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  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • Deutschland
  • Springer  (28)
  • Springer Nature  (10)
  • Boston, MA : Springer  (5)
  • De Gruyter  (3)
  • Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
  • 1
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    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Dieser Open-Access-Sammelband hinterfragt, wie sich internationale Kulturzusammenarbeit zwischen Ländern unterschiedlicher Kultursysteme und -traditionen erreichen lässt. In Deutschland ist Auswärtige Kulturpolitik von dem Gedanken geleitet, dass globale Herausforderungen Multilateralismus erfordern. Im chinesischen Diskurs dagegen finden andere Kernbegriffe wie z.B. „Tianxia“ Verwendung, die im nicht-chinesischen Kontext einer Interpretation bedürfen. Um der Differenz – aber auch den Gemeinsamkeiten – auf den Grund zu gehen, untersuchen Wissenschaftler*innen und Praktiker*innen aus China und Deutschland Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmungen sowie Kooperationen in kulturellen Begegnungen. Auf diese Weise sollen Grundlagen für ein besseres gegenseitiges Verständnis sowie für kulturelle Kooperation zwischen beiden Ländern ermöglicht werden.
    Keywords: Auswärtige Kulturpolitik ; Kulturaustausch ; Forschungszusammenarbeit ; Tianxia ; Deutschland ; Globale Herausforderung ; China ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFS Globalization ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTQ Globalization
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: This volume includes lectures and discussions from the Conference of the Association of German Constitutional Lawyers in Speyer from 7 to 10 October 2015.
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Verfassung ; Rechtsordnung ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LND Constitutional & administrative law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNU Taxation & duties law
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Publication Date: 2022-11-19
    Description: Die Open-Access-Publikation präsentiert umfangreiche empirische Analysen zu Halte- und Bleibeorientierung Geflüchteter und richtet den Blick dabei besonders auf die Situation der ländlichen Regionen Deutschlands. Migrations- und Integrationsforschung in Deutschland war bislang überwiegend auf Großstädte ausgerichtet. Durch den vermehrten Zuzug geflüchteter Menschen seit 2014 sehen sich jedoch auch Kleinstädte und Dörfer in ländlichen Regionen verstärkt mit Aufgaben der Aufnahme und Integration von Geflüchteten konfrontiert. Ziel dieses Buches ist es, empirisch fundiert zu beantworten, unter welchen Voraussetzungen und wie humanitäres Engagement und ländliche Entwicklung erfolgreich verbunden werden können und wie dies von Politik und Zivilgesellschaft positiv beeinflusst werden kann.
    Keywords: Geflüchtete ; Migration ; Migrationspolitik ; Migrationsforschung ; Integration ; Integrationsbereitschaft ; ländliche Räume ; Deutschland ; Mobilität ; lokale Integrations- und Migrationspolitik ; Aufnahmegesellschaft ; Bleibeorientierung ; soziales Wohlbefinden ; German Politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The essential principles of green chemistry are the use of renewable raw materials, highly efficient catalysts and green solvents linked with energy efficiency and process optimization in real-time. Experts from different fields show, how to examine all levels from the molecular elementary steps up to the design and operation of an entire plant for developing novel and efficient production processes.
    Keywords: Process Engineering ; Chemical Engineering ; Technical Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book highlights concepts discussed at two international conferences that brought together world-renowned scientists to advance the science of potassium (K) recommendations for crops. There was general agreement that the potassium recommendations currently in general use are oversimplified, outdated, and jeopardize soil, plant, and human health. Accordingly, this book puts forward a significantly expanded K cycle that more accurately depicts K inputs, losses and transformations in soils. This new cycle serves as both the conceptual basis for the scientific discussions in this book and a framework upon which to build future improvements. Previously used approaches are critically reviewed and assessed, not only for their relevance to future enhancements, but also for their use as metrics of sustainability. An initial effort is made to link K nutrition in crops and K nutrition in humans. The book offers an invaluable asset for graduate students, educators, industry scientists, data scientists, and advanced agronomists.
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Plant Biochemistry ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Applied Ecology ; Soil Science ; Bioavailable Potassium ; Fertilizer Management ; Plant Nutrition ; Potash ; Soil Chemistry ; Sustainability ; Open access ; Agricultural science ; Botany & plant sciences ; Biochemistry ; Sedimentology & pedology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere::RBGB Sedimentology and pedology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNC Applied ecology
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Biochemistry laboratory manual for undergraduates – an inquiry based approach by Gerczei and Pattison is the first textbook on the market that uses a highly relevant model, antibiotic resistance, to teach seminal topics of biochemistry and molecular biology while incorporating the blossoming field of bioinformatics. The novelty of this manual is the incorporation of a student-driven real real-life research project into the undergraduate curriculum. Since students test their own mutant design, even the most experienced students remain engaged with the process, while the less experienced ones get their first taste of biochemistry research. Inclusion of a research project does not entail a limitation: this manual includes all classic biochemistry techniques such as HPLC or enzyme kinetics and is complete with numerous problem sets relating to each topic.
    Keywords: QD415-436 ; Molecular Biology ; Biochemistry ; Laboratory Manual ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. By 2050, human population is expected to reach 9.7 billion. The demand for increased food production needs to be met from ever reducing resources of land, water and other environmental constraints. Rice remains the staple food source for a majority of the global populations, but especially in Asia where ninety percent of rice is grown and consumed. Climate change continues to impose abiotic and biotic stresses that curtail rice quality and yields. Researchers have been challenged to provide innovative solutions to maintain, or even increase, rice production. Amongst them, the ‘green super rice’ breeding strategy has been successful for leading the development and release of multiple abiotic and biotic stress tolerant rice varieties. Recent advances in plant molecular biology and biotechnologies have led to the identification of stress responsive genes and signaling pathways, which open up new paradigms to augment rice productivity. Accordingly, transcription factors, protein kinases and enzymes for generating protective metabolites and proteins all contribute to an intricate network of events that guard and maintain cellular integrity. In addition, various quantitative trait loci associated with elevated stress tolerance have been cloned, resulting in the detection of novel genes for biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Mechanistic understanding of the genetic basis of traits, such as N and P use, is allowing rice researchers to engineer nutrient-efficient rice varieties, which would result in higher yields with lower inputs. Likewise, the research in micronutrients biosynthesis opens doors to genetic engineering of metabolic pathways to enhance micronutrients production. With third generation sequencing techniques on the horizon, exciting progress can be expected to vastly improve molecular markers for gene-trait associations forecast with increasing accuracy. This book emphasizes on the areas of rice science that attempt to overcome the foremost limitations in rice production. Our intention is to highlight research advances in the fields of physiology, molecular breeding and genetics, with a special focus on increasing productivity, improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and nutritional quality of rice. ; Up-to-date contributions by experts from international research centers and universities Provides practical knowledge and strong scientific foundation on rice biotechnology All-in-one resource for current advances in rice breeding Open Access
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Plant Breeding/Biotechnology ; Plant Genetics and Genomics ; Plant Physiology ; Nutrition ; Plant Biotechnology ; Plant Genetics ; Open Access ; Rice Biotechnologies ; Rice Breeding ; biotic stress tolerance ; abiotic stress tolerance ; Submergence tolerance ; Biofortification ; Marker Assisted and Forward Breeding ; disease resistance ; CRISPR/CAS ; Agricultural science ; Botany & plant sciences ; Biotechnology ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book reports on a pilot project aiming at collecting information on the socio-ecological risks that could arise in the event of an uncontrolled spread of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. The researchers will, for instance, be taking a closer look at genetically engineered oilseed rape, genetically engineered olive flies as well as plants and animals with so-called gene drives. The book mainly adresses researchers.
    Keywords: Ecotoxicology ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Management ; Genetically modified organisms ; Socio-ecological risk ; Olive flies ; Environmental spread ; Open Access book ; Environmental science, engineering & technology ; Biochemistry ; Environmental medicine ; Environmental management, ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKV Environmental medicine ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book is the proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Biomineralization (BIOMIN XIV) held in 2017 at Tsukuba. Over the past 45 years, biomineralization research has unveiled details of the characteristics of the nano-structure of various biominerals; the formation mechanism of this nano-structure, including the initial stage of crystallization; and the function of organic matrices in biominerals, and this knowledge has been applied to dental, medical, pharmaceutical, materials, agricultural and environmental sciences and paleontology. As such, biomineralization is an important interdisciplinary research area, and further advances are expected in both fundamental and applied research.
    Keywords: Life sciences ; Biochemistry ; Mineralogy ; Inorganic chemistry ; Cell biology ; Biomaterials ; Dentistry ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKE Dentistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNV Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSF Cellular biology (cytology) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book presents recent advances in the pure sciences that are of significance in the quest for alternatives to the use of animals in research and describes a variety of practical applications of the three key guiding principles for the more ethical use of animals in experiments – replacement, reduction, and refinement, collectively known as the 3Rs. Important examples from across the world of implementation of the 3Rs in the testing of cosmetics, chemicals, pesticides, and biologics, including vaccines, are described, with additional information on relevant regulations. The coverage also encompasses emerging approaches to alternative tests and the 3Rs. The book is based on the most informative contributions delivered at the Asian Congress 2016 on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. It will be of value for those working in R&D, for graduate students, and for educators in various fields, including the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sciences, pharmacology, toxicology, and animal welfare. The free, open access distribution of Alternatives to Animal Testing is enabled by the Creative Commons Attribution license in International version 4: CC BY 4.0.
    Keywords: Medicine ; Pharmacology ; Biochemistry ; Animal welfare ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MZ Veterinary medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the role and potential of microorganisms in the degradation and preservation of cultural materials (e.g. stone, metals, graphic documents, textiles, paintings, glass, etc.). Microorganisms are a major cause of deterioration in cultural artefacts, both in the case of outdoor monuments and archaeological finds. This book covers the microorganisms involved in biodeterioration and control methods used to reduce their impact on cultural artefacts. Additionally, the reader will learn more about how microorganisms can be used for the preservation and protection of cultural artefacts through bio-based and eco-friendly materials. New avenues for developing methods and materials for the conservation of cultural artefacts are discussed, together with concrete advances in terms of sustainability, effectiveness and toxicity, making the book essential reading for anyone interested in microbiology and the preservation of cultural heritage.
    Keywords: Microbiology ; Cultural Heritage ; Microbial Ecology ; Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Enzymology ; Applied Microbiology ; Microbial Genetics ; Industrial Microbiology ; Open Access ; Restoration ; Conservation ; Biodeterioration ; Bioweathering ; Bioremediation ; Biocleaning ; Biotechnology ; Green Chemistry ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Artwork ; Antimicrobial protection ; Biocides ; Microbiology (non-medical) ; Cultural studies ; Social & cultural history ; Ecological science, the Biosphere ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Dieses open access-Buch analysiert den Zusammenhang von Berufsorientierung und politischer Bildung von Jugendlichen. Der Anspruch der Mündigkeitsbildung stellt die Ausgangsposition für die Vorstellungsforschung subjektiver Sinnbilder über die Berufs- und Arbeitswelt von Jugendlichen in der Sekundarstufe I dar. Dabei zeichnen sich Unterschiede in den Vorstellungen entlang der Trennlinien von sozioökonomischem Hintergrund, Herkunft, Geschlecht und Schulform ab. Die empirische Studie liefert wichtige Erkenntnisse zu den Vorstellungen und Handlungsmöglichkeiten von Schüler*innen und hilft zu verstehen, wovon diese abhängen und welche didaktischen Ansätze sich für die Berufsorientierung ableiten lassen.
    Keywords: Berufsorientierung ; Arbeitswelt ; Berufsvorstellungen ; Bildungsvorstellungen ; Jugendliche ; Didaktik der politischen Bildung ; Politische Bildung ; Schule ; Unterricht ; Sekundarstufe I ; Empirische Sozialforschung ; Biografie ; Gesellschaft ; Migrationshintergrund ; Deutschland ; Österreich ; German Politics ; open access ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPB Comparative politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPB Comparative politics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This Open Access volume explains how major nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs) can have implications at local, national and international level. The response to NREs requires a competent decision-making structure, clear communication and effective information exchange. National veterinary services have the responsibility to plan, design and manage animal production system in their countries. These activities cover animal health, animal movement control, production control and improvement, and control of the products of animal origin before their placement on the market. Release of radionuclides after NREs can cause substantial contamination in the animal production systems. Critical responsibility of veterinary authorities is therefore to prevent such contamination, establish early response mechanisms to mitigate the consequences and prevent placement of contaminated products of animal origin on the market for human consumption. This work summarizes the critical technical points for effective management of NREs for national veterinary services.
    Keywords: Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science ; Public Health ; Emergency Services ; Animal Ecology ; Nutrition ; Veterinary Science ; Ecology ; Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies ; Radiological Contamination ; Animal Production Systems ; Disaster Management ; Open Access ; Veterinary medicine ; Public health & preventive medicine ; Accident & emergency medicine ; Zoology & animal sciences ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MZ Veterinary medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health and preventive medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKP Accident and emergency medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Biotechnology ; Chemical engineering ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9780387707921
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    Description / Table of Contents: Advanced Organic Chemistry has maintained its place as the premier textbook in the field, since its first appearance in 1977. It offers broad coverage of the structure, reactivity and synthesis of organic compounds. As in the earlier editions, the text contains extensive references to both the primary and review literature and provides examples of data and reactions that illustrate and document the generalizations. While the text assumes completion of an introductory course in organic chemistry, it reviews the fundamental concepts for each topic. This two-part, fifth edition has been substantially revised and reorganized for greater clarity. The control of reactivity to achieve specific syntheses is one of the overarching goals of organic chemistry. Part B describes the most general and useful synthetic reactions, organized on the basis of reaction type. It can stand-alone; together, with Part A: Structure and Mechanisms, the two volumes provide a comprehensive foundation for the study in organic chemistry.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXX, 1322 Seiten)
    Edition: 5th ed.
    ISBN: 9780387714813
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Keywords: Biomass conversion ; Biotechnology ; Chemical Engineering ; Chemistry industry ; Industrial Chemistry ; Kent ; Riegel ; biochemical engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 1562 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387278438
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Biomedical engineering ; Biotechnology ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Microscopy
    Edition: Third Edition
    ISBN: 9780387463124
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Biotechnology ; Microbiology
    ISBN: 9780387255866
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  • 19
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Microscopy
    ISBN: 9780387276175
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Molecular biology ; Cell biology ; Bioassay ; Analytical chemistry ; Biochemistry ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Significant amounts of endogenous biotin were detected by avidin-peroxidase in fixed rat kidney, liver, and brain. The staining was indistinguishable from the true signals of immunoreactivity and could not be consistently blocked by pretreatment with avidin. The finding that certain neurons in the hippocampus contain more biotin than neurons in other areas of the brain suggests that biotin might have novel functions in the brain other than its well-known role as cofactor of carboxylases. Critical examination of published immunohistochemical localization studies on rat kidney strongly suggests that many false-positive results have been considered as true signals. Interference of endogenous biotin in any study using avidin-biotin technology must be considered if biological tissues are involved. The published data obtained by this method should therefore be reevaluated. Furthermore, appropriate controls, blockers and caution in interpreting results must be exercised, not only in immunohistochemistry but also in any applications of avidin-biotin technology.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 178 (1996), S. 329-336 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Grasshopper ; Sexual behavior ; Spermatophore ; Accessory gland secretion ; Surgical ablations ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the female grasshopper Gomphocerus rufus mating elicits ‘secondary defense’ which makes remating impossible. The behavioral change is caused by the liquid white secretions, proteins of less than 90 kD, which are produced by the white tubuli of the male's accessory glands. Experimental injection of the white secretions directly into the spermathecal duct of receptive virgins provokes ‘secondary defense’ instantly whereas sperm transfer had no such effect. ‘Secondary defense’ is also released by eggs entering the oviducts and excerting pressure against the oviductal walls on their way to oviposition.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gap junction ; Cell junction ; Immunocytochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Heliothis virescens (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Subcellular fractions enriched in gap junctions with an ultrastructure similar to those in intact insect tissue have been obtained by extracting crude membranes from the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with 2.5 mM NaOH. n-Octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (OG) was used to further purify integral membrane proteins in the NaOH-extracted fractions. A polyclonal antibody (R16) is described that specifically labels nonextracted and NaOH-extracted gap junctions in cell fractions by electron microscope immunocytochemistry. R16 immunostaining of sectioned Heliothis testis at the light-microscope level yields a pattern of immunoreactivity consistent with the distribution of gap junctions in the tissue. R16 identifies a 40-kDa protein as a candidate gap junction protein on immunoblots of crude membrane, NaOH-extracted and NaOH/OG-extracted fractions.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: fattyacids ; subcutaneousfat ; nutrition ; trans fattyacids ; atherosclerosis ; Germany ; Fettsäuren ; subkutanes Fettgewebe ; Ernährung ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Atherosklerose ; Deutschland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Fettsäurenkomposition des subkutanen Fettgewebes (SCF) von 47 deutschen Erwachsenen analysiert. Es zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter bzw. Geschlecht der Probanden und dem Fettsäurenstatus. Monoene bildeten den Hauptanteil der Fettsäuren (FA) im SCF. Linolsäure war die wichtigste mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäure. Linolsäuremetaboliten wurden nur in geringen Mengen gefunden. Im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen von Studien in den USA und den Niederlanden ist die FA-Zusammensetzung des SCF bei deutschen Probanden durch geringere Anteile von Linolsäure und höhere Anteile von Palmitinsäure gekennzeichnet. Der Gehalt an trans-FA entspricht dem, der bei Frauen in den Niederlanden gefunden wurde, er ist jedoch deutlich niedriger als bei amerikanischen Männern. In der Beurteilung der Unterschiede in der Fettsäurenkomposition des SCF in verschiedenen Ländern sollte jedoch berücksichtigt werden, daß die Anteile der wichtigsten FA in allen untersuchten Populationen eine große interindividuelle Schwankungsbreite zeigten.
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat (SCF) was analyzed in 47 German adults. No influences of sex or age on the FA status of the probands could be detected. SCF consisted mainly of monoenoic fatty acids. Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid metabolites were found in small quantities only. In comparison to the results of studies in the USA and the Netherlands the FA composition of SCF in German probands was characterized by lower levels of linoleic acid and higher contents of palmitic acid. The trans-FA content was similar to that in Dutch women, but lower than in American male probands. However, in evaluating the differences in the FA composition of SCF in different countries, it has to be noted that there are wide ranges in the proportions of the major FA in all populations studied.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine ; Sodium transport ; Enterocyte ; Plasma membranes ; Stereology ; Biochemistry ; Cytochemistry ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coprodaeum of the domestic hen maintained on a low-NaCl diet adapts by enhanced sodium transport. This study examines the adaptive response at the single cell and whole organ levels. Surface areas of apical (microvillous) and basolateral plasma membranes of columnar absorptive epithelial cells were estimated by use of ultrastructural stereology. The activities of succinic dehydrogenase (a mitochondrial enzyme) and ouabain-sensitive, potassium-dependent paranitrophenyl phosphatase (a sodium pump enzyme) were determined in tissue homogenates. Sodium, potassium-ATPase (pump enzyme) activity in cell membranes was localized by ultrastructural cytochemistry. Apical and basolateral membranes responded differently. In high-NaCl hens, the membrane signature of the average cell was 32 μm2 (apical), 932 μm2 (lateral) and 17 μm2 (basal). Cells from low-NaCl hens had more apical membrane (49 μm2 per cell) but essentially the same area of basolateral membrane. However, total surfaces per organ were greater for all membranes. Sodium pump enzymes were localized in basolateral membranes. Enzyme activities per unit mitochondrial volume and per unit basolateral membrane surface were higher in low-NaCl birds. These findings are discussed in the context of known mechanisms of transcellular sodium transport via apical ion channels and basolateral pumps.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Histamine ; Biochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Retina ; Photoreceptors ; Paraboloid ; Turtle, Pseudemys scripta (Chelonia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combination of immunocytochemical and biochemical methods was used to study histamine in the turtle retina. Histamine-like immunoreactivity was localized within paraboloids of certain cone photoreceptors by use of two different antisera directed against histamine. Preincubation of eyecups in Ringer's containing 10 μM histamine selectively increased the immunoreactivity of these photoreceptor paraboloids. The present localization of histamine in paraboloids indicated that, although histamine is in photoreceptors of the turtle retina, it may play some metabolic or neuromodulatory role, and not function as a neurotransmitter.
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  • 26
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    Pharmacy world & science 14 (1992), S. 297-304 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Didanosine ; Drug evaluation ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacology ; Side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this article the literature about didanosine, an antiretroviral drug, is reviewed. The mechanism of action, biochemical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical results of phase-I trials are discussed. Serious adverse effects such as pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy have occurred in these trials. An antiretroviral effect was observed in terms of an increase in CD4+ lymphocytes and a decrease in p24 antigen levels in HIV-infected individuals. Didanosine seems to be a promising drug against HIV infection, but knowledge about its clinical efficacy is scanty.
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  • 27
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    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Antineoplastic agents ; Biochemistry ; Cytotoxicity ; Oxidation-reduction ; Quinones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quinones can be metabolized by various routes: substitution or reductive addition with nucleophilic compounds (mainly glutathione and protein thiol groups), one-electron reduction (mainly by NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase) and two-electron reduction (by D,T-diaphorase). During reduction semiquinone radicals and hydroquinones are formed, which can transfer electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates and back-formation of the parent quinone (redox cycling). Reaction of semiquinones and reactive oxygen intermediates with DNA and other macromolecules can lead to acute cytotoxicity and/or to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The enhanced DNA-alkylating properties of certain hydroquinones are exploited in the bioreductive alkylating quinones. Acute cytotoxicity of quinones appears to be related to glutathione depletion and to interaction with mitochondria and subsequent disturbance of cellular energy homoeostasis and calcium homoeostasis. These effects can to a certain extent be predicted from the electron-withdrawing and electron-donating effects of the substituents on the quinone nucleus of the molecule. Prediction of cytostatic potential remains much more complicated, because reduction of the quinones and the reactivity of the reduction products with DNA are modulated by the prevailing oxygen tension and by the prevalence of reducing enzymes in tumour cells.
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  • 28
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    Journal of comparative physiology 160 (1990), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Histology ; Biochemistry ; Muscle physiology ; Hibernations ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fiber composition, and glycolytic and oxidative capacities of the pectoralis, gastrocnemius, and cardiac muscles from active and hibernating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) was studied. The data were used to test two hypotheses: First, since hibernating bats maintain the capability of flight and make use of leg muscles to maintain a roosting position all winter, the fiber composition of the pectoralis and gastrocnemius muscles should not change with season. Second, we tested the hypothesis of Ianuzzo et al. (in press), who propose that the oxidative potential of mammalian cardiac muscle should increase with increasing heart rate while glycolytic potential should not. Our results indicate that the fiber composition of the pectoralis muscle was uniformly fast-twitch oxidative (FO)_ regardless of the time of year, as predicted. However, the gastrocnemius muscle exhibited a change in FO composition from 83% in active to 61% in hibernating animals. Contrary to the variable change in histochemical properties with metabolic state, a trend of reduced maximal oxidative (CS) and glycolytic (PFK) potential during hibernation in both flight and leg muscles was apparent. The oxidative potential of flight and leg muscles decreased by 15.2% and 56.5%, respectively, while the glycolytic potential of the same muscles decreased by 23.5% and 60.5%, respectively. As predicted, the glycolytic potential of cardiac muscle remained constant between active and hibernating bats, although there was a significant decrease (22.0%) in oxidative potential during hibernation.
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  • 29
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    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 146-150 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Agonists ; Antagonists ; Biochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Ligands ; Pharmacology ; Receptors, histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of histamine in brain function is discussed. A brief review is presented on the three types of histamine receptors with regard to their biochemistry and functions, as well as on specific ligands, both agonists and antagonists. It is concluded that several aspects of the pharmacology of histamine in the central nervous system are still a matter of empirism and speculations. The recent publications on the brain-penetrating H2 antagonist zolantidine and the selective H3 agonists and antagonists are expected to contribute to the knowledge of the histaminergic pathways in the brain. Therapeutical areas within the central nervous system are related to behaviour (including wake-sleep), neuroendocrinal processes, the control of muscle activity and cerebral circulation.
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  • 30
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    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Clofazimine ; Dapsone ; Ethionamide ; Isoniazide ; Mechanism of action ; Mycobacterium leprae ; Prothionamide ; Quinolones ; Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors ; Rifampicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From a pharmacochemical point of view the existing anti-leprotics as well as possible innovations in the chemotherapy of leprosy are discussed. Of the main anti-leprotics, which are used nowadays — dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine, isoniazide, ethionamide and prothionamide — the mechanism of action, the main problems in their application and possibilities to develop improved variants are reviewed. Based on the chemistry ofMycobacterium leprae, the target systems for new anti-leprotics are identified. These systems include the cell wall, the catabolism of reactive oxygen species, the metabolisms of carbon sources, the amino acid metabolism and the uptake of iron. Two possible new lead structures from other fields, 4-quinolones and mycobacterial ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are presented.
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  • 31
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-06-03
    Description: research
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Sickerwasser ; Sickerwasser Nitrate ; Nitrate ; Landwirtschaft Deutschland ; Nitratbelastung ; Deutschland
    Language: German
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  • 32
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    Pharmacy world & science 8 (1986), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Pharmacology ; Receptors, adrenergic, beta ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Developments in the receptor concept have greatly influenced our current knowledge of the beta-adrenoceptor. The triad of pharmacology, organic chemistry and studies in structure-activity relationships is discussed along historical lines, as it has been and still is an impetus for progress in the biochemistry of ligand-receptor interactions. With respect to the beta-adrenoceptor complex these advances which have led to a model in which three protein structures are functionally interacting within the frame of the cell wall: the beta-adrenoceptor, the regulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein, and the enzyme adenylate cyclase, are reviewed.
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  • 33
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    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 140-151 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Cytochemistry ; Glomus epigaeum ; Spore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cell wall of the spore ofGlomus epigaeum Daniels and Trappe, which has fibrillar subunits regularly arranged in arcs, was studied ultrastructurally and biochemically. The periodic acid/thiocarbohydrazide/silver proteinate (PATAg) reaction for polysaccharide location (Thiéry 1967) and the silver methenamine reaction for protein location (Swift 1968) were performed on whole spores, progressively alkaline-extracted and autoclaved spores, and untreated and alkaline-extracted cell wall fractions. The cytochemical results and those obtained from frozen sections indicated that the fibrils forming the main structure of the outer and inner wall consist of chitin. Quantitative determinations showed that chitin is the most important component (47%) of the alkali-insoluble residue and represents 27.2% of the whole cell wall fraction. It occurs predominantly as the acetylated form. Cytochemical and biochemical observations showed that the matrix surrounding the fibrils is made of alkali-soluble, PATAg positive polysaccharides (4.98% of the whole cell wall fraction). Monomers were identified by gas liquid chromatography as being γ-lactone of glucuronic acid, and glucose, rhamnose and mannose. Alkali-soluble proteins are an important part of the matrix, being spread mostly throughout the inner wall and constituting a large portion (55.1 %) of the alkali-soluble fraction. From the results we derive a model in which the chemical components are interconnected to build up a macromolecular network, in agreement with electron-microscopic observations.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Insect midgut ; Lipid absorption ; Cytology ; Biochemistry ; Radioactive oleic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Voluntary uptake of triolein, margarine, and lipid-rich natural food (Tubifex) by fasting dragonfly larvae (Aeshna cyanea) led to heavy accumulations of lipid absorption droplets in the enterocytes within 2 days, while subsequent lipid clearance of the midgut epithelium took several weeks depending on the ingested lipid load. No endocytotic lipid uptake was observed after application of a molecular-dispersed fat dye. The smallest lipid droplets first appeared in the subapical groundplasm of the enterocytes and showed a reversible increase in size on their way towards the base. Lipid droplets were also observed at appropriate intervals after oral administration of oleic acid, after feeding margarine in the cold, and after injection of triolein into the isolated midgut. Comparative biochemical analysis after triolein feeding evidenced release of lipase and hydrolytic liberation of FA from TG in the midgut lumen, as well as time-dependent accumulations of TG in the midgut epithelium and of DG in the hemolymph. Oral injection of [14C] oleic acid was followed by its rapid absorption into the midgut epithelium, where it was utilized for the synthesis of MG and esterification to DG and TG. Discharge of radioactive lipid into the hemolymph occurred in the form of FA and DG, while the rectal fat body showed approximately equal labeling of the FA, DG, and TG fractions.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chimiotaxonomy ; Fungus wall ; Taphrina deformans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glucose is the main component of the cell wall of the yeast form of Taphrina deformans. On the other hand the glucosamine content is very low (less than 1%). Other sugars are mannose, galactose and rhamnose; their content depends on the age of the cultures. The protein content is less than 5% and lipids less than 2%. Most of the isolated cell wall is alkalisoluble: the insoluble fraction is less than 8% of the total wall. Three polysaccharides have been detected: an α-glucan containing mostly α(1→3) and perhaps a few α(1→4) glycosidic linkages, a β-glucan containing β(1→3) and β(1→6) linkages, and a heteropolysaccharide fraction containing mannose, galactose and rhamnose. Chitin, if present, forms no more than 2‰ of the total wall. The biochemical characteristics of the cell wall of the yeast form of T. deformans distinguish it from that of filamentous Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes and also of most of the yeasts. It is with the Schizosaccharomyces wall that they have the most features in common.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colchicine ; Human enterocyte ; Glycoprotein transport ; Autoradiography ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of colchicine on the intracellular transport of 3H-fucose-labelled glycoproteins in the absorptive cells of cultured biopsy specimens of the human intestine was investigated by light- and electron-microscopical autoradiography and by biochemical methods. The results showed a decrease in the radioactivity of the cell coat on the microvilli and an increase in the Golgi apparatus and in the apical vesicles and tubules. This divergence is attributed to a colchicine-induced impairment of the normal transport of cell-coat glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus, via the apical vesicles and tubules, to the apex of the cell. The radioactivity of the lysosome-like bodies in the absorptive cells cultured with colchicine also increased. This finding supports a crinophagic function of these organelles in the degradation of excess cell-coat material. The investigations were supported in part by the Foundation for Medical Research (FUNGO), which is subsidized by the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 159-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicles ; Proliferation ; Autoradiography ; Biochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) methylester (100 mg/kg body weight) results in an activation of the lysosomal system of the secretory cells in the rat seminal vesicle and an elevation of the activities of lysosomal enzymes within 15 min following the injection. Large autophagic vacuoles are formed, sequestering rough endoplasmic reticulum and part of the Golgi apparatus within 2 h. Shortly after the activation of the lysosomal system an elevation of both DNA and protein synthesis is measured biochemically. 6 h subsequent to the injection a wave of mitoses of the secretory cells begins, reaching a maximum 6 h later and then declining within 3 h. About 12 h following the injection a second rise in lysosomal activity begins, declining within 24 h. The entire sequence of lysosomal and proliferative activities is inhibited in antiandrogen-pretreated rats. Deduced from these findings the following hypothesis of growth regulation of the accessory sex glands is advanced: enhanced loss of intracellular material during autophagocytosis diminishes the intracellular concentration of a substance curtailing cell division below its effective threshold resulting in division of the secretory cells. The prerequisites of this mechanism are (i) a sufficient distributive capacity of the stroma for hormones (androgens) and metabolic precursors, and (ii) sufficient capacity of the basal cells for transporting the precursors to the secretory cells. Sloughing of the secretory cells separates them from these auxiliary structures (stroma and basal cells) and enables the basal cells to divide.
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  • 38
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    Parasitology research 62 (1980), S. 85-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Nematodes ; Filariae ; Setaria cervi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The microfilariae and adults ofSetaria cervi, a filarial parasite of Indian water-buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) and of other ruminants were analysed for various biochemical constituents. Both stages of the parasite were rich in protein, carbohydrate, and lipids while nucleic acids were detectable in only small amounts. Microfilariae and adults contained 10 and 25% dry matter, 57.4 and 63.0% protein, 8.9 and 14.8% carbohydrate, and 12.8 and 9.2% lipid, respectively. Reducing sugars accounted for 52 and 67% respectively of the total carbohydrate in these two stages. Glycogen accounted for 95% of total carbohydrate in the cold PCA soluble fraction of adult worms while its concentration in microfilariae was very low. Glucose was the main constitutent of reducing sugars while concentrations of fructose were very low. Microfilariae contained more lipids, nucleic acids, mucopolysaccharides, and total phosphorus than adults. The phospholipid percentage was higher in microfilariae than in adults. The amino acid pattern of both stages was very similar.
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  • 39
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel-cementum-morphology ; Immunocytochemistry ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The continuously erupting rabbit incisor tooth is normally thought of as having an enamel covered “crown” on its labial surface and a cementum covered “root” on its lingual surface. We have examined both surfaces of continuously erupting rabbit incisor teeth taken from near term embryos by a variety of means, including transmission and scanning electron microscopy, biochemical fractionation, and immunohistochemistry. In all cases, we could detect no qualitative difference in the early extracellular matrices taken from the labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth. Both matrices were shown to be composed of dentin and enamel, although the thickness and geometry of the enamel matrix on the lingual surface was somewhat different from that on the labial surface.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 193-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Planaria ; Starvation ; Fine structure ; Biochemistry ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Employing a combination of microscopical, biochemical and autoradiographic techniques, the primary effects of starvation on adult Polycelis tenuis have been studied. Over a five week period of starvation there is on average a 32% decrease in the size of the organism. This decrease is contributed to by a reduction in mitosis and an increase in cell shrinkage autolysis and death. During starvation (following a sharp rise in RNA synthesis) there is a distinct sequence of events; four peaks of acid phosphatase activity can be resolved. The first is associated with the immediate response of the gastrodermis to feeding; the second (after 6 to 7 days) with increased autophagy and dedifferentiation in the gland cells and with muscle lysis; the third peak (after 14 to 15 days) is contributed to largely by the lysis of cells in the gut and the fourth peak (after 25 to 26 days) is caused by an extensive lysis of the reproductive system. Fine structural changes involving increased intracellular vacuolation, autophagy, crinophagy, atrophy of muscle, increased intercellular space and loss of basement membrane matrix have been related to changes in enzyme pattern. Nerve cells appear unchanged throughout the first five weeks of starvation. Pigment and gland cells loose their characteristic granules, dedifferentiate and become morphologically similar to the undifferentiated neoblasts. Dedifferentiation and the mechanisms involved in the survival of starvation are discussed.
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  • 41
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: research
    Keywords: Humus ; Bodenanalyse ; Basalt ; Ausgangsgestein ; Braunerde ; Türkei ; Deutschland
    Language: German
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory tract (eel) ; Transport of hormones ; Arginine-vasotocin ; Ichthyotocin ; Biochemistry ; light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude pharmacologique et histologique des transformations enregistrées le long du tractus neurosécrétoire est réalisée chez l'anguille européenne après hypophysectomie totale. Les animaux, sacrifiés entre 8 jours et 150 jours après hypophysectomie, sont d'abord examinés sur le plan quantitatif en suivant le devenir de l'arginine-vasotocine et de l'istotocine dans les parties antérieure (noyau préoptique) et caudale du tractus neurosécrétoire. L'étude est ensuite effectuée sur un plan qualitatif, en suivant, pour les mêmes territoires et les mêmes périodes de temps, les transformations notées pour le neurosécrétat. Les résultats obtenus au moyen de ces deux techniques d'investigation sont comparés. 1. Sur le plan quantitatif, l'expérience montre que l'évolution de l'arginine-vasotocine est différente de celle de l'isotocine, et qu'une distinction peut être faite entre les parties antérieure et caudale du tractus neurosécrétoire. En règle générale, et particuhèrement pour le premier peptide, lorsqu'il y a chute de concentration au niveau préoptique il y a augmentation de concentration dans la partie caudale, ce qui permet de traduire le cheminement des hormones. 2. L'expérience montre également que les hormones sont toujours présentes, mais subissent des chutes de concentration très importantes. 3. Le contrôle histologique confirme les résultats précédents, et montre des variations importantes dans la quantité et la colorabilité du neurosécrétat.
    Notes: Summary A pharmacological and histological study of the transformations of the neurosecretory material observed along the neurosecretory tract of the hypophysectomized eel has been performed. The animals, sacrificed within a period of 8 to 150 days after hypophysectomy, have been first examined on a quantitative level by registrating the concentration of arginine-vasotocin and ichthyotocin in the anterior (preoptic nucleus) and caudal parts of the neurosecretory tract. The study was then transferred to a qualitative level for the same regions and post-operative times, to follow up the transformations of the neurosecretory material. The results obtained with these two approaches of investigation are compared. 1. On the quantitative level, the experiments showed that the arginine-vasotocin behaves differently if compared with ichthyotocin, and that a difference exists between the anterior and caudal parts of the neurosecretory tract. In general, a decrease of concentration in the preoptic nucleus is followed by an increase of concentration in the caudal part. This is particularly obvious in the case of the arginine-vasotocin. This result speaks in favour of the transport of hormones along the neurosecretory tract. 2. The experiment showed also that the hormones are always present, but show an important decrease in concentration. 3. The histological control confirmed the pharmacological results, showing great variations of the quantity and stainability of the neurosecretory material.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine, Lampetra fluviatilis ; Serotonin-, dopamine-, noradrenaline-containing neurons ; Identification by histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoamine-containing neurons in the gut of Lampetra fluviatilis are characterized by histochemical, electron microscopical and biochemical methods. Strongly yellow fluorescent, probably serotonin-containing intrinsic neurons are found along the entire length of the intestine. Their processes aggregate to form large bundles of mainly non-terminal axons, constituting a subepithelial fibre plexus. This subepithelial, ganglion cell comprising plexus is connected to a wide-meshed subserosal plexus which has ganglion cells of different size and few varicose, single axons. Intermingled with both plexus there occur — in the anterior and middle but not in the preanal portion of the lamprey intestine — scattered green fluorescent intrinsic perikarya, emanating faintly green fluorescent, poorly varicosed axons. The formaldehyde-induced neuronal fluorophores conform to serotonin (yellow fluorescent compound), noradrenaline, and dopamine (green fluorescent substance), as revealed in microspectrofluorimetric recordings. The electron microscopical analysis of the yellow fluorescent intrinsic neurons in the terminal hindgut shows nerve cell pericarya and axons equipped with a typical population of occasional small granular and many large granular vesicles (750–1600 Å). The number and opacity of cores of the small and the osmiophilia of the cores of the large granular vesicles are significantly increased following short-term treatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Long-term treatment with 5,6- or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine provokes severe signs of ultrastructure impairment and eventual degeneration in the supposed serotonin-containing axons, besides indications of piling-up of organelles in the non-terminal axons due to arrest of axonal transport. Chromatography of acid extracts from the lamprey intestine, gills and kidney reveals the presence of serotonin (besides another unidentified indoleamine) and dopamine and noradrenaline in the gut, but only dopamine in the brain. The detection of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine in the lamprey gut is confirmed by chemical determinations. The occurrence of intrinsic serotonin-, noradrenaline- and dopamine-containing neurons in the gut of Lampetra fluviatilis deviates from the established pattern of innervation of the vertebrate intestine and is considered to be a remnant of an autonomic innervation principle common in invertebrates.
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 365-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Forestomach epithelium ; Goat ; ATPases ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Epithel der drei Vormägen der Ziege wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über den Nachweis der Mg++-, (Mg++-Na+-K+)- und der Ca++-aktivierbaren ATPasen durchgeführt. Bereits an lichtmikroskopischen Präparaten wurde festgestellt, daß sich deutliche Unterschiede in der Enzymaktivität der Mg++- und Ca++ stimulierbaren ATPasen sowohl für die einzelnen Epithelschichten als auch für die verschiedenen Bereiche der Vormägen nachweisen lassen; die tiefen Epithellagen reagieren stets stärker als die oberflächlichen. Ferner ist die in hohem Maße von der Inkubationszeit abhängige Reaktionsstärke im Epithel des Blättermagens größer als in der Lamina epithelialis des Netzmagens und vor allem in jener des Pansens. Bei dem elektronenmikroskopisch geführten Nachweis der ATPasen zeigt sich, daß die Reaktionsprodukte an der Außenseite der Zellmembranen liegen. Frei von Niederschlägen sind alle Zellmembranabschnitte, die sich an der Bildung der Desmosomen und Halbdesmosomen beteiligen sowie die basalen Abschnitte der Basalzellen. Im Hinblick auf die Verteilung und feinstrukturelle Lokalisation konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Mg++-, Ca++- und (Mg++-Na+-K+)-aktivierbaren ATPasen beobachtet werden. In Anlehnung an die Methode nach Coleman u.a. (1967) wurden Zellmembranen von Pansenepithelzellen isoliert und an diesen biochemische Enzymbestimmungen durchgeführt. Die Ausbeute der gewonnenen Zellmembranen betrug, gemessen anhand der 5′-Nukleotidase, dem Leitenzym für Plasmamembranen, gegenüber dem eingesetzten Gesamthomogenat 0,3%. Die mit diesem Verfahren durchgeführten biochemischen Enzymbestimmungen erbrachten den Nachweis, daß in den Plasmamembranen der Pansenepithelzellen neben der Mg++- und Ca++-aktivierbaren auch eine (Na+-K+)-abhängige Transport-ATPase vorkommt.
    Notes: Summary Light- and electron microscopical studies were carried out to demonstrate ATPases activated by Mg++, by (Mg++-Na+-K+), and by Ca++. Histological sections showed clear differences of the activity of Mg++- and Ca++-stimulated ATPases in the light microscope in different layers of the epithelium as well as in different areas of the forestomach. The deeper layers reacted more intensely than the superficial ones. The intensity of the reaction (which depends on incubation time) in the omasal epithelium was stronger than in the lamina epithelialis of the reticulum and much stronger than in the lamina epithelialis of the rumen. In the electron microscope, the reaction products of the ATPase appeared on the outer surface of cell membranes (plasmalemmata). No deposits of the reaction products were observed on those areas of the cell membranes, which are involved in the formation of desmosomes and semidesmosomes. The basal parts of the basal cells were also free from reaction products. As for the distribution and ultrastructural localisation of the deposits, no differences were observed among the ATPase stimulated by Mg++, (Mg++-Na+-K+), and Ca++. Using the technique of Coleman et al. (1967), the cell membranes of ruminal epithelium were isolated. Biochemical assays of the enzymes were carried out. The quantity of cell membranes obtained was 0.3% of the whole homogenate, when compared with 5′-nucleotidase, which is the typical enzyme of plasmalemmata. The biochemical enzyme assays showed that, besides Mg++- and Ca++-dependent ATPases, a (Na+-K+)-dependent transport ATPase exists in the cell membranes of ruminal epithelial cells.
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