage were received from any of the stations, and only minor damage due to the first tsunami was reported from the source region. A survey was made by the International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC) of the coastal area affected, from Manzanillo to Zihuatanejo. Tsunami runup measurements were taken and interviews with local residents in the coastal areas were conducted. A source mechanism study of the tsunamis was undertaken using seismic and geologic data and empirical relationships. Earthquake and tsunami energies were estimated and the tsunami genertion areas defined. The earthquake energies were estimated to be 5.61 × 1024 erg for the 19 September event and 9.9 × 1023 erg for the 21 September event. Tsunami energies were estimated to be 0.7 × 1020 erg for the first event and 0.56 × 1020 erg for the second event. The source area of the first tsunami was determined to be approximately one-half of the earthquake source area, or approximately 7500 km2, while the source area of the second tsunami was estimated to be equal to the earthquake area. The relatively small tsunamis generated by these large earthquakes are attributed to the shallow angle of subduction of the Cocos plate underneath the North American plate for this particular region, and to the small vertical component of crustal displacements. However, the angle of subduction increases further south and local earthquakes from that area have the potential of producing large tsunamis on the west coast of Mexico.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137233
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