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  • General Chemistry  (77,716)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (25,032)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • Limnology
  • River fisheries
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (102,748)
  • National Rivers Authority  (25)
  • Carlisle, UK  (20)
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  • 1
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10949 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:57:52 | 10949 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1992 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1994. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the fourth compilation of salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales published by the National Rivers Authority. For the years 1983-88, these statistics were published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), Directorate of Fisheries Research in their Data Report Series. Other than for rod catches, the 1992 data have been presented in a broadly similar format to those of 1991, Presentation of the rod data however has changed considerably due to the introduction in January 1992 of the first National Rod Fishing Licence. This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 51
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  • 2
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10950 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:57:26 | 10950 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1994 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1995. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the sixth compilation of salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales produced by the National Rivers Authority. For the years 1983-88, these statistics were published by the Ministry o f Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), Directorate of Fisheries Research in their Data Report Series. The 1994 data have been presented in a broadly similar format to those of 1993.This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 57
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  • 3
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    National Rivers Authority | Warrington, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10961 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:55:26 | 10961 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Acid waters in North West England: The effect of liming agricultural land on the chemistry and biology of the River Esk, North West England report produced by National Rivers Authority in 1992. This report focuses on the study of Acid Waters in the North West Region of England, UK, which began in 1982 and sampling was completed in October 1990. This work was initiated because of the observation of the simultaneous mortality of adult and juvenile salmon and sea-trout in both the River Esk and adjacent River Duddon in June 1980. Investigations at that time indicated that an "acid episode" was the most likely cause of this mortality. A land use study indicated that a reduction in agricultural liming may have been a major factor in the development of acid episodes and consequent fish kills in the River Esk and River Duddon. However there was no evidence that the mortalities of salmonids in the early 1980's were due to a reduction in agricultural liming. They were due to some other phenomenon such as a period of intense acid deposition.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: +appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; North West ; Esk ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Freshwater pollution ; Freshwater fish ; Migratory species ; Fish counter data ; Mortalities ; Invertebrates ; Acid Waters ; Water quality
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 31
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  • 4
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11036 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:41:04 | 11036 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the Wetland resource evaluation and the NRA's role in its conservation: Resource assessment report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. This R&D document provides a strategy for the assessment of the wetland resource of England and Wales. As a first step the report defines wetlands in their UK context. The following working definition is suggested: Wetland is land that has (or had until modified) a water level predominantly at, near, or up to 1.5 m above the ground surface for sufficient time during the year to allow hydrological processes to be a major influence on the soils and biota. These processes may be expressed in certain features, such as characteristic soils and vegetation. The report also summarises a hydrotopographical classification of wetlands. The report then develops a strategy for the establishment of a wetland resource Inventory based on a geographical information system (GIS) as a means of storing and manipulating site data from across England and Wales.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; England ; Wales ; Inland waters ; Wetland ; GIS ; Resource ; Survey ; Classification ; Inventory ; Definition ; Hydrotopography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 76
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  • 5
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11035 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:41:14 | 11035 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the Wetland resource evaluation and the NRA's role in its conservation: Classification of British wetlands report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. This R&D document provides a clear classification for wetlands in England and Wales. The classification incorporates many of the existing ideas on the subject but avoids some of the problems associated with other classifications. A two-layered 'hydrotopographical' classification is proposed. The first layer identifies situation-types, i.e. the position the wetland occupies in the landscape, with special emphasis upon the principal sources of water. The second layer identifies hydrotopographical elements, i.e. units with distinctive water supply and, sometimes, distinctive topography in response to this. This system is seen as an independent, basic, classification upon which it is possible to superimpose additional, independent classifications based on other features (e.g. base-status, fertility, vegetation, management etc.). Some proposals for such additional classifications are provided.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Inland waters ; Wetlands ; Resource ; Classification ; Key ; Hydrotopography ; Survey
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 106
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  • 6
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    Environment Agency | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11100 | 1256 | 2013-04-03 15:27:32 | 11100 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This is the Report of 1996 survey of Trout Beck with particular reference to spawning gravel quality and invertebrates as a food source for salmonids produced by the Environment Agency North West. Whilst the main River Derwent is quite a high profile salmon fishery, Trout Beck is not a significant fishery in its own right, but serves to maintain the genetic integrity of the wild populations of trout and salmon in the catchment by providing a unique habitat. This survey addressed the invertebrate food availability, and additionally looked at the substrate to try to determine whether the bed type might actually be unsuitable for spawning, especially in view of the previously mentioned silt inputs.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + 1 map and 1 figure
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Trout Beck ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Environmental survey ; Freshwater fishes ; Migratory species ; Invertebrate larvae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 8
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  • 7
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10595 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:57:47 | 10595 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the first Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1965, to the end of March 1966. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Irt, Esk, Eden, Caldew, Petteril, Eamont and Annas. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent, and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. It also looks at fish hatchery, fisheries protection and byelaws including licence numbers issued for the different districts. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality of the rivers and their tributaries from the same 5 areas mentioned above. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 65
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  • 8
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10597 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:57:00 | 10597 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the third Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1967, to the end of March 1968. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Glenderamackin, Marron, Eden, Caldew, and Lyvennet. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 85
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  • 9
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10598 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:56:36 | 10598 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the fourth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1968, to the end of March 1969. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Ellen, Eden, Caldew, Esk, Annas, Irt and Glenderamackin. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution covers water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 87
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  • 10
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10601 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:55:18 | 10601 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the seventh Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1971, to the end of March 1972. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent and Eden. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 95
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  • 11
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10602 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:54:53 | 10602 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the eighth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1972, to the end of March 1973. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, including periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Eden and Caldew. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Leith, Lowther, Lyne, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Annas, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 112
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  • 12
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10603 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:54:29 | 10603 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the ninth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1973, to the end of March 1974. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Glenderamackin and Lyvennet. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Leith, Lowther, Lyne, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Marron, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Annas, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 106
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  • 13
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10604 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:54:04 | 10604 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the ninth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1959, to the end of March 1960. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of a gauging station on the River Eden, and an approval for a similar station on the River Derwent. It also gives information on rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Esk, Annas, Marron, Eden, Eamont, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 4 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as re-stocking and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 41
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  • 14
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10599 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:56:11 | 10599 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the fifth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1969, to the end of March 1970. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, wich includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Ellen, Mite, Bleng, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Bleng, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 88
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  • 15
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10605 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:53:38 | 10605 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the tenth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1960, to the end of March 1961. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations on the River Derwent and Eamont, and the building of a similar station on the River Esk. It also gives information on rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Annas, Mite, Ehen, Marron, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as re-stocking and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland Waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 57
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  • 16
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10607 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:52:42 | 10607 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the twelfth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1962, to the end of March 1963. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations, abstraction of water and rainfall. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Greta, Marron, Ehen, Keekle, Esk, Bleng, Mite, Annas, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution covers water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 61
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  • 17
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10606 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:53:11 | 10606 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the eleventh Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1961, to the end of March 1962. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the building of gauging stations, abstraction of water, and rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Mite, Keekle, Eden, Esk, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10600 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:55:43 | 10600 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the sixth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1970, to the end of March 1971. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Eden, Mite, Bleng, Annas and Irt. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irt, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10608 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:18:44 | 10608 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the thirteenth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1963, to the end of March 1964. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations, abstraction of water and rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Derwent, Cocker, Keekle, Marron, Ehen, Irt, Esk, Mite, Lowther, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10609 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:18:11 | 10609 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the fourteenth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1964, to the end of March 1965. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations, abstraction of water and rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Keekle, Marron, Ehen, Bleng, Esk, Mite, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    North West Water | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11087 | 1256 | 2013-03-29 14:16:05 | 11087 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the report on the strategic stock assessment survey of the Colton Beck catchment in 1994 with particular reference to salmonids in Colton Beck, River Ea, River Gilpin and Rusland Pool. This report forms one part of the third year of a triennial survey programme for the South West Cumbria and South Cumbria catchments. It was produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1994. Colton Beck had excellent densities of sea trout (Salmo trutta) and a small population of salmon (Salmo salar) in its lowest reaches. The total productivity was very good throughout the catchment. Stocking of sea trout fry in 1993 has enhanced the population with survivors through to parr probably adding to the scoring of double class A at two sites in the survey in 1994. Stocking was not undertaken in 1994, but the population appears to be maintaining itself at a very high level.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + figures and tables
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Colton Beck ; River Ea ; River Gilpin ; Rusland pool ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Freshwater fish ; Fish populations ; Migratory species ; Freshwater fish ; Fish passes ; Fish catch statistics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    Format: application/pdf
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  • 22
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10876 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:49:07 | 10876 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This is the River Dart, Spawning 1992 report produced by the National Rivers Authority. It contains details on the hydrological conditions and redd sighting locations on the River Dart, as well as kelts presence data. It also contains two basic diagrams showing the location of the sightings.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives South West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; South West ; River Dart ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Salmon fisheries ; Spawning ; Environmental monitoring ; Population dynamics.
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10909 | 1256 | 2013-03-21 13:05:20 | 10909 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This is the Cheshire Meres 1995, May – June Surveys Report from the National Rivers Authority, 1995. The report focuses on the surveys of ten Cheshire Meres in November 1994 and then again in May-June 1995 as part of a rolling program examining the water quality of this group of still waters. The ten meres surveyed were: Betley, Budworth, Combermere, Hatchmere, Oak mere, Pick mere, Redes, Rostheme, Tabley, and Tatton. This report discusses the results of the May-June survey before making a comparison between these and the November survey results. The section on results contains information about suspended solids (S.S.) and volatile suspended solids (V.S.S.); Nitrate and Nitrite; Ammonia; ortho-Phosphate; Silicate and Soluble reactive Silica; and total Phosphorus.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire ; Environmental assessment ; Survey ; Eutrophication ; Inland waters ; Pollution ; Lakes classification
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10982 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:51:31 | 10982 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the report on Lakes – Classification and Monitoring, a strategy for the classification of lakes by the National Rivers Authority.This report describes a scheme for the assessment and monitoring of water and ecological quality in standing waters, greater than about 1ha in area, in England and Wales although it is generally relevant to Northwest Europe. Thirteen hydrological, chemical and biological variables are used to characterize the standing water body in any current sampling. Statistical testing on the chemical variables showed that at least six samples during a year would be needed to produce a representative sampling mean; but in this scheme the choice of variables minimizes logistic cost by not using boat sampling and time costs by not demanding extensive taxonomic work. Standing waters are classified in a state-changed system in which the contemporary values of the variables are compared with a reference baseline state and then placed in categories of percentage change from this baseline. The scheme is presently designed for use at about five year intervals on all lakes greater than 2ha area plus additional lakes of significant amenity or conservation interest.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Lake classification ; Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Acidification ; Infilling ; Water quality ; Ecological quality ; State-changed schemes ; Export coefficient models ; Nutrients ; Aquatic plants
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10911 | 1256 | 2013-03-21 13:06:32 | 10911 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Cheshire stillwaters. Summary results of 1997 data Oak Mere, Betley Mere and Marbury Big from the National Rivers Authority, June 1998. In May 1997, a Stillwaters meeting was held to discuss the way forward in stillwaters monitoring. It decided upon the establishment of a three year rolling programme, in which three stillwaters would be monitored three times a year, every third year. The stillwaters where chosen due to water quality (i.e potential polluted / sensitive waters), fisheries and ecological interests. The Still waters chosen for the first year (1997) were Oak Mere, Betley Mere and Marbury Big Mere. The surveys were aimed to produce a comprehensive study of the still water through monitoring a variety of parameters. Algal, zooplankton and water chemical samples were taken three times a year, (April, July and September). In addition, fisheries surveys were taken in July and marginal invertebrate surveys taken in September.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire ; Environmental assessment ; Environmental monitoring ; Survey ; Eutrophication ; Inland waters ; Pollution ; Lakes classification ; Fisheries surveys
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8378 | 1256 | 2012-03-07 14:44:30 | 8378 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: The overall purpose of this guide is to provide a manualfor the collection and interpretation of sea trout scales. Abrief introduction considers the advantages anddisadvantages of using scales to determine age and growth.To ensure that scales are interpreted in a consistentmanner, all major terms are defined and a standard systemfor age notation is proposed. The methodology for thecollection, mounting and interpretation of scales isdescribed in detail, and this is followed by a section on the back-calculation of lengths at different ages. Each topic is discussed critically. The final part of this guide is an atlas illustrating scales from a wide range of sea trout and including not only excellent "type-scales" but also difficult and impossible scales.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Scales ; Tagging ; Salmo trutta ; Scale reading ; Age ; Animal morphology ; Length
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 27
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11029 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:42:10 | 11029
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the River Gowy rapid corridor survey July 1995: Ecology South Mersey report produced by the National Rivers Authority North West Region in 1995. This report looks at the survey carried out by the South Mersey Ecology Team prior to routine deweeding operations on the main River Gowy at the end of July, 1995. The survey covered Flood Defence Stretch References RGOW03 to RGOW16. These stretches were further divided into a series of 43 stretches, each one being approximately 500m in length for ease o f mapping by Ecology. Recommendations for each length have been cross-referenced with the Bill of Quantities where possible, e.g. retention o f margins. In Flood Defence stretch RGOW03, the South West Winter Wetland forms an important habitat for birds. In stretches RGOW04 to RGOW05, the Gowy Meadows and Ditches have been designated a Grade A, Site of Biological Importance, by Cheshire County Council due to the nature of the acidic grassland and diverse ditches. In stretches RGOWIO to RGOW11 the left bank forms Hockenhull Platts, Grade A Site of Biological Importance and County Trust Reserve. In stretches RGOW15 to RGOW16, the area from Mill Farm to the Shropshire Union Canal is a Grade A Site of Biological Importance. These sites are very sensitive and detailed recommendations for working practices can be found in the relevant sections o f the survey.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: +appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Mersey ; River Gowy ; Inland waters ; Flood Defence stretch references ; Macrophytes ; Macroinvertebrates ; Freshwater fish ; Water quality
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11034 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:41:24 | 11034 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the NRA's role in wetland conservation report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. This document is the third of a series of three R&D Notes produced as part of an integrated research programme addressing aspects of the NRA's role in wetland management and conservation. Chapter 1 considers the nature of the wetland resource and its definition. Chapter 2 presents the NRA's current legislative and policy framework relating to its role in wetland conservation. National and international legislation and agreements are considered, and particular attention is afforded to the potential implications of the 'Habitats Directive'. Chapter 4 presents key examples of operational casework involving wetlands. Differences in approach and external perceptions of the NRA's current and likely future role in wetland conservation are discussed within Chapter 5. Other issues highlighted in this report are: policy guidance required on NRA’s role in land drainage; standard of flood defence service for wetlands; cost-benefit analysis; strategies for halting and reversing the decline and degradation of wetland resource; and Catchment Management Planning.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Inland waters ; Wetland definition ; Wetland management ; Wetland conservation ; Water management ; Legislation ; Policy ; Strategy ; Survey ; Restoration
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 29
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    North West Water | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11086 | 1256 | 2013-03-29 14:18:20 | 11086 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the Wetland resource evaluation and the NRA's role in its conservation: Resource assessment report produced by North West Water in 1982. In this report data from a variety of sources in river Leven and Leven estuary have been examined to determine if there was any objective foundation for the allegations and for the assertion that poor fish catches were related to discharges of industrial effluent to the estuary. Catches of salmon and sea trout from the Leven did not appear to have suffered any long term declines and year to year fluctuations did not appear to be any more extreme than in other North West rivers. Fish surveys did not show any marked differences in the diversity or distribution of fish between the Kent and Leven estuaries but catches of flounders were consistently lower from the Leven estuary. Analysis of fisheries statistics of landings of fish and shellfish from Morecambe Bay did not show any evidence of localised declines in catches from the Leven estuary. Results of laboratory experiments suggested that populations of bivalve molluscs might be more at risk from the effects of discharges to the Leven estuary than resident or migratory fish.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + tables and figures
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; River Leven ; Leven estuary ; Kent estuary ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Freshwater fish ; Migratory species ; Freshwater fish ; Fish passes ; Fish catch statistics ; Freshwater pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10875 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:50:15 | 10875 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This is the River Dart, Weir and Fish Pass Survey 1992 report produced by the National Rivers Authority.It goes through the general condition of Weirs and fish passes to determine the extent of problems associated with the upstream and downstream migration of salmonids. It considers solutions where problems exist and investigates the exact use of the resource. It looks at the following Weirs: Totnes, Staverton, Hood, Kilbury, Buckfast, Holne, Mardle (River Mardle), Holybrook (Holybrook), Jordan (West Webburn), Swincombe Intake (River Swincombe), Blackbrook, West Dart, Cowsic (Devonport Leat), Kingfisher Press (Bidwell Brook) and Bagpark (East Webburn). It also contains location maps of the weirs and individual fact sheets along detailed pictures and diagrams.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives South West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; South West ; River Dart ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Migratory species ; Salmon fisheries ; Fishery surveys ; Fish passes ; Environmental assessment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10919 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:59:17 | 10919 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Cheshire Meres 1994 November surveys report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. The report focuses on some of Cheshire meres, which were showing evidence of increasing eutrophication, commonly due to anthropogenic inputs. Concern for the deterioration of the water quality of still waters has been translated by incorporating these priorities into the NRA North West Regional Environmental Strategy for Stillwaters. The meres were also being investigated as possible polluted waters under the EC Nitrate Directive.The ultimate aim is to formulate lakes management options in order to help preserve North West still waters and minimise future restoration programmes. For such pro-active work to be carried out, sufficient background data must be available. It should then be possible to fully assess the current status of these lakes, identify seasonal trends and detect significant point/diffuse pollution inputs. These surveys were the first of a series, and it was intended to repeat similar surveys in Summer and Autumn 1995, and include a further 20 meres.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire ; Environmental assessment ; Survey ; Eutrophication ; Inland waters ; Pollution ; Lakes classification ; Nitrate Directive ; Lakes management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10938 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:59:55 | 10938 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Species management in aquatic Habitats WRc Nov 1993 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1993. This report identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species. The NRA has in the past adopted a habitat maintenance and protection approach to conservation paying less attention at individual species. There is a risk that conservation based on a habitat management policy will no further the conservation of certain species. In addition, certain ‘nuisance’ species cause problems for conservation by having a negative impact on more valued species or ecosystems. Through the combination of the review of current legislation and literature and consultation with NRA staff, this project identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; Conservation ; Species management ; Rare species ; Nuisance species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10937 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:58:19 | 10937 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Species management in aquatic Habitats WRc Dec 1993 produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1993. This report is focused on the Phase 1 of the Species Management in Aquatic Habitats, based on the Development of priority lists of rare and nuisance species for the National Rivers Authority (NRA). Certain ‘nuisance’ species cause problems for conservation by having a negative impact on more valued species or ecosystems. This project was initiated as part of a programme of research to develop strategies for the management of both rare and nuisance species. This project identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species. A combined provisional list of almost a thousand rare species, a priority list of 58 species of potential interest and a priority list of nine nuisance species was developed by a process of literature review and from suggestions by NRA conservation staff.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; Conservation ; Species management ; Rare species ; Nuisance species ; Biomarkers
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
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    National Rivers Authority | Lowestoft, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10947 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:58:11 | 10947 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1989 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1989. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the first on salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales published by the National Rivers Authority (NRA). From 1989 onwards, these statistics will appear each year as NRA fisheries statistics reports replacing the Data Report Series which was published by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) Directorate of Fisheries Research. This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10948 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:58:02 | 10948 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1990 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1992. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the second compilation of salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales published by the National Rivers Authority (NRA). Before 1989, these statistics were published by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) Directorate of Fisheries Research in their Data Report Series. The 1990 data have been presented in a broadly similar format to those of 1989. However, two further NRA regions, four in all, provided effort data for rod fisheries in 1990. This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    National Rivers Authority | Marlow, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8061 | 1256 | 2012-02-24 12:32:41 | 8061 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: There is a need to determine quantitative relationships between fishery status and water quality in order to make informed judgements concerning fishery health and the setting of environmental quality standards for fishery protection. Such relationships would also assist in the formulation of a system for classifying fisheries. A national database of fisheries and water quality has been collated from the archives of pollution control authorities throughout the UK. A number of probable and potential water quality effects on fish populations have been identified from a thorough analysis of the database, notwithstanding large confounding effects such as habitat variation and fish mobility, and the generally sparse nature of water quality information. A number of different approaches to data analysis was utilised, and the value of each has been appraised. Recommendations concerning the integration of water quality assessment approaches have been made and further research on fishery status, and its measurement, in relation to water quality has been suggested.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; UK ; Fish Populations ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Water quality ; Standards ; Fishery management ; Environment management ; Data collections
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 37
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    National Rivers Authority
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8069 | 1256 | 2012-02-29 14:18:44 | 8069 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This document is a collection of legislative documents relating to fisheries, especially Statutory Instruments, with special regards to the county Cumbria in the north of England. This includes Orders on salmon and trout spanning the years 1950-1993.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Cumbria ; Fishery regulations ; Inland fisheries ; Fishing rights ; Salmon fisheries ; Collected papers
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 38
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8064 | 1256 | 2012-02-25 12:02:18 | 8064 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report considers the development of environmental quality standards (EQSs) for the salmonid fishery, cyprinid fishery, migratory fishery, commercial harvesting of marine fish for public consumption and commercial harvesting of shellfish for public consumption uses of controlled surface waters. Previous reports have been used to identify those parameters necessary for the maintenance of these five uses. Each water use is considered in a separate section within which identified parameters are discussed and standards proposed, a summary of the proposed standards is presented at the beginning of the relevant section. For salmonid, cyprinid and migratory fisheries, EQSs for substances in water have been proposed for the protection of these fisheries. For the commercial harvesting of marine fish and shellfish for public consumption uses 'Warning Levels' of substances in waters have been proposed. These 'Warning Levels' have been proposed by considering data on bioaccumulation and food standards and aim to prevent acceptable intake values and concentrations in fish/shellfish flesh exceeding statutory or recommended levels. For the commercial harvesting of marine fish for public consumption it has been concluded that the current EQSs for most List II substances for the protection of salt water life should be adequately stringent to protect this use, however for the commercial harvesting of shellfish for public consumption, these List II EQSs do not appear adequate to protect this use and more stringent 'Warning Levels' have been proposed. For all five uses considered in this report there has been found to be limited information on a number of the parameters considered and in general for indigenous species, this has been found to be especially so when considering migratory fisheries and the commercial harvesting of marine fish and shellfish.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Environment ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; UK ; Fisheries ; Environment management ; Standards ; Water quality ; Legislation ; Environmental assessment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 39
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    National Rivers Authority | Levens, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/7931 | 1256 | 2012-02-10 21:29:29 | 7931 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: During 1993, a comprehensive data set of scale readings, length and weight measurements was established for migratory salmonids on the River Lune. This information was collected using three methods of fish capture: 1. The Lune estuary commercial nets. 2. River Lune Forge weir fish trap. 3. River Lune rod catch scale returns. Additional information was contributed by the Kent, Leven and Duddon rod and commercial fisheries. The data shows that the salmon stock in 1993 was dominated by two year old smolts. This varies from year to year.The sea trout population displays a normal population curve in terms of numbers of fish in each age and weight class. The growth rate of salmon and sea trout is very similar even though salmon have the benefit of high sea feeding.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Lune Catchment ; Salmo salar ; Salmo trutta ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Salmon fisheries ; Fishery surveys ; Kelt ; Stocking density ; Distribution ; Spawning populations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 40
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8529 | 1256 | 2012-12-21 15:22:29 | 8529 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: Fish tracking is a valuable technique for the provision of detailed information on thebehaviour patterns of individual fish especially during estuarine and riverine migration.2. Tracking studies help in the provision of a comprehensive description of the variety offishbehaviour patterns in response to factors such as water flow, obstructions and waterquality.3. There are advantages to be gained by complementing fish tracking studies with datacollected from fish counters and vice versa.4. An overall evaluation of NRA fish tracking projects is presented in the wider context ofNRA strategic research objectives.5. The requirement for future development of tracking equipment, improved data analysistechniques, better communication and more immediate report preparation is identified.6. Individual project evaluation is given for NRA (or the appropriate Water Authoritypredecessor) tracking studies conducted on the Ribble estuary, the River Tamar, RiverTorridge, Rivers Test and Itchen, River Lodden, the Welsh River Dee, River Glaslyn,River Taff, River Tawe, River Tywi, River Usk, Rivers Avon and Stour and the RiverFrome.7. An outline for future strategic research is provided which identifies particular areas forstudy:-i) Identification of environmental factors which control the entry of fish into rivers.ii) Improvement of the understanding of the relationship between water flow andupstream movement of salmonids.iii) Examination of the detailed movements and behaviour of fish in relation toobstructions.iv) Closer definition of water quality requirements for salmonid fish.v) Definition of habitat preferences of salmonids in rivers.vi) Subsidiary topics such as the movements of non-salmonid fish and the downstreammigration of kelts and juvenile salmonids.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Salmo salar ; Salmo trutta ; Stream flow ; Tracking ; Water quality ; Fishery management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 41
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8556 | 1256 | 2021-02-27 19:44:35 | 8556 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: The study began on the 7th January 1991 and was completed in June 1991. Two reports have been produced. This report published as R&D Note 33 describes NRA trackingstudies, tracking techniques and fish counter technology. The second report published as R&D Note 34 evaluates NRA tracking studies and recommends future research. The latterwill be used solely for NRA management purposes. This report briefly outlines the programme of the NRA, placing the Fisheries programme in the context of the work of the NRA as a whole, and viewing the tracking work against thebroader requirements of the NRA Fisheries research programme. Two techniques currently exist for studying the detailed timing and extent of movements of adult salmon: tracking of individually identifiable fish, and counting the numbers of fish moving past a fixed point in the river. Further details of these techniques and their development are given in Sections 2 and 3. Section 4 summarises and assesses completed and current NRA tracking Studies. Completeproject descriptions for the studies are contained in Appendix A. Section 5 discusses the scientific content of these studies in relation to similar work carried out elsewhere in the UK. Section 6 details the future development of tracking techniques. Tracking work on migratory salmonids has tended to concentrate largely upon the movements of adult salmon. Much of this report will therefore be concerned with salmon trackingstudies. NRA studies involving sea trout are referred to where appropriate. The methodological problems of sea trout tracking studies are summarised in Section 2.1.3.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; UK ; Rivers ; River Fisheries ; Salmo salar ; Salmo trutta ; Migratory species ; Tracking ; Tagging ; Fish counters ; Stream flow ; Water quality
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  • 42
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8571 | 1256 | 2012-12-20 20:51:52 | 8571 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: In Britain, many birds eat fish in fresh waters but only three species, cormorant, red-breasted merganser and goosander, are commonly perceived to present serious problems for freshwater fisheries. Complaints are mainly that cormorants eat large fish and that all three bird species eat so many juvenile fish, that there are subsequently fewer fish to be harvested or angled, but alsothat persistent predation by birds changes fish behaviour so that they are less 'catchable'.To this end, this report reviews existing information on the current status, foraging ecology, and population biologyof the three bird species as background to their potential impact on fisheries. Discusses fish population dynamics within the context of predation effects. Reviews existing experimental evidence for impacts on fish populations and fisheries; and describes current legislation, discusses potential criteria for serious damage to a fishery, andsuggests ways forward for NRA policy and research.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: R and D Project Record 461/8/N and Y
    Keywords: Environment ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Great Britain ; Europe ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Predators ; Predator control ; Fish populations ; Environmental assessment
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  • 43
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    Environment Agency | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8514 | 1256 | 2013-01-03 23:35:20 | 8514 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: The Drought Monitoring workshop of October 1996, held at the Jarvis Leyland Hotel in Preston, England, established 4 priority issues for dealing with the question: How do we monitor the environment to pick up unexpected change ?1. Review existing data, and review related study areas throughout the country. 2. Modelling and analysis of data3. Monitoring / new data / sentinel species' 4. Public relations / Promotion.A group was set up to review issue 1 and feedback to the main group. This report establishes this feedback to the group and refers to existing data / monitoring, other Regional and national work, external Organisations and Recommendations.Appendix 1, is a summary of work completed at the workshop.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Environment ; Limnology ; Policies ; England ; Inland waters ; Fisheries ; Environmental monitoring ; Water quality ; Fishery data ; Information retrieval
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 44
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10596 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:57:22 | 10596 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the second Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1966, to the end of March 1967. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Ellen, Derwent, Esk, Eden, Caldew, Petteril, Eamont, Gelt and Annas. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also included as well as fisheries protection and byelaws. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 45
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    National Rivers Authority North West | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8063 | 1256 | 2012-02-24 12:35:43 | 8063 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Due to changes in land use over the last century, the physical nature of many streams and rivers in the British Isles has probably changed. In some cases this change may be large for example as a result of flood defence schemes and is easily observed, whilst in other cases altered land use, farming, forestry or urbanization may have resulted in more subtle changes to river features. This working guide draws together a way of assessing habitat in any stream or river and determine sites or reaches on the assessed watercourse that may benefit from habitat improvement schemes. It will determine a method of measuring existing habitat in a broad sense, whilst referring to R and D studies currently being undertaken in this area. A method of prioritising any proposed habitat restoration work will be suggested. The limitations of fisheries improvement schemes in terms of cross functional acceptance (flood defence and conservation) will be examined along with suggested proposals for some example watercourses. The need for pre and post enhancement monitoring will be discussed as will the requirement for maintenance programs on schemes. Finally methods for determining the cost benefits of small schemes will be examined, compared to other currently used enhancement strategies. This will allow small scale revenue schemes to be used to back up pre project cost benefit analysis as required in future capital submissions.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Conservation ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Cumbria ; River fisheries ; Fishery regulations ; Habitat improvement (biological) ; Environmental degradation ; Salmon fisheries ; Classification
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    Type: monograph
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Triplet recombination ; Electron transfer ; Radical ions ; Photochemistry ; Terpenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The triphenypyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPT)-sensitized reactions of several terpene donor molecules, including sabinene (1), α-phellandrene (4), α-terpinene (5) and γ-terpinene (6) give rise to significantly different products than reactions induced by other electron-transfer sensitizers, such as 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB). The divergent reactions require decidedly different key intermediates; the products obtained with TPT can be explained by dissociative recombination of the intermediate radical-radical cation pair in the triplet state, generating donor-derived biradicals.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Polycycles ; Ring expansion ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---2-Alkyl-1-methylquinazolinium hexafluorophosphates 9 are deprotonated by sodium or potassium hydride to afford solutions of 2-alkylidenedihydroquinazolines 10, which were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Trapping with methanesulfonyl azide (5a) of 10 in situ or subsequent treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide (5b) gives mixtures of colourless (15) and intensely yellow N-sulfonylimino-1,4-benzodiazepines 16 along with products due to cleavage of the exocyclic double bond of 10, viz. 11 and 13. The ethylidene compound 10b yields the bicyclic products 18 and 19, apparently by complex sequences of reactions that are triggered by removal of the acidic proton at C-2 of 16b and 16f. The structures of the products are based on spectroscopic evidence and X-ray diffraction analyses performed on 15b, 16d, 16e, and 19.
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1589-1593 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azaallenium ions ; Azaallylium ions ; Iminium ion ; Kinetics ; Linear Free Energy Relationships ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The rate constants for the reactions of the 2-azaallenium ion 1b+, the 2-azaallylium ion 2a+ and the iminium ion 3+ with different nucleophiles were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. By correlation with the Linear Free Enthalpy Relationship (LFER) lg k20°C = s (E + N), developed by Mayr and Patz, the electrophilicity parameters E(1b+) = -3.7, E(2a+) ≍ -16 and E(3+) = -10.43 were obtained. They show that the relative reactivities of these ions are approximately 1012:1:106. Quantum chemical calculations (ab initio, DFT) of the methyl anion affinities for the ions 1b+,2a+ and3+ are in agreement with the experimental E values. The X-ray structure of 3+·CF3SO3- is reported for the first time; it shows no strong interaction between the cation and the anion.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1595-1601 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Oxazoline N-oxide ; Cycloadditions ; Cycloadditions ; Lactams ; Thienamycin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---[3+2] Cycloaddition between a camphor-derived oxazoline N-oxide 9 and the γ,δ-unsaturated enamino ester 11 afforded the single adduct 6. A stereoselective reduction of the enamino ester side chain allowed the control of the absolute configuration of the two additional asymmetric centres. Nitrogen protection and oxidative hydrolysis of the resulting product 13, followed by further functional group manipulations, led to the β-lactam derivative 1, a known precursor of the β-methylthienamycin derivative2a.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1603-1607 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Boron ; Cyclotrimerizations ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Macrocycles ; Subphthalocyanines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The regioselective preparation of ortho-substituted subphthalocyanides was achieved employing 3-substituted phthalonitrile derivatives as starting materials. A mechanistic proposal has been outlined.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99525_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1609-1615 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Terpenoids ; Natural products ; Total synthesis ; Cyclizations ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new route for the synthesis of 2,7- and 7-functionalized labdanes starts from (R)-carvone (1). 11-Nordrim-7-en-9-one (15) is an appropriate starting material for the total synthesis of hispanone (21), a biologically active furolabdane isolated from the Mediterranean medicinal plant Ballota saxatilis.
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1623-1626 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Iridoid glucoside ; (8S)-Kingiside ; (8S)-Loganin ; (8S)-7-Ketologanin ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Natural products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The tetraacetyl derivative 8 of the naturally occurring kingiside (8a) was prepared from aucubin (1). Intermediates in the synthesis were (8S)-tetraacetyl loganin (6) and (8S)-tetraacetyl-7-ketologanin (7), whose free (8R)-epimers occur in many different plants (Caprifoliaceae, Loganiaceae). The 13C NMR spectrum allows the structure to be unequivocally identified.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalenes ; Basicity ; Hydrogen bonds ; Cyclicvoltammetry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---For comparison to the recently described 2,3,6,7-tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (1) the three isomers 2,3, and 4 were synthesized. The basicities of this group of isomers are strongly dependent upon the different mutual orientations of the pairs of dimethylamino substituents: only the isomers 3 and, partially, 4, both with dimethylamino groups in adjacent peri-positions of the naphthalene, are strong “proton sponges”. For the isomers 1 and 2 with the same number and kind of twofold dimethylamino substituents in neighbouring ortho-positions, however, no significant basicity increase is observed. To explain this difference between the two groups of isomers it is suggested that in the ortho-pairs of 1 and 2 the C-N bonds diverge considerably, leading to an increased N···N distance and consequently to less stable [N···H···N]+ hydrogen bonds in contrast to the parallel C-N bonds in the peri-substituted isomers 3 and 4. X-ray crystal structure analyses of the bases and of some of the salts derived therefrom were solved and are discussed. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that 1 to 4 are strong electron donors, reacting easily to radical cations or dications which with suitable acids have been obtained as salts.
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1677-1683 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Radicals ; Cyclizations ; Pyridinethione ; Tetrahydrofurans ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Thiazolethione ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The trisubstituted functionalized tetrahydrofurans 10, 11, 16, 18, and 19 were photochemically prepared from 2,3-syn- and 2,3-anti-configuredN-(3-benzoyloxy-5-hexen-2-oxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thione anti-6, pyridinethiones 7, anti-8, and BrCCl3. The formation of tetrahydrofurans was achieved by an efficient and highly regioselective alkoxyl radical cyclization (5-exo-trig). The 2,3-anti substituted intermediates 9 and 12 cyclize stereoselectively whereas a 2,3-syn-configured O-radical affords both possible diastereomeric addition products in equal amounts. The cyclized tetrahydrofuryl methyl radicals were trapped with the bromine atom donor BrCCl3 to afford the bromomethyl-substituted cyclic ethers 10, 11, 18, and 19 in excellent yields. The utility of this reaction was stressed by conversion of one of the newly prepared tetrahydrofurans in a two-step synthesis into (+)-allo-muscarine (+)-20.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99590_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Thioketones ; Thiocarbonyl ylides ; Cycloadditions ; Cycloreversions ; Sulfur heterocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Reactions of diaryl thioketones with diazomethane at room temperature afford 4,4,5,5-tetraaryl-1,3-dithiolanes; the scope of this surprising 2:1 interaction has been studied for decades (Schönberg Reaction). The clue to the mechanism was our observation that the stoichiometry is 1:1 at -78 °C, and 2,5-dihydro-2,2-diaryl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles are formed as primary [2+3] cycloadducts. They lose N2 at -45 °C in first-order reactions generating diaryl thioketone S-methylides which can be intercepted by thioketones (→1,3-dithiolanes), multiple CC bonds, or acids HX. In the absence of trapping reagents, the elusive intermediates either dimerize furnishing 2,2,3,3-tetraaryl-1,4-dithianes or give rise to 2,2-diarylthiiranes by electrocyclization. Beyond thiobenzophenone and diazomethane, our main model reaction, the studies involve fluorene-9-thione, 4,4-dimethoxy- and 4,4-dichlorothiobenzophenone. The ring of 2,5-dihydro-2,2-diphenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (8) is opened by LDA at -78 °C and derivatives of anion 12 are obtained. - In summa: The Schönberg reaction consists of two 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, linked by a 1,3-dipolar cycloreversion.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Conjugation ; Boron ; Sensors ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---New electropolymerizable aromatic compounds (i.e. pyrrole, thiophene, aniline) bearing boronic acid and ester substituents have been synthesized and their electrochemical behavior has been investigated. Functionalized polythiophene and polypyrrole films could be anodically generated in acetonitrile, whereas the polyaniline derivative was electroformed in an acidic aqueous solution. The electrochemical responses of some of these materials were changed when fluoride ions were added to the electrolytic solutions. The strongest modifications, caused by binding of fluoride by the immobilized boron, were observed for the polypyrrole derivative in hydroorganic media.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Heterocycles ; Zinc ; Palladium ; Catalysts ; Sulfur ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Organozinc halides derived from Grignard reagents behave differently in their reaction with ethyl (±±)-(2RS,3SR)-tetrahydro-4-methylene-2-phenyl-3-(phenylsulfonyl)furan-3-carboxylate (3) according to the hybridisation of the carbon ligand. During the development of short multi-component reactions for the synthesis of diverse functionalized ethyl 2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylates it was discovered that aryl and vinyl zinc halides undergo clean reaction with 3 in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4. In contrast, when alkyl zinc halides are reacted with 3 in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4, reductive desulfonation of 3 is observed. Remarkably, in the absence of a transition metal catalyst, the allylic substitution of 3 with alkyl zinc halides proceeds cleanly and in moderate to good yield.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Self-assembly ; Vapor-pressure osmometry ; Resorcin[4]arenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Resorcin[4]arene tetracarboxylic acids 5,6 (A) and resorcin[4]arene tetrapyridines 2,3 (P) self-assemble in chloroform solution to form stable heterotopic AP dimers. Data from NMR titration and dilution experiments, as well as from vapor-pressure osmometry (VPO), indicate that the AP dimer is formed with an association constant greater than 107 M-1. Solid-solution extraction experiments are indicative of the formation of a 2:1 trimer (A2P), while self-associated homotopic species (A2 and A3) can be detected by NMR and VPO. Analysis of the heterotopic noncovalent assembly process over a range of compositions shows that these other species are much less stable than the AP heterodimer, which is the exclusive species at an A/P concentration ratio of 1:1 (〉 99.7% of the total at 10 mM).
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sulfoxides ; β-Amino sulfones ; Mannich type reaction ; Lithium perchlorate ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The LiClO4-mediated one-pot reaction of aldehydes with (trimethylsilyl)dialkyl amines and the lithium salt of sulfoxides or sulfones, affords the corresponding β-(dialkylamino) sulfoxides and β-(dialkylamino) sulfones in high yields. The aminosulfoxidation reaction of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes lacks diastereoselectivity, but the diastereomeric sulfoxides can be separated by HPLC or column chromatography for further use.
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1741-1744 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Bridged pyranose derivatives ; Ring enlargement ; Carbenes ; Glycosides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Addition of dichlorocarbene to the glycal (±±)-2 followed by cyclopropyl-allyl rearrangement leads to the chloro-2H-pyran (±±)-4. Oxidation of (±±)-4 and reduction of the obtained hydroxypyranone (±±)-5 gave the methyl pyranoside (±±)-6. The relative configuration of (±±)-6 was established by X-ray structural analysis of the corresponding acetate (±±)-7. The synthesis of the optically active starting materials (+)-2 and (-)-2 is also reported.
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  • 61
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1745-1758 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: CMP-Neu5Ac analogues ; Enzyme inhibitors ; Substrate analogues ; Transition state analogues ; Transferases ; Carbohydrates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Quinic acid was transformed into phosphitamides 16, 25, and 36, which could be readily linked to 5′-O-unprotected cytidine derivative 17. Ensuing oxidation of the obtained phosphite triesters with tBuO2H and hydrogenolytic de-O-benzylation furnished the corresponding phosphate diesters 18, 26, and 38. Base catalyzed removal of acetyl protecting groups, and methyl ester hydrolysis furnished CMP-Neu5Ac analogues 1d, 1e, and 2. Quinic acid was also transformed into 1,2-unsaturated diallyl α-hydroxymethyl-phosphate derivatives (R)- and (S)-46, which on reaction with cytidine phosphitamide 47 afforded the phosphite triesters. Subsequent oxidation with tBuO2H and then treatment with NEt3 gave phosphate diester derivatives (R)- and (S)-48. Deallylation, acetyl group removal, and methyl ester hydrolysis furnished (R)- and (S)-3, respectively. Treatment of (R)- and (S)-48 with DBU as a base led to acetic acid elimination, thus yielding, after de-O-allylation, acetyl group cleavage, and ester hydrolysis, diene derivative (E)-4. Donor substrate analogues 1d and 1e exhibited good α(2-6)-sialyltransferase inhibition (Ki: 2.0·10-4 and 2.0·10-5 M). However, transition state analogues (R)-, and particularly (S)-3 showed excellent inhibition properties (Ki: 1.6·10-6 and 2.7·10-7 M).
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  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1759-1765 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclitols ; Aminocyclitols ; Glycosidase inhibitors ; α-Mannosidase inhibitors ; Deoxygenation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Three deoxy derivatives 2-4 of the α-mannosidase inhibitor mannostatin A (1) were synthesized, and their inhibition of Jack bean α-mannosidase was evaluated in order to elucidate the roles of each of the three hydroxyl groups of the inhibitor. The 1- and 2-deoxy derivatives 2 and 3 retained some inhibitory activity, although reduced by a factor of about 100 relative to the parent, whereas it was completely lost with the 3-deoxy derivative 4. Structure and activity relationships are discussed in the light of these findings.
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1767-1772 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; Conformation analysis ; s-Triazines ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---CD data of the optically pure 2-[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-4-chloro-6-[(R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamino]-1,3,5-triazine, 2[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-4,6-bis[(R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamino]-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine are presented. The analysis of the CD spectra by means of the nonempirical DeVoe approach has afforded the complete conformational characterisation of the three s-triazine derivatives, allowing us to establish how the conformation of these derivatives depends on the nature of the substituent 1-arylethylamino groups.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cycloadditions ; Carbenes ; Nitrones ; Nitrilimines ; Pyrazolines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The reaction of tert-butylalkynyl chromium Fischer carbene complex 1 with nitrones 2 affords β-enamino-ketoaldehydes 4 by the light-promoted rearrangement of the corresponding [3+2] cycloadduct carbene complexes 3. On the other hand, [3+2] cycloaddition of chiral nonracemic Fischer alkenyl carbene complexes 19 with nitrilimines 10 yields enantiomerically pure Δ2-pyrazolines with high regio- and diastereoselectivity.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Zinc ; Transition structures ; QM/MM computations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Trimethylsilyl substitutions of the fenchyl alcohols [(1R,2R,4S)-exo-(2-Ar)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, Ar = 2-methoxyphenyl (1) and Ar = 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl (2)] yield the chiral ligands 3 [Ar = 2-methoxy-3-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl] and 4 [Ar = 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)3-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]. Increased reactivities and enantioselectivities in diethylzinc additions to benzaldehyde are obtained from 3 (63% ee R) and 4 (93% ee S), relative to 1 (26% ee S) and 2 (73% ee S). X-ray crystal structures of 3 and of its methylzinc complex 3-Zn reveal out-of-plane bending of the methoxy groups as major geometrical consequences of the trimethylsilyl substitutions. Analyses of QM/MM ONIOM μ-O transition-structure models for 1, 2, 3, and 4 show that trimethylsilyl-induced distortions of methoxy and of dimethylaminomethyl groups explain the observed increased enantioselectivities.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Palladium ; exo-π-Allylpalladium complexes ; Allylic alkylation ; Spiro compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The palladium(0)-catalyzed alkylation of 2,3-bis(acetoxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene 1 with malonate-type enolates as nucleophiles is investigated. A monoalkylated product is formed first, and undergoes (depending on the nucleophile used) a second intramolecular reaction leading to spirocyclopropane-annulated bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene derivatives 5. The formation of endo spirobicyclic cyclopropanes adducts as major isomer is rationalized by assuming formation of an intermediate exo-(π-allyl)palladium complex.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ketones ; Reductions ; Micelles ; Cobalt ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Operationally simple and environmentally benign procedures have been developed to selectively reduce different α,β-unsaturated ketones, 4,4-dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one (1), isophorone (2), benzylideneacetone (3), chalcone (4) by NaBH4 or by the system NaBH4 + CoCl2. Alternative reaction media to the extensively used MeOH have been explored, and new procedures take advantage of the acceleration and chemoselectivity induced by water or by aqueous micellar solutions. It was possible to selectively and quantitatively afford pure products of 1,2 and of 1,4 reduction as well as the totally reduced compounds (yield and selectivity 〉 90%) by simple changes in the experimental conditions.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: C-Glycosides ; Conformation analysis ; Molecular dynamics ; Selectins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The conformational behavior of the C-glycosyl analogue of sialyl-α-(2→3)-galactose, synthesized as a glycosidase inhibitor, has been studied using a combination of NMR spectroscopy (J and NOE data) and molecular dynamics calculations. The obtained results show that the population distribution of conformers with respect to the orientation about the pseudo-glycosidic linkages is mainly controlled by steric interactions. This is in contrast to findings made for O-glycosides. In these natural compounds, the conformational behavior about the glycosidic linkage Φ is mainly governed by the exo-anomeric effect.
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  • 69
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1815-1820 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Palladium-catalysed couplings ; Palladacycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Chiral C2-symmetric N-benzylazetidines have been conveniently prepared from optically pure anti-1,3-diols without loss of enantiomeric purity. N-Debenzylation led to the corresponding N-unsubstituted azetidines, which were then subjected to palladium-catalysed coupling reactions with aryl bromides to afford chiral N-arylazetidines. (R,R)-N-Benzyl-2,4-dimethylazetidine has been employed in the synthesis of a new cyclopalladated complex, which can be used, for instance, as a chiral recognition agent for phosphorus ligands.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclizations ; Spiro compounds ; Nucleosides ; Isomerizations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Syntheses of the spiro nucleosides 2′-deoxyhydantocidin 3a and its 1′-epimer 3b are described. The newly developed route involves a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation of the phosphonate 16 with the erythrose derivative 15 affording a mixture of six isomers which was fully assigned by NMR spectroscopy. The mixture was directly converted into the final compounds in an efficient base-catalyzed cyclization reaction. A base-catalyzed interconversion between the two isomers was observed.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Heterocycles ; Azeto[1,2-a]-1,5-benzodiazepines ; Cyclizations ; Cycloadditions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The reaction of o-phenylenediamine (4) with one, two or three equivalents of p-substituted 3-dimethylaminopropiophenone hydrochlorides 5a-e was studied. 4-Aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives 6a-e were obtained in good yields, along with the 1:2-adducts 7c-e and the unexpected 1:3-adducts rac-8c-e. The type of adduct formed is determined by the molar ratio of the reactants 4 and 5 and by the nature of the substituent in the para position of the propiophenone 5.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cup-shaped PAHs ; Host-guest compounds ; Host-guest chemistry ; Cyclizations ; Semiempirical calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Cyclotrimerisation of benzo-polycyclic bromostannylalkenes 8a-d with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in THF affords benzotri(benzonorbornadienes) 3a-d as a mixture of the syn and anti isomers. The ratio of syn to anti is close to the 1:3 statistical value in most cases (i.e. in cyclotrimers 3a,b,d), but highly in favour of the anti isomer in 3c, where steric hindrance by the methoxy groups plays an important role in the stereochemistry of the cyclotrimerisation. The substrates for the cyclotrimerisation, i.e. the bromostannyl alkenes 8a-d, were prepared from bromoalkenes 7a-d by treatment with base (LDA) and quenching with trimethyltin chloride. In turn, bromoalkenes 7a-d were prepared from alkenes 5a-d by radical bromination-elimination. The reaction conditions used were designed to minimise Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements that would lead to unwanted bromo isomers. The cup-shaped syn cyclotrimers 3a-d exhibit high electron density within the cavity as determined by AM1 semiempirical calculations of their electrostatic potential surfaces and are valuable substrates for supramolecular chemistry. As an example, it is shown that fullerene C60 is drawn into solution in acetonitrile by complexation with both the syn and anti trimer of benzonorbornadiene 3a.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Enamines ; Metallatrienes ; Cyclopentadienes ; Dihydropyrroles ; spiro-Tetrahydropyrroles ; Iminium carbonylmetalates ; Dimetallapolyenes ; Tungsten ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Reactions of the [(1-alkynyl)carbene]tungsten complex (CO)5W=C(OEt)C≡CPh (1) with 1-aminocyclohexenes 2a-c and 7a-c afford different types of products depending on the amino substituents and the reaction conditions. (4-Aminocyclobutenyl)carbene complexes B have been shown to be generated in the first reaction step through a [2+2] cycloaddition. These are key intermediates and afford cross-conjugated tungstatrienes E, (conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes G, or (non-conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes F by following competing reaction pathways. Cross-conjugated 1-tungstatrienes 3 have been isolated in 52-74% yield by performing the reactions of 1-aminobenzocyclohexenes 2a-c with compound 1 in pentane. In dichloromethane instead of pentane, (conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes 4 are obtained, which subse-quently undergo fragmentation to give cyclopentadienes 6 (by π-cyclization) and dihydropyrroles (by α-cyclization) in a molar ratio dependent on the nature of the amino substituents. (Non-conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes 10 are generated upon reaction of 1-aminocyclohexenes 7a-c with compounds 1, which are transformed into cyclopentadienes 12 via conjugated 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes 9 as intermediates. Reactions of 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes 10 with the (1-alkynyl)carbene complex 1 afford dinuclear compounds 14, which subsequently yield indenes 15 (by two successive π-cyclization steps) and spiro-tetrahydropyrroles 16 (by both a π-cyclization and an α-cyclization step), depending on the steric bulk of the amino substituent.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Allyl alcohols ; Organocerium reagents ; Alkenes ; Addition reactions ; Cerium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Alkylcerium reagents add to the multiple bonds of allyl and propargyl alcohols in good yields and under mild conditions. The double bond can be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride in the presence of cerium trichloride. The regiochemistry of the attack depends on electronic factors.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amidines ; Chiral bases ; N-Acyliminium ions ; Enantioselective catalysis ; Chiral pool ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The synthesis of four enantiopure hydroxyamidines is described. One amidine was obtained from (S)-pyroglutamic acid. Its key step involved the addition of phenylmagnesium bromide to the corresponding ester, affording the tertiary alcohol without detectable racemization. The second amidine was obtained by coupling of an (S)-malic acid derived N-acyliminium ion with β-naphthol. The other amidines were obtained from an (S)-serine-derived imide which was reduced to two diastereomeric lactams that were eventually transformed into the corresponding amidines.
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  • 76
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 155-163 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Macrocycles ; Cyclizations ; Strained compounds ; Ketophosphonate ; Iodoalkyne ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Two strategies have been explored to build the highly strained eleven-membered ring 2, a potential precursor for the biosynthetic key intermediate of the protoilludane family: an intramolecular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination and an intramolecular Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi type-ring closure.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Neutral anion receptor ; Hydrogen bonds ; Urea moieties ; Donor-acceptor systems ; Macrocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The synthesis of macrocyclic and acyclic cleft-like anion receptors in which four hydrogen bond donating urea moieties are present in a preorganized fashion is described. NMR spectroscopy shows the complex formation with H2PO4- and Cl -. Cleft-like receptors bind H2PO4- in a 2:1 guest-host stoichiometry (Ka = 107M-2) in DMSO, whereas Cl - is bound in a 1:1 stoichiometry (Ka = 103M-1). The macrocyclic receptors form a 1:1 complex with H2PO4- (Ka = 103M-1 in DMSO) with a 100-fold selectivity for H2PO4- over Cl -.
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  • 78
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Nucleophilic substitutions ; Azulenes ; Hydroxylation ; Amination ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Hydroxylation of azulenes with tert-butylhydroperoxide proceeds efficiently at the 6-position when the former contain electron-withdrawing substituents in the five-membered ring. Similarly, VNS amination of azulenes proceeds with 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole; its anion, being an active nucleophile, also reacts with unsubstituted azulene. A variety of transformations of 6-hydroxyazulenes, such as substitution of the corresponding sulfonates with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, carbon nucleophiles and halogens, and the Claisen rearrangement of allylic ethers, is reported.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Heterocycles ; Carbohydrates ; Imidazolidines ; Oxazolidines ; Spiro compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Prochiral 1,3-dihydroxyacetone forms racemic oxazolidine- and oxazoline-type spiro[4.4]nonanes upon reactions with potassium (thio)cyanate and cyanamide. In contrast, 1,3-diaminoacetone yields only the corresponding spiro-bisimidazolidinethione under similar conditions together with monocyclic by-products, but the spiro-bisimidazolidinone is accessible by reaction of 1,3-dichloroacetone with urea. The resolution of the racemic spiro-bisoxazolidinethione 2a was achieved by using brucine as the resolving agent.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Homogeneous catalysis ; Palladium ; Acetoxylation ; Acryloxylation ; Addition reactions ; Cyclooctadiene ; Cyclooct-4-enone ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Palladium-catalyzed acryloxylation of several cycloalkenes in the presence of the Pd(OAc)2/p-benzoquinone/MnO2 catalytic system is reported. This oxidation reaction yields allylic acrylates as the sole products through the intermediacy of an η3-allyl complex. However, with 1,5-cyclooctadiene (3), cyclooct-4-enone (4) is the major reaction product. Its formation results from oxidation, which is also observed in the palladium-catalyzed acetoxylation of 3. It has been shown that this is the result of a 1,2-trans addition (acryloxy-palladation), followed by a β-hydride elimination, which yields an enol acrylate or acetate. A second Markovnikov-oriented 1,2-trans-acryloxy-palladation on the latter yields a palladium complex, rearrangement of which gives 4.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; coupling ; N-Substituted amide ; Cyclizations ; Cyclic dipeptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A short synthesis of new, functionalized seven-membered ring cyclic dipeptides is described. After the coupling of N-protected β-amino acids to N-substituted α-amino tert-butyl esters, the protective groups of the terminal functions were removed and the cyclization took place diastereoselectively in the presence of the coupling agent BOP. Amide substitution was found to be effective in promoting the cyclization of linear dipeptides.
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  • 82
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Radical reactions ; Substituent effects ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Dihydropyridines ; Pyrrolines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A set of allene-tethered benzoyloximes (5) has been treated with nBu3SnH. Depending on their substitution pattern, a wide range of compounds has been obtained. If the stannyl radical adds on the allene, the C-centred radical thus formed undergoes either a 5-exo ring closure to give the cyclopentene derivatives 7 or a 6-endo ring closure onto the N atom to give the dihydropyridines 8. If the stannyl radical adds on the benzoyl moiety, an iminyl radical is formed which leads to the 3H-pyrroles 9 and the alkylidene-pyrrolines 10. Steric effects as well as polar effects are the factors governing the reaction course.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99373_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; Configuration determination ; Heterocycles ; Hongoquercin A ; Terpenoids ; Total synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---(±)-Hongoquercin A (1), the racemate of an antibacterial fungal metabolite, has been synthesized starting from geranylacetone (2) and ethyl orsellinate (ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate, 5). The structure (±)-1 has been confirmed by X-ray analysis of its ethyl ester (±)-10. Synthesis of the naturally occurring (+)-hongoquercin A from (-)-sclareol (11) established its configuration as depicted in 1.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Amino sugars ; Protecting groups ; Glycosylations ; Trichloroacetimidates ; Oligosaccharides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The N-DMM-Protected lactosamine derivative 2 was readily transformed into the corresponding glycosyl donor 4 and into acceptor 5. A TMSOTf-catalyzed glycosidation afforded the derived tetrasaccharide 6 which led to glycosyl donor 9. Reaction of 9 with lactose derivative 10 as acceptor gave the desired hexasaccharide 11. Cleavage of all protective groups and N-acetylation afforded the target molecule 1b (lacto-N-neohexaose). Glycosylation of acceptor 10 with donor 4 furnished tetrasaccharide 16 which, employing standard procedures, gave acceptor 18. Glycosylation of 18 with donor 9 furnished, under standard conditions, octasaccharide 19. Cleavage of all protective groups and N-acetylation afforded the target molecule 1c (lacto-N-neooctaose). Both 1b and 1c were obtained in good overall yields.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation ; Asimilobin ; Tetrahydrofuran ring ; Wittig reactions ; Annonaceous acetogenins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The most efficient method for the synthesis of the trans/threo/trans-bis(tetrahydrofuran) (THF) ring unit was established, and the first total synthesis of (-)-asimilobin and its diastereomer was then accomplished in twelve and fourteen steps, respectively, from trans-1,5,9-decatriene, by a convergent route with a Wittig reaction as the key step. By virtue of these synthetic results, the absolute configuration of the bis(THF) unit in naturally occurring asimilobin should be corrected.
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  • 86
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Enynes ; Macrocycles ; Coordination chemistry ; Crown compounds ; Radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The complex molecular structure and interesting activation mechanisms of naturally occurring enediynes have inspired the synthesis of a variety of simpler model systems to mimic their properties. While in most model compounds nucleophilic attack, isomerization or bioreduction are used to activate the unsaturated system for diradical cyclization, some attempts have been made to employ metal-ion coordination for this purpose. Significant enhancement of the thermal reactivity has been achieved by metal-ion induced conformational and electronic changes of suitably substituted enediynes, such as 1, 5, 6, 17 and 18. Enediyne activation by stoichiometric or catalytic formation of vinylidene complexes, such as 22, from terminal alkynes has also been investigated. This paper summarizes recent results pursuing the activation of enediyne diradical cyclization by metal ions.
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 419-423 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The first enantioselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure (-)-wine lactone, (-)-1a, a fragrance constituent of various white wines, and its epimer (+)-1b, was carried out. The key steps are allylic substitution of (±)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl acetate (2) with dimethylmalonate using palladium complexes of phosphanyldihydrooxazol L1 or of the phosphanylcarboxylic acid L2 as catalyst, subsequent decarboxylation, iodolactonization and elimination, furnishing enantiomerically pure bicyclic lactone (+)-7 in 47% overall yield. The diastereoselective introduction of methyl groups by SN2′-type substitution with an organocopper compound and by enolate alkylation gave lactone (-)-1a in 43% overall yield from (+)-7.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Aplykurodins ; Marine steroids ; C-C coupling ; Cyclic peroxides ; Lactonization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An approach to the synthesis of aplykurodins, ichthyotoxic marine lactones, is presented. The carbon framework was derived from vitamin D3 by conversion of the readily accessible allyl alcohol 13 to the protected Grundmann's hydroxy ketone 22 and subsequent introduction of the C2 side chain through a Pd0-promoted coupling. Highly stereoselective hetero Diels-Alder reaction with O21 produced the key intermediate peroxide 25. Functional group transformations, coupled with a series of chemo- and stereoselective reactions, finally resulted in the synthesis of the unnatural analogue 17,18-dihydro-3,9-di-epi-aplykurodinone B (6).
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Zeolites ; Radical ions ; Ring opening ; Electron transfer ; Oxidations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Incorporation of trans-1,2-diphenylcyclopropane (1) and its 3,3-D2-isotopomer into the channels of a redox-active pentasil zeolite (Na-ZSM-5) resulted in the formation of exo,exo-1,3-diphenylallyl radical (2•) and its 2-D1 isotopomer, respectively. This conversion requires oxidation, ring opening, and deprotonation, in an unspecified sequence. The allyl radical 2• is also formed upon incorporation of trans-1,3-diphenylpropene (3). A comparison with the solution photochemistry, in the presence or absence of added base, shows the conversion of 1 into 2• to be a zeolite-specific reaction. Incorporation of arylcyclopropanes 9 (R = H, OCH3) into ZSM-5 generated trans-propenylbenzene radical cations 10•+ (R = H, OCH3); the 2,2-D2 isotopomer of 9 (R = OCH3) gave rise to three different isotopomers of 10•+ (R = OCH3).
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 485-490 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Calixarenes ; Tripodal cryptand ; Extraction abilities ; Cations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The tripodal calixcryptands have been one of the scarcely explored fields in calixarene chemistry due to the difficulties in their preparation. The strategy presented in this paper shows that novel tripodal calixcryptands can be conveniently prepared by directly treacing p-tert-butylcalix[n]arenes (n = 4, 6) with a multi-functional polypode reagent, e.g. 1,1,1-tris(tosyloxyethoxyethoxymethyl)propane or tetrakis(tosyloxyethoxyethoxymethyl)methane, under selected conditions. The first example of 1,2,4-tripodal calix[6]cryptands has been prepared. Novel calix[6]crown and doublecalix[4]arenes were co-prepared. The extraction abilities of these novel calixcryptands toward several alkali metal ions, ammonium and alkylammonium ions are presented.
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 521-525 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Allyl aryl sulfones ; Nitroarenes ; Condensation reaction ; Lewis acids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Allyl aryl sulfones 2 react with aryl nitrocompounds 1 in a DBU/MgCl2 system giving the 4-arylsulfonyl quinolines 3. Some mechanistic aspects of the reaction are discussed. Application of this reaction to the formal total synthesis of the natural product (-)Eupolauramine is described.
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  • 92
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 527-538 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Furans ; Pyrans ; Dihydropyran-2-ylidenes ; Ring closure ; Addition reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---On treatment with base the pentynones 8a-f undergo anionic addition reactions of the resulting enolate species to the alkyne moiety and afford the 2,5-disubstituted furans 10a-f in yields ranging from 10-91%. The proposed mechanism involves the 2-methylene-dihydrofurans 11 as intermediates which tautomerize to yield the observed products. In the case of the α-picolyl derivative 8g both possible enolates 12 and 13 are formed which are subsequently transformed to the products 10g and 14g, respectively. Starting with the hexynones 9a-e an analogous reaction takes place with the formation of the pyran derivatives 15 and 16 in comparable yields. Under the same reaction conditions the n-butyl ketone 9f gives rise to two isomeric compounds, namely the 4H-pyran 16f and the cyclohexenone 17. This result is explained by assuming initial formation of two isomeric enolates which react either by O- or C-attack on the carbon-carbon triple bond.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkylations ; Deaminated AdoHcy ; Decarboxylated AdoHcy ; Mitsunobu reaction ; Nucleosides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---5′-Acetylthio-5′-deoxy-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (8) was directly prepared from commercially available 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (7) and thioacetic acid under Mitsunobu conditions in almost quantitative yield. In situ cleavage of the acetylthio function of 8 followed by coupling with different alkyl bromides proceeded with high yields. Deprotection of the obtained 5′-thionucleosides yielded the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine analogues decarboxylated AdoHcy (11), deaminated AdoHcy (14) and 5′-[3-(cyano)propylthio]-5′-deoxyadenosine (16) in good overall yields. Direct deprotection of the thionucleoside 8 delivered 5′-thio-5′-deoxyadenosine (18) in excellent yield. In addition, binding constants of these AdoHcy analogues and the DNA methyltransferase M·HhaI were determined in a fluorescence assay.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino ketones ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Aziridination ; Copper ; Enols ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A series of acyclic and cyclic enol derivatives 1 has been transformed into the corresponding α-amino-functionalized ketones 2 by means of enantioselective catalytic aziridination with chiral Cu complexes, prepared in situ from [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6 and the optically active ligands 3, by using (N-tosylimino)iodobenzene (PhINTs) as a nitrogen source. The best enantioselectivities (ee values of up to 52%) have been achieved for the electronically deactivated enol acetate 1aδ, but the incorporation of steric bulk and the substitution pattern at the enol double bond do not improve the ee values. The cyclic substrates react considerably less readily (only up to 45% conversion) compared to their acyclic counterparts (complete consumption). A transition structure is suggested for the asymmetric Cu-catalyzed aziridination of the enol acetate 1aδ in the presence of the chiral ligand 3b that could account for the sense of the (R)-configured product 2a.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Porphyrins ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Macrocycles ; Pyrethroids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Esters, N,N-disubstituted amides, and a N-acylurea derived from the enantiopure industrial intermediate (1R)-cis-hemicaronaldehydic acid (or biocartol) are convenient synthons for the preparation of a series of chiroporphyrins by condensation with pyrrole. These chiral meso-tetracyclopropylporphyrins are obtained exclusively as the D2-symmetric α,β,α,β atropisomer, generally in low to moderate yields (2-20%), and in the urea case in excellent yield (60%). Hydrolysis of the urea substituents affords a chiroporphyrin with mono-N-substituted amide groups. 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates that the ester, amide, and urea stereogenic groups sit on the porphyrin close to the metal binding site and restrict substrate or ligand access along a C2-symmetric groove. This structural feature of chiroporphyrins and of their metal complexes is of high potential interest in asymmetric catalysis and chiral recognition.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclophanes ; Molecular recognition ; Molecular shuttles ; Rotaxanes ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Two dumbbell-shaped compounds (8 and 11), each composed of two polyether chains intercepted by a 1,4-dioxybenzene recognition site, terminated by tetraarylmethane-based stoppers, and emanating from a central 9,10- or a 2,6-dioxyanthracene unit, have been synthesized. Two [2]rotaxanes (9 · 4 PF6 and 12 · 4 PF6) have been prepared by interlocking these dumbbell-shaped compounds (8 and 11) with a bipyridinium-based tetracationic cyclophane (15 · 4 PF6) - namely, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). A [3]rotaxane (10 · 8 PF6) incorporating two cyclophane components (15 · 4 PF6) was also obtained when the 9,10-dioxyanthracene-containing dumbbell-shaped compound (8) incorporating two 1,4-dioxybenzene recognition sites was employed. The 1H-NMR spectroscopic investigation of the [2]rotaxanes (9 · 4 PF6 and 12 · 4PF6) revealed that the cyclophane component encircles one of the two 1,4-dioxybenzene recognition sites in the 9,10-dioxyanthracene-containing [2]rotaxane (9 · 4 PF6) and the 2,6-dioxyanthracene unit in the other [2]rotaxane (12 · 4 PF6). These structures have been confirmed by UV/Vis and electrochemical experiments. Comparison with the spectroscopic properties of simple model compounds shows the presence of electronic interactions which lead to (i) the occurrence of very efficient energy transfer processes in the dumbbell-shaped components and (ii) perturbations in the absorption spectra with appearance of two charge-transfer absorption bands and complete luminescence quenching in the [2]rotaxanes. For the 2,6-dioxyanthracene-containing [2]rotaxane (12 · 4 PF6), it has been demonstrated that the cyclophane can be displaced from the dioxyanthracene to the 1,4-dioxybenzene station upon electrochemical oxidation.
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  • 97
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 627-631 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Complex nucleoside ; Antibiotics ; Radicals ; Zn-Cu couple ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Homosinefungin 5, which can be considered as an analogue of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), has been synthesized by means of a sequence in which the key step was the addition of a radical, produced by the simple treatment of an iodide precursor with a zinc-copper couple, to suitably activated olefins.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amide linkage ; Phosphodiester ; Hammerhead ribozyme ; Oligonucleotides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A nucleoside dimer in which the natural phosphodiester bond is replaced by an isosteric amide linkage has been prepared. This dimer analogue was subsequently incorporated chemically at the cleavage position of a hammerhead ribozyme substrate. Although the resulting substrate analogue exhibited a high affinity for the ribozyme as shown by gel retardation assays, the amide bond proved to be fully resistant to cleavage under standard conditions of ribozyme cleavage activity.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Solid-phase synthesis ; Wang resin ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Dihydropyrans ; Reductive reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The OH groups of Wang resin were esterified with benzylidenepyruvic acid (1) to give the immobilized 1-oxabutadiene 2. The latter reacted with vinyl ethers 3a-h (dienophiles) in the presence of Eu(fod)3, and the resulting adducts 4a-h underwent reductive cleavage with LiAlH4 to afford the dihydropyrans 5a-h in high (62 to 100%) overall yields. A similar sequence carried out under conventional homogeneous liquid phase conditions led to significantly lower yields. The endo/exo selectivity of the cycloaddition reaction was the same in both cases.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cationic amphiphiles ; Transfection ; Pyridinium salts ; Vesicles ; Lipoplex ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Pyridinium amphiphiles have found practical use for the delivery of DNA into cells. Starting from 4-methylpyridine, a general synthesis has been devised for the production of pyridinium amphiphiles which allows variation in both the hydrophobic part and in the headgroup area of the compounds. By means of differential scanning microcalorimetry, zeta potential, particle size measurements and cryo electron microscopy, some characteristics of the pyridinium amphiphile/DNA complexes have been determined.
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