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  • Articles  (666)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (597)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • salinity
  • temperature
  • Springer  (666)
  • Medicine  (634)
  • Geography  (32)
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  • Articles  (666)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of endothelin receptors in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat (2000)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 122 (2000), S. 507-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endothelin-A receptor ; Endothelin-B receptor ; Rat ; Pulmonary fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantitative PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractPulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition with concomitant loss of gas exchange units, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Increased levels of ET-1 from tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in animal models after intratracheal bleomycin. We characterized the cellular distribution of alveolar ET receptors by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and determined the regulation by bleomycin of ET receptor mRNA expression in isolated alveolar macrophages and rat lung fibroblasts. We found significant increases in the numbers of fibroblasts and macrophages at day 7 compared to day 28 and control animals. ETB receptor immunoreactivity was observed on fibroblasts and invading monocytes. Isolated fibroblasts expressed both ETA and ETB receptor mRNA, and ETA receptor mRNA was upregulated by bleomycin. Isolated resident alveolar macrophages expressed neither ETA nor ETB receptor mRNA which were also not induced by bleomycin. We conclude that, while ETB receptor stimulation of fibroblasts and monocytes recruited during bleomycin-induced lung injury exerts antagonistic effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, the observed increase in the number of fibroblasts in vivo and upregulation of fibroblast ETA receptor mRNA by bleomycin in vitro point to a predominance of the profibrotic effects of ET receptor engagement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-004-0708-7
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibin/activin subunits alpha, beta-A and beta-B are differentially expressed in normal human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle (2000)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 122 (2000), S. 461-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endometrium ; Normal ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunofluorescence ; Inhibin/activin subunits ; Inhibin-alpha ; Inhibin-beta A ; Inhibin-beta B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractInhibins are dimeric glycoproteins composed of an alpha (α) subunit and one of two possible beta (β-) subunits (βA or βB). The aims of this study were to assess the frequency and tissue distribution patterns of the inhibin subunits in normal human endometrium. Samples from human endometrium from proliferative phase (PP; n=32), early secretory phase (ES; n=10) and late secretory phase (LS; n=12) were obtained. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and a statistical analysis were performed. All three inhibin subunits were expressed by normal endometrium by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Inhibin-α was primarily detected in glandular epithelial cells, while inhibin-β subunits were additionally localised in stromal tissue. Inhibin-α staining reaction increased significantly between PP and ES (P〈0.05), PP and LS (P〈0.01), and ES and LS (P〈0.02). Inhibin-βA and -βB were significant higher in LS than PP (P〈0.05) and LS than ES (P〈0.05). All three inhibin subunits were expressed by human endometrium varying across the menstrual cycle. This suggests substantial functions in human implantation of inhibin-α subunit, while stromal expression of the β subunits could be important in the paracrine signalling for adequate endometrial maturation. The distinct expression in human endometrial tissue suggests a synthesis of inhibins into the lumen and a predominant secretion of activins into the stroma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-004-0709-6
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Successive Approximation Linear Quadratic Regulator for Estuarine Management Problem (2000)
    Springer
    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: estuarine management ; fishery harvest ; freshwater inflow ; linear quadratic regulator ; salinity ; successive approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A successive approximation linear quadratic regulator (SALQR)method is applied to solve estuarine management problems to determine the optimal amount of freshwater inflows into baysand estuaries to maximize fishery harvests. Fishery harvests areexpressed in regression equations as functions of freshwaterinflows. The optimization problem is posed as a discrete-timeoptimal control problem in which salinity represents the statevariable and freshwater inflow represents the control variable. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic-salinity transport model, HYD-SAL,is used as the transition to simulate the flow circulation andtemporal and spatial salinity pattern in an estuary system. Thebound constraints for the control and state variables areincorporated into the objective function using a penalty functionmethod to convert the problem into an unconstrained formulation. The SALQR method is applied to the Lavaca-Tres Palacios Estuaryin Texas and the results are compared with those of usingregression equations as the transition equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026576129765
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environment factors influence in vitro interspecific interactions between A. ochraceus and other maize spoilage fungi, growth and ochratoxin production (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: interspecific interactions ; ochratoxin ; Aspergillus ochraceus ; spoilage fungi ; water relations ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water availability (water activity,aw; 0.995–0.90) and temperature (18–30 °) on in vitro interactions between an ochratoxin producing strain of Aspergillus ochraceus and six other spoilage fungi was assessed in dual culture experiments on a maize meal-based agar medium. Inprimary resource capture of nutrient substrate, A. ochraceus was dominant against many of the interacting species, being able to overgrow and replace A. candidus, and sometimes A. flavus and the Eurotium spp. regardless of aw or temperature. However, with freely available water (0.995 aw) A. alternata and A. niger were dominant, with mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and A. flavus at 25–30 °C. In the driest conditions tested (0.90 aw) there was also mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and the two Eurotium spp. Overall, under allconditions tested the Index of Dominance for A. ochraceus was much higher than for other competing species combined suggesting that A. ochraceus wasa good competitive colonist able to replace a numberof other species. However, the growth rate ofA. ochraceus was modified and decreased by the interaction with competitors. Interaction between A. ochraceus and species such as A. alternata (18°C/0.995) and Eurotium spp. (0.995–0.95 and 25–30 °C) resulted in a significant stimulation of ochratoxin production. Theresults are discussed in relation to the effect that environmental factors have on the possible competitiveness of A. ochraceus in the maizegrain ecosystem and the role of ochratoxin in nicheexclusion of competitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007003316562
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase in the gastrointestinal tract of the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 433-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Enteric nervous system ; Crocodylus porosus (Crocodilia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerve cells in the gastrointestinal tract of a reptile and to compare it with the pattern in other vertebrate classes. In the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, NOS-positive nerve cell bodies and fibres were found in all regions of the gut examined. Most myenteric microganglia contained one or several NOS-immunoreactive neurons together with unlabelled neurons. The majority of the neurons were multipolar, ranging from 10 to 25 µm in diameter. Both the circular and the longitudinal muscle layers were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres, which mostly ran parallel to the muscle fibres. In addition, small blood vessels in the submucosa and on the serosal surface of the gut were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive fibres. Double labelling with antisera to NOS and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) revealed three neuronal subpopulations. A small proportion of the NOS-immunoreactive cells also contained immunoreactivity to VIP while a majority of the VIP-immunoreactive cells were NOS immunoreactive. There were more nerve fibres showing VIP immunoreactivity than fibres with NOS immunoreactivity, although most of the latter also contained immunoreactivity to VIP. VIP-immunoreactive fibres often surrounded the NOS-immunoreactive nerve cells. These results suggest that neuronally released nitric oxide is likely to be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility in the crocodile as in most other vertebrate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunolocalization of hyaluronic acid and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in mice (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 587-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Hyaluronic acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor ; Localization ; Mouse (CD-1)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The direct interaction of hyaluronic acid (HA) and heavy chain (HC) of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family plays a critical role in the organization and stabilization of the extracellular matrix. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the distribution of the IαI HC and HA in adult mouse tissues. An immunohistochemical method using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against mouse IαI heavy-chain peptide and a specific probe for HA (biotinylated HA-binding protein) was used to demonstrate an immunolocalization of IαI HC and HA. Distribution and localization of HA was of three types, namely, colocalization with IαI HC itself (cartilaginous tissue and ovary), localization around IαI HC immunostaining (lung, intestine and skeletal muscle), and localization at a small distance from IαI HC or a different distribution pattern (brain, liver, skin and kidney). These results indicate that IαI HC could function as an HA-rich matrix stabilizer on the cells of cartilage and maturing ovary, in which IαI HC shows colocalization with its predominant ligand, HA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051320
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of pinopsin-immunoreactive cells in the developing quail pineal organ: an in-vivo and in-vitro immunohistochemical study (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 667-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Avian pineal organ ; Pinopsin ; Cell differentiation ; Tissue culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quail embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The avian pineal organ contains several types of photoreceptors with different photopigments: rhodopsin, iodopsin, and pinopsin. We have previously examined the differentiation of both rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactive cells during pineal development in quail embryos to determine the onset of synthesis of specific proteins and their cellular localization. In the present study, we have performed pinopsin immunohistochemistry on in-vivo developing and in-vitro cultured pineal organs of quail embryos. The results were compared with those obtained with rhodopsin and iodopsin immunohistochemistry. In the developing pineal organs, pinopsin immunoreactivity was detected at embryonic day 8, i.e. five days earlier than rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities. It was localized exclusively in the protrusions extending into the lumen throughout development, whereas rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities were usually found both in cell bodies and processes. These differences were also observed under two different types of culture conditions (dissociated cell culture and organ culture) indicating that, in the avian pineal organ, the expression pattern of the pinopsin gene is basically different from those of the other two pineal photopigments. The present study suggests that pineal cells have a mechanism for the polarized transport of pinopsin molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051326
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The antisecretory factor: synthesis and intracellular localisation in porcine tissues (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 607-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Gastrointestinal tract ; Respiratory tract ; Urogenital tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; mRNA ; Pig (Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The antisecretory factor, AF, is a 41-kDa protein, cloned and sequenced from a human pituitary library. AF is a potent inhibitor of experimental intestinal hypersecretion in rats and pigs. An antiserum against the C-terminal of the truncated, recombinantly produced AF protein was raised in rabbits. The affinity-purified antiserum was used to study the expression of AF in mucosal membranes and in the pituitary gland of the pig; distinctly stained cells were found in lymphoid cells in the connective tissue of all parts of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts. Cytoplasmic AF was demonstrated in endocrine and epithelial cells in the pituitary gland. In situ hybridisation with a digoxigenin-labelled mRNA probe also demonstrated specific cytoplasmic staining in epithelial and lymphoid cells in all of these tissues. The cells stained by either method were similarly distributed topographically within the tissues. The results suggest that a specific defined cell population in these various tissues possesses the capability of both synthesising and storing the AF protein within the cellular cytoplasmic compartment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051322
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors during embryonic implantation in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 339-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Vascular endothelial growth factor ; flt-1 ; flk-1 ; Embryonic implantation ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction ; Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) and its receptors (flt-1 and flk-1) during the peri-implantation period (days 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 post coitus) in the golden hamster was investigated by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and the reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Three days after mating, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining revealed weak VEGF expression only in the uterine epithelium; this expression was similar to that seen at oestrus. Flt-1 but no flk-1 immunoreactivity was observed. At day 4, the subepithelial stroma and embryo displayed immunoreactivity for VEGF and flt-1, whereas endothelial cells expressed both flt-1 and flk-1. At day 5, immunoreactivity for both VEGF and its receptors was detected in decidual cells and vascular endothelial cells. Only a few embryonic cells expressed VEGF mRNA but strong signals were noted in decidual cells. The patterns of VEGF and VEGF receptor expression were the same in the day-6 and day-7 embryos and decidua, except for an increase in intensity as development progressed. Based on these findings, we conclude that, in addition to its known actions on endometrial angiogenesis and tissue swelling, VEGF may also facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of the endometrium and help to sustain the avascular embryo during this early stage of development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051294
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elongated pericyte-like cells connect discrete capillaries in the cochlear stria vascularis of gerbils and rats (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 673-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Basal lamina ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser microscopy ; Cochlea ; Mongolian gerbil ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Bridging structures between discrete capillaries in the stria vascularis of the cochlea were studied morphologically in gerbils and rats. Serial thin sections for transmission electron microscopy revealed (1) that elongated cells surrounded by the basal lamina provided the structural basis for the bridging structure, (2) that the basal lamina surrounding the elongated cell extended to the basal lamina around the capillary endothelial cell, (3) that the electron density of the cytoplasm was similar to that of the pericytes around the capillaries, and (4) that the cell was attached to the capillaries at both ends only. Visualization of the basal lamina by immunofluorescent methods revealed (1) that capillaries were often bent at the site of attachment of the bridging cell, (2) that the bridging cell bifurcated occasionally, and (3) that the density of the bridging cell was much higher in the stria vascularis than in the underlying spiral ligament. Filamentous actin visualized by fluorescent phalloidin was not apparent in the bridging cell. We propose that the bridging cell provides mechanical strength to the tortuous capillary network in the stria vascularis and participates in the specific function of the stria vascularis in cooperation with other types of cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051327
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin in the rodent Harderian gland (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 517-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Harderian gland ; Tryptophan hydroxylase ; Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar) ; Syrian hamster ; Mesocricetus auratus ; Djungarian hamster ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Harderian gland is considered as being an extrapineal source of melatonin. In most rodents, the Harderian gland contains two epithelial cell types (I and II). The aim of this study has been to define which cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis. The presence and localization of serotonin (melatonin precursor) and tryptophan hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis) have been investigated by immunohistochemistry in male Wistar rats, Syrian hamsters and Djungarian hamsters. The results of the present study show that immunoreactivity for tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin is confined to the type I cell, suggesting that this cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis in the rodent Harderian gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051312
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential expression of nitric oxide synthases in EGF-responsive mouse neural precursor cells (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 489-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide synthase isoforms I ; III ; Neurosphere ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nestin ; Embryonic brain striatum ; Mouse (Balb/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous, radical molecule that plays a role in various physiological processes in the nervous system such as learning and hippocampal plasticity. It is generated from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which come in three isoforms depending on the tissue of origin, namely inducible-NOS (iNOS in macrophages), endothelial-NOS (eNOS in endothelial cells) and neural-NOS (nNOS in neural cells). We used epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive nestin-positive neural precursor cells originating from the mouse E16 embryonic striatum, and studied the relative expression of NOS isoforms probed with isoform-specific antibody using the avidin-biotin immunohistochemical method. Our data revealed both nNOS and eNOS to be expressed in both neurospheres and desegregated neural precursor cells. However, iNOS signals were virtually undetectable in both cell categories. When the neural precursor cells were carried in the presence of poly-l-ornithine (PLO), there was a strong induction of the expression of iNOS proteins, indicating the possibility that this isoform is amenable to modulation by extracellular cues. These preliminary results suggest both nNOS and eNOS to be important in the physiology of neural precursor cells, and that iNOS might also play a role at certain stages in the life of these cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051309
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    P2X receptors in the rat duodenal villus (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words P2X receptor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Duodenum ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunohistochemical techniques were performed on freshly frozen sections of the duodenum of the rat using specific polyclonal antibodies to unique peptide sequences of P2X1–7 receptors. Of the antibodies to the seven known P2X receptor subtypes that mediate extracellular signalling by nucleotides, three reacted with discrete structures in the duodenal villus of the rat. Anti-P2X1 reacted with the capillary plexus in the intestinal villus, which did not extend to the crypt region, suggesting that nucleotides may be involved in the uptake and transport of metabolites. Anti-P2X5 immunostained the membranes of the narrow ”stem” of villus goblet cells, where the nucleus and cell organelles reside, possibly influencing synthesis and release of mucins. P2X7 receptor immunoreactivity was only seen in the membranes of enterocytes and goblet cells at the tip of the villus, where cells are exfoliated into the lumen, consistent with earlier findings that P2X7 is involved in apoptotic events. Thus, in complex structures such as the intestinal villus, purinoceptors appear to participate in several and diverse signalling functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051338
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and distribution dynamics of chloride cells in tilapia larvae in fresh water and sea water (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chloride cells (mitochondria-rich cells) ; Teleost larvae ; Osmoregulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantification ; Ultrastructure ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Integumental and branchial chloride cells of tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. Total numbers and distribution of chloride cells were quantified after immunostaining of cross sections of the entire larvae with an antibody against the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. The majority (66%) of Na+/K+-ATPase-immunoreactive (ir) cells, i.e. chloride cells, of freshwater tilapia larvae were located extrabranchially up to 48 h after hatching. Five days after hatching, the majority (80%) of chloride cells were found in the buccal cavity. Transfer of 24-h-old larvae to 20% sea water speeded up this process; 24 h after transfer (i.e. 48 h after hatching), the majority (59%) of chloride cells were located in the buccal cavity. The branchial chloride cell population of 24-h- and 120-h-old larvae consisted of immature, mature, apoptotic and necrotic chloride cells. However, relatively more immature chloride cells were observed in freshwater larvae (42–63%) than in (previously studied) freshwater adults (21%), illustrating the developmental state of the gills. After transfer to sea water, the incidence of degenerative chloride cells did not change. Furthermore, the incidence of immature cells had decreased and a new subtype of chloride cells, the ”mitochondria-poor” cells, appeared more frequently. These mitochondria-poor chloride cells were characterised by an abundant tubular system and relatively few mitochondria, which were aligned at the border or concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm. Most of these cells did not contact the water. The function of their enhanced appearance after seawater transfer is unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051339
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential distribution of somatostatin sst2 receptor splice variants in rat gastric mucosa (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Acid release ; Stomach ; Antibody ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SRIF) has an inhibitory action on acid secretion in the stomach. It has been suggested that somatostatin may act directly on parietal cells as well as indirectly via histamine-producing cells. A family of high affinity membrane-bound receptors, which are termed sst1–sst5 receptors, mediates the physiological effects of somatostatin. On the basis of functional studies it has been suggested that somatostatin may mediate its actions in the stomach by activation of a somatostatin sst2 receptor type. Two splice variants of the rat sst2 receptor exist, sst2(a) and sst2(b), which differ in length and composition of their intracellular carboxy termini. To date, little information is available on the distribution of the somatostatin sst2(b) receptor in any peripheral tissue. Here we show for the first time the localisation of this receptor isoform in the rat oxyntic mucosa, where the receptor protein was found to be present in parietal cells. This is in contrast to sst2(a) receptor, which was localised to enterochromaffin-like cells and nerve fibres. The differential localisation of the receptor isoforms to two key cell types, parietal cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, may explain how somatostatin inhibits acid secretion by more than one mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051344
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin D28k during root formation of rat molar teeth (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Calbindin ; Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath ; Epithelial rest of Malassez ; Preodontoblast ; Periodontal fibroblast ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study was undertaken to examine the localization of calbindin D28k (CB)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) during the root formation of the rat molar. In the adult rat, CB-LI was detected in some of the cells of the epithelial rest of Malassez at the bifurcational region and in certain cells between the root dentin and cementum at the apical region. These cells had indented nuclei and many tonofilaments, and cementocytes lacked CB-LI. Moreover, CB-LI was observed in the periodontal fibroblasts in the alveolar half of the apical region. During root formation, the cells in the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) lacked CB-LI, but most fragmented cells along the root surface began to express CB-LI when HERS was disrupted. Preodontoblasts and odontoblasts at the apical portion of the root also showed CB-LI. After the formation of cellular cementum, the CB-immunoreactive (-IR) cells were entrapped between the root dentin and cementum in the apical portion of the root. The number of CB-IR cells at the root surface decreased gradually, while that between the root dentin and cementum increased. The fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament began to express CB-LI after commencement of the occlusion, and the number and the staining intensity of CB-IR fibroblasts increased gradually with the passage of time. The present results suggest that CB may play an important role in the survival of the epithelial cells, in the cellular responses of periodontal fibroblasts against mechanical forces caused by the occlusion, and in the initial mineralization by the odontoblasts through the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051377
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor innervation by enteric nerve fibers containing both nitric oxide synthase and galanin immunoreactivities in the striated muscle of the rat esophagus (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Enteric innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Galanin ; Striated muscle ; Esophagus ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- and galanin-immunoreactive nerve terminals and the origin of NOS-immunoreactive nerve terminals on the motor endplates in the striated muscles of the rat esophagus was investigated. Double immunohistochemical staining revealed a dual innervation of motor endplates by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive axons and by axons that were immunoreactive for both NOS and galanin. On average, 91% of NOS terminals were galanin immunoreactive. NOS-immunoreactive fibers were revealed at 67% of endplates, identified by the presence of CGRP terminals. The left vagus and superior laryngeal nerve were cut and 15 days allowed for terminals to degenerate. This caused a significant loss of CGRP fibers, but did not affect the density of innervation of the striated muscle by NOS-immunoreactive fibers. Thus the NOS/galanin fibers are deduced to originate from ganglia in the esophageal wall. This is supported by our observation of numerous NOS-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the myenteric ganglia of the esophagus, 74% of which were galanin immunoreactive. There were no CGRP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the wall of the esophagus.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems of crayfishes from four genera (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 537-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Decapod ; Invertebrate ; Monoamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Procambarus clarkii ; Pacifastacusleniusculus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used whole-mount immunocytochemistry to characterize the distribution of serotonin in the stomatogastric nervous systems of seven species of crayfish representing three genera from the family Cambaridae (Orconectes, Cambarus, and Procambarus) and one from the family Astacidae (Pacifastacus). In all species, we observed serotonin-like immunoreactivity in four gastropyloric receptor (GPR) neurons located in the lateral ventricular nerves, with one pair of neurons in each nerve. As in other crustaceans, the GPR axons project to the stomatogastric ganglion and to the bilateral commissural ganglia. In three crayfishes, we observed the GPR axons crossing the commissural ganglia, and extending toward the thoracic nervous system. This feature was most clearly and consistently seen in Pacifastacus leniusculus. The number of stained somata in the commissural ganglia varied among crayfish species from two (in Procambarus clarkii) to five (in Pacifastacus leniusculus). The largest soma (the L cell) displayed both serotonin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in all species, suggesting that serotonin and dopamine are cotransmitters in this cell. The inferior esophageal nerve and a branch of this nerve (the inner labral nerve) contained several axons with serotonin-like immunoreactivity. These axons were clearly present in only one species (Procambarus clarkii). Serotonin acts as a neuromodulator of rhythms produced by circuits in the crab and lobster stomatogastric ganglion, and is likely to play a similar role in crayfish. Differences are apparent in the distribution of serotonin among crayfish species and between crayfish and other crustaceans, and could result in differences in the physiological action of this modulator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051259
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization and biochemical characterization of two novel decapeptides derived from POMC-A in the trout hypothalamus (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Proopiomelanocortin ; Post-translational processing ; Novel neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; HPLC analysis ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several vertebrate species which underwent duplication of their genome, such as trout, salmon and Xenopus, possess two proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes. In the trout, one of the POMC molecules, called POMC-A, exhibits a unique C-terminal extension of 25 amino acids which has no equivalent in other POMCs characterized so far. This C-terminal peptide contains three pairs of basic residues, suggesting that it may be the source of novel regulatory peptides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of these peptides in the brain of the trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by using specific antibodies raised against two epitopes derived from the C-terminal extension of POMC-A, i.e., EQWGREEGEE and YHFQ-NH2. Immunohistochemical labeling of brain sections revealed the presence of EQWGREEGEE- and YHFQ-NH2-immunoreactive cell bodies in the anterior part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis of the hypothalamus. Immunoreactive fibers were observed in the dorsal hypothalamus, the thalamus, the telencephalon, the optic tectum and the medulla oblongata. In contrast, no labeling was detected using antibodies against the non-amidated peptide YHFQG. Biochemical characterization was performed by combining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with radioimmunoassay (RIA) quantification. Two peptides exhibiting the same retention time as synthetic EQWGREEGEE and ALGERKYHFQ-NH2 were resolved. However, no peptide co-eluting with YHFQ-NH2 or YHFQG could be detected. These results demonstrate that, in the trout brain, post-translational processing of POMC-A generates the two decapeptides EQWGREEGEE and ALGERKYHFQ-NH2. The wide distribution of immunoreactive fibers in the diencephalon, telencephalon, optic tectum and medulla oblongata suggests that these peptides may exert neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051247
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Localization of leech excitatory peptide, a member of the GGNG peptides, in the central nervous system of a leech (Whitmania pigra) by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Central nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Leech excitatory peptide ; Neuropeptide ; Whitmania pigra (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have recently isolated a myoactive peptide, called leech excitatory peptide, belonging to the GGNG peptide family from two species of leeches, Hirudo nipponia and Whitmania pigra. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were employed to localize leech excitatory peptide-like peptide(s) and its gene expression in the central nervous system of W. pigra. A pair of neuronal somata were stained by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the supraesophageal, subesophageal, and segmental ganglia. In addition, several other neurons showed positive signals by either immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization in these ganglia. An immunoreactive fiber was observed to run in the anterior root of segmental ganglion 6, which is known to send axons to the sexual organs, though we failed to detect immunoreactivity in possible target tissues. Antiserum specificity was established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different leech excitatory peptide-related peptides. Leech excitatory peptide elicited muscular contraction of isolated preparations of penis and intestine at concentrations of 10–8 M. These results suggest that leech excitatory peptide is a neuropeptide modulating neuromuscular transmission in multiple systems, including regulation of reproductive behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051343
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Cellular localization and distribution of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity and the expression of glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA in rat pituitary gland (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Pituitary ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By means of double immunohistochemical techniques and a nonradioisotopic in situ hybridization method, we determined the colocalization pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and pituitary hormones and the GR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the pituitaries of Wistar adult male rats. Immunoreactivity for GR was detected in the nuclei of cells in the anterior and posterior pituitary. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that the colocaliza- tion of GR and anterior pituitary hormones occurred in almost 99% of the growth hormone (GH)-producing cells and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing cells, and in 67% of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing cells. Almost all of the folliculostellate cells (93%), marginal layer cells (94%) in the anterior pituitary, and pituicytes (96%) in the posterior pituitary immunostained for S100 protein antibody were also immunostained with GR. GR mRNA was abundant in the cytoplasm of anterior and intermediate pituitary cells but scattered sparsely in that of the posterior pituitary. These results suggest that glucocorticoids directly influence certain pituitary cells in order to regulate cell function, including the synthesis and/or secretion of hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051226
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algae of Lake Bai-Khol (Tuva, Russia) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: algae ; Lake Bai-Khol ; salinity ; Uvs-Nuur Basin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The algal flora of Lake Bai-Khol, located in the endorheic Uvs-Nuur Basin, Russia, has been studied from collections made in August 1997. 79 taxa belonging to diatoms, blue-green and green algae were present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009019616569
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    A spatio-chemical survey of hydrogeothermal springs in Lake Elementaita, Kenya (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Lake Elementaita ; Lake Nakuru ; origin ; salinity ; thermal springs ; water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The hydrochemistry of three areas of geothermal activity in the Lake Elementaita basin were surveyed. The results indicated warm temperatures between 30--40°C, high alkalinity (1,200 mg CaCO3/l) and specific conductance (4,300--8,100 µS/cm). pH was above 9 with a high concentration of carbonates, chlorides and sulphates. Apart from playing a significant role in the lake chemistry, lacustrine springs provide a significant source of water supply, particularly during the dry season. However, there is a serious lack of scientific information on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the thermal springs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023717477
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons between the reproductive biology of black breamAcanthopagrus butcheri (Teleostei: Sparidae) in four estuaries with widely differing characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 179-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: black bream ; estuaries ; fecundity ; fishery management ; length and age at maturity ; salinity ; spawning periods and locations ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology ofAcanthopagrus butcheri has been studied in the permanently open Swan River and intermittently open Moore River estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia (31–32°S) and in the permanently open Nornalup Walpole and normally closed Wellstead estuaries on the southern coast of Western Australia (34–35°S). Trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, gonadal maturity stages and the sizes and developmental stages of the oocytes demonstrate thatA. butcheri typically spawns in spring and early summer. However, spawning occurred in salinities ranging from as low as 3.5–8 gL−1 in the Moore River Estuary to as high as 41–45 g L−1 in the Wellstead Estuary. Furthermore, water temperatures during spawning were greater in the two northern estuaries (19.7–28.5°C) than in the two southern and cooler estuaries (17.5–23.4°C). Histological studies strongly indicate thatA. butcheri spawn more than once in a breeding season and demonstrate that the development of its oocytes exhibits group synchronysensu de Vlaming (1983). The ages and total lengths at which, on average, female and maleA. butcheri both first attain maturity in the Swan River Estuary were ca 2 years and ca 215 mm. However, the age at which individual fish in that system reach maturity was influenced by body size. This suggests that the attainment of first maturity at an older age but smaller length in the Moore River and Nornalup Walpole estuaries than is the case in the Swan River Estuary is a consequence of the slower growth rates ofA. butcheri in those estuaries. The combination of the young age (ca 2 years) but small length (ca 145 mm) at which maturity is first attained in the Wellstead Estuary could have resulted from selection pressures brought about by high mortality rates and/or heavy fishing pressure in this estuary. The mean fecundity ofA. butcheri, based on the combined number of yolk vesicle and yolk granule oocytes found in ovaries just prior to the onset of spawning, was 1580×103. The significance of the sizes at first maturity, minimum legal length for capture, mesh selectivity data and closure of certain regions of estuaries to fishing for the management of the recreational and commercial fishery forA. butcheri is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449931
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity of surface waters in the Aral Sea region (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent changes insalinity in the surface waters of the Aral sea basinis given. Total dissolved salts (salinity) in mostwaters are higher than admissible values fordrinking water, and ionic composition has changed withtime. Salinity of the `Big Sea' of the Aral was 48g L−1 in 1998, but has decreased to below 21g L−1 in the `Small Sea' due to the building ofa new dam between the two parts of the Aral Sea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009082722430
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spatio-chemical survey of hydrogeothermal springs in Lake Elementaita, Kenya (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Lake Elementaita ; Lake Nakuru ; origin ; salinity ; thermal springs ; water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The hydrochemistry of three areas of geothermal activity in the Lake Elementaita basin were surveyed. The results indicated warm temperatures between 30–40°C, high alkalinity (1,200 mg CaCO3/l) and specific conductance (4,300–8,100 μS/cm). pH was above 9 with a high concentration of carbonates, chlorides and sulphates. Apart from playing a significant role in the lake chemistry, lacustrine springs provide a significant source of water supply, particularly during the dry season. However, there is a serious lack of scientific information on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the thermal springs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442126
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  • 27
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    Hydrological exchange and subsurface water chemistry in streams varying in salinity in south-western Australia (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 361-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Many streams in Western Australia are naturally saline. In others, especiallyin the south-western corner, land-clearance and other human activities inthe catchment have accelerated rates of salinisation of surface andgroundwater. Trends in surface water salinity are well-documented but theextent of penetration of saline stream water into the sediments has beenlittle studied. As many of these streams have porous sandy beds and theirflows may derive from groundwater, hydrologic exchange patterns betweensurface water and subsurface hyporheic water were hypothesised togovern the water chemistry of such rivers. We predicted high rates ofhydraulic conductivity, leading to a close relationship between surface andsubsurface (to a depth of 50 cm) salinity, and to a lesser extent, pH anddissolved oxygen. Where surface and hyporheic water differed in salinity,other chemical differences were hypothesised to be similarly marked,perhaps resulting from disjunct shallow subsurface aquifers. Triplicatewells were sampled from upwelling and downwelling zones of thirteenstreams ranging in salinity from ca. 0.2 to 18 g L−1. Despite theseemingly-porous sandy beds at many sites, subsurface water chemistryonly 20–40 cm below the bed sometimes differed markedly from surfacewater. For example, hyporheic water was only one-fifth the salinity ofsurface water at some saline sites (e.g., the Tone River) or 20 per cent moresaline in streams with fresh surface water (e.g., the Weld River). At somesites of intermediate salinity (e.g., the Warren River), subsurface water wasup to three times fresher than surface or downwelling water. Percentagesaturation of dissolved oxygen in the hyporheic water was consistently low(〈 40%) whereas pH was more acidic than surface water, presumably dueto microbial activity. Vertical hydraulic conductivity may be limited bylayers of fine sediments and clays, implying that the meso-scale (1–100 cm)hydrological dynamics within the hyporheic zones of these rivers are morecomplex than their sandy beds would indicate. Assumptions of ecosystemdynamics in saline streams must be tempered by an understanding ofhyporheic salinities as subsurface fresher water may support microbial andfaunal assemblages excluded from the surface benthos by high salinity. Insaline streams, as in fresh ones, the hyporheic zone is an importantcomponent of the stream ecosystem and equally prone to disruption byhuman activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009060912470
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Dead Sea ; equation of state ; pycnometry ; salinity ; saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Some widespread misconceptions about salinity are pointed out, explained and commented on. Definitions, units, and methods of salinity determination recommended for brines of moderate salinities may become unsuitable for highly saline brines. Various salinity units are examined and commented on, and density at a precisely monitored temperature is chosen as the preferable “substitute parameter” for salinity determination of hypersaline brines. It is shown that ambient air density during pycnometric measurements must be known as accurately as required of the brine's density, and that its value must be added to the direct pycnometric measurement. Variations of atmospheric pressure at the time of pycnometry must be taken into account if greater than 15 mB. For a salinity accuracy of ±0.02 per mille, as required for some physical and chemical studies, the temperature of the sample during salinity measurement must be monitored with an accuracy of at least 0.04°C. A definite curve in the ρ-S plane, corresponding to the conversion of salinity to density at a fixed temperature, andvice-versa, does not exist if the brine is saturated in one of its salts. Non-linearity in the equation of state is shown to affect the surface level drop due to evaporation; the effect is negligible at low salinities, but a 10 per cent correction is already required at the salinity found in the northern Red Sea (41 per mille). Reliable reference points for the conversion of absolute salinity to density of highly saline brines are not known, at present, as accurately as desirable; pending the accurate determination of such reference points, a substantial dilution of hypersaline brines (for the purpose of adapting them to conductivity measurements) would multiply the error range by more than a hundred fold. On the other hand, a minute dilution of hypersaline brine samples to prevent salt crystal formation is possible and would not bring about any major increase of the error range in their density (salinity) determination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442137
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algae of Lake Bai-Khol (Tuva, Russia) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: algae ; Lake Bai-Khol ; salinity ; Uvs-Nuur Basin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The algal flora of Lake Bai-Khol, located in the endorheic Uvs-Nuur Basin, Russia, has been studied from collections made in August 1997. 79 taxa belonging to diatoms, blue-green and green algae were present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442129
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Dead Sea ; equation of state ; pycnometry ; salinity ; saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Some widespread misconceptions about salinity are pointed out, explained and commented on. Definitions, units, and methods of salinity determination recommended for brines of moderate salinities may become unsuitable for highly saline brines. Various salinity units are examined and commented on, and density at a precisely monitored temperature is chosen as the preferable “substitute parameter” for salinity determination of hypersaline brines. It is shown that ambient air density during pycnometric measurements must be known as accurately as required of the brine's density, and that its value must be added to the direct pycnometric measurement. Variations of atmospheric pressure at the time of pycnometry must be taken into account if greater than 15 mB. For a salinity accuracy of ±0.02 per mille, as required for some physical and chemical studies, the temperature of the sample during salinity measurement must be monitored with an accuracy of at least 0.04°C. A definite curve in the ρ-S plane, corresponding to the conversion of salinity to density at a fixed temperature, and vice-versa, does not exist if the brine is saturated in one of its salts. Non-linearity in the equation of state is shown to affect the surface level drop due to evaporation; the effect is negligible at low salinities, but a 10 per cent correction is already required at the salinity found in the northern Red Sea (41 per mille). Reliable reference points for the conversion of absolute salinity to density of highly saline brines are not known, at present, as accurately as desirable; pending the accurate determination of such reference points, a substantial dilution of hypersaline brines (for the purpose of adapting them to conductivity measurements) would multiply the error range by more than a hundred fold. On the other hand, a minute dilution of hypersaline brine samples to prevent salt crystal formation is possible and would not bring about any major increase of the error range in their density (salinity) determination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009059827435
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparisons between the reproductive biology of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Teleostei: Sparidae) in four estuaries with widely differing characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 179-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: black bream ; estuaries ; fecundity ; fishery management ; length and age at maturity ; salinity ; spawning periods and locations ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology of Acanthopagrus butcheri has been studied in the permanently open Swan River and intermittently open Moore River estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia (31--32 °S) and in the permanently open Nornalup Walpole and normally closed Wellstead estuaries on the southern coast of Western Australia (34--35 °S). Trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, gonadal maturity stages and the sizes and developmental stages of the oocytes demonstrate that A. butcher typically spawns in spring and early summer. However, spawning occurred in salinities ranging from as low as 3.5-8 g L−1 in the Moore River Estuary to as high as 41-45 g L−1 in the Wellstead Estuary. Furthermore, water temperatures during spawning were greater in the two northern estuaries (19.7--28.5 °C) than in the two southern and cooler estuaries (17.5--23.4 °C). Histological studies strongly indicate that A. butcheri spawn more than once in a breeding season and demonstrate that the development of its oocytes exhibits group synchrony sensu de Vlaming (1983). The ages and total lengths at which, on average, female and male A. butcheri both first attain maturity in the Swan River Estuary were ca 2 years and ca 215 mm. However, the age at which individual fish in that system reach maturity was influenced by body size. This suggests that the attainment of first maturity at an older age but smaller length in the Moore River and Nornalup Walpole estuaries than is the case in the Swan River Estuary is a consequence of the slower growth rates of A. butcheri in those estuaries. The combination of the young age (ca 2 years) but small length (ca 145 mm) at which maturity is first attained in the Wellstead Estuary could have resulted from selection pressures brought about by high mortality rates and/or heavy fishing pressure in this estuary. The mean fecundity of A. butcheri, based on the combined number of yolk vesicle and yolk granule oocytes found in ovaries just prior to the onset of spawning, was 1580 × 103. The significance of the sizes at first maturity, minimum legal length for capture, mesh selectivity data and closure of certain regions of estuaries to fishing for the management of the recreational and commercial fishery for A. butcheri is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009041525892
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity of surface waters in the Aral sea region (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent changes in salinity in the surface waters of the Aral sea basin is given. Total dissolved salts (salinity) in most waters are higher than admissible values for drinking water, and ionic composition has changed with time. Salinity of the ‘Big Sea’ of the Aral was 48 g L−1 in 1998, but has decreased to below 21 g L−1 in the ‘Small Sea’ due to the building of a new dam between the two parts of the Aral Sea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442116
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  • 33
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    Dependence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, on high humidity for infection of Rhodnius prolixus (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: entomopathogenic hyphomycete ; vector control ; Chagas disease ; Beauveria bassiana ; Rhodnius prolixus ; humidity ; temperature ; incubation time ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impact of relative humidity (RH) on the infective potential of the isolate Bb INRA 297 of Beauveriabassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against first in star nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus Stål. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was determined. Fungus-treated insects were exposed to RHs ranged from 75 to 100% at 25 °C. Results clearly showed a threshold of humidity at ca. 96% for high and rapid mortality. After initial exposure to increasing periods of 97% (4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h) and subsequent transfer to constant lower RHs (43, 53,75 and 86%) at a constant 25 °C, an incubation of at least 48 h at 97% RH was necessary to kill all insects. On changing RHs of 97/75% and different regimes of temperature (15/28 °C,20/25 °C, 25/28 °C,and 25/35 °C), at least 72 h of initial exposure at 97% RH for the 15/28 °C regime, 48 h for the 20°/25°C and25/28 °C regimes and 36 h for25/35 °C were needed to kill all insects over a 6-day incubation time. Delayed exposure to favorable moisture condition (97% RH), significantly affected infection for up to a 3-day delay within the various temperature-humidity regimes tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007019402490
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    Localization of elastin mRNA and TGF-β1 in rat aorta and caudal artery as a function of age (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Elastin ; TGF-β1 ; Arteries ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Northern blot ; Ageing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Several in vitro studies have previously demonstrated that the addition of TGF-β to aortic smooth muscle cells or skin fibroblasts stimulates elastin synthesis. It is not clear however whether, in vivo, TGF-β participates in the regulation of elastin synthesis, especially in physiological conditions. The aim of our study was to explore the localization of elastin mRNA and TGF-β1 in the rat thoracic aorta (an elastic artery) and caudal artery (a muscular artery). Elastin mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization and quantified using Northern blot analysis. TGF-β1 was detected using immunohistochemistry. The study was carried out as a function of age (rats of 3, 10, 20, and 30 months). We observed that TGF-β1 immunoreactivity is present predominantly, but not exclusively, at the sites of elastin synthesis as determined by elastin mRNA detection: in smooth muscle cells in the aorta and in endothelial cells in the caudal artery. The ability of exogenously added TGF-β1 (0.001–10 ng/ml) to modulate the steady-state levels of elastin mRNA in primary cultures of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts isolated from the thoracic aorta was also studied. At the highest concentration used, elastin mRNA levels increased 5-fold in endothelial cells and 11-fold in smooth muscle cells. The demonstration that TGF-β1 immunoreactivity is present at the sites of elastin synthesis in the thoracic aorta and in the caudal artery and the observation that TGF-β1 induces an increase in elastin mRNA levels in cultured endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells suggest that TGF-β1 may be implicated, at least in part, in the physiological regulation of elastin gene expression.
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    The projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-accumulating neurones in the myenteric plexus of the small intestine of the guinea-pig (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: 5-hydroxytryptamine ; Myenteric neurones ; Retrograde tracing ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chemical coding ; Morphology ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Retrograde tracing, combined with immunohistochemistry, was used to study the projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-accumulating neurones within the ileum of the guinea-pig, with confocal microscopy being used to characterise further their morphology. Two classes of neurones in the myenteric plexus, capable of taking up 5-HT or analogues, were distinguished. One class had Dogiel type I morphology with lamellar dendrites, was located on the edge or in the middle of ganglia and lacked immunoreactivity for somatostatin (SOM). The other class had smooth ovoid cell bodies with multiple filamentous dendrites and a single axon and represented a subset of the SOM-immunoreactive interneurones in the myenteric plexus. Varicosities immunoreactive for 5-HT alone, 5-HT/SOM or SOM alone were present in the myenteric ganglia. Both classes of 5-HT-accumulating neurones had long aboral projections within the myenteric plexus (up to 100 mm long) and to the submucous plexus and probably function as descending interneurones.
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    A neurochemical characterisation of the golden hamster myenteric plexus (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 385-394 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Gastrointestinal tract ; Intestine ; Myenteric plexus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Co-localisation ; Golden (Syrian) hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The neurochemical composition of nerve fibres and cell bodies in the myenteric plexus of the proventriculus, stomach and small and large intestines of the golden hamster was investigated by using immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques. In addition, the procedures for localising nitric-oxide-utilising neurones by histochemical (NADPH-diaphorase) and immunohistochemical (nitric oxide synthase) methods were compared. The co-localisation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase in the myenteric plexus of all regions of the gut was also assessed. The results demonstrated the presence of nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies immunoreactive to protein gene product, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine and nitric oxide synthase in all regions of the gastrointestinal tract examined. The pattern of distribution of immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies containing the above markers was found to vary in different regions of the gut. Myenteric neurones and nerve fibres containing immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase reactivity, however, were shown to have an identical distribution throughout the gut. In contrast to some studies on the guinea-pig and rat, the co-existence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was seen in only a small population of myenteric neurones.
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    Expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II in human prostate, breast, bladder, and paraganglioma tumors (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 469-479 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words mRNA ; Cancerous epithelium ; Autocrine growth regulation ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blotting ; Benign prostate hyperplasia ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are potent mitogens for a variety of cancer cells in vitro. A paracrine/autocrine role of IGF-II in the growth of breast and prostate cancer cells has been suggested. Information on cell-type-specific IGF-II expression in vivo in the breast and prostate is, however, limited. Thus, cell types expressing IGF-II mRNA and protein in tumors were identified by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Of 36 prostate, 17 breast, and 10 bladder cancers, and 9 paraganglioma tissues examined, IGF-II was expressed in more than 50% of prostate, breast, and bladder tumors, and in 100% of paraganglioma tumors. Expression levels of IGF-II were highest in the paraganglioma and bladder followed by prostate and breast tumors. In all the tumors expressing IGF-II, both mRNA and protein were localized to malignant cells, expression in the stroma being minimal. Since previous studies had indicated that an incompletely processed form of 15-kDa IGF-II exhibited higher mitogenic potency than the completely processed 7.5-kDa IGF-II form, the quantity and size of IGF-II proteins expressed in these tumors were analyzed by Western immunoblotting. Greater expression of 15-kDa IGF-II relative to the 7.5-kDa IGF-II form was clearly demonstrated in all six prostate cancers and in half of the two breast and four bladder cancers examined. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the 15-kDa form of IGF-II expressed in cancerous cells contributes to autocrine cancer cell growth in vivo.
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    In situ detection of AE2 anion-exchanger mRNA in the human liver (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 481-488 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Anion exchange ; Bicarbonate secretion ; Bile-duct epithelial cells ; Hepatocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver lymphocytes ; T cells ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Na+-independent anion exchangers, a family of membrane proteins that mediate electroneutral exchanges of chloride and bicarbonate ions across the cell membrane, are considered to be involved in intracellular pH regulation as well as in transepithelial acid/base transport. Previous immunohistochemical data have shown that anion-exchanger-2 (AE2) protein is expressed in the liver parenchyma, localizing at both the canaliculi and the luminal surfaces of intrahepatic bile ducts, where it may have a role in the biliary secretion of bicarbonate. In the present study, we have carried out in situ hybridization experiments on biopsies of human liver using three overlapping antisense anion-exchanger-2 riboprobes. Anion-exchanger-2 mRNA signals were localized mainly in the cytoplasm of terminal and interlobular bile-duct cells, whereas weaker signals were observed in bile-duct cells of larger intrahepatic ducts. Furthermore, some hepatocytes, mostly periportal, contained detectable anion-exchanger-2 mRNA signals in their cytoplasm. No hybridization signals were observed in controls with sense riboprobes, with omission of the antisense probe, or with treatment of the sections with RNase before hybridizations. Finally, intense anion-exchanger-2 hybridization signals were observed in lymphomononuclear cells in sinusoids and in portal infiltrates. Immunocytochemical data from reverse-phase sections suggest that these cells correspond to some of the CD45R+ (UCHL1+) T lymphocytes resident in the liver.
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    Postnatal development of GABA- and glycine-like immunoreactivity in the cochlear nucleus of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 207-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Brain mapping ; Inhibitory neurotransmitters ; Auditory system ; Brain stem ; Immunohistochemistry ; Meriones unguiculatus (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The maturation of the morphological substrate for inhibitory interactions was investigated in the cochlear nucleus of the gerbil with immunocytochemistry for gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine on alternating vibratome sections. The patterns of immunostaining obtained with both antibodies in the adult closely conformed to the general mammalian scheme. Qualitative analyses revealed an age-related increase in staining intensity and in the relative numbers of immunolabelled cells after birth up to the age of 3–4 weeks. As early as birth and in all subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus, a few labelled cells and puncta in the sections were stained either with the GABA or the glycine antibody. Immunoreactive puncta and cells were, however, far less abundant than in the adult, and the staining intensity of cells was only weak. The most strikingly GABA-immunolabelled cells at birth were the Golgi cells of the granule-cell domains. The numbers of weakly GABA- and glycine-immunostained cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus clearly increased between birth and the third postnatal week. At approximately the onset of hearing (postnatal day 12–14), some cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and small cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus gained adult-like GABA-staining properties. Almost adult-like labelling intensity was observed in glycine-immunoreactive cells of the deep dorsal cochlear nucleus and in some small cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Puncta staining to both antibodies appeared adult-like throughout the cochlear nucleus. About 2 weeks after the onset of hearing (at the latest), adult-like staining of all subsets of immunoreactive cells occurred throughout the cochlear nucleus in all specimens.
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    Characterization and localization of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the spinal cord of the frog Rana ridibunda (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 235-243 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Spinal cord ; Amphibian ; Biochemical characterization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana ridibunda (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two molecular variants of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have been previously characterized in the brain of amphibians, i.e., mammalian GnRH (mGnRH) and chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II). The aim of the present study was to identify the molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and to localize gonadotropin-releasing hormone-containing elements in the spinal cord of the frog Rana ridibunda using highly specific antisera against mGnRH and cGnRH-II. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis combined with radioimmunoassay (RIA) detection revealed that frog spinal cord extracts contained both mGnRH and cGnRH-II. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed that the frog spinal cord was devoid of GnRH-containing cell bodies. In contrast, numerous GnRH-immunoreactive fibers were observed throughout the entire length of the cord. mGnRH immunoreactivity was only detected in the rostral region of the cord and consisted of varicose processes located in the vicinity of the central canal. cGnRH-II-positive fibers were found throughout the spinal cord, the density of immunoreactive processes decreasing gradually toward the caudal region. Two main cGnRH-II-positive fiber tracts with a rostrocaudal orientation were observed: a relatively dense fiber bundle surrounding the central canal, and a more diffuse plexus in the white matter. In addition, short, varicose cGnRH-II-positive processes with a radial orientation were present throughout the gray matter. These fibers were particularly abundant ventromedially and formed a diffuse network that ramified laterally to end in the vicinity of motoneurons. Taken together, these data indicate that the frog spinal cord, like the frog brain, contains two forms of GnRH. The presence of numerous cGnRH-II-immunoreactive fibers in the ventral horn suggests that cGnRH-II may influence the activity of a subpopulation of motoneurons.
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    Transient appearance of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the granular convoluted tubules of the male mouse submandibular gland: light- and electron-microscopic studies (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Submandibular gland ; Granular convoluted tubule ; Substance P ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (BALB-c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The time of appearance and distribution of substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity in the granular convoluted tubule cells of the developing male mouse submandibular glands were examined, and the subcellular localization of SP-like immunoreactivity was investiagted by electron microscopy. At 25 days of age, SP-like immunoreactivity was first detected in the supranuclear cytoplasm of the granular convoluted tubule cells, which occurred either singly or in small clusters. At 30 and 35 days of age, granular convoluted tubule cells with SP-like immunoreactivity were more numerous than in the earlier stages, as the volume ratio of the cells increased. Not all granular convoluted tubule cells demonstrated SP-like immunoreactivity. The number of cells with SP-like immunoreactivity decreased at 60 days of age, and these cells had completely disappeared at 90 days of age. Most, but not all, secretory granules in the granular convoluted tubule cells were strongly labeled with gold particles, indicating that the subcellular site of SP-like substance is in the secretory granules within the cells. The findings suggest that the physiological role of the SP-like substance secreted from the GCT cells is restricted to the early postnatal stages, and that it may be involved in the development of the oral mucosa or digestive tract as a trophic factor.
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    GABA-immunohistological observations, at the electron-microscopical level, of the neurons of isthmic nuclei in chicken, Gallus domesticus (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 255-266 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Isthmo-optic system ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Domestic Fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Following a demonstration of Golgi-impregnated neurons and their terminal axon arborization in the optic tectum, the neurons of the nucleus parvocellularis and magnocellularis isthmi were studied by means of postembedded electron-microscopical (EM) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunogold staining. In the parvocellular nucleus, none of the neuronal cell bodies or dendrites displayed GABA-like immunoreactivity in EM preparations stained by postembedded GABA-immunogold. However, numerous GABA-like immunoreactive and also unlabeled terminals established synapses with GABA-negative neurons. GABA-like immunoreactive terminals were usually found at the dendritic origin. Around the dendritic profiles, isolated synapses of both GABA-like immunoreactive and immunonegative terminals established glomerulus-like structures enclosed by glial processes. All giant and large neurons of the magnocellular nucleus of the isthmi displayed GABA-like immunoreactivity. Their cell surface was completely covered by GABA-like immunoreactive and unlabeled terminals that established synapses with the neurons. These neurons are thought to send axon collaterals to the parvocellular nucleus; their axons enter the tectum opticum. The morphological characteristics of neurons of both isthmic nuclei are like those of interneurons, because of their numerous axosomatic synapses with both asymmetrical and symmetrical features. These neurons are not located among their target neurons and exert their modulatory effect on optic transmission in the optic tectum at a distance.
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    Calretinin-immunoreactive laminar nerve endings in the laryngeal mucosa of the rat (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 613-617 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Sensory nerve endings ; Calretinin ; Laryngeal mucosa ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of laminar nerve endings that contained immunoreactive calretinin was examined in the laryngeal mucosa of the adult rat. In whole-mount preparations, the immunoreactive laminar endings were distributed in the supraglottic region but not in the subglottic region. The laminar endings that arose from thick nerve fibers with or without swellings were identified as corpuscles with many variform terminal arborizations. They appeared to be located at the interface between the epithelium and the subepithelial connective tissue. The terminals were scattered under the basal lamina of the epithelium, and some of them were located within the epithelial layer. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that both sub- and intraepithelial immunoreactive terminals that were filled with mitochondria were partly or totally ensheathed by Schwann cell processes. The denervation experiments, in which the superior laryngeal nerve was cut unilaterally or bilaterally, suggested that the laminar endings originate from the superior laryngeal nerve with strict ipsilateral innervation. The laminar endings might be associated with detection of changes in pressure in the laryngeal cavity or chemical stimuli.
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    Bovine mast cells: distribution, density, heterogeneity, and influence of fixation techniques (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 111-119 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Mast cells ; Heterogeneity ; Tryptase ; Chymase ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Mast cells can be distinguished according to various characteristics: rodent mast cells have been subtyped by histochemical criteria, whereas canine and human mast cells have been classified according to their proteases. Comparisons of mast cells from different species have therefore resulted in contradictory and confusing opinions on mast cell heterogeneity. Thus, it is essential to obtain species-specific data on mast cell density and heterogeneity. The present study was carried out to determine the physiological distribution of mast cell numbers and types in bovines according to tissue location, staining, and fixation methods. Samples were fixed in formalin or Carnoy’s fluid. The average number of mast cells was determined by using a metachromatic staining method. Protease content of mast cells was examined with a double-enzyme-immunohistochemical staining technique. Three mast cell subtypes were distinguished: T-, TC-, and C-mast cells. The T-mast cell was the predominant subtype in nearly all investigated organs and tissue locations. Only tryptase-positive mast cells could be demonstrated in bovine skin and uterus. No chymase activity was found in these organs, regardless of the fixation type. A larger number of mast cells was observed after fixation in Carnoy’s fluid. The three different mast cell subtypes were only demonstrated in formalin-fixed tissue; chymase-positive mast cells were not found after fixation in Carnoy’s fluid. Increasing experimental data suggest that mast cell subtypes have different functions in promoting and modulating inflammation and in remodeling the extracellular matrix. Since mast cell tryptase and chymase have different functional properties, these results may clarify the different reaction patterns observed in various organs and species.
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    Segmental muscle fiber lesions after repetitive eccentric contractions (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 165-171 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Muscle injury ; Cytoskeleton ; Sarcomere organisation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Rabbit (New Zealand White)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic techniques were used to analyze the extensor digitorum longus muscles of New Zealand White rabbits 1 h, 1 day, 3, 7, and 28 days after repetitive eccentric contractions. Loss of the cytoskeletal protein desmin was the earliest manifestation of injury. Apart from 1 h post-exercise, all desmin-negative fibers stained positively with antibody to plasma fibronectin, indicating loss of cellular integrity accompanying cytoskeletal disruption. Fiber sizes were significantly increased from 1–7 days after exercise. The large (hyaline) fibers found in histological sections after repetitive eccentric contractions resulted from segmental hypercontraction of the fiber. This phenomenon occurred proximally and distally to plasma membrane lesions of the muscle fiber and necrosis and manifested itself as very short sarcomere lengths. Thus, in serial sections, staining characteristics, sizes and shapes of one and the same fiber often varied dramatically. We conclude that the following sequence of events occurs: cytoskeletal disruptions, loss of myofibrillar registry, i.e., Z-disk streaming and A-band disorganization, and loss of cell integrity as manifested by intracellular plasma fibronectin stain, hypercontracted regions, and invasion of cells. When a fiber is disrupted, the remaining intact fibers apparently take up the tension put on the muscle and later fewer fibers are subjected to eccentric contractions.
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    Corpuscles of Stannius and stanniocalcin-like immunoreactivity in the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni): evidence for a new cell-type (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuroendocrine cell ; Western blotting ; Catostomus commersoni (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of stanniocalcin immunoreactivity was examined in the corpuscles of Stannius of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) by using a chum salmon stanniocalcin antiserum, Western blotting, and light and electron microscopy. The white sucker possesses at least two stanniocalcin-immunoreactive corpuscles in the most posterior portions of the kidneys. Immunocytochemistry and ultrastructure revealed two cell-types in the corpuscle parenchyma, only one of which was immunoreactive. The nonimmunoreactive cells contained dense-cored vesicles and long processes that extended between the immunoreactive cells and terminated at perivascular spaces. When corpuscle extracts were subjected to electrophoresis and Western blotting, three nonreduced stanniocalcin-like immunoreactive bands (approximately 56, 61, and 64 kDa) were observed. However, in the presence of a reductant, a diffuse band migrating in the range of 28 to 32 kDa was noted. The results of this study on the white sucker demonstrate the presence of a dimeric stanniocalcin-like molecule and present evidence of a previously uncharacterized cell-type in the corpuscles of Stannius.
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    PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide)-like immunoreactivity in the gill arch of the goldfish, Carassius auratus: distribution and comparison with VIP (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 567-571 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gill arch ; Glossopharyngeal nerve ; Vagus nerve ; Goldfish ; Carassius auratus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a novel vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like peptide isolated from ovine hypothalamus. It is present in neuronal elements of a number of peripheral organs. We have examined whether PACAP occurs in the gill arch of Carassius auratus L. in which our recent studies have shown the presence of VIP-like peptide. Immunohistochemistry has revealed PACAP-like immunoreactivity in the anterior branches of the post-trematic glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. PACAP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and fibers are present in connective tissue on the oral side of the gill arch. Colocalization studies carried out by the application of double immunofluorescence show that a PACAP-like peptide coexists with VIP in the same nerve cell bodies and fibers. The localization pattern of PACAP in the gill arch of goldfish suggests its possible involvement in the regulation of secretory activities.
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    Immunoreactivity of normal rabbit serum with epinephrine (E) cells of the rat adrenal medulla after microwave antigen retrieval (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 563-566 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chromaffin cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Natural antibodies ; Chromogranin ; Secretogranin ; Rat (F344 ; Crl: CDBR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Normal rabbit serum (NRS) produces intense staining of epinephrine (E) cells in microwave-heated sections of rat and mouse adrenal gland. This staining is not eliminated by liver adsorption, complement inactivation, high salt buffer, Triton X-100 or dilution in normal goat serum and bovine serum albumin (BSA), suggesting that it may result from specific antigen-antibody interactions. Western blots of adrenal medullary protein probed with NRS reveal several bands. The major band does not correspond to rat chromogranin A, which is a major constituent of E-cell secretory granules. The findings suggest that NRS may contain autoantibodies against a secreted rabbit E-cell protein with a homologous counterpart in rats and mice, and that this protein may be immunologically unmasked in situ by microwave heating. This phenomenon is a potential source of error in immunohistochemical studies of the adrenal medulla, and has potential biological significance in neuroimmunology.
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    Distribution of murine mannose receptor expression from early embryogenesis through to adulthood (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 311-323 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Mannose receptor ; Macrophage-specific antigen F4/80 ; Macrophages ; Endothelial cells Embryogenesis ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (C57Black/6 ; BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The mannose receptor is a 175-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that appears to be expressed on the surface of terminally differentiated macrophages and Langerhans cells. The ectodomain of the mannose receptor has eight carbohydrate recognition domains. The receptor recognizes the patterns of sugars that adorn a wide array of bacteria, parasites, yeast, fungi, and mannosylated ligands. Clearance studies in whole animals have localized radiolabeled ligands, such as mannosylated bovine serum albumen, not only to macrophages, but also to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hitherto, there has been no comprehensive analysis of expression of the mannose receptor in embryonic and adult mouse tissues. In this study, we have undertaken a systematic survey of the expression of the mannose receptor from early embryogenesis through to adulthood. The mannose receptor is expressed on tissue macrophages throughout the adult mouse as expected. However, the mannose receptor is first observed on embryonic day 9 on cells that line blood island vessel walls in the yolk sac. The mannose receptor is localized on sinusoidal endothelial cells in embryonic liver by embryonic day 11 and in bone marrow at embryonic day 17. This pattern persists in these organs throughout embryogenesis into adulthood when sinusoidal endothelial cells of lymph nodes also express the mannose receptor. The receptor is also found on lymphatic endothelial cells of small intestine. In contrast, sinusoids of spleen and thymus do not express mannose receptor antigen. This study demonstrates that the mannose receptor is expressed on tissue macrophages and on subsets of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. Thus, the mannose receptor maybe a marker of the so-called reticuloendothelial system.
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    Immunohistochemical observation of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in the developing circumvallate papilla of the rat (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Circumvallate papilla ; Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) ; Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) ; Taste buds ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and development of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the rat circumvallate papilla (CVP) were compared to those of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-LI. In the adult, thick GAP-43-like immunoreactive (-IR) structures gathered densely in the subgemmal region. Some of these further penetrated the apical epithelium and trench wall epithelium. At least two types of GAP-43-IR structures were recognized; taste bud-related and non-gustatory GAP-43-IR neural elements. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that GAP-43-LI was localized predominantly in the Schwann cells, and a few axons displayed GAP-43-LI in the lamina propria. In the trench epithelium, GAP-43-LI was detected in the cytoplasmic side of the axonal membrane. Some intragemmal GAP-43-IR axons made synaptic-like contacts with taste bud cells. At least four developmental stages were defined on the basis of the changes in distribution of GAP-43-LI. In stage I [embryonic day (E) 16–17] GAP-43-IR structures accumulated at the lamina propria just beneath the newly-formed circumvallate papilla. In stage II (E18–19) GAP-43-IR nerve fibers began to penetrate the apical epithelium. In stage III [E20-postnatal day (P) 0] GAP-43-IR nerve fibers first appeared in the trench wall epithelium. Penetration of GAP-IR nerve fibers occurred in the inner trench wall epithelium first, and then in the outer trench wall epithelium. In stage IV (P1-) the distribution of GAP-43-LI was similar to that observed in the adult; but the density of GAP-43-LI was much higher than in adults. PGP 9.5-LI showed a similar distribution pattern to that of GAP-43-LI, except for round-shaped cells in the apical epithelium at the late embryonic stages, and in taste bud cells and intralingual ganglionic cells which lacked GAP-43-LI. The similarities in distribution patterns of GAP-43-LI and PGP 9.5-LI during the development and mature circumvallate papilla suggest that GAP-43 may be a key neuronal molecule for induction and maintenance of the taste buds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051142
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    Maturation of rat dendritic cells during intrahepatic translocation evaluated using monoclonal antibodies and electron microscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 503-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Dendritic cells ; Maturation ; Intrahepatic translocation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Specific populations of hepatic sinusoidal cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies that recognize monocytes/macrophages (ED1), tissue macrophages (Kupffer cells) (ED2), MHC class II (Ia) antigen (MRC OX6), and dendritic cells/γ,δ T-cells (MRC OX62) and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The majority of ED1+ and/or ED2+ cells were localized to the hepatic parenchyma, whereas OX6+ and/or OX62+ cells were more densely distributed within Glisson’s sheath than in the hepatic parenchyma. Double-immunoperoxidase staining of normal liver for ED1, ED2, and OX6 identified dendritic cells (DC) of two different phenotypes, ED1+ED2–OX6+ and ED1–ED2–OX6+. DC can be classified into three different types based on ultrastructural characteristics. The first type (type I) is characterized by one or more long cytoplasmic processes and a well-developed lysosomal system. The second type (type II) has an inconspicuous lysosomal system, abundant hyaloplasm, and characteristic short cytoplasmic processes. The third type (type I–II) has cytologic features intermediate between those of type I and type II DC. At the electron-microscopic level, these three cell types are found in the sinusoidal lumen, whereas the majority of type II DC are located in the space of Disse and Glisson’s sheath. Furthermore, some OX6-labeled elongated DC appeared to traverse the lumen of sinusoids through endothelial pores to enter the space of Disse. One hour after intravenous injection of latex particles (0.81 μm in diameter), numerous latex-laden dendritic cells (ED1+OX6+, type I and type I–II) were detected in the lumen of hepatic sinusoids, but not in the space of Disse or Glisson’s sheath. These findings suggest that normal rat liver contains resident dendritic cells which downregulate phagocytic activity and mature into potent accessory cells during migration from the portal vein toward the central vein. These DC then traverse the sinusoidal lumen to the hepatic lymph system via the space of Disse.
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    Numerical prognosis for salinity profiles of future lakes in the opencast mine Merseburg-Ost (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 235-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: groundwater ; Merseburg-Ost ; mine ; meromixis ; numerical model ; monimolimnion ; opencast ; physical limnology ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salt-laden groundwater inflows have formed monimolimnia in developing lakes of the abandoned opencast lignite mine Merseburg-Ost, Central Germany. Water-levels are still rising. To predict the future status of the lakes, two numerical models were developed. One was designed to predict groundwater flows, the second included limnophysical processes. The models were run in parallel and data exchange between them was performed every 1 to 10 years of model time. A trial of a 100-years prognosis was done. The results of surface salinity, mixing depth, and salinity profile are given. A sensitivity analysis yielded indications for the accuracy of the prediction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009097319823
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    Potential salinity limitations on nitrogen fixation in sediments from Mono Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L−1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per cent, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L−1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L−1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441878
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    Heat-induced testicular apoptosis occurs independently of hormonal depletion (1998)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 3 (1998), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Androgen ; apoptosis ; heat stress ; hormone ; temperature ; testis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that testicular germ cell apoptosis can be induced both by heat stress and by withdrawal of androgens and gonadotrophins. To investigate whether heat-induced germ cell apoptosis occurs independently of the altered levels of hormones that occur with heat exposure, mouse testicular apoptosis was studied using an in vitro system with controlled levels of testosterone, FSH and LH. It was observed that cells underwent apoptosis sooner in the absence of hormones at the same temperature. Apoptosis also occurred earlier at abdominal temperature compared to scrotal temperature with the same hormonal levels. No somatic tissues studied underwent apoptosis at 37°C under the same culture conditions. These results suggest that heat stress may independently activate an apoptotic pathway in the testis, and that hormone deprivation may induce apoptosis via a separate mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009665309915
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    The relationship between electrical conductivity and selected macroinvertebrate communities in four river systems of south-west Victoria, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: confounding parameters ; nutrients ; salinity ; survey design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In order to relate macroinvertebrate fauna to electrical conductivity (EC), a survey of selected orders of macroinvertebrates was conducted in the Glenelg, Hopkins, Merri and Barwon River Catchments in south-west Victoria, Australia. The survey consisted of sampling 21 paired sites at confluences of streams. There was little difference between the in-stream habitat but there was a range of differences in EC between each of the paired sites. The dissimilarity of macroinvertebrate fauna between the paired sites was compared to the proportional difference in EC and other water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, NO2−N, NO3−N, PO4 and turbidity). This allowed the elimination of EC being confounded with geographical scale parameters and took into account other water quality parameters that may be confounded with EC. A positive relationship was found between the dissimilarity of the fauna at each of the two paired sites and the proportional difference in EC. No such relationship was found for any other measured water quality variable. The results of this survey show that macroinvertebrate community structure is associated with EC of the river systems investigated after eliminating large scale geographical patterns, in-stream habitat and the measured water quality parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441884
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    Potential salinity limitations on nitrogen fixation in sediments from Mono Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake〉/kwd〉 ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L-1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per crnt, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L-1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L-1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009001514449
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    Numerical prognosis for salinity profiles of future lakes in the opencast mine Merseburg-Ost (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 235-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: groundwater ; Merseburg-Ost ; mine ; meromixis ; numerical model ; monimolimnion ; opencast ; physical limnology ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salt-laden groundwater inflows have formed monimolimnia in developing lakes of the abandoned opencast lignite mine Merseburg-Ost, Central Germany. Water-levels are still rising. To predict the future status of the lakes, two numerical models were developed. One was designed to predict groundwater flows, the second included limnophysical processes. The models were run in parallel and data exchange between them was performed every 1 to 10 years of model time. A trial of a 100-years prognosis was done. The results of surface salinity, mixing depth, and salinity profile are given. A sensitivity analysis yielded indications for the accuracy of the prediction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441877
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    Is salinity the only water quality parameter affected when saline water is disposed in rivers? (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nutrients ; salinity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline lake water disposal from the Lough Calvert Drainage Scheme on water quality of the Barwon River, in south west Victoria, Australia, was investigated. The Scheme is used to regulate the levels of several saline lakes outside the Barwon's catchment. This study found that the disposal of saline lake water was associated with increased total phosphorus, PO4, TKN, suspended solids, electrical conductivity and stream discharge and lower NOx in the Barwon River. Thus, when disposing of saline water, factors other than salinity should be considered in order to prevent an impact on the aquatic environment. At present this is generally not done. The results are discussed with reference to the effects of saline water disposal on aquatic biota and how the effect of saline lake water disposal on water quality may differ from the disposal of saline groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023515649
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    Is salinity the only water quality parameter affected when saline water is disposed in rivers? (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nutrients ; salinity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline lake water disposal from the Lough Calvert Drainage Scheme on water quality of the Barwon River, in south west Victoria, Australia, was investigated. The Scheme is used to regulate the levels of several saline lakes outside the Barwon's catchment. This study found that the disposal of saline lake water was associated with increased total phosphorus, PO4, TKN, suspended solids, electrical conductivity and stream discharge and lower NOx in the Barwon River. Thus, when disposing of saline water, factors other than salinity should be considered in order to prevent an impact on the aquatic environment. At present this is generally not done. The results are discussed with reference to the effects of saline water disposal on aquatic biota and how the effect of saline lake water disposal on water quality may differ from the disposal of saline groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442141
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    The relationship between electrical conductivity and selected macroinvertebrate communities in four river systems of south-west Victoria, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: confounding parameters ; nutrients ; salinity ; survey design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In order to relate macroinvertebrate fauna to electrical conductivity (EC), a survey of selected orders of macroinvertebrates was conducted in the Glenelg, Hopkins, Merri and Barwon River Catchments in south-west Victoria, Australia. The survey consisted of sampling 21 paired sites at confluences of streams. There was little difference between the in-stream habitat but there was a range of differences in EC between each of the paired sites. The dissimilarity of macroinvertebrate fauna between the paired sites was compared to the proportional difference in EC and other water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4 and turbidity). This allowed the elimination of EC being confounded with geographical scale parameters and took into account other water quality parameters that may be confounded with EC. A positive relationship was found between the dissimilarity of the fauna at each of the two paired sites and the proportional difference in EC. No such relationship was found for any other measured water quality variable. The results of this survey show that macroinvertebrate community structure is associated with EC of the river systems investigated after eliminating large scale geographical patterns, in-stream habitat and the measured water quality parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009019404720
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    Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass Increases Heparin Requirements Necessary to Maintain Anticoagulation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 14 (1998), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: heparin ; anticoagulation ; cardiopulmonary bypass ; temperature ; normothermia ; hypothermia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. With the practice of warm cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at our institution we have observed an apparent increase in heparin requirements. CPB temperature predictability affects pharmacokinetics and differences in drug metabolism can be expected. We hypothesized that heparin requirements would increase with increasing CPB temperature. Methods. Following Institutional Review Board approval, we reviewed the charts of 354 patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We recorded patient demographic data, CPB duration, heparin requirements, and temperature during CPB. CPB was conducted between 24 °C and 37 °C. The Spearman's correlation coefficient, Pearson chi-square, and rank-sum tests were used for data analysis. Results. Core temperature during CPB correlated with heparin requirements (r = 0.13, p 〈 0.02). However, CPB duration was shorter in warm patients than in cold patients (r = −0.455, p 〈 0.0001). Additional heparin requirements adjusted for duration of CPB (units/minute) were also significantly greater in the warm group (p = 0.018). Conclusions. Maintenance of adequate heparin anticoagulation during CPB is clinically important. Warm CPB patients required more heparin per minute than those undergoing cold CPB. More frequent assessment of anticoagulation and administration of additional heparin should be considered in patients undergoing warm CPB.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009987505590
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    Immunohistochemical detection for Actinomyces sp. in swine tonsillar abscess and granulomatous mastitis (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 141 (1998), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Actinomyces ; Granulomatous mastitis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tonsillar abscess ; Swine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tonsils of eleven pigs and the mammary glands of a sow were used to investigate actinomycotic lesions due to Actinomyces sp. infection. At necropsy, there was no abnormality on these tonsils, on the other hand, numerous abscesses containing sulfur granules were found in the mammary. Histopathologically, the Actinomyces sp. lesions were noted as crypt abscesses in the tonsils and as pus-forming granulomas in the mammary glands. The microorganisms in both lesions were composed of bead-like cocci, bacillary cells and short, branching filaments, those cells being positive by the Gram's and Grocott's methods. Clubs were formed around the microbial clumps in these lesions. Immunohistochemically, there were cross-reactivities between antibody of Actinomyces sp. Chiba 101 (101) and swine actinomycetes of 7 species: A. bovis, A. hyovaginalis, A. israeli, A. naeslundii, A. pyogenes, A. suis (formerly Eubacterium suis) and A. viscosus. However it was possible to differentiate Actinomyces sp. 101 from them by absorption and dilution of the antiserum, then the microorganisms in the tonsillar crypt abscesses and the granulomatous mastitis were labelled with an immunoperoxidase technique using the absorbed Actinomyces sp. 101 antiserum. Thus, these immunolabelling properties are suggestive of the presence of ‘A. suis’ (Grässer) Franke 1973.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006820611103
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    Effect of environmental conditions and inoculum density on infection of guava fruits by Colletotrichum glososporioides (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 137 (1997), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Anthracnose ; guava ; Colletotrichum glososporioides ; temperature ; free moisture ; inoculum density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of environmental factors (temperature and humidity), inoculum density on infection by Colletotrichum glososporioides and development of anthracnose lesions were determined on uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits. The optical temperature for severe infection was 30 °C, whereas the disease incidence was less at 20 and 35 °C. Inoculated guavas that received 1–60 h of continuous free moisture developed lesions, but the disease was minimal (0–7%) after 1–6 h free moisture. Infection rates of uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits receiving 60 h of free moisture were 34, 70 and 100%, respectively. Disease incidence increased as inoculum density increased from 101 to 106 conidia/ml. In field conditions, the development of anthracnose lesions was greater on punctured guavas than on uninjured or sand-injured ones, in both rainy and winter seasons. In general, the number of lesions was highest in sand-injured fruits, followed by punctured and uninjured fruits. In rainy season the number of lesions on injured and uninjured fruits was greater than similarly treated guavas in winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006842801828
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    Effect of temperature on antagonistic and biocontrol potential of shape Trichoderma sp. on Sclerotium rolfsii (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 139 (1997), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Antagonism ; biocontrol ; ginger ; postharvest rot ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; Trichoderma ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne and postharvest plant pathogen. Use of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. has been earlier reported by us to successfully control this pathogen under postharvest conditions. In the present paper we report on the effects of temperature on the growth and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. on S. rolfsii. Experimental results indicated that S. rolfsii and Trichoderma sp. have different temperature optima for growth: 30–35 °C for the pathogen and 25–30 °C for the antagonist. In dual culture, Trichoderma overgrew S. rolfsii at 25 °C and 30 °C, but at 35 °C and 37 °C, S. rolfsii overgrew the colony of Trichoderma. Trichoderma produced higher concentration of fungitoxic metabolites in broth culture at higher temperatures. In bioassays using ginger slices and whole rhizomes, it has been demonstrated that Trichoderma is not very effective in suppressing S. rolfsii at temperatures above 30 °C. In light of these results, possible mechanisms of biocontrol of S. rolfsii as a postharvest pathogen has been discussed. Storage temperature has been suggested as a critical factor in biocontrol of S. rolfsii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006868009184
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    Calbindin D28k-like immunoreactivity in the developing and regenerating circumvallate papilla of the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1997), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Calbindin D28k ; Circumvallate papilla ; Taste buds ; Development ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of calbindin D28k (CB)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the circumvallate papilla (CVP) was examined during development and regeneration following bilateral crush injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve in the rat. In the adult CVP, CB-like immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibers were observed in the subgemmal region and some penetrated into the taste buds. CB-LI was also detected in the cytoplasm of the spindle-shaped gustatory cells in the lower half of the trench epithelium, which contained numerous synaptic vesicles and bundles of intermediate filaments. These CB-IR gustatory cells made synapse-like contacts with CB-IR nerve terminals. Some CB-IR nerve terminals made contacts with the gustatory cells negative for CB-LI. At least three developmental stages were defined with regard to the developmental changes in the distribution of CB-LI: (1) Stage I (embryonic day (E) 18–postnatal day (P)5): CB-IR nerve fibers appeared in the lamina propria just beneath the newly-formed CVP at E18, but the gustatory epithelium of the CVP contained no CB-IR structures. Taste buds with taste pores appeared at P1. (2) Stage II (P5–10): thin CB-IR nerve fibers began entering the trench epithelium, but no CB-IR cells were observed. (3) Stage III (P10–adult): in addition to the intragemmal and perigemmal CB-IR nerve fibers, very few CB-IR cells appeared in the taste buds around P10, and their numbers increased progressively. The changes in the distribution of taste buds and CB-LI following glossopharyngeal nerve injury were similar to those observed during development. On post-operative day (PO) 4, the taste buds and CB-IR cells decreased markedly in number. These CB-IR cells became round in shape, and the number of CB-IR nerve fibers decreased markedly. On PO8, both taste buds and CB-IR cells disappeared completely. The regenerated taste buds were first observed on PO12, increased rapidly in number by PO20, and increased slowly thereafter. CB-IR nerve fibers accumulated at the subgemmal region and began penetrating into the trench wall epithelium around PO16. CB-IR cells appeared between PO20 and PO24, and their numbers increased progressively and reached the normal level on PO40. The topographical localizations of the taste buds and CB-IR cells during development and regeneration were comparable to those of normal animals. The delay of the time courses for appearance of CB-IR nerve fibers and CB-IR cells compared to the appearance of taste buds during development and regeneration suggests that CB in the gustatory epithelium may participate in the survival of the taste bud cells rather than in the induction of the taste buds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050981
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    Anally projecting neurons exhibiting immunoreactivity to galanin, nitric oxide synthase and vasoactive intestinal peptide, detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy, in the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 525-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nervous system ; enteric ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Myotomy ; Descending projections ; Gadus morhua (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The projections of enteric neurons showing immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and galanin were investigated in the myenteric plexus of the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Quantification of immunoreactive material on the proximal and distal side of a myotomy was performed by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy. NOS immunoreactivity was reduced anal to the myotomy, whereas there was an accumulation of immunoreactivity for VIP and for galanin oral to the cut. These results suggest the presence of VIP, NOS and galanin in neurons with oral–to–anal projections along the intestine of the cod. Since descending neurons in the myenteric plexus of many other vertebrates also contain these substances, we conclude that the oral–to–anal projections of neurons containing VIP, NOS and galanin are highly conserved features and important for the descending phase of intestinal peristalsis on an evolutionary basis.
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    Multiple mechanisms contribute to myenteric plexus ablation induced by benzalkonium chloride in the guinea-pig ileum (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 253-264 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Myenteric plexus ; Benzalkonium chloride ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Glia ; Oncoproteins ; Guinea pig (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ablation of rat myenteric plexus with benzalkonium chloride has provided a model of intestinal aganglionosis, but the degenerative responses are not well understood. We examined the effects of this detergent on neurons and glia, including expression of c-Myc, c-Jun, JunB, and c-Fos, and on immunocytes in the guinea-pig ileum. Benzalkonium chloride (0.1%) or saline was applied to the serosal surface of distal ileum. Tissues were analyzed 2, 3, or 7 days later and compared with cyclosporine-treated and untreated animals. More than 90% of myenteric neurons were destroyed in ileal segments 3–7 days after benzalkonium-chloride treatment. Glia withdrew processes from around neurons after 2 days and were mostly gone after 3 days. Neuronal c-Myc began to disappear while c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB were evident in some neuronal nuclei after 2 or 3 days. After 3 days, widespread apoptosis was evident in the myenteric plexus. Populations of T cells, B cells, and macrophage-like cells in untreated and saline-treated myenteric plexuses were substantially increased 3 and 7 days after benzalkonium-chloride treatment. Cyclosporine delayed significant neuronal loss. We conclude that a variety of degenerative mechanisms may be active in this model, including an immune response which may actively contribute to tissue destruction.
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    Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the bichir, Polypterus senegalus, with special regard to the terminal nerve (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 275-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neuropeptide Y ; Brain (CNS) ; vertebrate ; Terminal nerve ; FMRF amide ; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Polypterus senegalus (Polypteriformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the bichir, Polypterus senegalus, was examined immunohistochemically. NPY-like immunoreactivity was distributed widely in the brain, with the highest density in the diencephalon. NPY-positive perikarya were found in various areas, including the terminal nerve, the pallial zones of the telencephalon, the periventricular preoptic nucleus, the thalamic nucleus, the ventral hypothalamus of the diencephalon, the tegmentum of the mesencephalon, and the area intermedioventralis of the rhombencephalon. In the hypothalamus, NPY-positive liquor-contacting neurons were frequently observed. Immunoreactive neuron-like cells also appeared in the distal lobe of the hypophysis. NPY fibers were densely distributed in the ventral telencephalon, the hypothalamus, and the ventrolateral area of the rhombencephalon. They were also demonstrated in the terminal nerve. In the hypophysis, NPY fibers were dense in the median eminence, but sparse in the neural lobe. Electron-microscopic double immunostaining of the terminal nerve revealed the coexistence of NPY-like antigen with gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like and molluscan cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide-like antigens in the same cytoplasmic granules. These results suggest that NPY or a related substance is involved in neuroregulation of various areas of the bichir brain, by mainly acting as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
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    FMRF amide-like-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the olfactory system of the terrestrial mollusc, Limax marginatus (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 339-345 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: FMRF amide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Olfactory system ; Sensory neurons ; Neuromodulators ; Limax marginatus (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of FMRF amide-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the olfactory organs in the tentacle tip of the terrestrial slug, Limax marginatus. Approximately 0.7% of the neurons in the lobules of the tentacle ganglia demonstrated FMRF amide-like immunoreactivity. Most of the FMRF amide-like-immunoreactive somata lay at superficial positions within the lobules, and dendritic processes extended to the outer surface of the sensory epithelium, whereas the axons traveled toward the cerebral ganglion through the ventral part of the tentacle nerve. From their morphological features, FMRF amide-like-immunoreactive cells were considered to be primary sensory neurons.
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    Heterogeneous distribution of neurocalcin-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the mouse adrenal medulla (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 439-444 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurocalcin ; Calcium-binding protein ; Adrenal medulla ; Nerve terminal ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (ddY)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Neurocalcin is a novel calcium-binding protein found in bovine brain tissue. We investigated immunoreactivity for neurocalcin in the mouse adrenal medulla using light and electron microscopy. The immunoreactivity was present in nerve fibers, nerve terminals, and ganglion cells in the adrenal medulla, but chromaffin cells, sustentacular cells, and Schwann cells were negative in reaction. Nerve bundles containing neurocalcin-immunoreactive fibers passed through the adrenal cortex and extended into the medulla. Immunopositive nerve fibers branched off and projected varicose terminals around the chromaffin cells. These varicose terminals contained small and large-cored vesicles and made synapses with the chromaffin cells. We performed paraformaldehyde-induced fluorescence-histochemical studies for catecholamine combined with immunohistochemical studies for neurocalcin. Neurocalcin-immunoreactive nerve terminals were more abundant at noradrenaline (fluorescent) cell-rich regions than at adrenaline (non-fluorescent) cell-rich regions. These results show that neurocalcin-immunoreactive nerves mainly innervate noradrenaline-containing chromaffin cells in the mouse adrenal medulla and that neurocalcin may regulate synaptic function in the nerve terminals.
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    Immunohistochemical and immuno-electron-microscopic detection of interferon-γ-inducing factor (”interleukin-18”) in mouse intestinal epithelial cells (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 499-503 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Interferon-γ-inducing factor (”interleukin-18”) ; Intestine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mucosal immunity ; Mouse (CD1)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The novel cytokine interferon-γ-inducing factor (”interleukin-18”) is produced by macrophage-like cells in mice with endotoxin shock and induces the production of interferon-γ by T cells in vitro. To determine the physiological role for mouse interferon-γ-inducing factor, we studied its tissue distribution in several organs (intestine, spleen, thymus, kidney, and liver) in healthy mice of different ages, including fetal stages. Activity of the cytokine in the organ extracts of adult mice was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the cellular distribution of interferon-γ-inducing factor in organs from fetal and adult mice was determined by immunohistochemistry. Intestinal extracts of adult mice showed the highest concentrations among the organs studied. Other organ extracts of adult mice showed lower concentrations of the cytokine. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that interferon-γ-inducing factor was localized in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells from fetal and adult mice. These results show for the first time that intestinal epithelial cells may be the main producers of interferon-γ-inducing factor under normal physiological conditions and suggest that its constitutive expression in intestinal epithelial cells may have an important role in the induction of mucosal immunity.
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    Local disturbance of neuronal migration in the S-100β-retarded mutant mouse (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 547-551 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuron-glia interaction ; Cortex ; Polydactyly mutant mouse (Pdn/Pdn; Pdn/+; +/+)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Homozygotes of a mouse strain with genetic polydactyly (Pdn) show disrupted cortical lamination and a significant decrease of S-100β-immunoreactive elements in a particular area of the brain. In order to understand the abnormal cortical formation at the cellular level, the migration of cortical neurons and the development of glial cells were studied using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), S-100β, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Homozygous mice (Pdn/Pdn) displayed a variable pattern of abnormalities. Irregular GFAP-positive radial glial cells and disturbance of neuronal migration were found in a circumscribed area of the caudo-dorsal cortex of newborn Pdn mouse. The number of S-100β-positive cells was reduced in this area. The present results suggest that abnormal cortical lamination closely correlates with disturbance of neuronal migration and abnormalities of glial cells, especially a significant decrease of S-100β-immunoreactive cells.
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    Interstitial cells of Cajal in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract as revealed by c-Kit immunohistochemistry (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 11-20 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Interstitial cells of Cajal ; Gastrointestinal motility ; Enteric nervous system ; Smooth muscle ; Rhythmicity ; Immunohistochemistry ; Proto-oncogene ; Tyrosine kinase ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) of various morphologies have been described in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of mammals. Different classes of ICC are likely to have different functional roles. ICC of the mouse GI tract have been shown to express c-kit, a proto-oncogene that codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase. We have studied the distribution of ICC within the guinea pig GI tract using antibodies to c-Kit protein and immunohistochemical techniques. c-Kit-like immunoreactivity revealed at least 6 types of ICC: (1) intramuscular ICC (IC-IM1) that lie within the muscle layers of the esophagus, stomach, and cecum, (2) ICC within the myenteric plexus region (IC-MY1) in the corpus, antrum, small intestine, and colon,(3) ICC that populate the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine (IC-DMP), (4) ICC at the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer in the colon (IC-SM), (5) stellate ICC that are closely associated with the myenteric plexus (IC-MY2) and orientated toward the longitudinal muscle layer in the colon, and (6) branching intramuscular ICC (IC-IM2) in the proximal colon within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. c-Kit immunohistochemistry appears to be an excellent and selective technique for labeling ICC of the guinea-pig GI tract. Labeling of these cells at the light-microscopic level provides an opportunity for characterizing the distribution, density, organization, and relationship between ICC and other cell types.
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    Remodeling of pineal epithelium in the fetal rat as delineated by immunohistochemistry of laminin and cadherin (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 263-274 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pineal gland ; Laminin ; Cadherin ; Synaptophysin ; BrdU ; Immunohistochemistry ; Embryology ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Epithelial remodeling in the rat pineal during fetal development was immunohistochemically analyzed by using antibodies for laminin and cadherin as molecular markers of basal lamina and intercellular junctions, respectively. The proliferation and differentiation of pinealocytes were also investigated in relation to the advance of epithelial remodeling. The pineal anlage of embryonic day 16 is completely covered by basal lamina immunolabeled for laminin. After embryonic day 17, local dissolution of the basal lamina occurs on the epithelial folds, which develop predominantly in the rostral pineal wall. Some pineal cells migrate through these interruptions and form cellular aggregations outside the basal lamina. Cadherin immunostaining reveals focal dissolution of intercellular junctions in epithelial regions protruding into the pineal lumen. Dissolution of the basal lamina and intercellular junctions accompanied by cellular migration into the stromal tissue or into the pineal lumen continues until birth. The distribution of mitotic cells immunolabeled for BrdU is homogeneous throughout the organ during the fetal period, whereas that of differentiating pinealocytes immunoreactive for synaptophysin shows striking regional heterogeneity in close correlation with the remodeling of the pineal epithelium. The migrating cell populations located either outside the basal lamina or inside the pineal lumen are more liable to become synaptophysin-positive than the rest of the epithelium. These results suggest that epithelial remodeling in the fetal pineal is induced, at least in part, by epithelial infolding and that this remodeling promotes the differentiation of pinealocytes.
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    Distribution and subcellular localization of a lysosome-associated protein in human genital organs (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 335-342 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Lysosomal membrane antigen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Biosynthesis ; Prostate-membrane-specific antigen ; Apocrine secretion ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The tissue distribution, preferentially in the human male genital system, and the subcellular localization of the lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (lamp 2) was studied immunohistochemically using a mouse monoclonal antibody, 2D5. Strong immunoreactivity was present in the tubular system of the kidney, in acinar cells of salivary glands and pancreas, prostate, mammary glands, placenta and in cutaneous sweat glands. Moderate immunoreactivity was observed in cerebral neuronal cells, epidermal cells, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and endometrium. Very low immunoreactivity was found in liver. In some of the tissues mentioned, the distribution pattern of immunoreactivity is smooth and homogeneous, while in others it is granular and concentrated in the supra- or perinuclear cytoplasm. The subcellular distribution was studied on ultracryosections and on pre-embedding-processed chopper sections of human prostate. In the latter gland, the protein is not restricted to epithelium, but is also present in stromal cells. Ultrastructurally, the immunoreactivity in secretory cells was localized in electron-translucent vacuoles and granules, including the secretory granules. A close association with cell membranes was not generally the case. Only part of the immunoreactive material was linked to the apical plasma membrane pointing to a biosynthesis independent from an association step with the apical plasma membrane. As shown by immunoelectron microscopy and Western blotting, a high amount of lamp 2 is secreted and is found in so-called prostasomes. The findings indicate that in the human prostate most of the membrane-bound lamp 2 is released from the secretory cells, presumably in an apocrine fashion.
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    Cytokeratin-filament expression in epithelial and non-epithelial tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Epithelia ; Intermediate filaments ; Cytokeratins ; Cytoskeleton ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mesenchyme ; Tissue fixation ; Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Cytokeratin expression in mammals is generally restricted to epithelial cells and has been utilized to differentiate epithelial from nonepithelial tissues in these species. Since cytokeratins have been shown to be highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, the objective of the present study has been to ascertain the expression pattern of cytokeratins in tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A panel of 10 anti-human cytokeratin antibodies was evaluated using a streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex detection system. Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, 100% ethanol or methacarn. Only formalin-fixed tissues were pre-digested with trypsin prior to immunostaining. Formalin-fixed tissues generally resulted in a less intense, more diffuse staining pattern with considerable background compared with ethanol and methacarn and was therefore the least desirable fixative. The diverse staining pattern observed with the various antibodies used in this study was consistent with previous findings in other teleosts. The results confirm that cytokeratin expression in teleosts is fundamentally different from that in mammals and therefore should be used as a method to differentiate epithelial cell types in these species only with discretion.
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    Transthyretin distribution in the developing choroid plexus of the South American opossum (Monodelphis domestica) (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 621-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Transthyretin ; Albumin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development ; Choroid plexus ; Opossum ; Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distributions of transthyretin and albumin in the choroid plexus during brain development have been compared. The South American opossum was chosen because the young are born around the time of choroid plexus formation. Previous work showed that in the adult opossum, transthyretin is expressed in the choroid plexus cells. However, systematic studies of transthyretin in the choroid plexus during development have not been carried out before. Transthyretin was present in 90–95% of the choroidal cells from birth to adulthood. In most cells, transthyretin immunoreactivity was concentrated in the apical region of the cytoplasm. Double labelling of choroid plexus sections with antibodies to albumin and transthyretin showed that 1–2% of cells were positive for both proteins. These findings suggest that from the very earliest stage of choroid plexus formation most epithelial cells both synthesize and contain transthyretin, and a few of these transthyretin-synthesizing cells also contain albumin that is probably being transferred from blood to the cerebrospinal fluid.
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    Exocytotic proteins in enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the rat stomach (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 539-551 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Exocytotic proteins ; Synaptophysin ; Synaptotagmin ; Syntaxin ; Secretory granule ; Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Proteins participating in vesicular docking and fusion have been identified in the nervous system. Such proteins appear to be important for the molecular regulation of exocytosis also in non-neuronal cells. The enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric acid-secreting (oxyntic) mucosa secrete histamine and chromogranin A-derived peptides, such as pancreastatin. Using immunohistochemistry, we have examined whether the ECL cells of the rat stomach, identified with antibodies to histidine decarboxylase (HDC, the histamine-forming enzyme), express the same exocytotic proteins as neurons. The ECL cells displayed immunoreactivity for synaptophysin, synaptotagmin III, vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2), cysteine string protein (CSP), vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), syntaxin, and Munc-18, but not for synaptotagmin I/II and VAMP-1. Synaptophysin and VMAT-2 could be detected not only in the ECL cells, but also in a population of HDC-negative cells. The demonstration of synaptotagmin III in only a limited number of ECL cells suggests the existence of a subpopulation of ECL cells. The results show that several exocytotic proteins, previously identified in neurons, are present in rat stomach ECL cells. Hence, proteins engaged in vesicular docking and in the fusion of granule/vesicle membrane with plasma membrane seem to exist in both neurons and endocrine cells.
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    Distribution of vasotocin- and mesotocin-like immunoreactivities in the brain of Typhlonectes compressicauda (Amphibia, Gymnophiona): further assessment of primitive and derived traits of amphibian neuropeptidergic systems (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 305-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Central nervous system ; Vasotocin ; Mesotocin ; Comparative evolution ; Immunohistochemistry ; Typhlonectes compressicauda (Gymnophiona)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. To further assess primitive and derived conditions, we have studied the vasotocinergic (AVT) and mesotocinergic (MST) systems by immmunohistochemistry in the brain of Typhlonectes compressicauda. This species belongs to a separate order of amphibians which differs in several morphological and behavioral aspects from anurans and urodeles which have been studied previously. Nevertheless, the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic systems of T. compressicauda are largely comparable to those of other amphibians. Apart from a well-developed hypothalamo-hypophysial system, extrahypothalamic AVT-and MST-immunoreactive groups of cells and extensive networks of fibers were found. A major difference, however, is that neuropeptidergic cells in the caudal hypothalamus and the midbrain tegmentum of T. compressicauda contain MST, whereas those in corresponding locations contain AVT in anurans and urodeles. This suggests that certain neuropeptidergic cell groups in the gymnophionan brain have switched from AVT to MST gene expression, and, thereby, offers a new view on the functional significance of these neuropeptidergic systems.
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    Estimation of the duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the non-human primate Macaca mulatta using the 5-bromodeoxyuridine technique (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 365-369 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Spermatogenesis ; Testis ; Cell cycle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A comparatively low yield of germ cells has been reported for the spermatogenic process in primates. Kinetic studies of spermatogenesis and the spermatogenic cycle are needed to investigate this phenomenon but require the application of radioactively labeled compounds or irradiation. We have therefore investigated the suitability of a non-radioactive approach, viz., administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, for the determination of the kinetics of the spermatogenic cycle in a non-human primate, the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Four adult in-season animals received a bolus of 33 mg/kg 5-bromodeoxyuridine, one testis from each monkey was removed 3 h later and the other testis after 10 days and 11 h. Tissue was fixed in Bouin’s solution and embedded in Paraplast. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine was localized by immunogold-silver staining with a monoclonal antibody. PAS-hematoxylin counterstaining was used for spermatogenic stage identification. At 3 h, the leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes in stages VII–IX were the most advanced 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells. At 10 days 11 h, the label had advanced and pachytene spermatocytes in stages VI–IX contained 5-bromodeoxyuridine. The duration of the spermatogenic cycle was 10.42±0.07 days (range: 10.25–10.62 days). Peritubular cells and interstitial cells were rarely 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive, and Sertoli cells were consistently negative for 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Importantly, our kinetic data closely resemble those obtained by means of the application of irradiation for this macaque species. We conclude that administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine represents a non-radioactive reliable approach for studying kinetic aspects of the spermatogenic process in primates.
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    2-Acetylaminofluorene-produced selective cytotoxic damage of a ductal compartment and its repair in the submandibular gland of rats (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 371-379 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: 2-Acetylaminofluorene ; Selective ductal cytotoxicity ; Submandibular gland ; Regenerative repair ; Immunohistochemistry ; Systemic effects ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Salivary glands of rodents are rarely affected with spontaneous and induced malignancies. This may be linked with low physiologic cell renewal and the infrequency of cytolethal actions by xenobiotics. The genotoxic 2-acetylaminofluorene, carcinogenic for other organs, causes acute damage in salivary ducts. In the submandibular glands the damage is limited to the granulated convoluted tubules. They produce and release regulatory peptides including epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor. The partial chemical sialoadenectomy is repaired by sequential cell proliferation in the basal cell layer of interlobular ducts and in dilated intralobular ducts (day 4 and 6), in intermediate duct-like structures (day 6 and 8), and lastly in acini (day 8 and 12). This is associated with a transient loss of structural characteristics of striated ducts and acini (up to day 6) and of the immunoreactivity for S-100 protein (up to day 4). Actin immunoreactivity at the acinar base is increased from day 6 to 20. Analogous to the late postnatal differentiation of the granulated convoluted tubules, their structural characteristics and immunoreactivity for epidermal growth factor do not recover within 20 days. The acute lesion of the endocrine ductal segment is suggested to be causally involved with other systemic effects following treatment with 2-acetylaminofluorene. First, hypophagia with loss of body, liver and thymus weight may result from disturbed saliva production. Second, previous studies have shown a mitotic burst of the biliary epithelium and bloodborne lymphocyte-stimulating activities. Either effect could be brought about by regulatory peptides (see above), probably after elevated circulatory release from necrotic granulated convoluted tubules.
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    Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity in the nuclei of regenerating hepatocytes (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 517-527 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Liver ; Subcellular fractions ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study, utilizing rats subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy or sham operation, was designed (1) to investigate the content of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the subcellular fractions of regenerating and sham-operated rat livers by immunoblot experiments and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (2) to show that bFGF immunoreactivity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity are markers for hepatocellular mitosis before and after partial hepatectomy, and (3) to observe the location and fine structure of the bFGF immunoreaction within the regenerating liver with special attention to bFGF immunoreactivity in the nuclei of regenerating hepatocytes. Immunoblot experiments and ELISA showed a transient increase in high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in the nuclear subcellular fraction of regenerating liver 48 h after partial hepatectomy. By light microscopy, bFGF and PCNA immunoreactivities were detected in the nuclei of regenerating hepatocytes. Electron microscopy demonstrated bFGF-like immunoreactivity mainly in the nuclear euchromatin and rarely in the heterochromatin or nucleoli of regenerating hepatocytes. The transient increase in high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in the nuclear euchromatin of regenerating hepatocytes, together with the concomitant expression of PCNA in the regenerating liver, suggests an important role of the high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in hepatocyte proliferation and/or mitosis, although authentic bFGF with a molecular form of 18 kDa is not considered to be involved in hepatic regeneration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050837
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    Evidence for the maintenance of macrophage-like cells in long-term bovine granulosa cell cultures (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 529-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Resident macrophages ; Follicle ; Ovary ; Cell culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ovarian macrophages may be involved in the degradation of the basal membrane after rupture of a preovulatory follicle, or in angiogenesis during follicle and corpus luteum development, or may support steroidogenesis. The present study describes easy access to macrophage-like cells in the ovary and characterizes them. Cells from bovine antral follicles with 1–4 ml of their naturally occurring fluid were plated on day zero. On day 10, the granulosa cell culture showed macrophage-like cells. They developed as non-adherent cells and also adhered to the monolayer as single cells or as hemopoietic-like clones. The macrophage-like cells contained strong activity of non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase or 3β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). Only the steroid enzyme was absent on day 19. As detected by immunolocalization, macrophage-like cells of various sizes showed a response for the CD18 surface molecule of leukocytes, for the CD45 molecule related to hemopoietic progenitor cells, and for the CD14 molecule selectively expressed on cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The macrophage-like cells exhibited a granular-like actin structure as revealed by fluorochrome-labeled phalloidin. The ultrastructure of small, intermediate or large macrophage-like cells was similar to that of monocytes or of macrophages. In situ immunolabeling of intact or regressing follicles revealed single cells positive for CD14, CD18 or CD45. In order to establish that in vitro proliferation of the macrophage-like cells had occurred, their number was assessed between days 1 to 19 of cultivation. The cultures derived from 23 follicles were classified into groups A, B, or C according to the number of non-adherent cells (〈5000, 〈12 500, or ≥12 500 per 16-mm well) on day 12 of cultivation. The total number of macrophage-like cells (non-adherent and adherent) increased approximately fourfold in all groups between days 1 to 12. The total number decreased to day 5 levels between days 15 to 19. Thus, the macrophage-like cells probably represent a subpopulation of the macrophage family. They proliferate in co-culture with granulosa cells.
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    Distribution of heat-shock protein 60 immunoreactivity in testes of infertile men (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 539-544 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Testis ; hsp60 ; Infertility ; Spermatogonia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The immunohistochemical localization of heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60) was investigated in testicular biopsies obtained from 121 adult men with disturbed fertility. In normal unaffected tubules, hsp60 immunoreactivity was localized to spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. In spermatogonia, cytosolic and mitochondrial labelling could be differentiated. In general, the number of stained spermatogonia decreased with the loss of spermatogenic function. A significant (P〈0.01) reduction of stained spermatogonia was observed in testes with maturation arrest of spermatogenesis at the level of primary spermatocytes (30.2±21.6%) compared with testes exhibiting normal spermatogenesis. In addition, the decrease in the score correlated significantly with the diminution of cytosolic hsp60 immmunolabelling (coefficient r=0.25, P=0.03). There was a significant difference (P〈0.01) in the percentage of cytosolic-stained spermatogonia in testes with a score equal to or greater than 5 (14.7±9.8%) and a score less than 5 (8.9±6.9%). These observations suggest that a low level of hsp60 expression in spermatogonia may lead to a different pattern of protection, which in turn could be involved in low spermatogenic efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050839
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    Complement Cls, a classical enzyme with novel functions at the endochondral ossification center: immunohistochemical staining of activated Cls with a neoantigen-specific antibody (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 557-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Complement Cls ; Neoantigen ; Cartilage ; Hypertrophic chondrocyte ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; Decorin ; Syrian hamster ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The secondary ossification center of 14- to 16-day-old hamster tibiae was examined immunohistochemically with active and inactive Cls-specific antibodies, RK5 and RK4, respectively. At the ossification center, chondrocytes differentiate from proliferating and hypertrophic to degenerating stages, and their site is occupied by the bone marrow. Cls was strongly immunostained in hypertrophic chondrocytes. In order to discover whether Cls is activated at a particular site, the cartilage was immunostained with RK5 and RK4. RK5 mainly reacted with degrading matrix around invading vessels. In contrast, RK4 strongly stained hypertrophic chondrocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed Cls on degrading fragments of chondrocytes and fibers of cartilage matrix. Decorin, one of the major matrix proteoglycans, was dose and time dependently degraded by Cls. Type II collagen and type I gelatin were also degraded. Articular cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was positively immunostained (11/12 cases) with an anti-Cls monoclonal antibody (mAb) PG11, whereas normal articular cartilage (5/5 cases) was negative, suggesting Cls participation in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050841
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    Immunochemical demonstration of Eisenia tetradecapeptide, a bioactive peptide isolated from the gut of the earthworm Eisenia foetida, in tissues of the earthworm (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 567-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Eisenia tetradecapeptide ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ; Gut motility ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptide ; Peptide hormone ; Eisenia foetida (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The quantity and localization of Eisenia tetradecapeptide which was isolated from the gut of the earthworm Eisenia foetida were examined in tissues of the same species by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunoreactivity was present in both the central nervous system (cerebral ganglion, subesophageal ganglion, ventral ganglia, and ventral nerve cord) and the gut (esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine). The central nervous system contained a higher amount of Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunoreactivity (1.3 pmol/mg wet weight) than the gut (0.2–0.6 pmol/mg wet weight). Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunoreactivity was scarcely detected in the body-wall muscle, nephridia, and sexual organs (testis, ovary, seminal vesicle, and ovisac). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that intense Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunopositive cells and nerve fibers were present in the central nervous system. Immunoreactivity was found in the epithelial cells lining the esophagus and in the submucous plexus in various parts of the gut. Thus, the present study suggests that Eisenia tetradecapeptide is a neuropeptide and/or peptide hormone present in both the central nervous system and the gut of the earthworm and that its role involves the regulation of gut motility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050842
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    Type II collagen and TGF-βs in developing and aging porcine mandibular condylar cartilage: immunohistochemical studies (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 119-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: TGF-β ; Condylar cartilage ; Postnatal development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) have been associated with the development and maintenance of articular cartilage. However, no studies have addressed their role in the postnatal development of mandibular condylar cartilage. This investigation represents the first immunohistochemical characterization of TGF-β isoforms and type II collagen in porcine mandibular condylar cartilage from various age groups. Furthermore, it is the first description of possible age-related changes in the expression of these proteins during postnatal development of this tissue. Condylar cartilage was dissected from freshly harvested temporomandibular joints of newborn, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month-old farm swine. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and type II collagen were localized via standard immunohistochemical procedures. An immunoblot technique was employed to compare the relative amount of each protein present in the various age groups. Immunoreactivity was detected in mandibular condylar cartilage for all three isoforms of TGF-β and for Type II collagen. All age groups demonstrated some evidence of immunostaining, primarily in the cytoplasm of cells from most zones of the cartilage. Immunoblot results indicated that TGF-β isoforms had individualized patterns of expression. When newborn protein levels were taken as the baseline, TGF-β1 demonstrated a significant increase at ages 24 and 36 months. TGF-β2 significantly increased at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months (peak levels at 24 months; similar levels at 6, 12, and 36 months), whereas TGF-β3 remained stable at all ages. Type II collagen demonstrated increases that paralleled the increased levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 at 24 and 36 months.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050857
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    Simultaneous restitution of matrix and cells in gastric ulcer: use of a combined in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry technique applicable to paraffin-embedded tissue (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 601-610 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Collagen ; Combined non-radioactive in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry ; Gastric ulcer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The restoration of gastric tissue after ulceration involves cellular and matrix components. Our aim was to investigate the kinetics of collagen expression and cellular proliferation in an animal model of gastric ulcer. To demonstrate the expression of type I and IV collagen mRNAs by proliferating cells, a method combining in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was devised. In order to avoid the disadvantages of radioisotopes, digoxigenin-labeled RNA-riboprobes were utilized and combined with single-step immunohistochemistry. This method proved sensitive enough to detect type I and IV procollagen mRNA transcripts in the submucosal area beneath the ulcer crater or adjacent to the ulcer rim. In addition, a subset of cells transcribing either procollagen type I or IV RNA was concomitantly positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen by immunohistochemistry. Focal proliferation of cells simultaneously expressing extracellular matrix components may therefore occur in the gastric submucosa after ulceration, starting as soon as 3 days after the insult and continuing for several weeks. The devised method of combined in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry can be used with standard paraffin-embedded tissues, yields results within 2 days, and avoids radioisotopes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050783
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    Neurochemical differentiation of rat enteric neurons during pre- and postnatal life (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 11-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Pituitary-adenylyl-cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) ; α-Internexin ; Peripherin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The presence of nitric oxide synthase (the enzyme which synthesizes nitric oxide), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl-cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in the rat enteric nervous system between term (E18) and 90 days postpartum (P90) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Neuronal maturity was ascertained by emanining for the presence of two novel neuron intermediate filament proteins: α-internexin, which is transiently expressed in developing neurons, and peripherin, which is expressed in differentiating as well as in mature neurons. The alimentary canal of the foetus at E18, unfed newborn, suckling, weaning and adult rats was studied. Throughout the rat gut the myenteric neurons were recognized by the time the foetal stage was reached and the submucous neurons by the suckling period. α-Internexin was present at E18; its levels increased during ageing and were markedly reduced at P30. Peripherin was first detected at birth; its levels increased with ageing and pratically almost all of the neurons and nerve fibres were labelled from P30. Nitric oxide synthase was present at E18 and the number of labelled neurons gradually increased with ageing, while both VIP and PACAP could be detected by the end of the suckling period in an equal number of neurons to that in adulthood. These data indicate that in the rat gut the onset of the mature neuronal phenotype is not yet achieved at birth and that the neurochemical differentiation is accomplished during the first month of postnatal life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050788
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    Distribution of neuropeptide-containing nerve fibers in the human submandibular gland, with special reference to the difference between serous and mucous acini (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Submandibular gland ; Neuropeptide Y ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Galanin ; Substance P ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-, galanin (GAL)-, substance P (SP)-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the human submandibular gland was examined by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with attention to high-quality fixation and the condition of patients. NPY-, VIP-, and GAL-immunoreactive varicose fibers were densely distributed around the acini and ducts. Some of these fibers extended between acinar cells. The density of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers was relatively low. The number of NPY-, VIP-, and GAL-immunoreactive fibers around the mucous acini was significantly higher than around the serous acini. In the perivasculature, NPY-immunoreactive fibers were more numerous than other immunoreactive fibers. No somatostatin-, leucine-, or methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were detected. Our findings suggest that a large number of periacinar VIP-, NPY-, and GAL-immunoreactive fibers may participate in regulating the synthesis of saliva and its secretion. Since the VIP-, NPY-, and GAL-immunoreactive fibers are more numerous around the mucous acini than around the serous ones, these fibers may take part more actively in regulating the secretory mechanisms in the mucous acini than in the serous ones. The relatively low number of CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive fibers suggests that they are less involved in the function of the human submandibular gland. Perivascular peptidergic fibers, especially NPY-immunoreactive fibers, may be involved in controlling local blood flow in this gland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050789
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    Neuronal and nonneuronal taurine-like immunoreactivity in the sea pansy, Renilla koellikeri (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Taurine ; Immunohistochemistry ; HPLC ; Amino acid neurotransmitters ; Renilla koellikeri (Cnidaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A quantitative evaluation of putative amino acid neurotransmitters in sea pansy polyps by high-performance liquid chromatography indicates that the taurine content exceeds that of other amino acids by a 100-fold. The cellular source of this taurine was investigated by immunohistochemistry with two polyclonal antisera raised in rabbit, one against a glutaraldehyde-polylysine-taurine conjugate and the other against a succinylated ovalbumin-carbodiimide-taurine conjugate. Taurine-immunoreactive neurons were localized in a perioral subectodermal nerve net and in the zooid nerve net of the endodermal retractor muscle of the polyp mesenteries. Double labeling experiments revealed that taurine immunostaining does not colocalize with Phe–Mat–Ang–Phe –NH2 FMRFamide immunoreactivity. In addition, strong taurine immunoreactivity was found in nematocytes and other ectodermal cells, in myoepithelial cell bodies of the endoderm, and in calcareous spicule-producing cells of the colonial tissue mass. The limited distribution of neuronal taurine immunostaining to nerve nets associated with muscle systems subtending autozooid polyp retraction supports a role for taurine as a neuromuscular transmitter for this protective reflex. In contrast, the widespread distribution of taurine immunoreactivity in nematocytes and in other nonneuronal cells points to additional cellular functions of taurine, one of which may be to mediate responses to osmotic or metabolic stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050800
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    Transient expression of GAP-43 within the hippocampus after global brain ischemia in rat (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Cerebral ischemia ; Plasticity ; GAP-43 ; Hippocampus ; mRNA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Neuroanatomical methods have been used to study selective vulnerability after global brain ischemia. A consistent pattern of ischemic neuronal damage is found in the rodent hippocampus with loss of CA1 neurons and of some cells in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Very little is known about plastic changes that would be expected in ischemia-resistant areas such as CA3 neurons and granule cells. Neuronal plasticity after lesions may be indicated by changes in labeling with antibodies to the growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43). Expression of GAP-43 as a marker for neuronal plasticity was studied here in the hippocampus after global brain ischemia. Halothane-anesthetized rats were subjected to 20 min of transient forebrain ischemia using four-vessel occlusion. In situ hybridization was used to study GAP-43 mRNA at 1, 3, 6, and 12 h and at 1, 3, and 7 days after ischemia. Immunostaining was carried out with two different antibodies to GAP-43 in brains which were perfusion-fixed after 1, 2, 4, and 7/8 days. In the control hippocampus, GAP-43 mRNA was localized to CA1–CA3 and the hilus. Moderate increases in cellular signals were seen in hilar cells and granule cells early after ischemia, and some changes occurred in CA3 at late stages. Hybridization was lost in CA1 due to cell death. With immunostaining, GAP-43 was not seen in the cytoplasm of neurons, whereas dense labeling occurred in a differentiated pattern in the axonal and dendritic layers. At 1 day after ischemia, neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the stratum pyramidale and lucidum of CA3 showed strong cytoplasmic labeling for GAP-43. Few cells were labeled in these regions at 2 days, and none at later stages. Pyramidal cells in CA1 and CA3 areas and granule cells were never labeled. These studies demonstrate a transient expression of GAP-43 mRNA and protein in a subset of vulnerable neurons after transient brain ischemia. The cytoplasmic localization in hilar neurons could be due to increased synthesis of GAP-43 or to changes in axoplasmic transport. It is suggested that axonal damage occurs in hilar cells which stimulates GAP-43 expression. The increased production of trophic factors after ischemia in granule cells could also cause plastic changes in hilar cells. Since hilar neurons are in a strategic position to control the excitability of the dentate area, increased expression of GAP-43 may indicate an important pathophysiological process. In seizure experiments, strong expression of GAP-43 mRNA in granule cells was associated with abnormal mossy fiber sprouting and development of chronic epilepsy. The relevance of the minor GAP-43 mRNA upregulation after ischemia must be considered. The changes in CA3 neurons at several days after ischemia might represent a plastic response to a loss of CA1 neurons.
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    Giant renin secretory granules in beige mouse renal afferent arterioles (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Kidney ; Renin ; Secretory granules ; Afferent arterioles ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse ; mutant beige (C57BL/6 bg) ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The mutant beige mouse (C57BL/6 bg) has a disease characterised by abnormally enlarged cytoplasmic granules in a variety of cells. With the purpose of establishing a suitable cellular model for studying renin secretion, the present study was undertaken to compare renin granule morphology in beige mice with that of control (NMRI) mice. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody specific for renin revealed intense staining of the juxtaglomerular part of the afferent arterioles in both strains of mice. Plasma renin concentrations were higher in the controls than in the beige mice (4.4±0.6 vs 2.5±0.3 mGoldblatt units/ml). The total volume of renin granules per afferent arteriole was similar in the two mice strains (1114 μm3 in the controls and 1507 μm3 in the beige mice). The total number of renin granules per arteriole as assessed by stereological techniques was about 1900 in controls (average granular volume 0.681 μm3), whereas 1–2 large granules were present per cell in beige mice. The volume of afferent arteriole that contained secretory granules was lower in the beige mice. We conclude that the beige mouse synthesizes, stores and releases active renin. Renin secretory granules in beige mice are grossly enlarged with 1–2 granules per juxtaglomerular cell. Compared with control mice, a similar amount of total renin granule volume per afferent arteriole is contained in a smaller part of beige mouse afferent arteriole. Granular cells from beige mice could therefore be a valuable tool in the study of renin release.
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    Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 25-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: biomarker ; palaeoenvironment ; salinity ; salt lake ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract 42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 differentsaline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety ofgeochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution of n-alkanesis observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoidalkanes, dominated by phytane (C20 up to 20 per cent inEOM), and C25 and C30 components isanother outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersalinesettings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria.Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jianghan samples andCretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane andgammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual(reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggestingsulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement ofthese biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range oforganic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects asignificant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremelyanoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct originfrom some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marshsediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEPin n-alkane series, and predominance of C29 steranes,suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marineevaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is uniquefor its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up toC36 (abundant) and C40 (trace). Theselong-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in additionto archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from thevarious suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers tohelp effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecularvariation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biologicalsources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability ofmetal ions during early diagenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009038107589
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    Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 25-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: biomarker ; palaeoenvironment ; salinity ; salt lake ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract 42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 different saline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety of geochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution ofn-alkanes is observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoid alkanes, dominated by phytane (C20 up to 20 per cent in EOM), and C25 and C30 components is another outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersaline settings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria. Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jiangham samples and Cretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane and gammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual (reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggesting sulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement of these biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range of organic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects a significant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremely anoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct origin from some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marsh sediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEP inn-alkane series, and predominance of C29 steranes, suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marine evaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is unique for its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up to C36 (abundant) and C40 (trace). These long-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in addition to archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from the various suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers to help effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecular variation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biological sources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability of metal ions during early diagenesis.
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    The analysis of nitrate in highly saline waters (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nitrate analysis ; salt effect ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of nitrate in seawater and hypersalinewaters should take account of a significant “salteffect”. Procedures developed for fresh water andmarine waters must be applied cautiously to highlysaline waters. The most widely used standard methodfor the determination of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N)in fresh and marine waters involves the quantitativereduction of nitrate by the Cd column techniquefollowed by colorimetric procedures. In our study,three approaches to estimate NO3-N in highlysaline waters were examined. The first involveddilution. This approach overcame the salt effect butdilution limited the detection of low concentrationsof nitrate in highly saline waters. The secondinvolved the use of standard nitrate solutions insaline water. This method is not recommended becauseof nitrate impurities in AR grade salts. The third-and preferred approach-involved the use of standardadditions. “Spikes” of a known volume of NO3-Nstandard solution were added to natural saline waters. Nitrate values estimated by the standard additionmethod were used to calculate an equation for salterror correction at different salinities applicable towaters with the same relative ionic composition asseawater. This could then be used to correct nitratedeterminations in highly saline waters where standardsmade in distilled water were used for calibration.Many previously published data for NO3-N insaline water used methods of analysis which do nottake account of salt error and are therefore probablyin error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008120817
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    The analysis of nitrate in highly saline waters (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nitrate analysis ; salt effect ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of nitrate in seawater and hypersaline waters should take account of a significant “salt effect”. Procedures developed for fresh water and marine waters must be applied cautiously to highly saline waters. The most widely used standard method for the determination of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in fresh and marine waters involves the quantitative reduction of nitrate by the Cd column technique followed by colorimetric procedures. In our study, three approaches to estimate NO3-N in highly saline waters were examined. The first involved dilution. This approach overcame the salt effect but dilution limited the detection of low concentrations of nitrate in highly saline waters. The second involved the use of standard nitrate solutions in saline water. This method is not recommended because of nitrate impurities in AR grade salts. The third- and preferred approach-involved the use of standard additions. “Spikes” of a known volume of NO3-N standard solution were added to natural saline waters. Nitrate values estimated by the stadard addition method were used to calculate an equation for salt error correction at different salinities applicable to waters with the same relative ionic composition as seawater. This could then be used to correct nitrate determinations in highly saline waters where standards made in distilled water were used for calibration. Many previously published data for NO3-N in saline water used methods of analysis which do not take account of salt error and are therefore probably in error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449929
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Midge-and diatom-based palaeosalinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Chironanidae ; diatoms ; palaeoclimate ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoecology ; palaeosalinity ; salinity ; postglacial ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salinity fluctuations in lakes of semi-arid regions have long been recognised as indicators of palaeoclimatic change, and have provided a valuable line of evidence in palaeo-climatic reconstruction. In the present study, fossil remains of diatoms and midges were used to reconstruct salinity changes at Mahoney Lake from the early postglacial, through the early, mid and late Holocene. A transition from midges typical of a freshwater community (Protanypus, Sergentia, Heterotrissocladius, Cladopelma, Dicrotendipes) during the early postglacial, to those indicative of saline environments (Cricotopus/Orthocladius, Tanypus) occurred in the early Holocene. The midge-inferred salinity values reflected the shift from freshwater (0.031 g/L) immediately after deglaciation, to saline water (2.4 to 55.2 g/L) in subsequent periods. A less saline period was found to have occurred after 1000 yr BP, suggesting a cooler or wetter period. The diatom record indicates similar trends, with freshwater taxa (e.g.,Cyclotella bodanica var. aff.lemanica) dominating near the bottom of the core. Diatom-inferred salinities indicate that saline conditions (about 30 g/L) prevailed throughout subsequent Holocene time, although relatively fresh conditions are indicated following deposition of the Mazama Ash, and from about 1500 yr BP until the present day. Midge and diatom-inferred salinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake compare favorably with each other, and with climate trends inferred from earlier palynological evidence. The palaeosalinity record thus contributes new data relevant to past climatic conditions, in a region where little data have previously been collected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449928
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Midge- and diatom-based palaeosalinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Chironanidae ; diatoms ; palaeoclimate ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoecology ; palaeosalinity ; salinity ; postglacial ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salinity fluctuations in lakes of semi-arid regions have long beenrecognised as indicators of palaeoclimatic change, and have provided avaluable line of evidence in palaeoclimatic reconstruction. In the presentstudy, fossil remains of diatoms and midges were used to reconstructsalinity changes at Mahoney Lake from the early postglacial, through theearly, mid and late Holocene. A transition from midges typical of afreshwater community (Protanypus, Sergentia, Heterotrissocladius,Cladopelma, Dicrotendipes) during the early postglacial, to those indicativeof saline environments (Cricotopus/Orthocladius, Tanypus) occurred in theearly Holocene. The midge-inferred salinity values reflected the shift fromfreshwater (0.031 g/L) immediately after deglaciation, to saline water (2.4to 55.2 g/L) in subsequent periods. A less saline period was found to haveoccurred after 1000 yr BP, suggesting a cooler or wetter period. The diatomrecord indicates similar trends, with freshwater taxa (e.g., Cyclotellabodanica var. aff. lemanica) dominating near the bottom of the core.Diatom-inferred salinities indicate that saline conditions (about 30 g/L)prevailed throughout subsequent Holocene time, although relatively freshconditions are indicated following deposition of the Mazama Ash, and fromabout 1500 yr BP until the present day. Midge and diatom-inferred salinityreconstructions for Mahoney Lake compare favorably with each other, and withclimate trends inferred from earlier palynological evidence. Thepalaeosalinity record thus contributes new data relevant to past climaticconditions, in a region where little data have previously been collected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009056003978
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line immunoanalysis of monoclonal antibodies during a continuous culture of hybridoma cells (1997)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 24 (1997), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: fluidized-bed reactor ; monoclonal antibody ; on-line monitoring ; sample system ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The monoclonal-antibody production of an immobilized hybridoma cell line cultivated in a fluidized-bed reactor was monitored on-line for nearly 900 h. The monoclonal antibody concentration was determined by an immuno affinity-chromatography method (ABICAP). Antibodies directed against the product, e.g. IgG, were immobilized on a micro-porous gel and packed in small columns. After all IgG present in the sample was bound to the immobilized antibodies, unbound proteins were removed by rinsing the column. Elution of the bound antibodies followed and the antibodies were determined by fluorescence. The analytical procedure was automated with a robotic device to enable on-line measurements. The correlation between the on-line determined data and antibody concentrations measured by HPLC was linear. A sampling system was constructed, which was based on a pneumatically actuated in-line membrane valve integrated into the circulation loop of the reactor. Separation of the cells from the sample stream was achieved by a depth filter made of glass-fibre, situated outside the reactor. Rapid obstruction of the filter by cells or cell debris and contamination of the sample system was avoided by intermittent rinsing of the sample system with a chemical solution. The intermittent rinsing of the filter, which had a surface of 4.8 cm2, resulted in an operational capacity of up to 40 samples (1.0 l total sample volume). Both the sampling system and the analytical device functioned without failure during this long-term culture. The culture temperature was varied between 34 and 40 °C. Raising the temperature from 34 up to 37 °C resulted in a simultaneous increase of growth and specific antibody production rate. Specific metabolic rates of glucose, lactate, glutamine and ammonium stayed constant in this temperature range. A further enhancement of temperature up to 40 °C had a negative effect on the growth rate, whereas the specific monoclonal antibody production rate showed a small increase. The other specific metabolic rates also increased in the temperature range between 38 to 40 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007913128209
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