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  • Articles  (83)
  • fermentation  (41)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • China
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • globalization
  • temperature
  • Springer  (83)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (50)
  • Geography  (33)
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  • Articles  (83)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on anaerobic proteolytic bacteria of Leh, India (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008935425175
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation of a composite finger millet-dairy beverage (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Composite ; fermentation ; finger millet ; skim milk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fermented composite beverages of finger millet and milk are popular, nutritious, traditional foods in many parts of Zimbabwe. With the aim of commercial production, we determined what type of microbial cultures can be used to ferment a composite finger millet and skimmed milk powder gruel and the optimum conditions for its production. Composites containing between 0 and 100% finger millet gruel by volume were inoculated and incubated at various temperatures. The desired pH of 4.5 or less was obtained with incubation at 30 to 45 °C (but not at lower temperatures) with lower pH values being obtained as the temperature increased. YC380 (a yoghurt type bacterial starter culture) produced a pH of 4.5 or less only when skim milk was also present; V2 (another yoghurt type bacterial starter culture) did so at all levels of finger millet gruel and JC (a mixed strain culture developed to ferment cereals) only when finger millet gruel was present. A clear relationship between incubation temperature and syneresis could not be established but syneresis decreased significantly (p 〈 0.05) with increasing proportions of finger millet gruel. A thick product with a set consistency was obtained with YC380 at an incubation temperature of 45 °C and a storage temperature of 7 °C regardless of proportion of finger millet gruel. V2 produced a thick product with a set consistency at an incubation temperature of 45 °C, and storage temperature of 7 °C and when the proportions of finger millet gruel were between 0 and 50%. It appears that yoghurt type bacterial cultures can be successfully used to produce a composite fermented beverage from finger millet and skim milk, but cultures developed for fermentation of cereals are not suitable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008929403215
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubber stoppers used with sulphidic media: a note of caution (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 571-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobes ; hydrogen sulphide ; rubber stoppers ; sulphate reduction ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Common black rubber stoppers, made from natural rubber and styrene–butadiene, may cause a loss of hydrogen sulphide from aqueous media and impede the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria under thermophilic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008909530445
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, water activity and gas atmosphere on mycelial growth of tempe fungi Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and R. microsporus var. oligosporus (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Carbondioxide ; fungi ; oxygen ; Rhizopus ; solid-substrate fermentation SSF ; tempe modelling ; temperature ; water activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and var. oligosporus are used in the manufacture of various Asian fermented foods (tempe, black oncom, sufu). In view of solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) control, mycelial growth of strains of both varieties was tested for sensitivity to fluctuations of temperature, water activity and interstitial gas composition. This was achieved by measuring radial growth as well as biomass dry weight of pre-germinated microcolonies on defined media. The optimum conditions were temperature 40 °C, a w 0.995 and a gas composition of air for the growth of both strains on a model medium. Whereas radial growth rates of var. microsporus and var. oligosporus were similar, biomass growth rates of var. oligosporus were higher than those of var. microsporus under optimum conditions. The temperature-dependent growth of Rhizopus spp. at a w 〉 0.98 could be described by the Ratkowsky Equation. Carbon dioxide (5–10% v/v) inhibited the growth of Rhizopus spp. at non-limiting levels of oxygen. The two strains were able to grow at low (0.5% v/v) oxygen levels, but the mycelial density was rather low. No interrelation of water activity and gas composition was observed, but at high water activity the fungi were more sensitive to changes of temperature. The implications for process control are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008974621698
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The European system of capital cities (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 51 (2000), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: boundary ; capital city ; centralization ; common law ; continental law ; federalism ; globalization ; metropolization ; pillarized society ; state ; symbolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Capital cities reflect the nature and organization of the states they control. Their functional role is higher in centralized systems, societies where the state is the source of all legitimacy, and countries using Continental Law. It is lower in federal systems, pillarized societies and countries, which are ruled according to a Common Law. The symbolic status of capital cities is higher when the state is the source of all legitimacy, lower in consociationalist societies. Theses processes were responsible for the development of two types of political capital cities and one type of economic and cultural capital cities during the nineteenth century. A partial standardization of the functions and statuses of capital cities occurred later. The European Union is neither a state nor a super-state since its main responsibilities are still in the economic field, it lacks a huge administrative bureaucracy and does not have definitive territorial limits. The European Union has officially three capital cities, Strasbourg, Luxembourg and Brussels. The really important one is Brussels. Its functions are nevertheless quite different from those of national capital cities during the first half of the twentieth century. European capital cities are thriving because most of them managed to become economic metropolises. The result is that the European Union has a complex and rapidly evolving system of capital cities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010894521824
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crossing borders: Global civil society and the reconfiguration of transnational political space (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 52 (2000), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: transnational regimes ; globalization ; global civil society ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This article examines the changing international division of regulation and the emergence of `transnational regimes' that transgress the traditional boundaries of interstate diplomacy. I argue here that globalization has resulted in a number of negative transboundary impacts, both social and environmental, that are not being addressed by conventional interstate regimes. In response, actors in global civil society are in the process of creating transnational institutions intended to manage or eliminate these impacts. I also provide brief descriptions of two examples of such regimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013162812371
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using GIS for analysis of urban systems (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 52 (2000), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: cartographic overlay ; China ; nodal structure ; open policy ; urban system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract It is recognized that the spatial organization of urban system can be abstracted as three main components: a set of points, which describes the structural characteristics such as social and economic properties of individual city; a set of lines, which indicates the patterns of interaction among the cities; a set of spheres, which indicates how and to which extent each city affects the area around it. Even if such substance of urban system coincides with the main purpose of GIS for spatial or geometric data types such as point, line and region, little attention has been given to this point. By an evidence analysis of China, the application of potential analytical capabilities of GIS for urban system is attempted in this study. We find GIS acts as an efficient tool not only for the spatial structure analysis of urban system, which including potential distribution of cities, extraction of principal linkages among cities, and delimitation of subsystems; but also for the verification of socio-economic attributes and dynamics of urban system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014268007599
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From new political organizations to changing moral geographies: Unpacking global civil society (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 52 (2000), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: civil society ; globalization ; NGO's ; moral geographies ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The discourse of globalization suggests that territorial and cultural boundaries are increasingly insignificant or even disappearing in today's `world of flows'. More recently, this notion of borderlessness has also suffused broad reaches of the imagination of policy-makers and social scientists in the Western world. Thus, the term `global civil society' was coined to capture the experience and impact of transnational environmental and human rights activism. In this paper, however, it is argued that the concept remains both undertheorized and empirically dubious. In order to analytically `unpack' the concept, I provide a brief summary of an empirical research project on networks of new political organizations in South Asia and the West. The evidence assembled suggests the need to reconceptualize the geographies of transborder solidarity and concern beyond the rhetoric of global civil society.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013170508216
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patulin and aflatoxin in brown rot lesion of apple fruits and their regulation (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 607-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; apple ; fruit oils ; fungi ; patulin ; sodium hypochlorite ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most frequently isolated fungi from healthy apple fruits. Alternaria alternata was the most common organism of rotten apple fruits, followed by A. niger, A. flavus, P. expansum and R. stolonifer. The prevalent type of decay, brown rot lesion, is caused by R. stolonifer followed by A. flavus, A. niger, A. alternata and P. expansum. Sodium hypochlorite had good curative properties against fruit rots. The main natural mycotoxins produced in rotten apple were patulin and aflatoxins. The optimum temperature for patulin production by P. expansum was 15 °C after 15 days. Complete inhibition of patulin formation was attained using 0.2% lemon oil and 〉 90% inhibition using 0.05% lemon and 0.2% orange oils. Also significant inhibition (〉 90%) of aflatoxin production was observed with 0.2% lemon oil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008982511653
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of bacterial pathogens in cattle dung slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; pathogens ; survival ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The survival of certain pathogenic bacteria was studied in anaerobic batch digesters at room temperature (18–25 °C) as well as at 35 °C under laboratory conditions. The survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at room temperature was upto 20 days whereas at 35 °C it was only upto 10 days. Shigella dysenteriae was found to be the most sensitive organism which could survive upto 10 days at room temperature and upto 5 days at 35 °C. The longest survival was observed in case of Streptococcus faecalis which could survive upto 35 days at room temperature and 15 days at 35 °C. The survival time of Salmonella typhi increased when the solid contents of the digester were elevated from 9% to 15%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008906831493
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological development and gibberellin production by different strains of Gibberella fujikuroi in shake flasks and bioreactor (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 753-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Conidia ; cultures ; fermentation ; G. fujikuroi ; morphological ; strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Strain H-984 of G. fujikuroi grown for 38 h in a shake flask with medium containing 20 g glucose l−1, 3 g yeast extract l−1, 2.5 g NH4NO3 l−1, 0.5 g KH2PO4 l−1, 0.1 g MgSO4 l−1, 1 g CaCO3 l−1, and inoculated into a bioreactor with medium containing 60 g glucose l−1; 1 g NH4Cl l−1; 3 g KH2PO4 l−1 and 1.5 g MgSO4 l−1 produced 1100 mg gibberellic acid l−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008976000179
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diminishing farmland and urban development in China: 1993–1996 (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; farmland loss ; land policy ; regional development ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Farmland conservation is a new perspective in China's development policy making. In this paper, we seek to explore the distribution patterns of farmland loss between regions and among city-size groups, and to examine the factors and institutional background that influence on farmland conservation. A random sample of 179 out of 666 cities in 1996 was selected. Data were collected from various sources for the period 1993–96. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data. Three-dimensional maps were plotted to present the distribution patterns of farmland loss, urban population growth and real estate development. The empirical results reveal that regional and hierarchical variations did exist in farmland loss, so did in urban population growth and real estate development. Farmland loss was more severe a problem in cities along the coast, especially cities with a nonagricultural population over two million. Urban population growth and real estate development were two main factors causing farmland loss in cities. Poor legal ground for land administration, weak law enforcement, and the drive towards fast revenue making were the underlying problems that prevented effective farmland conservation. In China's current transition from a planned to a market economy, farmland conservation can succeed only if government officials were no longer to trade off sustainability of development with short-term, fast revenue making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007005015875
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two ways to look at learning regions in the context of globalization: The homogenizing and particularizing approaches (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: flexible specialization ; epistemology ; globalization ; innovative milieu ; learning region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Despite the countless publications on the subject, globalization remains a black box. On the descriptive level, there is relative consensus as to the facts, but the meaning is not truly understood. As a result, extremely contradictory hypotheses circulate, ranging from the `end of geography' the global village and the borderless `global company' to those who highlight the development of territorialized forms of production and the role of proximity. This article brings out the different ways of viewing this phenomenon and their consequences. The main rift between the different approaches is between `homogenizing' approaches and `particularizing' approaches. The former postulate that any phenomenon may be viewed within a `universal' scheme that is `a priori' deemed sufficient to explain reality, while the latter are based on the irreducible singularity of each case and propose constantly evolving explanatory schemas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007163527210
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urbanization and sustainable metropolitan development in China: Patterns, problems and prospects* (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; environment ; sustainable development ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The path of urbanization in the People's Republic of China is largely shaped by the nation's industrial development strategies. In the first three decades of socialist construction, and especially after the Sino-Soviet rift at the end of the 1950s, the adoption of strategies of self-reliance had led to urban biased patterns of development. The introduction of economic reforms and the open door policy in 1978 paved the way for and facilitated national economic development. Two issues, which feature significantly in the processes of development in China, are assessed. The first is the relationship between economic development and the protection of arable land. The second is the quest for a coordinated hyper-development in both urban and rural areas. This paper concludes by proposing a sustainable metropolitan development strategy that suits the case of China.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007190305381
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The integration of China's port system into global container shipping (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 48 (1999), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; containers ; ports
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract There are many controversial issues concerning the relationships between container shipping lines, international port operators and the evolution of China's port system. We first present the factors linked with the transformation of the Pacific Rim transport environment resulting from increase container trade. This is followed by an analysis of China's port system. We argue that China is characterized by a ‘divided’ maritime transport system composed of three regions. The Chinese port system is marked by four interrelated transformations: port privatization, port expansion, modification of transactional networks and the emergence of a new business environment. The paper concludes on the need to upgrade China's port development policies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007088719533
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular production of L-glutaminase by alkalophilic Beauveria bassiana BTMF S10 isolated from marine sediment (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 751-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Beauveria bassiana ; fermentation ; L-glutaminase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Beauveria sp. BTMF S10 isolated from marine sediment produced extracellular L-glutaminase. Maximal L-glutaminase yield (46.9 U/ml) was obtained in a medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) yeast extract and sorbitol, 9% (w/v) sodium chloride and 0.2% (w/v) methionine, initial pH 9.0 and at 27  °C after 108 h. This enzyme was inducible and growth-associated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008902111799
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carriers for starter cultures for the production of garri, a fermented food derived from cassava (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: starter-cultures ; garri ; cassava ; fermentation ; carriers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Garri is a popular food in Nigeria derived from the fermentation of the mash obtained from the enlarged root of the cassava plant, Manihot esculenta Crantz. As currently produced, the mash used for garri production is spontaneously fermented; on account of this, there is great variability in the organoleptic properties and the quantities of residual cyanide in the garri from Nigeria. The use of starter cultures can help ensure uniformity in these properties if dry carriers can be found on which the fermentative organisms can survive for extended periods so as to facilitate the transportation of their carriers to the many small and scattered garri producers. We therefore studied the survival, singly or mixed, on dry starchy substrates derived from locally available crops, of Lactobacillus coryneformis, Lact. delbruckii, and Saccharomyces sp., which are associated with garri production, as carriers for these organisms. After 16 weeks of storage, between 75% and 85% of the organisms survived on yam, coco-yam, cassava in that order, whereas between 40 and 65% survived on rice and garri. Refrigeration at 4 °C did not improve the survival of the organisms, when compared to room temperature (30 °C) for the organisms stores on yam, coco-yam, and cassava. However where the organisms were stored on rice and garri, refrigeration improved the survivability of the organisms by between 10 and 20%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008867824975
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HA-1-92, A new antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces CDRIL-312: Fermentation, isolation, purification and biological activity (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Activity ; fermentation ; HA-1-92 ; isolation ; oxohexaene ; Streptomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new antifungal antibiotic, HA-1-92, was isolated from the biomass of Streptomyces CDRIL-312, by extracting in butanol and further purified by silica gel column chromatography followed by preparative TLC. The antibiotic is presumed to be an oxohexaene macrolide and showed promising antifungal activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi including human and plant pathogens. It was found to be less toxic in mice than known oxohexaenes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008934808486
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperatures during pure culture fermentation of Kinema (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 847-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Kinema ; soybean ; Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Kinema was prepared by fermenting whole cooked soybeans with pure culture of Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 (MTCC 2756) strain at 35°C, 40°C and 45°C for 24h. Temperature, mesophilic plate counts, relative viscosity, water-soluble nitrogen, formal nitrogen contents and reducing sugars of fermenting soybeans were investigated during fermentation. At higher temperatures the growth rate of B. subtilis KK2:B10 was faster. A remarkable increase in the relative viscosity of kinema was observed at 40°C during fermentation. Water-soluble nitrogen and formol nitrogen to total nitrogen contents increased throughout the 24h of fermentation. Reducing sugars increased during the log phase and then decreased sharply. Kinema matured below 10°C for 1 day after the desired fermentation showed a significant increase in relative viscosity. The quality of kinema was maintained with pure culture fermentation by B. subtilis KK2:B10 at 40°C for 20h and matured at 5°C for 1 day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008867511369
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiological, rheological and aromaticcharacteristics of fermented Uji (an East African Sour Porridge) (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 451-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aroma ; fermentation ; starter cultures ; uji ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three methods for fermentation of uji were compared in laboratory trials: spontaneous, backslopping (using an inoculum from a previous fermentation) and use of a starter culture of lactic acid bacteria. Spontaneous fermentation resulted in the slowest decrease in pH, while the use of starter culture led to the lowest final pH (3.5). Coliforms were eliminated in less than 8 h using backslopping or starter culture, but increased in numbers during spontaneous fermentation. The viscosity of uji was only marginally affected by the method of fermentation. The aroma profile following spontaneous fermentation contained esters with fruity notes and ethanol and higher alcohols, while mainly organic acids was produced by fermentation with the starter culture. Backslopping led to the lowest production of almost all volatiles identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008889900944
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional planning's last hurrah: the political economy of the Tumen River regional development plan (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 239-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: regional planning ; China ; North Korea ; Tumen River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a regional development plan in North East Asia, in the context of regional planning theory and various geo-political changes which have occurred in the region. Known as the Tumen Regional Development Project, the area encompasses parts of North Korea, China, and Russia. On the one hand, the geography, the presence of raw material, and social factors suggest that there may be unique opportunities to develop the region. At the same time, there is increased competition for capital and resources from other regions in the world. Regionalism, therefore, needs to be seen in a global context. After critiquing the plan from the perspective of contemporary regional planning theory, a call for a ‘new paradigm’ of development is issued, one that considers, for example non-traditional industries such as tourism and emphasizes the management of growth as well as its promotion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006860321866
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  • 22
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    Population and rangelands in Central Tibet: a GIS-Based Approach (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; Tibet ; land use/cover ; rangelands ; population ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study focuses on the meso-regional pattern of rangeland ecotypes in Central Tibet in relation to population density. Data on rangelands derive from a recent land-cover GIS database of China based on the 1:1,000,000 Land Use Map of China. Specific kinds of grassland and steppe are analyzed in relation to 466 township-level enumeration units selected from China's 1990 census in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. This methodology offers a finer geographic resolution than in all other available research reports, and results in a more detailed understanding of the kinds of rangeland resources available to Central Tibetan communities. Systemic land cover patterns are mapped, and reveal the importance of local interactions between population and rangeland ecotypes. Alpine meadow and alpine steppe predominate above the cultivation limit at approximately 4,200 m. In the densely settled valleys below this limit, dry steppe and scrub grassland predominate.
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    Cross-border regional development in Southern China (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 225-237 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: cross-border zone ; regional development ; China ; Hong Kong
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Cross-border zones have been developed rapidly in China since 1979. This was largely due to the global economic restructuring in the post-Fordist era. The enclave of Hong Kong plays an indispensable role in the process. While China adopts the Open Door Policy, factories in Hong Kong are quick to relocate to the Pearl River Delta region in order to benefit from the low production costs and other preferential policies. The paper first reviews the factors leading to the economic integration between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta region of southern China. It then examines the sectoral changes and the socio-economic data of the region. Rapid urbanization and rural urbanization are reflected in the quest for infrastructural development plans and the loss of quality farmland. They also bring along environmental hazards. The paper concludes with the call for a comprehensive development strategy for the region into the next century.
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    The effects of globalization on geopolitical perspectives (1998)
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    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: geopolitics ; geo-economics ; globalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006822518102
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    Globalization in geography: a Latin American perspective (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 97-100 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: virtual communities ; information elites ; globalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006855719011
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    Globalization and transformation in Poland (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 141-141 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: brain drain ; globalization ; economic transformation ; revolution in telecommunications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006853613869
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    Geography, interdependence and security (1998)
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    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalization ; interdependence ; security
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006989210035
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    The international position of Dutch human geography: a quantitative exploration (1998)
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    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 85-96 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: geography practice ; globalization ; citation analysis ; Netherlands ; geography journals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006997105569
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    The Internet as 'the new world' of and for geography: speed, structures, volumes, humility and civility (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 5-15 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: Information and Technology ; futures ; globalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006803702173
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    Russian human geography in the 'wonderland' of globalization (1998)
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    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 77-83 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalization ; national tradition ; Russian human geography inertia ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006845428890
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    Globalization in Korea: dream and reality (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 123-128 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalization ; economic restructuring ; foreign direct investment ; Korea ; coomodity chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006998502339
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    Cross-border development in Europe and Asia (1998)
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    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 189-201 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: regional development ; cross-border development ; Asia ; China ; Vietman ; Hong Kong ; Eastern Europe ; Poland ; Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Three topics are explored in this article: the characteristics of cross-border development, a comparison between Eastern European and Asian border regions, and the policy aspects of cross-border developments. This study draws its case studies from cross-border developments that have emerged in former socialist regimes. While there are similarities, there are also significant differences in the primary determinants that have generated and sustained the developments. The last section concludes with a typology of cross-border development to establish a framework for future studies.
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    Globalization: a geographical discourse (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 17-25 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalization ; local-global relationship ; tacit knowledge ; manufacturing local systems ; social embeddedness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006942719178
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    Extending the local: the small town and globalization (1998)
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    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 145-149 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: boosterism ; small-town ; local ; globalization ; regional administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006950921903
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    The Americanization of American Geography (1998)
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    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 51-56 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalization ; migration ; GIS ; NAFTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006981009126
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    Cultivation of microalgae in the solution from the desalting process of soy sauce waste treatment and utilization of the algal biomass for ethanol fermentation (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 839-842 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Microalgae ; soy sauce waste ; ethanol ; fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of four marine microalgae was examined in a medium prepared from the effluent from the desalting process of soy sauce waste. A strain of Dunaliella that showed abundant growth on soy sauce waste extract was selected, and optimum cultivation conditions were determined. The algal cells produced were disrupted, and saccharified with glucoamylase. The saccharified solution was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae IAM 4140. Stoichiometric study revealed that 11mg of ethanol was produced from 1g (dry cell weight) of Dunaliella cells. This work indicates a new method for removing waste products of the soy sauce production industry.
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    Studies on fermentative production of rifamycin using Amycolatopsis mediterranei (1998)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 689-691 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Amycolatopsis mediterranei ; fermentation ; media design ; rifamycin production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The fermentative production of rifamycin by Amycolatopsis mediterranei (MTCC17) has been studied. Both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the fermentation were determined by optimizing cultural conditions and medium design to improve the production of rifamycin. A pH value of 7.0, a temperature of 26°C, an aeration rate of 250rev/min for a 50ml volume, a level of inoculum of 10% grown aeration for 48h and a fermentation period of 11days were found to be optimum. Among the nitrogen sources, and culture conditions, peanut meal and aeration were found to be critical for rifamycin production respectively. The above mentioned exercise increased the yields of rifamycin from 350mg/l to 2000mg/l.
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    Biotechnology: developing countries and globalization (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 463-486 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; developing countries ; globalization ; intellectual property ; regional activities ; vaccines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Biotechnology in a globalizing economy involves the participation of all countries–industrialized, developing and least developed, in the interconnected web of trade liberalization in closed and open-market economies. The various geopolitical or geocultural regions show striking approaches to the application of biotechnologies for development and the safeguarding of intellectual property rights. The generally held view that developing countries are doomed to being marginalized in a globalizing economy is, seemingly, in need of revision.
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    Application of Water Balance Models to Different Climatic Regions in China for Water Resources Assessment (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 51-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: China ; water resources planning and management ; water balance models ; calibration and simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Uneven precipitation in space and time together with mismanagement and lack of knowledge about existing water resources, have caused water shortage problems for water supply to large cities and irrigation in many regions of China. There is an urgent need for the efficient use and regional planning of water resources. For these purposes, the monthly variation of discharges should be made available. In this paper, a simple water balance modelling approach was applied to seven catchments (385–20002) for water resources assessment. Six catchments were chosen from the humid region in southern China and one catchment from the semi-arid and semi-humid region in northern China. The results are satisfactory. It is suggested that the proposed modelling approach provides a valuable tool in the hands of planners and designers of water resources.
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    Production of sour maize bread using starter-cultures (1997)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Batter bread ; fermentation ; Lactobacillus ; maize ; sensory evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Eight lactic acid bacteria were isolated from fermenting maize meal. They were identified as Lactobacillus brevis, L. casei, L. fermentum, Pediococcus acidilacti, P. pentosaceus, Lactobacillus spp. I and Pediococcus spp. I and II. L. brevis and Lactobacillus spp. I isolated from the spontaneously fermented maize meal together with L. brevis isolated from rye sour dough and L. plantarum from ogi, a fermented maize gruel, were selected as starter organisms. There was a decrease in the final pH from 4.9 to 3.8 and an increase in the acid equivalent and temperature of the spontaneously-generated sour maize meal at the end of 24h fermentation. There was a decrease in the pH and moisture content of the sour maize breads relative to the conventional wheat bread. An improvement in the shelf-life of the bread samples was also obtained. Crude protein values of the sour maize breads were between 4.36% and 8.87%, while crude fat contents ranged between 3.66% to 7.67%. The ash contents increased from 2.29% to 2.54% while total carbohydrate values were between 46.31% and 65.3%. Calcium, phosphorus and potassium contents ranged from 0.015, 0.26 and 0.018% to 0.036, 0.47 and 0.036% respectively. Physical examination of the bread samples showed that all were cracked and relatively hard. Weight, height and volume ranged from 316 to 380g; 4.2 to 5.2cm and 200 to 320cm3 respectively. Statistical analysis of the sensory attributes revealed a consumer acceptance of the sour maize breads, although ranking test showed preference for the baker's yeast leavened bread that served as a control.
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    On-line immunoanalysis of monoclonal antibodies during a continuous culture of hybridoma cells (1997)
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    Cytotechnology 24 (1997), S. 19-30 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: fluidized-bed reactor ; monoclonal antibody ; on-line monitoring ; sample system ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The monoclonal-antibody production of an immobilized hybridoma cell line cultivated in a fluidized-bed reactor was monitored on-line for nearly 900 h. The monoclonal antibody concentration was determined by an immuno affinity-chromatography method (ABICAP). Antibodies directed against the product, e.g. IgG, were immobilized on a micro-porous gel and packed in small columns. After all IgG present in the sample was bound to the immobilized antibodies, unbound proteins were removed by rinsing the column. Elution of the bound antibodies followed and the antibodies were determined by fluorescence. The analytical procedure was automated with a robotic device to enable on-line measurements. The correlation between the on-line determined data and antibody concentrations measured by HPLC was linear. A sampling system was constructed, which was based on a pneumatically actuated in-line membrane valve integrated into the circulation loop of the reactor. Separation of the cells from the sample stream was achieved by a depth filter made of glass-fibre, situated outside the reactor. Rapid obstruction of the filter by cells or cell debris and contamination of the sample system was avoided by intermittent rinsing of the sample system with a chemical solution. The intermittent rinsing of the filter, which had a surface of 4.8 cm2, resulted in an operational capacity of up to 40 samples (1.0 l total sample volume). Both the sampling system and the analytical device functioned without failure during this long-term culture. The culture temperature was varied between 34 and 40 °C. Raising the temperature from 34 up to 37 °C resulted in a simultaneous increase of growth and specific antibody production rate. Specific metabolic rates of glucose, lactate, glutamine and ammonium stayed constant in this temperature range. A further enhancement of temperature up to 40 °C had a negative effect on the growth rate, whereas the specific monoclonal antibody production rate showed a small increase. The other specific metabolic rates also increased in the temperature range between 38 to 40 °C.
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    Pure yeast culture fermentation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L): effect on yield of sweatings and cocoa bean quality (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 457-462 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cocoa beans ; cocoa sweatings ; fermentation ; yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cocoa sweatings, the pale yellowish liquid that drains off during cocoa fermentation, is the breakdown product of the mucilage surrounding the fresh cocoa bean, and constitutes about 10% of the weight of the cocoa fruit. On average, about 1.9 million l of sweatings are produced annually in Ghana during the cocoa harvesting season. It has been shown to be a suitable medium for the production of wines, alcohol, marmalade, jam and syrup. Its rapid collection in high yields and quality is the first step to its utilization on a commercial scale. Thus pure yeast culture fermentation of cocoa under controlled temperature conditions and its effect on yield of sweatings and final cocoa bean quality was investigated. Cocoa fermentations employing Saccharomyces chevalieri or Kluyveromyces fragilis alone gave significantly higher yields of sweatings (p 0.05) than controls. The initial rates of sweating by the two strains were also very high but dropped to a constant minimum value after 12h of fermentation. In contrast, fermentations employing Torulopsis candida or Candida norvengensis alone as well as different combinations of all the yeast strains did not give any significant difference in yield compared to controls (p 0.05). Fermentations using S. chevalieri alone or other combinations in which S. chevalieri was present gave beans with acceptable quality based on different quality indices used for grading cocoa beans commercially.
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    Conversion of corn milling fibrous co-products into ethanol by recombinant Escherichia coli strains K011 and SL40 (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 619-625 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Alcohol ; biofuel ; corn fibre ; corn germ ; Escherichia coli ; fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Corn hulls and corn germ meal were both evaluated as feedstocks for production of ethanol for biofuel. Currently, these fibrous co-products are combined with corn steep liquor and the fermentation bottoms (if available) and marketed as cattle feed. Samples were obtained from wet and dry corn mills. The corn hulls and germ meal were evaluated for starch and hemicellulose compositions. Starch contents were 12 to 32% w/w and hemicellulose (arabinoxylans) contents were 23 to 64% w/w. Corn fibrous samples were hydrolysed, using dilute sulphuric acid, into mixed sugar streams containing arabinose, glucose and xylose. Total sugar concentrations in the hydrolysate varied from 8.4 to 10.8% w/v. The hydrolysates were fermented to ethanol using recombinant E. coli strains K011 and SL40. Ethanol yields were 0.38 to 0.41g ethanol produced/g total sugars consumed and fermentations were completed in 60h or less. However, residual xylose was detected for each hydrolysate fermentation and was especially significant for fermentations using strain SL40. Strain K011 was a superior ethanologenic strain compared with strain SL40 in terms of both ethanol yield and maximum productivity.
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    Control of the production of individual fusicoccins at different dissolved oxygen concentrations (1997)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 665-670 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Dissolved oxygen tension ; fermentation ; Fusicoccins ; Fusicoccum amygdali Del
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The regulatory effect of different concentrations of dissolved oxygen on the production of fusicoccins by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali Del. was studied. The maximum output of total fusicoccins was obtained by using a profiled dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) regime, in which the DOT was maintained at 15–20% during the biomass growth phase and at 5–8% during the fusicoccins production phase. In comparison with the profiled regime, the maintenance of DOT at 15–20% during the whole fermentation shortened the fusicoccins production phase. The fermentation performance at a low DOT (5–8%) inhibited both the accumulation of biomass and the production of fusicoccins. At high DOT (40–50%), an accelerated accumulation of the biomass with an expressed autolysis of mycelia took place, and the production of fusicoccins was lowered. The qualitative composition of individual fusicoccins varied substantially at different DOTs. Fusicoccins, A, C, D, J, H, 16-O-demethyl-J, detretpentenylfusicoccin and some minor fusicoccin metabolites were found in the fermentation broth using the method of liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. It was established that the profiled DOT regime (15–20% to 5–8%) provided both the maximum concentration of fusicoccins and an enhanced accumulation of the main metabolite – fusicoccin A (FC A). The performance of the fermentation at a DOT of 15–20% decreased the content of FC A by 2–6% in comparison with the profiled DOT regime, and increased the content of fusicoccin C to 14–20% of the total fusicoccins. Fermentation at DOT of 5–8% was characterized by the highest content of the precursors of FC A, the less oxidized fusicoccins H and J, the contents of which were in range 7–12% and 16–17% of total fusicoccins, respectively.
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    Fed-batch production of baker's yeast using millet (Pennisetum typhoides) flour hydrolysate as the carbon source (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 102-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Millet ; Pennisetum typhoides ; liquefaction ; saccharification ; baker's yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A fermentation medium based on millet (Pennisetum typhoides) flour hydrolysate and a four-phase feeding strategy for fed-batch production of baker's yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are presented. Millet flour was prepared by dry-milling and sieving of whole grain. A 25% (w/v) flour mash was liquefied with a thermostable 1,4-α-d-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.1) in the presence of 100 ppm Ca2+, at 80°C, pH 6.1–6.3, for 1 h. The liquefied mash was saccharified with 1,4-α-d-glucan glucohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.3) at 55°C, pH 5.5, for 2 h. An average of 75% of the flour was hydrolysed and about 82% of the hydrolysate was glucose. The feeding profile, which was based on a model with desired specific growth rate range of 0.18–0.23 h−1, biomass yield coefficient of 0.5 g g−1 and feed substrate concentration of 200 g L−1, was implemented manually using the millet flour hydrolysate in test experiments and glucose feed in control experiments. The fermentation off-gas was analyzed on-line by mass spectrometry for the calculation of carbon dioxide production rate, oxygen up-take rate and the respiratory quotient. Off-line determination of biomass, ethanol and glucose were done, respectively, by dry weight, gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. Cell mass concentrations of 49.9–51.9 g L−1 were achieved in all experiments within 27 h of which the last 15 h were in the fedbatch mode. The average biomass yields for the millet flour and glucose media were 0.48 and 0.49 g g−1, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the dough-leavening activities of the products of the test and the control media and a commercial preparation of instant active dry yeast. Millet flour hydrolysate was established to be a satisfactory low cost replacement for glucose in the production of baking quality yeast.
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    A complete computer monitoring and control system using commercially available, configurable software for laboratory and pilot plantEscherichia coli fermentations (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 383-389 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: fermentation ; fermentation monitoring ; fermentation control ; fermentation software ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The advent of inexpensive computers and associated control and data acquisition software makes possible the development of sophisticated, configurable, integrated monitoring and control systems for small-scale laboratory and pilot-scale fermentors at low cost. We describe here the implementation of such a system, the interfacing of off-line instruments to enhance real time data analysis, low level process control and several substrate feeding protocols.
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    Soy-based medium for ethanol production byEscherichia coli KO11 (1996)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 374-376 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: soy ; hydrolysate ; nutrient ; fermentation ; ethanol ; amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optimized soy-based medium was developed for ethanol production byEscherichia coli KO11. The medium consists of mineral salts, vitamins, crude enzymatic hydrolysate of soy and fermentable sugar. Ethanol produced after 24 h was used as an endpoint in bioassays to optimize hydrolysate preparation. Although longer fermentation times were required with soy medium than with LB medium, similar final ethanol concentrations were achieved (44–45 g ethanol L−1 from 100 g glucose L−1). The cost of materials for soy medium (excluding sugar) was estimated to be $0.003 L−1 broth, $0.006 L−1 ethanol.
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    An improvement in Pichia stipitis fermentation of acid-hydrolysed hemicellulose achieved by overliming (calcium hydroxide treatment) and strain adaptation (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 281-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Adaptation ; fermentation ; hemicellulose ; hydrolysate ; overliming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The fermentability of a corn cob, acid-hydrolysed hemicellulose by Pichia stipitis was considerably improved by pre-treatment with Ca(OH)2. The total sugars utilized and ethanol yield for the untreated hydrolysate were 18% and 0.21 g/g, respectively, compared with 82% and 0.32 g/g respectively for the treated material. Adaptation of the yeast to the hydrolysate resulted in a significantly higher fermentation rate with over 90% of the initial total sugars being utilized and an ethanol yield and maximum ethanol concentration of 0.41 g/g and 13.3 g/l, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00360928
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    Optimization of mosquitocidal toxin synthesis from Bacillus sphaericus using gene fusions (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 7-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus sphaericus ; biological control ; fermentation ; gene control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract β-Galactosidase gene fusions have been used to monitor the progress of mosquito-larvicidal-toxin gene expression in Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362. β-Galactosidase estimation in cells from late-growth-phase batch cultures was compared with larvicidal toxicity after incubation for 48 h. Conditions which promoted efficient sporulation, such as plentiful trace elements and relatively crude protein sources (soybean or cottonseed flours), enhanced reporter gene expression and provided high toxicity. However, acetate, which repressed sporulation, similarly repressed binary toxin yield. Gene fusions to the binary and 100-kDa toxin genes of B. sphaericus could be useful for the rapid screening of fermentation conditions for the local production of this larvicidal bacterium but, in view of the poor correlation with toxicity at high toxicity levels, such experiments should be confirmed with bioassays.
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    Scale up cultivation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells on microcarriers from spinner vessels to bioreactor fermentation (1996)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 21 (1996), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: amino acids ; endothelium ; fermentation ; glycoconjugates ; microcarriers ; spinner cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five types of dextran-based microcarriers (Dormacell™, Pfeifer and Langen) with different concentrations of dimeric DEAE anion-exchange groups (nitrogen contents from 1.2 up to 2.9%) were tested as growth substrates for the cultivation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). All microcarriers were gelatinized before use to improve cell adhesion. The one with the highest DEAE-group density was found to be most suitable for HUVEC propagation reaching final cell densities of 8×105 viable cells ml-1 (95% viability) using microcarrier concentrations of 3 g l−1. Furthermore, metabolic data of glucose/lactate and amino acid metabolism are presented in this study. The concentrations of 18 amino acids were monitored throughout cultivation. A considerable decrease of glutamine and inverse increase of glutamate was observed. Cultivation with initial glucose concentration of 16.5 mmol l−1 resulted in high glutamine consumption rates, whereas high glucose-supplemented starting culture medium (30 mmol l-1) gave considerably lowered rates, indicating altered glutamine metabolism due to different glucose feeding. The glucose consumption and lactate production rates increased 2.6 fold and 3.5 fold, respectively, due to switch over from low to high glucose supplemented cultures. The rate of glucose metabolism was found not to be directly related to cell growth, because almost identical growth rates and doubling times were obtained. Considering the remaining 16 amino acids measured, serine concentrations considerably declined and glycine as well as alanine concentrations raised strongly. Most amino acid values were found insignificantly altered during 14 days of cultivation. Spinner vessel cultures served as inoculum for up scale propagation of HUVECs in membrane stirred 2 liter bioreactors. About 5×109 HUVECs were produced, which were used for the isolation and structural characterization of glycosphingolipids, cell membrane compounds, which are suggested to be involved in e.g. selectin-carbohydrate interaction (cell-cell adhesion), carcinogenesis and atherogenesis.
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    Microbiological and technological aspects of cassava-starch fermentation (1996)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 53-56 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cassava ; fermentation ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The major genera found in the microflora of fermented, sour, cassava-starch were Streptococcus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces with amylase activity. Lactic acid bacteria predominated whereas the presence of moulds was not significant. No coliforms were detected. Electron microscopy showed bacteria and yeasts in contact with the starch granules and signs of erosion on the granule surface. Lactic acid was the main metabolite; no oligosaccharides, maltose or glucose were detected, indicating their rapid utilization. The degree of acidification, which correlated with the decrease in viscosity and the final quality of the product, was influenced by the variable microbial ecology.
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    Isolation and selection of biosurfactant-producing bacteria (1996)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 82-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Biosurfactants ; critical micellar concentration ; fermentation ; haemolytic capacity ; surface tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Haemolysis has been used as an initial selection criterion for the primary isolation of surfactant-producing bacteria. Only 37 of 492 strains of different origins had haemolytic activity. These 37 strains, together with 49 non-haemolytic ones chosen at random, were studied for surface activity. Only five strains, all of them haemolytic, tested positive. Haemolysis and biosurfactant-production are thus probably associated.
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    Use of agricultural surpluses for production of biomass by marine microalgae (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 47-49 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; fermentation ; flour ; microalgal biomass ; potato ; rye ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultivated in semi-continuous culture under mixotrophic conditions with the soluble fractions of potato, rye and wheat flours that had been naturally fermented, at 2% or 4% (w/v). The rye flour produced the highest microalgal cellular density of 90×106 cells.ml-1 when supplemented with NaNO3 and NaH2PO4. The autotrophic control only gave 57×106 cells.ml-1. The value of agricultural surpluses, such as rye flour, can therefore be increased by its use in the production of valuable, microalgal biomass which is rich in protein, pigments and fatty acids.
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    Ethanol production by fermentation of sweet-stem sorghum juice using various yeast strains (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 357-360 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Ethanol production ; fermentation ; sweet-stem sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol tolerance, osmotolerance and sugar conversion efficiency were used to screen yeasts for potential ethanol production from sweet-stem sorghum juice. Of the ten strains of Saccharomyces sp. that produced ethanol from the sorghum juice or from yeast extract/phosphate/sucrose (YEPS) media, the best sugar conversion efficiencies were greater than 85% for the strains Vin7, SB9, N96 and GSL. Vin7 and SB9 had higher sugar conversion efficiencies for sweet-stem sorghum juice, while strains N96 and GSL gave higher conversions in YEPS.
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    Physostigmine production byStreptomyces griseofuscus NRRL 5324: Process development and scale-up studies (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 414-417 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: fermentation ; scale up ; secondary metabolite ; physostigmine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A reliable and scalable fermentation process was developed for production of the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor physostigmine employingStreptomyces griseofuscus NRRL 5324. Initial fermentation in small-scale bioreactors reached physostigmine levels of approximately 60 mg L−1 after 139 h. Optimization of both process operating parameters and production medium composition rapidly yielded a seven-fold increase in physostigmine titer. The scaled up process routinely produced physostigmine titers of approximately 400 mg L−1 during a fermentation cycle of 180 h, and supported the rapid production of large amounts of physostigmine. A physostigmine production of 500 mg L−1 representing an eight-fold improvement over the original performance, was achieved using a glucose/ammonium fed-batch process.
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    Microcarrier cultivation of bovine aortic endothelial cells in spinner vessels and a membrane stirred bioreactor (1995)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 18 (1995), S. 193-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: amino acids ; endothelium ; fermentation ; glutamine consumption ; microcarriers ; spinner cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Primary bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultivated in serum supplemented medium without any additional growth factors. The anchorage dependent cells were propagated on Dormacell® microcarriers with covalently bound dimeric DEAE-groups at the surface of the dextrane beads. Cultivations were performed in 200 ml spinner cultures containing 1 g l−1 to 3 g l−1 of microcarriers. Out of five types of Dormacell® microcarriers with different ion exchange capacities ranging from 0.30 up to 0.65 meq g−1, corresponding to nitrogen contents from 1.2% to 2.9%, respectively, optimal attachment and growth of endothelial cells were obtained with beads of highest nitrogen content (2.9%). Cells were seeded withca. 5 viable cells per microcarrier being sufficient to achieve fully confluent microcarriers after 4 to 5 days. Glucose concentrations decreased from 21 mM to uppermost half of the original concentrations. 4 mM glutamine was rapidly consumed and virtually exhausted after the cells reached confluency. Lactate concentrations raised to a maximum of 7 mM in spinner cultures, but was found to be reutilized in the stationary phase after glutamine limitation occurred. Serine was found to be the second most prominent amino acid being almost exhausted at confluency whereas alanine was produced in noteworthy amounts. Considerable decrease was determined for threonine, lysine and arginine; low consumption rates were observed for leucine, phenylalanine and methionine. All other amino acids did not alter significantly throughout cultivation. These data support that bovine aortic endothelial cells are capable to utilize glucose and glutamine as well as lactic acid (after glutamine exhaustion) as energy and/or carbon source. Finally, batch cultures in a 2 liter membrane stirred bioreactor with bubble-free aeration were performed to produce large quantities of endothelial cells using microcarrier concentrations of 3 g l−1.
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    A fishery in a changing lake environment: The naked carpGymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler) (Cyprinidae: schizothoracinae) in Qinghai Hu, China (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 169-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: China ; Qinghai ; Koko Nor ; Cyprinidae ; fish ; fishery ; recruitment ; spawning ; catch per unit effort ; management ; translocation ; saline lake ; dryland ; semi-arid ; irrigation ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (‘snow trout’). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species.
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    Bioconversion capacity ofStreptomyces sp GE44282, a producer of the antibiotics heneicomycin and aurodox (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: antibiotic ; fermentation ; microbial transformation ; hydroxylation ; aurodox ; heneicomycin ; Streptomyces goldiniensis ; Streptomyces filippiniensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Streptomyces sp GE44282 was isolated in the course of a screening program for novel antibiotics. It co-produces heneicomycin and aurodox, two kirromycin-type antibiotics, which differ by the presence of an hydroxyl group at the C30 position of aurodox. Heneicomycin is converted into aurodox both by growing and resting cells ofStreptomyces sp GE44282 and by the producer of aurodox,Streptomyces goldiniensis ATCC 21386. This bioconversion of heneicomycin is substrate-specific and is not observed using the producer of heneicomycin,Streptomyces filippiniensis NRRL 11044. The three strains show very similar taxonomic characteristics. These results suggest that heneicomycin is a precursor of aurodox, the production of which depends on the bioconversion capability expressed by the strain.
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    Acetate production byClostridium thermoaceticum in corn steep liquor media (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 424-428 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Clostridium thermoaceticum ; fermentation ; acetic acid ; calcium magnesium acetate ; corn steep liquor ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A low-cost nutrient medium based on corn steep liquor (CSL) was developed for the production of acetates byClostridium thermoaceticum. Pre-treatment of CSL with dolime and vitamin supplementation increased the rate of acetate production. Adding excess nutrients in a fed-batch mode minimized by-product formation and increased final acetate concentration from 19 g L−1 to 40 g L−1 acetic acid. High yields of acetic acid (0.95 g g−1 glucose in fed-batch mode) was probably due to the conversion of the lactic acid in CSL into acetic acid by the organism.
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    Effect of proteolipid onZymomonas fermentation of 25% glucose media (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 442-445 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Zymomonas mobilis ; ethanol ; proteolipid ; fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Zymomonas mobilis produces more than three times as many colony-forming units when grown in the presence of a combination of protein and lipid medium supplements than in unsupplemented cultures. The specific ethanol production rate is twice as fast, and the percent yield is higher (92% vs 82%), in supplemented than in unsupplemented broth. In addition, there is a change in the phospholipid composition of cells grown in the presence of supplements. Both materials are required for enhancement of fermentation and growth.
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    The microbiology of ‘kunun-zaki’, a cereal beverage from northern Nigeria, during the fermentation (production) process (1995)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1995), S. 491-493 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Acidity ; fermentation ; Kunun-zaki ; lactobacilli ; microflora ; millet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract ‘Kunun-zaki’ is a beverage produced by a fermentation process involving the steeping of millet grains and wetmilling. Initially, there is a wide range of microflora but, after steeping, the moulds are eliminated, leaving a 1:1 ratio of Gram-negative bacteria to Gram-positive bacteria. By the end of the fermentation, all Gram-negative bacteria are eliminated and Lactobacillus spp. predominate. Increase in acidity during the process also encourages growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation for 8 h produces an acceptable product.
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    Changes in the intracellular concentrations of the adenosine phosphates and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae during batch fermentation (1995)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1995), S. 196-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Adenosine phosphates ; fermentation ; flor-veil-forming yeast ; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Significant changes in the intracellular concentrations of adenosine phosphates and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides were observed during fermentation of grape must by three different strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae: S. cerevisiae var.cerevisiae, a typical fermentative yeast strain and two flor-veil-forming strains,S. cerevisiae var.bayanus andS. cerevisiae var.capensis. The intracellular concentration of ATP was always higher inS. cerevisiae var.cerevisiae than in the flor-veil-forming strains. NAD+ and NADP+ concentrations decreased at faster rates in the flor-veil-forming yeasts than in the other yeast but NADH concentration was the same in all yeasts for the first 10 days of fermentation. NADPH concentration was always lower inS. cerevisiae var.cerevisiae than in the other yeasts and this yeast also showed higher rates of growth and fermentation during the early stages of the fermentation and the presence of non-viable cells at the end of fermentation. In contrast, the flor-veil-forming strains maintained growth and fermentation capabilities for a relatively long time and viable cells were present throughout the entire fermentation process (31 days).
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    Sampling variance of a T-year flood estimated by curve-fitting (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 233-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood ; China ; river ; sampling variance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sampling variance of a T-year flood when estimated using a curve-fitting method results from the errors in hydrologic observations, plotting positions, and model-fitting. This paper develops a method to quantify the contribution of plotting positions to the sampling variance of the T-year flood magnitude. Application of the method to 150 flood-flow data sets of 41 rivers in the People's Republic of China show that the errors due to plotting positions contribute more to the sampling variance than others.
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
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    Low temperature cultivation — A step towards process optimisation (1994)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 15 (1994), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Adherent animal cells ; glucose ; lactate ; productivity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adherent recombinant BHK cells were cultivated at temperatures between 30 and 37°C. Batch and repeated-batch-cultivations in a 2-litre bioreactor showed a significant influence on metabolism and cell growth. The low-temperature-cultivations showed a lower growth rate and a lower glucose consumption rate and, therefore, less lactate production. On the other hand, the maximum cell density and productivity seemed not to be affected by the temperature reduction.
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    Optimization of vaccine production for animal health (1994)
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    Cytotechnology 15 (1994), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Flaviviridae ; BDV ; fermentation ; metabolism ; vaccines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Vaccines on the basis of mammalian cell cultures are of major importance for human and animal health. Therefore efforts are undertaken for the improved production of more effective vaccines. Of course, the main purpose of all these approaches is to save lives and improve the quality of life for human beings. However, there is also some remarkable effort in the food industry and the associated animal production, especially in the case of some Flaviviridal viruses (BVD), where〉80% of all cattle herds are found to be infected. These viruses can cause tremendous economic losses of calfs and embryos (Ames, 1990). Because of these facts, there is a continuous endeavour for improving the manufacturing of therapeutics or preventing agents such as vaccines for the treatment of cattle. The competitive economic situation and the specific market demands still require effective and high yield production methods, especially in the case of one of the most widespread viral diseases in cattle like BVD (Ames, 1990). We have succeeded in establishing an improved method for the production of BVD on the basis of a continuous fermentation mode, that consist of modifications of the corresponding process and media improvements.
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    A direct computer control concept for mammalian cell fermentation processes (1994)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 15 (1994), S. 271-279 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Bioreactor ; control ; computer ; fermentation ; perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the last 10 years, new assignments and the special demands of mammalian cells to the culture conditions caused the develoepment of complex small scale fermentation setups. The use of continuous fermentation and cell retention devices requires appropriate process control systems. An arrangement for control and data-acquisition of complex laboratory-scale bioreactors is presented. The fundamental idea was the usage of a standard personal computer, which is connected to pumps, valves and sensors via ADA-transformation. The possibility of free programming allowed the development of user-oriented software, especially designed for the far-reaching requirements of a university laboratory in the field of animal cell culture. Control of aeration, pumps, data-acquisition and data-storage are combined within one program, which allows the automation of standard operations like measurement of kLa- or OTR-values. Pump control algorithms for all common fermentation strategies (batch, fed batch, chemostat, perfusion) are included and can be selected any time during cultivation. Oxygen partial pressure and pH are controlled via direct digital control (ddc), providing simple adaption of control parameters and set points to current fermentation conditions.
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    Microbiological changes in mawè during natural fermentation (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 410-413 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae ; fermentation ; lactic acid bacteria ; maize ; mawè ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Lactic acid bacteria increased from 3.2 × 106 and 1.6 × 107 c.f.u./g (wet wt) to 2 × 109 and 1.6 × 109 c.f.u./g after 12 to 24 h of fermentation of home-produced mawè (a dough produced from dehulled maize) and commercial mawè, respectively. In commercial mawè, the yeast count increased from 1.3 × 105 to 2.5 × 107 c.f.u./g after 48 h of fermentation before decreasing, whereas in the home-produced mawè it increased from 2.5 × 104 to 3.2 × 107 c.f.u./g after 72 h of fermentation; the dominant yeasts were mainly Candida krusei, although C. kefyr, C. glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also present. Enterobacteriaceae counts increased slightly during the initial stage ofthe fermentation, but decreased below the detection level after 24 to 48 h. Enterobacter cloacae was mostly found in commercial mawè and Escherichia coli mostly in homeproduced mawè.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144462
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    An approach to mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 8 (1993), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Debris flow ; landslide ; avalanche ; Jiuzhaigou ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a preliminary study of the main types, features, genesis, and countermeasures of mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment, which is one of the most scenic regions in China. The main features are debris flows, rock-segment flows, landslides, and avalanches. Rough relief, fractured rocks, drifts, steep slopes, intensive rainstorms, and earthquakes produced their geneses. Countermeasures should include the integration of engineering and biological projects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605438
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    The onset of the rainy season in Yunnan province, PR China and its significance for agricultural operations (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 37 (1993), S. 170-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Agroclimatology ; Growing season ; China ; Yunnan province
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data of 134 stations located in Yunnan province, PR China were analysed in order to study the temporal and spatial characteristics of the onset of the rainy season and to investigate the consequences for farming operations. Using a precipitation threshold value, a time span of 12 weeks was found for the complete onset of the rainy season, while the range of onset dates varied from 37 days to 155 days. The onset occurred at different places across the province and showed active and break phases due to the interaction of four different branches of the atmospheric circulation. The onset of the growing season, determined by summing up decade precipitation totals, showed the same general pattern. Probabilities are given for the beginning and the variability of sowing dates of dry-seeded crops together with dates of preparation of paddy fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212626
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    Sources of microorganisms in pozol, a traditional Mexican fermented maize dough (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae ; fermentation ; lactic acid bacteria ; maize ; nixtamal ; pozol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Freshly prepared pozol, a traditional Mexican fermented maize dough, contained (c.f.u./g wet wt): lactic acid bacteria, 104 to 106; aerobic mesophiles, 104 to 105; Enterobacteriaceae, 102 to 103; yeasts, 102 to 104; and mould propagules, 〈103. After 30 h at 28°C the numbers were, respectively: 109, 7×106, 5×105, 106 and 104. Soaking alkali-treated grains overnight allowed lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles and Enterobacteriaceae to grow and these then constituted the primary microbial flora of the pozol dough. Grinding in a commercial mill inoculated the dough with lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts. Other processing stages, including the nature of the surface upon which the balls were made, handling of the dough, and air, contributed only minor numbers of microbes compared with the two major sources, soaking and grinding. The pH of pozol fell from an initial value of 7.3 to 4.6 after 30 h incubation at 28°C. The numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and other aerobic mesophilic bacteria remained constant between 11 and 30 h incubation and there was no evidence of the acidic conditions having any lethal effects on these organisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327853
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    Batch ethanol fermentation of molasses: a correlation between the time necessary to complete the fermentation and the initial concentrations of sugar and yeast cells (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Ethanol ; fermentation ; modelling ; molasses ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Batch fermentations of sugar-cane blackstrap molasses to ethanol, using pressed yeast as inoculum, demonstrated an exponential relationship between the time necessary to complete the fermentation and the initial concentrations of sugar and yeast cells. The parameters of the derived exponential equations depended on the experimental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327852
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    Coupled saccharification and fermentation of pre-treated Eucalyptus wood: a simple kinetic model (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cellulose ; eucalyptus wood ; fermentation ; kinetic model ; saccharification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Coupled saccharification and fermentation of Eucalyptus globulus wood, pre-treated by acid hydrolysis and sodium hypochlorite, was carried out in two column reactors: one for enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate at 50°C and the other for fermentation of sugars with calcium alginate-immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30°C. A buffered solution containing cellulases at pH 4.8 was recycled through both reactors. The maximum yields were about 0.26 g ethanol per g of substrate. The results were reproduced reasonably well using a simple kinetic model consisting of two successive pseudo-first-order reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383070
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    Fermentation studies of stored cocoa beans (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 603-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cocoa beans ; fermentation ; microbial populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Acetic and lactic acid bacteria on fermented cocoa beans were maximally 2.0×106 and 1.9×106 c.f.u./g wet wt, respectively. Acetic and lactic acids were detected on the second and fourth days of fermentation and were maximally 140 and 45 mg/10 g beans, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the sizes of the relevant microbial populations and the amounts of acids produced during fermentation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386306
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    Bacillus fermentation of soybeans (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus ; Enterococcus ; fermentation ; kinema ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Kinema fermentations of Indian and Canadian No. 1 soybeans by Bacillus sp. DK-W1 and by mixed cultures of Bacillus sp. DK-W1 and Enterococcus faecium DK-C1 were essentially identical. The viable cell count of Bacillus increased from an initial 105 to 1010 c.f.u./g wet wt after 48 h incubation at 37°C. The pH of the fermentation dropped from an initial 6.9 to about 6.4 after 8 h and then rose to 8.6 after 32 h, with a coincident increase in proteolytic activity and ammonia concentration. The fermentations containing E. faecium and Bacillus exhibited a greater initial pH decline and a slightly retarded subseqent increase in pH compared with fermentations with Bacillus only. The presence of E. faecium had no detectable effects on growth of the Bacillus, proteolytic activity, ammonia production or the final pH of the fermentations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383066
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    Comparative studies on fermentation products of cocoa beans (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 381-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cocoa beans ; fermentation ; products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The maximum amounts of acetic acid produced by ripe and unripe cocoa beans were 157 mg and 110 mg/10 g wet wt of cotyledon, respectively. The unripe beans had a lower pH than the ripe beans after 6 days' fermentation. About 40% of ripe beans achieved a chocolate colour compared with 27% of unripe beans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383085
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    Studies on the impact of winter climate on rubber and wheat cultivation in the mountains of southern China, applying a fuzzy cluster analysis (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 36 (1992), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Agroclimatology ; Subtropics ; China ; Fuzzy cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data from climatic stations in China, located south of 30° N and 〉 400 m above sea-level, were analysed in order to study the relationship with winter climate, on the one hand, and with rubber and winter wheat cultivation, on the other. Three relevant agroclimatic parameters were investigated for January, namely mean temperature, precipitation total and sunshine duration. By applying a fuzzy cluster analysis, three agroclimatic regions were found in winter; the boundaries coincide with the macro-scale topography of southern China. In one case the boundary even corresponds with the position of the Kunming quasi-stationary front. Winter climate in the three agroclimatic regions was found to show a different pattern, hence gives evidence to different conditions during overwintering of crops. The affects were analysed of regional climatic conditions in January on growth and yield of rubber and winter wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01224820
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    Extracellular enzyme activities during cassava fermentation for ‘fufu’ production (1992)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1992), S. 71-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Enzymes ; cassava ; fermentation ; ‘fufu’
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Amylase and pectin methyl esterase activities increased rapidly during the early period of the fermentation of cassava for ‘fufu’ production, attaining their peak activities after 12 and 24h, respectively. Cellulase activity was lower and approximately constant for most of the fermentation period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200690
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    Characterization ofgari andfu-fu preparation procedures in Nigeria (1992)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1992), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cassava ; cyanide ; fermentation ; fu-fu, gari ; lactic acid bacteria ; linamarin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Processes for the production ofgari, East Nigerianfu-fu and West Nigerianfu-fu are described. Changes in pH value, moisture content, microflora and sugar content of cassava duringgari andfu-fu preparation are reported. Mannitol accumulated during thegari fermentation but not in either of thefu-fu fermentations. During each stage ofgari andfu-fu production, lactic acid bacteria predominated. Homofermentative organisms occurred most frequently in the early stages of each process and heterofermenters in the latter ones. Of the 179 microorganisms that were isolated and characterized fromgari andfu-fu, 52% were able to hydrolyse linamarin and 14% starch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195842
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    Characterization of proteases produced by newly isolated and identified proteolytic microorganisms from fermented fish (Budu) (1992)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1992), S. 284-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus ; budu ; fermentation ; fish ; proteases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Eight different strains ofBacillus were isolated from fermented fish (Budu) and their proteolytic enzyme activities were determined after 18 h cultivation at room temperature (35° C). Four isolates possessed high protease activities. Optimum pH for these enzymes was between 7.0 and 8.0 and the optimal temperature was 55° C. The proteases retained 40% of their original activity after 20 min at 55° C but lost all activity at 65° C. Three of the four isolates were identified asBacillus subtilis, the fourth asBacillus licheniformis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201880
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    Main meteorological problems of rice production and protective measures in China (1989)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 33 (1989), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: China ; Rice ; Meteorological problems ; Protective measures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract China is one of the largest rice producers in the world. Since 1949, the rice production in China has increased considerably. The strong monsoon and continental climate and the varied topography provide suitable conditions for rice growth. However, cold, drought, water logging injury and other meteorological disasters happen frequently, resulting in unstable yield. This paper briefly introduces natural conditions in China that are favourable for rice production. Attention is focused on the main meteorological disasters and the protective measures adopted in rice production. Finally, some profitable suggestions for China's future rice production are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045889
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    The connection of geodynamics with seismicity patterns (1988)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Geodynamics ; seismicity ; earthquake ; geomorphology ; China ; Colombia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract When a study is to be made of seismic risks, the present-day geodynamic conditions are of fundamental importance: Earthquakes do not happen by themselves, they do have a cause. The cause of earthquakes is that the tectonic stresses exceed a critical limit. The build-up of these stresses is conditioned by the geodynamic processes occurring in the region in question. A knowledge of the geodynamics characteristic of a region is therefore fundamental for seismic risk studies. The general methodology for making such a geodynamic study is based on the entire set of manifestations of the plate-tectonic conditions of that region: these include the mechanism of earthquakes, the stresses observed in mines, the orientation of surface joints and even the direction of river valleys. Examples of geodynamic studies and their bearing on seismic risks are shown from various areas of the world, notably from China, India, and Colombia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00168218
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    Tsunami risk analysis for China (1988)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 181-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Risk ; tsunami ; China ; zonation ; coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Historical data have been used in this paper, in particular that available on the tsunami history and the geological and seismological characteristics along the coasts of China. The nature and effects of both local tsunamis and tele-tsunamis on the coasts of China are analyzed. The coastal response of China to tsunamis is estimated theoretically, also. Finally, the tsunami risk for the coast of China is calculated and the zonation of preliminary tsunami hazard of China is mapped for three levels of hazardicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00126614
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