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  • 219A; 219F; 230D; Comment; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Digging pit; DPIT; Elevation of event; Event label; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Long-Pond_D; Manuels_D; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Position; Quantity of deposit; Sample ID; Sediment type; Size; Smith-Point_D; Trinity Bay, Newfoundland; Uniform resource locator/link to image
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Getreide
  • Phänologie
  • Rock mechanics
  • Springer  (20)
Collection
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1999), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Rock burst ; Rock mechanics ; Brittle failure ; Finite element analysis ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'accumulation d'énergie de déformation élastique dans la roche est la cause interne principale des coups de terrain. Cependant, une sollicitation dynamique peut constituer un important facteur externe, déclenchant fréquemment ce phénomène. L'article discute du mécanisme de sollicitation dynamique et de sa contribution au coup de terrain, prenant appui sur une simulation numérique relative à un exemple tiré d'une usine hydroélectrique en Chine.
    Notes: Abstract  The accumulation of elastic strain energy in the rock is the main internal cause of rock burst. However, dynamic disturbance is an important external factor, frequently triggering this phenomenon. The paper discusses the mechanism of dynamic disturbance and its contribution to rock burst using numerical simulation based on an example from a hydropower station in China.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 142 (1994), S. 749-775 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; earthquakes ; friction ; faulting ; pore pressure ; consolidation ; dilatancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Triaxial compression experiments were performed on samples of natural granular fault gouge from the Lopez Fault in Southern California. This material consists primarily of quartz and has a self-similar grain size distribution thought to result from natural cataclasis. The experiments were performed at a constant mean effective stress of 150 MPa, to expose the volumetric strains associated with shear failure. The failure strength is parameterized by the coefficient of internal friction μ, based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Samples of remoulded Lopez gouge have internal friction μ=0.6±0.02. In experiments where the ends of the sample are constrained to remain axially aligned, suppressing strain localisation, the sample compacts before failure and dilates persistently after failure. In experiments where one end of the sample is free to move laterally, the strain localises to a single oblique fault at around the point of failure; some dilation occurs but does not persist. A comparison of these experiments suggests that dilation is confined to the region of shear localisation in a sample. Overconsolidated samples have slightly larger failure strengths than normally consolidated samples, and smaller axial strains are required to cause failure. A large amount of dilation occurs after failure in heavily overconsolidated samples, suggesting that dilation is occurring throughout the sample. Undisturbed samples of Lopez gouge, cored from the outcrop, have internal friction in the range μ=0.4–0.6; the upper end of this range corresponds to the value established for remoulded Lopez gouge. Some kind of natural heterogeneity within the undisturbed samples is probably responsible for their low, variable strength. In samples of simulated gouge, with a more uniform grain size, active cataclasis during axial loading leads to large amounts of compaction. Larger axial strains are required to cause failure in simulated gouge, but the failure strength is similar to that of natural Lopez gouge. Use of the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion to interpret the results from this study, and other recent studies on intact rock and granular gouge, leads to values of μ that depend on the loading configuration and the intact or granular state of the sample. Conceptual models are advanced to account for these descrepancies. The consequences for strain-weakening of natural faults are also discussed.
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  • 3
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    Geotechnical and geological engineering 8 (1990), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; shaft pillar ; mine design ; numerical modeling ; finite-elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The Bureau of Mines is investigating methods for evaluating and optimizing shaft designs for deep metal mines. This paper describes one such project at the Homestake Mine in Lead, SD. To determine a safe approach for the extraction of ore from the Ross Shaft pillar at Homestake, a basic rock mechanics approach has been taken that involves laboratory testing, field measurements, and computer modelling. The results of the study show that ore bodies in the Ross pillar can be mined safely and that the shaft will remain in elastic rock. On the basis of this work, other mines can develop finite-element modelling to evaluate the stability of mine openings and increase resource recovery.
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  • 4
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    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; hemispherical projection ; discontinuity plotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 10, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN 1-4020-0653-5)
    Publication Date: 1988
    Keywords: Rheology ; Elasticity ; Inelastic ; Rock mechanics
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  • 6
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    Geotechnical and geological engineering 5 (1987), S. 331-342 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; coal ; compressive strength ; petrography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study is to determine the parameters which influence coal's mechanical behaviour. The two coals examined (HBL, Simon, France and Barro Banco, Brazil) structurally originated from different deposits. The differences are readily explained by the contrasting composition of vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain. Their mechanical behaviour is linked to their petrographical composition. The Lorrainain coal behavioural pattern was evaluated. It is elastobrittle or elastoplastic with progressive failure. Brazilian coal behaves according to a pattern of elastoplastic with progressive failure or perfect elastoplastic.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Source mechanisms ; Rock mechanics ; Microcracks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Focal mechanisms for 116 acoustic emission events associated with uniaxial cyclic loading of Westerly granite have been investigated using P-wave first-motions. Polarities were observed at eight transducers positioned on the sample to provide good azimuthal coverage. The P-wave radiation patterns can be fit by a quadrupole source but not by a simple pure tensional source. The predominant orientations of the two nodal planes for the quadrupole fit were subparallel to and perpendicular to the σ1 direction. Events with ‘close’ hypocenters, i.e., within a radius of 3 mm, display a remarkable similarity in focal mechanisms irrespective of the cycle or time within a cycle at which they occur. The polarity observations of 48 of 116 acoustic emission events could be fit with the simple quadrupole indicating that the microfracturing processes even in uniaxial compression often simplistically portrayed as propagating axial cracks are indeed quite complex.
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  • 8
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, subvol. a, pp. 559-932, (ISBN 0-935702-96-2)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Laboratory measurements ; density ; porosity ; elasticity ; electrical ; magnetic ; properties ; radioactivity ; moon ; ice ; Czermak ; Huckenholz ; Rybach ; Schmid ; Schopper ; Schuch ; Stoeffler ; Wohlenberg
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  • 9
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    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwiss. und Technik, L.B. V-1b, Berlin, Springer, vol. 81A, no. 16, pp. 141-238, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Rheology
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  • 10
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Physical Properties of Rocks, Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, no. Subvol. b, pp. 339-346, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; glaciology ; Handbook of geophysics
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  • 11
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, subvol. b, pp. 559-932, (ISBN 0-935702-96-2)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Laboratory measurements ; density ; porosity ; elasticity ; electrical ; magnetic ; properties ; radioactivity ; moon ; ice ; Beblo ; Berktold ; Bleil ; Gebrande ; Grauert ; Haack ; Haak ; Kern ; Miller ; Petersen ; Pohl ; Rummel ; Schopper
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 975-989 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Dilatancy-diffusion, Velocity changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Compressional and shear-wave velocities (V p andV s ) were measured during the generalized triaxial deformation (i.e.σ 1≠σ 2=2σ 3) of pyrophyllite. Observed velocity changes could be ascribed to crack development during dilatancy. Velocity changes were very localized with respect to the ultimate failure plane. The orientation and development of the failure plane was continuously observed with laser holography. Velocity reverals, i.e. changes from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend, were documented in a wet sample in bothV p andV s . These changes in bothV p andV p are inconsistent with dialatancy-diffusion models. The reversals were interpreted as a reflection of local stress reorientation caused by a slowly propagating fault.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 586-602 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Premonitory phenomena such as dilatancy, creep, acoustic emission, and changes in seismic velocity and attenuation, electrical resistivity, magnetic moment, and gas emission, which occur before fracture of initially intact rock and before stick-slip on faults or between finely ground surfaces of rock, have been reviewed and discussed in relation to earthquake prediction. This review is restricted to the results of laboratory experiments that have been carried out in the United States of America.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 795-805 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: velocity changes ; Rock mechanics ; Fluids in porous media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Elastic wave velocities and the ratiov P/v S were studied for dry and initially saturated samples of carbonate and crystalline rocks at pressures to 2 kbar. In initially saturated samplesv P increases in crystalline rock, whereas in sedimentary rock it may either increase or decrease with increasing pressure. Under the same conditionsv S remains approximately constant in crystalline rocks and decreases in sedimentary samples. The ratiov P/v S as a function of pressure increases in dry rocks and decreases in saturated ones. Saturated samples always have higherv P/v S ratios than dry ones. It appears that the geometry of the pore space influences the acoustic properties of saturated crystalline rocks.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 615-626 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Friction ; Faulting surfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental results in the published literature show that at low normal stress the shear stress required to slide one rock over another varies widely between experiments. This is because at low stress rock friction is strongly dependent on surface roughness. At high normal stress that effect is diminished and the friction is nearly independent of rock type. If the sliding surfaces are separated by gouge composed of Montmorillonite or vermiculite the friction can be very low.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 866-872 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fracture energy ; Identation of minerals ; Rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A relatively simple indentation technique for the rapid measurement of fracture surface energy, Γ, of small samples is described. The reliability of this technique is assessed by testing soda-lime glass for which there are good independent fracture mechanics determinations of fracture surface energy. The indentation technique gives a value for Γ of 4.33 J m−2 which compares favourably with the accepted value of 3.8 J m−2. Fracture surface energies of the {010} and {001} cleavage planes of single crystal olivine (modal composition Fo88Fa12) are then determined and compared with theoretical estimates of the thermodynamic surface energy, γ, calculated from atomistic parameters (γ is equal to Γ in the absence of dissipative processes during crack extension). The experimental values for Г{010} and Г{001} are respectively 0.98 J m−2 and 1.26 J m−2. The calculated values of γ{010} and γ{001} are respectively in the range from 0.37 J m−2 to 8.63 J m−2 and 12.06 J m−2. The particular advantages of the indentation technique for the study of the fracture surface energies of geological materials are outlined.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 634-654 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Strength of rocks ; Crack growth with water ; Rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of stress relaxation experiments have been carried out on faulted and intact Tennessee sandstone to explore the influence of pore water on strength at different strain rates. Temperatures employed were 20, 300 and 400°C, effective confining pressure was 1.5 kb and strain rates as low as 10−10 sec−1 were achieved. Most samples were prefaulted at 2.5 kb confining pressure and room temperature. This is thought to have secured a reproducible initial microstructure. The strength of the dry rock was almost totally insensitive to strain rate in the range 10−4 to 10−10 sec−1. In contrast, the strength of the wet rock decreased rapidly with strain rate at rates less than 10−6 sec−1. Brittle fracture of the quartz grains which constitute this rock is the most characteristic mode of failure under the test conditions used. The experimental data are discussed in terms of the possible deformation rate controlling processes, and it is suggested that in the wet experiments at intermediate to high strain rates (10−7 to 10−4 sec−1) the observed deformation rate is controlled by the kinetics of water assisted stress corrosion, whilst deformation at low strain rates (ca. 10−9 sec−1) is controlled by a pressure solution process. The results have implications for the rheology of fault rocks at depths of perhaps 10 to 15 km in sialic crust.
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  • 18
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    In:  Berlin, 254 pp., Springer, vol. 15, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 585, (ISBN 1-85233-708-7)
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Rock mechanics ; Textbook of geophysics
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  • 19
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 8 (1976), S. 153-167 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; opencut ; shearing tests ; geophysics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Erforschung von Charakteristiken der Felsmassen am Tagebau des Kupferbergwerks Bor Die Erforschung mechanischer Charakteristiken erfolgte im Gefüge von Forschungsarbeiten zum Projekt des neuen mit vorgesehener Tiefe von etwa 300 m geplanten Tagebaues. Von der Analyse des Charakters von Forschungsarbeiten für ein derartig großes technisches Vorhaben sowie auch der Analyse von grundlegenden strukturellen und physikalischen Charakteristiken der Felsmassen (Rissigkeit, Anisotropie, Heterogenität und Naturspannungszustand) ausgehend, wurde klar auf die Orientierungsnotwendigkeit der Forschungen von mechanischen Charakteristiken auf Untersuchungen in situ hingewiesen. Als Untersuchungsergebnisse werden aufgeführt: Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von elastischen longitudinalen Wellen, Elastizitätsmoduln, Beschädigungskoeffizienten und Parameter des Scherwiderstandes.
    Abstract: Résumé Etude des caractéristiques mécaniques des roches à la minière de cuivre de Bor à ciel ouvert L'étude des caractéristiques mécaniques a été faite dans le cadre des investigations pour le projet d'une nouvelle minière dont la profondeur prévue est de 300 m approximativement. L'analyse du caractère des investigations nécessaires pour un projet technique d'une telle portée, ainsi qu'une analyse des caractéristiques structurales et physiques des roches (fissuration, anisotropie, hétérogénéité, contraintes naturelles) ont montré indubitablement que les investigations des caractéristiques mécaniques doivent être exécutés in situ. On a présenté aussi les résultats de ces investigations: vitesse de propagation des ondes élastiques longitudinales, module d'élasticité, coéfficient d'endommagement, et les paramètres de la résistence au cisaillement.
    Notes: Summary Rock Mass Mechanical Characteristics in an Opencut at Bor Copper Mine Preliminary testing for the design of the new opencut, which will go to a depth of about 300 m, included testing rock mechanical characteristics. The character of the preliminary testing demanded by an engineering undertaking of this scale and the fundamental structural and physical properties of rock masses (fissuring, anisotropy, heterogeneity, natural stresses) are discussed and it is emphatically concluded that priority should go to in situ testing. Results are presented of determinations of the velocity of propagation of longitudinal elastic waves, elasticity modulus, coefficient of damage and shear strength parameters.
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  • 20
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    In:  Professional Paper, Landolt Börnstein (6. Edition) III. Band: Astronomie und Geophysik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 326-330, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1952
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks
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