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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology  (27)
  • 04.06. Seismology  (25)
  • 04.04. Geology
  • Antarctic bacterioplankton
  • INGV  (46)
  • Wiley  (8)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Nature Publishing Group
Collection
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: The seismic monitoring of the national territory and of the EuroMediterranean area makes use of the velocimetric, accelerometric and GPS (geodetic) data acquired by the stations of the National Seismic Network, by the RING Network and by the MedNet Network. As part of the FISR 2017 project “Integrated operating rooms and monitoring networks for the future: INGV 2.0” (2017), sensors capable of detecting both geophysical and geochemical parameters at the same time are being integrated. This technical report describes the integration of a Rn222 sensor (radon hereafter). Over the past few decades radon has found a variety of Earth Science applications, ranging from its use as a potential earthquake precursor and tectonic stress indicator to its specific role in volcanic environments, where significant changes in concentration previous or concomitant to eruptive crises are also induced by volcanic gases, CO 2 for example, which act as carriers accelerating the migration of radon through the earth’s crust and therefore its detection. In order to explore the possibility of a link between seismogenic processes and temporal variability of radon emissions, a permanent national network has been created, IRON (Italian Radon mOnitoring Network), which uses both commercial radon instruments, equipped with a proprietary system for data storage, transmission and consultation, and INGV sensors that need an interface to acquire and make data available remotely. A hardware and software interface has therefore been designed, built and tested capable of i) counting and storing the pulses in TTL format generated by the instrument which measures the 8 radon concentration in air, ii) being connected to a router for sending the acquired data to a server. A service (syncproc) was also created in PHP to query remote stations at regular intervals and collect the acquired data intended to populate a database created with MariaDB. An expressly created website allows to extract the stored data from the database and configure each installed sensor. The various software elements have been designed using open source resources.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-18
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Radon ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Over the years, seismic anisotropy characterization has become one of the most popular methods to study and understand the Earth’s deep structures. Starting from more than 20 years ago, considerable progress has been made to map the anisotropic structure beneath Italy and the Central Mediterranean area. In particular, several past and current international projects (such as RETREAT, CAT/SCAN, CIFALPS, CIFALPS-2, AlpArray) focused on retrieving the anisotropic structure beneath Italy and surrounding regions, promoting advances in the knowledge of geological and geodynamical setting of this intriguing area. All of these studies aimed at a better understanding the complex and active geodynamic evolution of both the active and remnant subduction systems characterising this region and the associated Apennines, Alps and Dinaric belts, together with the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian basins. The presence of dense high-quality seismic networks, permanently run by INGV and other institutions, and temporary seismic stations deployed in the framework of international projects, the improvements in data processing and the use of several and even more sophisticated methods proposed to quantify the anisotropy, allowed to collect a huge amount of anisotropic parameters. Here a collection of all measurements done on core refracted phases are shown and used as a measure of mantle deformation and interpreted into geodynamic models. Images of anisotropy identify well-developed mantle flows around the sinking European and Adriatic slabs, recognised by tomographic studies. Slab retreat and related mantle flow are interpreted as the main driving mechanism of the Central Mediterranean geodynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE215
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic Anisotropy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: A catalogue of precisely located micro-seismicity is fundamental for investigating seismicity and rock physical properties in active tectonic and volcanic regions and for the definition of a ‘baseline’ seismicity, required for a safe future exploitation of georesource areas. In this study, we produce the first manually revised catalogue of micro-seismicity for Co. Donegal region (Ireland), an area of about 50K M2 of on-going deformation, aimed at localizing natural micro-seismic events occurred between 2012 and 2015. We develop a stochastic method based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) sampling approach to compute earthquake hypocentral location parameters. Our results indicates that micro-seismicity is present with magnitudes lower than 2 (the highest magnitude is 2.8).The recorded seismicity is almost clustered along previously mapped NE-SW trending, steeply dipping faults and confined within the upper crust (focal depth less than 10 km). We also recorded anthropogenic seismicity mostly related to quarries' activity in the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 62-76
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Exist­-fdsn-­station is an open source software that implements the standard fdsnws/station web service, integrating the application into a native XML database containing seismic stations metadata in the StationXML file format. Through its HTTP Application Programming Interface, extended with the PUT method for writing, this software can be used as a RESTful microservice. The software is publicly available and licensed under a General Public License. This manual describes all the operational phases, from installation to distribution in a production environment, for using exist-­fdsn-­station to store a set of StationXML files and exposing them efficiently with a standard fdsnws/station webservice.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-28
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: FDSN Station webservice ; XML based database ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Nel 2018 è stato avviato il progetto FOCUS - Fiber Optic Cable Use For Seafloor Studies Of Earthquake - coordinato da Marc-André Gutscher del Laboratoire Géosciences Océan dell’Università di Brest, in Francia. Questo progetto indaga la sismicità e la struttura crostale del Mar Ionio attraverso l’analisi e l’interpretazione di dati raccolti da strumentazione sottomarina e da reti di monitoraggio disponibili o appositamente installate nelle zone di costa. In tale contesto, l’Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti (ONT) e l’Osservatorio Etneo (OE), entrambe Sezioni dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), e il Laboratorio di Sismologia dell'Università della Calabria (UniCal), hanno contribuito al progetto con l’installazione di una rete sismica temporanea lungo la costa ionica calabro-siciliana a integrazione della rete permanente presente nell’area dello Stretto di Messina. La rete temporanea, costituita da 13 stazioni, ha acquisito dal mese di dicembre 2021 al mese di giugno 2023. Nel gennaio 2022, i partner internazionali del progetto FOCUS hanno installato una rete temporanea di sismometri OBS e sensori di pressione per fondali marini. La grande quantità di dati raccolta e la loro integrazione, consentirà di migliorare il monitoraggio sismico e le conoscenze relative alla struttura terrestre dell’area con particolare attenzione alle strutture sismogenetiche con un dettaglio mai raggiunto fino a ora. Tutte le istituzioni coinvolte in FOCUS collaborano per l’acquisizione e l’elaborazione dei dati, l’imaging dell’interno della Terra attraverso l’utilizzo di tecniche avanzate, l’interpretazione e la modellazione dei dati. Il presente lavoro descrive la progettazione, la realizzazione e la gestione della rete temporanea a terra definita FXland, fornendo indicazioni relative sul suo generale funzionamento e sulle caratteristiche del dataset acquisito.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-26
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Progetto FOCUS ; Reti sismiche temporanee ; Sismicità ; FOCUS project ; Temporary seismic networks ; Seismicity ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The “Giornata ONT 2023” arises from the will to let know within INGV how many activities do people from the Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti (ONT), and how strong is their contribution to the INGV missions: Research, Services, Education, Communication. In the nearly seven years of the current management the ONT has experienced a continuous evolutionary, sometimes complex, path. But it is always a straight path to pursue the objective of a continuous growth of the ONT. During these years the ONT has changed its name (from Centro Nazionale Terremoti – CNT, to ONT); it has experienced the coming out of some employees that moved to create the Irpinia new Section; it has lived the novelty of incoming people (example from the Centro Allerta Tsunami). It has also faced the need to overcome the limitations due to the worldwide pandemic emergency COVID19, either for the h24 services or for the research activities. Therefore in 2020 and 2021 we have only remotely attended the ONT days. The drive to be “in presenza” comes from this latter issue. We strongly want to meet, to talk face to face, to “Welcome” the young colleagues who are the injection of new ideas and perspectives, that are the necessary fuel to evolve the knowledge. As a matter of fact it emerges from the DNA of the ONT, i.e. the inclusiveness and the multidisciplinarity. This latter is widely testified by the ONT activities that are shared among the three Departments and their strategic objectives. The agenda of the “Giornata ONT 2023” has specifically emphasized the variety of the technical and scientific contents, that for sake of simplicity have been collected in the following themes: • Infrastructures, Data­Sharing and Laboratories • Analysis, Modelling, Interpretation of Geophysical Phenomena • National and International Projects (Research Results and Products from Completed Projects; Ongoing Projects) • Society ­ Communication, Dissemination, Emergency Management • Seismic Surveillance And Tsunami Warning Overall, the contributions have been 100, most of which are posters (77) and the remaining (23) in different exhibit formats. The wide interest about the proposed contents and the positive feedback from the attendance, pushed the decision to collect and publish the contributions in a Miscellanea INGV, where the documents can be easily found. And we are finally ready to make the Miscellanea available to the reader. I would warmly thank the Authors for their enthusiastic acceptance to contribute, the Conveners of the “Giornata ONT 2023” Sessions for their availability to organise and manage the submitted poster/exhibits, the Editorial Board members for their hidden work that led to this Miscellanea. In conclusion, let me spend a few words about my personal journey as Director of the ONT. After 2504 days it has come to an end and the “Giornata ONT 2023” and the Miscellanea are, somehow, the cherry on top. It is really difficult to say “Thanks” one by one to the people who helped me along this complex and long path. So, please, let me simply say Grazie a tutti voi! Salvatore Stramondo - Director ONT (2017-2023)
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-206
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti ; GIORNATA ONT 2023 ; Research scientific and service ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.09. Miscellaneous ; ; Research scientific and
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: This report describes the state of the art of the installation techniques for seismic stations developed by the Seismology Group and the Seismology Laboratory at the INGV branch in Pisa, with examples of applications taken from long‐duration field experiments carried out in different areas of Tuscany, such as Monte Amiata and the Mugello basin. Our goal was to develop a low‐cost infrastructure, portable and easily adaptable to different terrains, suitable for hosting a variety of real‐time seismic stations. In addition to improving the structural resistance of the deployment, we also developed applications for the remote monitoring of the state of health of the seismic stations, which allowed a more efficient maintenance of the instrumentation. The proposed type of installation has proved to be sufficiently robust and suitable for installations with a temporal duration of a few years, and in agreement with the expected targets, as proved by the analyses carried out during and at the end of the experiments in which they were used.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-30
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Stazioni sismiche, Installazione sensori sismici, Rete temporanea, Seismic stations, Seismic sensor installation, Temporary network ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: This work was carried out within the 2015 ART-IT project (Early Earthquake Alert in ITaly). Its main purpose is to investigate the performance and the critical issues of an early warning system with particular reference to the PRESTo system (PRobabilistic and Evolutionary early warning SysTem, [Iannacone et al., 2010; Satriano et al., 2011]) whose use has been tested in the framework of the above mentioned project. The correct operation of an early warning system can effectively guarantee a more effective management of a seismic emergency from the first seconds after the occurrence of a strong earthquake, allowing quick actions to reduce exposure and seismic risk. The work was substantially subdivided into two main steps. A first calibration phase, carried out in the first part of the project and aimed to identify the best values of the software configuration parameters in terms of event triggering and declaration. Once the values of the aforementioned parameters have been identified, the second phase of the work was focused on testing the software in real time configuration, on a test site area and the subsequent evaluation of its performance in terms of declaration and localization capacity. This work focuses mainly on the second part of the experimentation and is aimed describing and summarizing the analysis carried out to evaluate the response of the PRESTo software (and in general of an early warning system) after one year of experimentation and acquisition and highlight any problems and critical issues of the software and more generally of the rapid alert systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-32
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sistema di allerta rapido, Rischio sismico, Early warning system, Seismic risk ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: This paper is intended as a short presentation of the main limitations affecting seismic hazard assessment, revisiting possible methods available in the literature to be applied for this purpose. The convergence of the African Plate with the Eurasian Plate is the cause of the high seismic activity characterizing the Mediterranean region, with particular intensity in its eastern part. It is clear that the associated seismic risk requires appropriate measures for its mitigation. Seismic risk, the amount of resources that the community is expected to pay to earthquakes in the long term, is the product of three factors, such as seismic hazard, vulnerability and value of the exposed goods. As earthquakes cannot be prevented, seismic risk can be mitigated by improving our knowledge of seismic hazard, which is largely based on statistical analysis of historical earthquake catalogs. Nevertheless, historical records are affected by problems of reliability, completeness and shortness, as they commonly span time lengths of the same order of magnitude or even shorter than the inter-event time of the strongest earthquakes produced by specific seismic sources. In this respect, alternative methods can be proposed for integrating and improving our knowledge of seismogenic processes, and estimating both time-independent and time-dependent occurrence rates of strong earthquakes. We propose the application of physics-based earthquake simulators, requiring the knowledge of a robust geological-geophysical seismogenic model.
    Description: In press
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic Hazard Assessment ; Statistical analysis; ; Historical earthquake catalogs ; Earthquake simulators ; Mediterranean region ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Nel mese di maggio 2022 è iniziato uno sciame sismico, di breve durata, che ha interessato una piccola area del Chianti fiorentino a circa 15 km a sud dalla città di Firenze. I due terremoti più energetici hanno avuto una magnitudo momento pari a 3.7; nonostante la magnitudo modesta, tali eventi sono stati avvertiti distintamente fino a distanze di diverse decine di chilometri, e hanno destato preoccupazione nella popolazione prossima all’area epicentrale. Inoltre, dato l’ingente patrimonio artistico presente nel capoluogo toscano, questo episodio ha sollevato interrogativi sulla sua vulnerabilità anche a scuotimenti del suolo di piccola entità. Al fine di migliorare le conoscenze sulla ubicazione e le dimensioni delle strutture sismogenetiche attive in prossimità di Firenze, l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) è intervenuto nell’area interessata dallo sciame attraverso il Gruppo Operativo (GO) di emergenza SISMIKO. Il 4 maggio, giorno successivo all’inizio dello sciame, cinque stazioni sismiche mobili sono state installate a distanza ravvicinata dall’area epicentrale, e integrate nel sistema di monitoraggio permanente INGV. Questo lavoro descrive le procedure relative a: (i) l’installazione, la manutenzione e la disinstallazione della rete sismica mobile; (ii) la gestione e il controllo di qualità dei dati acquisiti. Infine, vengono presentate, in riferimento al contesto sismotettonico dell’area, le caratteristiche spaziali e l’evoluzione temporale dello sciame, che ha presentato una piccola ripresa nell’attività sismica ad agosto del 2022, con un terremoto di magnitudo locale 2.7 e successive repliche.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-26
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sciame sismico ; Reti sismiche di pronto intervento ; Chianti fiorentino ; Seismic swarm ; Rapid response seismic networks ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: The latest version of the CPTI15 seismic catalogue (January 2022) includes more than two hundred earthquakes marked AMGNDT95. Their parameters are derived from expeditious studies produced as part of the GNDT/CNR ‘Hazard Project’ (1993-1995). Some of them simply parameterise data taken from bibliographic references in the PFG85 catalogue, i.e., mostly Mario Baratta’s seismological compilation “I terremoti d’Italia” [1901] or twentieth-century seismological bulletins. Others go back as far as the original sources of the references themselves. As part of the B2 Convention between INGV and DPC (2016-2021), a review of these earthquakes was initiated, starting with the most relevant ones, for which a good margin of improvement in knowledge can be assumed. At the same time, first-level research was also begun on a dozen or so earthquakes of low energy, but still above the damage threshold, which for various reasons had never been studied so far and whose parameters in the CPTI15 are still those of the POS85 catalogue. We present here the results of the study of about thirty earthquakes belonging to both categories. The overall result is generally a strong improvement of the available information, from which it will be possible to derive epicentral parameters more up-to-date and more robust than the previous ones.
    Description: Questo lavoro è stato realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento nazionale della Protezione Civile, Allegato B2.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-260
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Italy ; Historical Earthquakes ; Italian parametric earthquake catalogue ; Historical seismology ; Terremoti storici ; Banca dati macrosismica ; Catalogo parametrico dei terremoti italiani ; Macroseismic Database ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Mobile network routers in seismic and volcanic surveillance
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-36
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: mobile ; router ; cellulare ; sourveillance ; router ; sorveglianza ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: The statistical properties of seismicity are known to be affected by several factors such as the rheological parameters of rocks. We analysed the earthquake double-couple as a function of the faulting type. Here we show that it impacts the moment tensors of earthquakes: thrust- faulting events are characterized by higher double-couple components with respect to strike- slip- and normal-faulting earthquakes. Our results are coherent with the stress dependence of the scaling exponent of the Gutenberg-Richter law, which is anticorrelated to the double- couple. We suggest that the structural and tectonic control of seismicity may have its origin in the complexity of the seismogenic source marked by the width of the cataclastic damage zone and by the slip of different fault planes during the same seismic event; the sharper and concentrated the slip as along faults, the higher the double-couple. This phenomenon may introduce bias in magnitude estimation, with possible impact on seismic forecasting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 258
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: double couple ; damage zone ; different fault type ; seismicity ; tectonics ; fault type ; seismicity ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-11-23
    Description: In Italy, historical research on earthquakes has a long and glorious tradition, which in recent decades has gone through very different phases. In the first half of the 1980s and up to the mid- 90s, two very demanding research ventures were developed: the research program financed by ENEL for the qualification of sites susceptible to nuclear plants in three areas of the country (Piedmont, Lombardy, Puglia), later merged into the “Catalog of Strong Italian Earthquakes” (CFTI) of the ING/INGV, and the “Hazard project” of the GNDT/CNR, aimed at preparing all the basic data necessary for a model of hazard updated. As part of these two ventures, for about a decade over a hundred researchers, mostly “professional” historians, have worked to update their knowledge of Italian historical earthquakes. Researches developed by the “Hazard Project” - complementary to those of the CFTI - aimed only at rapidly re-evaluating the knowledge on about 600 intermediate energy earthquakes. Some of these studies, after a couple of decades, are now largely obsolete. For this reason, a work plan was launched aimed at deepening the knowledge on several dozens of these studies, marked in the current Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI15) by the initials AMGNDT95, providing them with an updated and, hopefully, better database. This work presents the results of research carried out on 6 earthquakes included in the 1949– 1971 time span. Such researches have allowed a significant improvement of the epicentral parameters of these earthquakes and, at the same time, an enhancement of seismic histories of numerous localities.
    Description: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento nazionale della Protezione Civile, Allegato B2.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-274
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sismicità minore ; Catalogo sismico ; Revisione di terremoti ; Minor seismicity ; Earthquake catalog ; Earthquakes reappraisal ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: We present here the results of a five-years-long earthquake educational project aiming to commemorate the hundredth anniversaries of five large Northern Apennines earthquakes occurred between 1916 and 1920 in the areas of: Rimini (1916, Mw 6.1), Valtiberina (1917, Mw 5.9), Romagna Apennines (1918, Mw 5.9), Mugello (1919, Mw 6.3) and Garfagnana (1920, Mw 6.5) earthquakes. We saw these anniversaries as the occasion for leading the Northern Apennines people to rediscover their past, in a positive way, and to improve their awareness of the earthquake as a natural feature of the regions in which they live. The activities that we planned for schools students encouraged them to go hunting for traces of the earthquakes of one hundred years ago in their home towns and to rediscover the memories and traditions of their communities. Together with their teachers, we also led the teenagers to find creative ways to involve the grownups in the process of discovery and knowledge. The Project had to cope with two emergencies: the great Central Italy earthquake of 2016-2017 and the Covid-19 epidemic. However, these stumbling blocks did not deter teachers and students from taking part in the process actively and even enthusiastically. Their families and communities were actively involved too. This experience taught us some valuable lessons. First of all, we learned to adapt the project, as we had conceived it at the start, to a wide gamma of social and cultural contexts. Not all the involved communities were equally aware of the level of seismic risk they are exposed to. On the affluent Adriatic coast, where tourism is the main source of income, past earthquakes are something best forgotten, by citizens and administrators alike. On the contrary, in the poorer inland mountain areas (Forlivese Apennines, Mugello, Garfagnana and Lunigiana) a more down-to-earth attitude prevails: earthquakes are looked upon as something that can and does happen and people are quick to grasp how important it is to contribute to initiatives whose aim is reducing seismic risk. Thus, we had to adapt our approach to the different contexts, modifying each time the activities we proposed to the schools with the aim of obtain the best possible results from each situation. Presentiamo i risultati di un progetto di educazione al rischio sismico attivato in occasione dei centenari di cinque terremoti storici che hanno colpito l’Appennino settentrionale tra gli anni 1916 e 1920 e precisamente i terremoti di Rimini 1916 (Mw 6.1), Valtiberina 1917 (Mw 5.9), Appennino romagnolo 1918 (Mw 5.9), Mugello 1919 (Mw 6.3) e Garfagnana 1920 (Mw 6.5). Abbiamo pensato di utilizzare questi anniversari come punto di partenza per accompagnare i cittadini a riappropriarsi del loro passato in modo positivo, facendo crescere la loro consapevolezza del terremoto come un carattere del loro ambiente naturale. A tal fine, nelle attività realizzate con le scuole, abbiamo incoraggiato gli studenti a cercare le tracce dei terremoti di un secolo fa nell’ambiente urbanizzato e a indagare le memorie e le tradizioni ancora presenti nelle comunità. Insieme ai loro insegnanti abbiamo spinto i ragazzi a trovare modi creativi per coinvolgere gli adulti in questo processo di scoperta e conoscenza. Il progetto è stato messo alla prova dal forte terremoto dell’Italia centrale (2016­2017) e dall’epidemia di Covid­19, ma nonostante queste difficoltà insegnanti e studenti hanno partecipato con grande interesse a questo percorso e hanno coinvolto nelle attività del progetto le famiglie e le comunità locali. Anche noi abbiamo imparato nuove lezioni. Un aspetto importante che abbiamo appreso è il bisogno di adattare il progetto a contesti sociali e culturali che si sono rivelati molto diversi. Le comunità coinvolte non condividono lo stesso livello di consapevolezza del rischio: sulla costa adriatica, a vocazione turistica, i terremoti sono qualcosa che è meglio dimenticare, sia da parte dei cittadini che dalle amministrazioni. Al contrario, nell’Appennino forlivese, nel Mugello, in Garfagnana e Lunigiana, i terremoti sono una presenza costante e le persone si sono sentite subito coinvolte in un processo attivo di riduzione del rischio e di attenzione quotidiana. Questo ci ha spinto ad adattare ogni volta l’approccio ai diversi contesti, modificando le proposte di attività che abbiamo realizzato nelle scuole.
    Description: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Allegato A, tematica “M”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-40
    Description: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: EDURISK Educazione al rischio ; Rischio sismico ; Edurisk: risk education ; Seismic risk ; 04.06. Seismology ; Risk education
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2022-06-27
    Description: This text is an introduction to the problem of low frequency electromagnetic monitoring, with particular emphasis on VLF band. All related issues have been addressed: from historical outlook to numerical analysis, from seismology to geotechnics, electronics, information technology. The approach is informative and didactic. This interdisciplinary approach does not imply a problem of skills to the reader, and my goal has been to complete each specific cultural background. Geophysics is a topic where different training paths converge, usually geological or physical. In this case, addressing also technical aspectcts, it is not really possible to setup a guide for a specific professional figure. For this reason, while some topics will be new, others instead will inevitably seem trivial or superficially addressed. The reality is that every topic, as far as possible, has been treated on the same level. When necessary, an appendix to the text will offer further specific insights from time to time.
    Description: Questo testo vuole essere un’introduzione alle problematiche del monitoraggio elettromagnetico a bassa frequenza, con particolare approfondimento sulla banda VLF. Vengono affrontate tutte le tematiche correlate, dall’analisi storica all’analisi numerica, dalla sismologia alla geotecnica, all’elettronica, all’informatica. L’impostazione è divulgativa e didattica. L’approccio interdisciplinare non porrà al lettore un problema di competenze, anzi l’obiettivo è quello di completare ogni specifico bagaglio culturale. La geofisica è già un argomento in cui convergono percorsi formativi diversi, solitamente di impostazione geologica o fisica. In questo caso, in cui si affronta anche un aspetto tecnico, non è proprio possibile indirizzare una guida a una specifica figura professionale. Per questo motivo, mentre alcuni argomenti risulteranno nuovi, altri inevitabilmente appariranno scontati o forse affrontati superficialmente. La realtà è che ogni tematica, per quanto possibile, è stata affrontata allo stesso livello. All’occorrenza, un’appendice offrirà di volta in volta ulteriori approfondimenti specifici.
    Description: Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (codice progetto INGV 1020.010) finanziato dal MIUR ("Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese", legge 145/2018).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-142
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: earthquake ; electromagnetic ; precursors ; precursori ; elettromagnetici ; terremoto ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: Questa è una traduzione commentata del raro documento citato da oltre un secolo di bibliografia come “Milne, 1890”. Si è studiato il testo per verificare la realisticità di alcune recenti affermazioni sul fatto che questo rapporto (oggi difficilmente reperibile) avesse trattato per la prima volta di precursori elettromagnetici. Si è cercato di indagare su ogni episodio e personaggio, identificando i criptici (e a volte inesistenti) riferimenti bibliografici, rintracciando quasi tutti i testi, ampliando e commentando spesso le relative citazioni. La mia opinione è che nessuno all’epoca di Milne avesse consapevolmente, ma forse nemmeno accidentalmente, osservato un precursore di origine elettromagnetica. I fenomeni descritti sono studiati da un punto di vista puramente elettrico o magnetico. I segnali elettrici riguardano tensioni e correnti troppo alte. I fenomeni magnetici già all’epoca furono contestati come prodotti di effetti inerziali ma comunque è difficile pensare che la componente campo magnetico di un segnale EM possa deviare stabilmente l’ago di una bussola. Questa stessa ricerca ha tuttavia portato alla luce qualche altro caso sospetto che sarebbe opportuno indagare in modo più approfondito, in quanto potrebbe risultare realmente il primo caso documentabile dell’osservazione di un precursore elettromagnetico del terremoto.
    Description: This is a commented translation of the rare document cited by more than a century of bibliography as "Milne, 1890". The text was studied to verify the veracity of some recent claims that this report (presently difficult to find) had dealt with electromagnetic precursors for the first time. An attempt was made to investigate each episode and character, identifying the cryptic (and sometimes non-existent) bibliographic references, tracing almost all the texts, often expanding and commenting on the relative citations. My opinion is that no one, at the time of Milne, had consciously, but maybe not even accidentally, observed a precursor of electromagnetic origin. The phenomena described are studied from either a purely electrical or magnetic point of view. Electrical signals concern too high voltages and currents. Magnetic phenomena, already at the time, were contested as products of inertial effects, but in any case it is difficult to think that the magnetic field component of an EM signal can permanently deflect the needle of a compass. However this same research has brought to light some other potentially interesting cases that should be investigated further. One of them, could actually be the first documentable case of the observation of an electromagnetic seismic precursor.
    Description: Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (codice progetto INGV 1020.010) finanziato dal MIUR ("Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese", legge 145/2018).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-48
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake ; electric precursors ; magnetic precursors ; precursorori ; terremoto ; electromagnetic precursors ; precursori elettromagnetici ; John Milne ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: The Western Ionian Sea is characterised by an active and diffuse seismicity, directly related to the convergence of the European and African Plates and by gravitational sinking and rollback of the oceanic lithosphere. In this area, the location of earthquakes is characterised by considerable uncertainties due to large azimuthal gaps, resulting in notable location errors. This problem was partially overcome with the use of data recorded by NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 - February 2003; June 2012 - May 2013). We relocated 1130 crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes using land network and NEMO-SN1 data. As most events occurred on Mt. Etna, we focused on 358 earthquakes in the offshore area and near the coasts of Sicily and Calabria. The use of the combined land-marine networks has improved the earthquake locations in terms of azimuthal GAP, as well as in horizontal and vertical errors. The comparison between locations performed with and without NEMO-SN1 data shows that differences in latitude, longitude and depths are more evident in the Western Ionian Sea and in the coast of Sicily, where values of the differences over 5 km correspond to structural heterogeneities. The increased number of seismic stations deployed on land from 2003 to 2012 did not influence the location of events occurring offshore, where NEMO-SN1 continued to be the distinctive tool in the location process. Moreover, the new 73 focal mechanisms computed with P-wave polarities from NEMO-SN1 and land stations are in agreement with the regional structural model, showing a prevalent normal, normal/oblique, and strike-slip kinematics. The similarity of two new focal solutions with the mechanisms of the main shock and aftershock of the 1990 earthquake demonstrates that the seismic structures are still active and potentially dangerous. The P-wave travel time residual analysis confirms the activity along the main structural alignments. A single point of observation in the Ionian Sea can significantly improve the quality of locations, giving an opportunity to focus on the seismogenic structures responsible for the occurrence of medium-to-high magnitude earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: Se655
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake location ; Focal mechanisms ; Tectonic and volcanic structures ; NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory ; Ionian Sea ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: The present paper describes the process of moving from a research study of most common vulnerable non-structural elements, to deliver solutions, tools and guidelines to improve understanding of and responsiveness to community concerns about seismic risk and non-structural elements. The observed damage to non-structural elements following recent earthquakes in Italy, Portugal and Iceland, were used for designing communication tools under the KnowRISK EU project for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens): the Practical Guide, the Students Short Guide, the KnowRISK Portfolio of Solutions, the Move, Protect and Secure video, the augmented reality apps, the maquettes, the students notebooks, videos, board games and hands-on tools. The philosophy behind these deliverables is that some risks, once identified, can be eliminated or reduced by informing people and suggesting preventive or emergency measures. These tools are devoted to improving the seismic performance of non-structural elements and to reduce the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety. The rationale behind the selection of the information that people need to know for converting knowledge to more safety is discussed and a description of the transference of the findings of research to communication solutions is presented. The tools were planned following the engagement-model in risk communication to ensure that needs of communities and selected stakeholders were acknowledged, and that recipients are addressed in a way that appeals to them. Different media and communication channels such as print, television, online, face-to face communication and interviews were used for risk communication.
    Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).
    Description: Published
    Description: SE322
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic risk ; seismic damage ; non-structural damage ; preventative measures ; risk awareness ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Silicic calderas are volcanic systems whose unrest evolution is more unpredictable than other volcano types because they often do not culminate in an eruption. Their complex structure strongly influences the post-collapse volcano-tectonic evolution, usually coupling volcanism and ground deformation. Among such volcanoes, the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is one of the most studied. Significant long- and short-term ground deformations characterize this restless volcano. Several studies performed on the marinecontinental succession exposed in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera provided a reconstruction of ground deformation during the last 15 kyr. However, considering that over one-third of the caldera is presently submerged beneath the Pozzuoli Gulf, a comprehensive stratigraphic on-land-offshore framework is still lacking. This study aims at reconstructing the offshore succession through analysis of high-resolution single and multichannel reflection seismic profiles and correlates the resulting seismic stratigraphic framework with the stratigraphy reconstructed on-land. Results provide new clues on the causative relations between the intra-caldera marine and volcaniclastic sedimentation and the alternating phases of marine transgressions and regressions originated by the interplay between ground deformation and sea-level rise. The volcano-tectonic reconstruction, provided in this work, connects the major caldera floor movements to the large Plinian eruptions of Pomici Principali (12 ka) and Agnano Monte Spina (4.55 ka), with the onset of the first post-caldera doming at ~10.5 ka. We emphasize that ground deformation is usually coupled with volcanic activity, which shows a self-similar pattern, regardless of its scale. Thus, characterizing the long-term deformation history becomes of particular interest and relevance for hazard assessment and definition of future unrest scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 855-882
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: offshore stratigraphy ; seismic units ; La Starza succession ; volcanism, ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2023-10-13
    Description: This simple and qualitative discussion is an attempt to include in a comprehensive framework the problem of earthquake forecasting and univocally clarify the meaning of "precursor" and the true importance of their study. It is also the starting point to present the potential of the electromagnetic precursor in the framework of classic precursors. The fact that seismic precursors are truly existing phenomena does not represent the solution to the problem of deterministic forecasting. Currently a precursor is not a prediction aid but an investigative tool of the earthquake preparation process: aka the complex mechanism of microfracturing, growth and self-organization of fractures that is necessary to produce ruptures in the crust. Scholz's "Theory of Dilatance" (ToD), improved and further developed for decades after 1960, remains one of the best explanations for the existence of observable precursors and still seems to highlight the only plausible common cause. ToD is presented here in an "extended" vision in the framework of geotechnical knowledge on rock fracturing in the laboratory. Dilatance is a systematic and necessary process with respect to rock breaking. It would itself be the ideal precursor to the earthquake if it did not lack the essential characteristic of being directly observable. At the moment, the only way to detect dilatance in nature is through its interaction with the surrounding environment and its ability to change the physical characteristics of the rock, that is, through secondary phenomena that it can cause. These phenomena sometimes visible on the surface are what we call precursors. We have reviewed the main "classic" precursors by examining them in the light of the ToD. The study of dilatance, which requires a comparative, systematic and extensive monitoring of precursor phenomena, could lead to a key of interpretation of the precursors themselves for the prediction of the earthquake.
    Description: Questa trattazione divulgativa è un tentativo di presentare il problema della previsione dei terremoti nella sua globalità per chiarire il significato di “precursore” e la vera utilità dello studio dei precursori. È anche lo spunto per presentare al pubblico le potenzialità del precursore elettromagnetico nel panorama dei precursori classici. Il fatto che i precursori sismici siano fenomeni realmente esistenti non rappresenta la soluzione al problema della previsione deterministica. Attualmente un precursore non è uno strumento di previsione ma un mezzo di sondaggio di ciò che chiamiamo “preparazione del sisma”: il complesso meccanismo di microfratturazione, accrescimento e autoorganizzazione delle fratture che è necessario a produrre la rottura nella crosta. La “teoria della Dilatanza” (TdD) di Scholz, più volte perfezionata dal 1960 ad oggi, resta una delle migliori trattazioni invocabili per motivare l’esistenza dei precursori documentati e sembra tuttora restare l’unica plausibile forma di inquadramento comune. Essa viene qui ripresentata in una visione “estesa” alla luce delle conoscenze geotecniche sulla fratturazione della roccia in laboratorio. La dilatanza è un processo sistematico e necessario rispetto alla rottura della roccia. Sarebbe essa stessa il precursore ideale del terremoto se non mancasse della caratteristica essenziale di essere visibile. Al momento l’unico modo per rilevare la dilatanza in natura è attraverso la sua interazione con l’ambiente circostante e la sua capacità di mutare le caratteristiche fisiche della roccia, cioè attraverso fenomeni secondari che essa può causare. Questi fenomeni, talvolta visibili in superficie, sono ciò che chiamiamo precursori. Abbiamo messo in rassegna i principali precursori “classici” esaminandoli alla luce della TdD. Lo studio della dilatanza, che richiede un monitoraggio comparato, sistematico ed esteso dei fenomeni precursori, potrebbe condurre alla definizione di una chiave interpretativa comune e generale dei precursori stessi per la previsione del terremoto.
    Description: Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (codice progetto INGV 1020.010) finanziato dal MIUR ("Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese", legge 145/2018).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-40
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake precursors ; earthquake ; precursors ; electromagnetic precursors ; precursori ; terremoto ; precursori elettromagnetici ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: probably confirm this opinion, with qualifica ons. Historical earthquake catalogues, up to CPTI11 [Rovida et al., 2011], report only one Mw 5.1 event on 13 November 1948: it was located in the Sardinian Sea, and had very modest effects on land. In later decades, the seismic networks did record very few earthquakes of moderate energy (Mw 〈5), mostly located off-shore, either south-east of Cagliari or west of Olbia or in the Sea of Sardinia. The most recent ones (occurred in 2000, 2004 and 2006) had very slight effects on the island. Given the low level of instrumental seismicity and the weak macroseismic effects of known historical earthquakes, Sardinia's seismic risk is perceived as very low. The low seismicity of the region certainly has a geological explana on, given that the Corsica-Sardinia block is among the most stable areas of the Mediterranean basin. “Low”, however, does not mean “non- existent”: recent historical research has improved knowledge on the major known historical earthquake of Sardinia (it occurred on June 4, 1616 and was responsible for minor but widespread damage to the system of coastal watchtowers, south-west of Cagliari) and rediscovered several minor earthquakes, part of which were known to the seismological tradi on but had been almost completely forgo en. This paper collects all the documenta on available at present on the seismic history of Sardinia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-160
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sardinia ; Seismicity ; Seismic history ; Historical Earthquakes ; Historical seismology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-02-19
    Description: Questo rapporto tecnico descrive le attività svolte da SISMIKO [Moretti et al., 2012; 2016a; 2016b; Pondrelli et al., 2016] in occasione della sequenza sismica che ha interessato l’area in provincia di Campobasso tra i comuni di Montecilfone, Guardialfiera e Larino a partire dal 14 agosto 2018 e che ha visto nel terremoto di magnitudo ML 5.2 (MW 5.1) del 16 agosto 2018 (18:19 UTC), ben risentito in un’ampia area che comprende molte regioni dell’Italia centro meridionale, l’evento più significativo della sequenza. SISMIKO è uno dei gruppi operativi dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) per la gestione delle emergenze sismiche [Pondrelli et al., 2016], e come per ogni terremoto con magnitudo superiore a 5.0, ovvero alla soglia prevista nella vigente Convenzione tra l’INGV e il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), a seguito del terremoto del 16 agosto 2018 (ML 5.2) ha predisposto un intervento volto al miglioramento del monitoraggio sismico dell’area interessata. L’integrazione di stazioni sismiche temporanee nella geometria della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN [Michelini et al., 2016; INGV Seismological Data Centre]), consente infatti un miglioramento nella individuazione dei terremoti e un perfezionamento del calcolo dei parametri ipocentrali, soprattutto della profondità che è strettamente connessa alla distanza media tra le stazioni sismiche. L’intervento principale è stato svolto nella giornata del 17 agosto [SISMIKO working group, 2018], ma nelle due settimane successive i siti allestiti sono stati più volte visitati e il giorno 30 si è proceduto con l’integrazione di ulteriori 2 stazioni, portando a 5 i punti di acquisizione della rete temporanea. La rete sismica è stata operativa per circa 2 mesi. I dati sono stati trasmessi in tempo reale al centro di acquisizione dati della rete mobile presso la sede di Roma di SISMIKO e al contempo integrati nel sistema di sorveglianza sismica INGV [Michelini et al., 2016] per essere utilizzati nelle localizzazioni e nei prodotti scientifici forniti in tempo reale. On 16 August 2018 at 18:19:04 UTC an earthquake with magnitude ML 5.2 (MW 5.1) occurred in the Molise region. The earthquake was felt in a large area including many regions of Central and Southern Italy. The seismologists on duty in the 24H seismic monitoring room of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) located the event in the province of Campobasso, 4 km south­east of Montecilfone and at a preliminary depth of 9 km. The same area was affected two days before by a MW 4.6 event (August 14 at 23.48 Italian time1). Following the MW 5.1 event and the associated aftershock sequence, the SISMIKO Operational Group was activated [Moretti et al., 2012; 2016a; 2016b; Pondrelli et al., 2016] for the installation of temporary seismic stations to integrate the permanent stations of the National Seismic Network (RSN [Michelini et al., 2016; INGV Seismological Data Centre]) deployed in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-32
    Description: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: SISMIKO ; Seismic networks temporary ; Seismic emergency ; Molise ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2020-03-04
    Description: A seguito di un evento sismico al di sopra della soglia del danno, una parte del personale dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) viene coinvolto nei gruppi di emergenza e si prepara, nel più breve tempo possibile, a partire per raggiungere l’area epicentrale. Ogni gruppo ha il compito di raccogliere dati, effettuare misurazioni e rilievi, per studiare il terremoto sotto diversi punti di vista, e per supportare le attività di Protezione Civile. In questo contesto rientrano le attività di rilievo del gruppo QUEST (QUick Earthquake Survey Team), formato da personale specializzato nel rilievo macrosismico dell’INGV e altri enti, che ha il compito di raggiungere le aree colpite dal sisma per fornire un rilievo degli effetti sull’edificato, sull’ambiente e sulle persone. L’indagine macrosismica che ne deriva, contribuisce allo studio del terremoto attraverso l’osservazione diretta e la classificazione del danno mediante l’utilizzo della scala macrosismica EMS98 [Grünthal, 1998]. Attualmente questa indagine viene svolta con l’ausilio di schede cartacee predisposte per la raccolta del dato ed una serie di mappe, generalmente immagini da satellite, delle località da investigare [Tertulliani et al., 2010]. Nel tempo si è cercato di studiare tecniche di rilievo sempre più rapide al fine di raccogliere il dato reale del danneggiamento prima che gli inevitabili interventi di messa in sicurezza dei vigili del fuoco o ulteriori repliche dannose modifichino lo scenario del danno sull’edificato. Per questo scopo si sta mettendo a punto uno strumento per la raccolta del dato macrosismico di campagna, basato sull’utilizzo di tablets, corredati di una interfaccia grafica tale da permettere la raccolta delle informazioni direttamente su mappe delle località da investigare. In particolare, l’inserimento dell’informazione puntuale per ogni edificio investigato, con il relativo dato di vulnerabilità e grado di danno, permette di condividere le informazioni in tempo reale tra le varie squadre sul terreno. Tale strumento permette inoltre, all’operatore, di lavorare off line e quindi di poter acquisire informazioni anche in assenza di copertura del segnale telefonico e di inviare in un secondo momento i dati. L’informazione viene centralizzata presso la sede operativa che può gestire e coordinare lo spostamento delle squadre nell’area epicentrale. In questo modo si aprono nuovi interessanti scenari sia a vantaggio della rapidità e della conoscenza del danneggiamento dell’edificato, sia in termini di gestione del personale coinvolto per ottimizzare così le operazioni di rilievo.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-24
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: QUEST ; Rilievo macrosismico ; INGV ; QUEST-DATA ; Survey ; EMS-98 macroseismic scale ; Danno ; Vulnerabilità ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2020-05-25
    Description: We explore the three‐dimensional structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy sequence using ~34,000 ML ≥ 1.5 earthquakes that occurred between August 2016 and January 2018. We applied cross‐correlation and double‐difference location methods to waveform and parametric data routinely produced at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. The sequence activated an 80 km long system of normal faults and near‐horizontal detachment faults through the MW 6.0 Amatrice, the MW 5.9 Visso, and the MW 6.5 Norcia mainshocks and aftershocks. The system has an average strike of N155°E and dips 38°–55° southwestward and is segmented into 15–30 km long faults individually activated by the cascade of MW ≥ 5.0 shocks. The two main normal fault segments, Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove to the North and Mt. della Laga to the South, are separated by an NNE‐SSW‐trending lateral ramp of the Sibillini thrust, a regional structure inherited from the previous compressional tectonic phase putting into contact diverse lithologies with different seismicity patterns. Space‐time reconstruction of the fault system supports a composite rupture scenario previously proposed for the MW 6.5 Norcia earthquake, where the rupture possibly propagated also along an oblique portion of the Sibillini thrust. This dissected set of normal fault segments is bounded at 8–10 km depth by a continuous 2 km thick seismicity layer of extensional nature slightly dipping eastward and interpreted as a shear zone. All three mainshocks in the sequence nucleated along the high‐angle planes at significant distance from the shear zone, thus complicating the interpretation of the mechanisms driving strain partitioning between these structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB018440
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: normal fault ; shear zone ; fault segmentation ; apennines ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Description: The response of continental forelands to subduction and collision is a widely investigated topic in geodynamics. The deformation occurring within a foreland shared by two opposite‐verging chains, however, is uncommon and poorly understood. The Apulia Swell in the southern end of the Adria microplate (Africa‐Europe plate boundary, central Mediterranean Sea) represents one of these cases, as it is the common foreland of the SW verging Albanides‐Hellenides and the NE verging Southern Apennines merging into the SSE verging Calabrian Arc. We investigated the internal deformation of the Apulia Swell using multiscale geophysical data: multichannel seismic profiles recording up to 12‐s two‐way time (TWT) for a consistent image of the upper crust; high‐resolution multichannel seismic profiles, high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry, and CHIRP profiles acquired by R/V OGS Explora to constrain the Quaternary geological record. The results of our analyses characterize the geometry of the South Apulia Fault System (SAFS), a 100‐km‐long and 12‐km‐wide structure attesting an extensional (and possibly transtensional) response of the foreland to the two contractional fronts. The SAFS consists of two NW‐SE right‐stepping master faults and several secondary structures. The SAFS activity spans from the Early Pleistocene through the Holocene, as testified by the bathymetric and high‐resolution seismic data, with long‐term slip rates in the range of 0.2–0.4 mm/yr. Considering the position within an area with few or none other active faults in the surroundings, the dimension, and the activity rates, the SAFS can be a candidate causative fault of the 20 February 1743, M 6.7, earthquake.
    Description: Italian Ministry for Education, University, and Research (MIUR), Premiale 2014 D. M. 291 03/05/2016.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2020TC006116
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active tectonics ; apulia ; south apulia fault system ; 1743 earthquake ; marine geology ; stable continental region ; ionian sea ; active faults ; subsurface geology ; seismic interpretation ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: “Move, protect, secure” were the three key points that the KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project posed at the core of its communication and dissemination strategy. This three key points enable each person, professional or not, to reduce non-structural damage caused by earthquakes. Dissemination is usually the last but never the least step of a communication plan, and indeed it played a crucial role in KnowRISK project for conveying the three key-point message to the widest audience. Standard dissemination activities, such as open-door events, and internet allowed us to achieve a wide spreading of ideas and best practices, reaching more than 4,000 non-professionals and almost 50,000 page views of the KnowRISK project website (in three years), respectively. As communication was recipient-targeted, the dissemination task of the project was addressed to professionals, layman, and schools. In particular, schools were chosen in order to profit from the chain-reaction action that is capable to spread a message from students to the surrounding environment.
    Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection through the European project KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements; Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).
    Description: Published
    Description: SE328
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic risk ; data dissemination ; environmental risk ; educational issues ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk ; 05.03
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2021-01-25
    Description: Tsunami deposits present an important archive for understanding tsunami histories and dynamics. Most research in this field has focused on onshore preserved remains, while the offshore deposits have received less attention. In 2009, during a coring campaign with theItalian Navy Magnaghi, four 1 m long gravity cores (MG cores) were sampled from the northern part of Augusta Bay, along a transect in 60 to 110 m water depth. These cores were taken in the same area where a core (MS06) was collected in 2007 about 2.3 km offshore Augusta at a water depth of 72 m below sea level. Core MS06 consisted of a 6.7 m long sequence that included 12 anomalous intervals interpreted as the primary effect of tsunami backwash waves in the last 4500 years. In this study, tsunami deposits were identified, based on sedimentology and displaced benthic foraminifera (as for core MS06) reinforced by X-ray fluorescence data. Two erosional surfaces (L1 and L2) were recognized coupled with grain size increase, abundant Posidonia oceanica seagrass remains and a significant amount of Nubecularia lucifuga, an epiphytic sessile benthic foraminifera considered to be transported from the inner shelf. The occurrence of Ti/Ca and Ti/Sr increments, coinciding with peaks in organic matter (Mo inc/coh) suggests terrestrial run-off coupled with an input of organic matter. The L1 and L2 horizons were attributed to two distinct historical tsunamis (AD 1542 and AD 1693) by indirect age-estimation methods using 210Pb profiles and the comparison of Volume Magnetic Susceptibility data between MG cores and MS06 cores. One most recent bioturbated horizon (Bh), despite not matching the above listed interpretative features, recorded an important palaeoenvironmental change that may correspond to the AD 1908 tsunami. These findings reinforce the value of offshore sediment records as an underutilized resource for the identification of past tsunamis.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1553-1576
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Eastern Sicily ; tsunami ; foraminifera ; sedimentology ; XRF core scanning ; 04.04. Geology
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 6 (2012): 1901-1915, doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.31.
    Description: Antarctic surface oceans are well-studied during summer when irradiance levels are high, sea ice is melting and primary productivity is at a maximum. Coincident with this timing, the bacterioplankton respond with significant increases in secondary productivity. Little is known about bacterioplankton in winter when darkness and sea-ice cover inhibit photoautotrophic primary production. We report here an environmental genomic and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) analysis of winter and summer Antarctic Peninsula coastal seawater bacterioplankton. Intense inter-seasonal differences were reflected through shifts in community composition and functional capacities encoded in winter and summer environmental genomes with significantly higher phylogenetic and functional diversity in winter. In general, inferred metabolisms of summer bacterioplankton were characterized by chemoheterotrophy, photoheterotrophy and aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis while the winter community included the capacity for bacterial and archaeal chemolithoautotrophy. Chemolithoautotrophic pathways were dominant in winter and were similar to those recently reported in global ‘dark ocean’ mesopelagic waters. If chemolithoautotrophy is widespread in the Southern Ocean in winter, this process may be a previously unaccounted carbon sink and may help account for the unexplained anomalies in surface inorganic nitrogen content.
    Description: CSR was supported by an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biological Informatics (DBI-0532893). The research was supported by National Science Foundation awards: ANT 0632389 (to AEM and JJG), and ANT 0632278 and 0217282 (to HWD), all from the Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems Program.
    Keywords: Antarctic bacterioplankton ; Metagenomics ; Chemolithoautotrophy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We reply to a comment by Messina et al., who strongly criticized our paper on the San Pio Fault, by showing that in areas of complex geology such as the central Apennines, where the current tectonic setting results from the superposition of different tectonic regimes, the equation: “most visible active fault = major seismogenic fault” can be misleading.
    Description: Published
    Description: 421-423
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismotectonics ; morphotectonics ; active fault ; San Pio basin ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The elevation of the Capo Vaticano coastal terraces (Tyrrhenian coast, central Calabria) is the combination of regional uplift and repeated coseismic displacement. We subtract the regional uplift from the total uplift (maximum average uplift rates 0.81-0.97 mm/yr since ~0.7 Ma) and obtain a residual fault-related displacement. Then, we model the residual displacement to provide constraints to the location and geometry of the seismogenic source of the 1905 M7 earthquake, the strongest – and still poorly understood – earthquake of the instrumental era in this area. We test four different potential sources for the dislocation modelling and find that 1) three sources are not compatible with the displacement observed along the terraces, and 2) the only source consistent with the local deformation is the 100°-striking Coccorino Fault. We calculate average long-term vertical slip rates of 0.2-0.3 mm/yr on the Coccorino Fault and estimate an average recurrence time of ~one millennium for a 1905-type earthquake
    Description: Published
    Description: 378-389
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: marine terrace ; fault ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2021-06-03
    Description: Il 6 Aprile 2009 un terremoto di Ml=5.8 (Mw=6.2) ha colpito L’Aquila e la media valle dell’Aterno in Abruzzo. In questo lavoro presentiamo in maniera sintetica i rilievi geologici effettuati in campagna dal gruppo di lavoro EmerGeo a seguito della sequenza sismica aquilana. Le attività di rilevamento condotte sono consistite principalmente nella verifica, definizione e caratterizzazione delle deformazioni cosismiche superficiali osservate lungo le strutture tettoniche note in letteratura; sono stati inoltre rilevati e riportati altri effetti cosismici locali (fratture su asfalto, frane e scivolamenti) non direttamente collegati alla presenza di strutture tettoniche. In totale sono stati rilevati oltre 300 punti di osservazione su una porzione di territorio estesa circa 900 km2. L’analisi preliminare dei rilievi effettuati indica che le rotture osservate lungo la faglia di Paganica, per la continuità e le caratteristiche, rappresentano l’espressione superficiale della faglia responsabile dell’evento del 6 aprile 2009, e che le rotture lungo le faglie di Bazzano e di Monticchio-Fossa possono rappresentare l’espressione in superficie di una struttura antitetica riattivata durante l’evento.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-79
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: coseismic ruptures ; Central Apennines ; April, 6 2009 earthquake ; Aterno valley ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Rapid extension and active normal faulting in the western extremity of the Corinth Gulf are accompanied by fast coastal uplift.We investigate Pleistocene uplift west of Aigion, by attempting to date remains of marine terraces and sedimentary sequences by calcareous nannoplankton and U-series analyses. Net uplift initiated recently, due to abandonment of an older rift-bounding fault zone and increase in activity on the presently active, coastal fault zone. This change apparently coincides with an abrupt slow down (or, termination) of secondary fault block tilting within the broader hangingwall block of the older zone, indicated by an angular unconformity that dates in the early part ofMIS10 ( 390–350 ka BP, preferably, in the earlier part of this period). Net uplift driven by the coastal zone resulted in the formation of MIS9c (330 ka) and younger terraces. The formation of the unconformity and the initiation of net uplift coincide temporally with a 300–400 ka unconformity recognized by recent studies in a wide area offshore Aigion i.e. they could be part of an evolutionary event that affected the entirewestern part of the Corinth Rift or, a large area therein. Uplift rate estimates at four locations are discussed with reference to the morphotectonic context of differential uplift of secondary fault blocks, and the context of possible increase in uplift ratewith time. Themost reliable and most useful estimate for uplift rate at the longitude of the studied transect is 1.74–1.85mm/year (time-averaged estimate for the last 240 ka, based on calcareous nannoplankton and sequence-stratigraphic interpretation)
    Description: ‘3HAZ Corinth’ E.U. research project 004043 (GOCE)-3HAZ-Corinth
    Description: Published
    Description: 78 - 104
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: coastal uplift ; marine terraces ; marine sequences ; deformation rate ; Pleistocene ; Corinth Gulf Reef ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Umbria-Marche sequence represents the first case in Italy for which the surface effects of a moderate seismic event (5〈M〈6) were systematically investigated and documented. Surface fractures attributed to the events were mapped by several groups of researchers. The coseismic features were expressed mainly by NW-SE trending, discontinuous, linear open fractures, as well as fracture swarms, locally with centimetric vertical displacements. They affected rocks and loose deposits, buildings, and roads. Because of the earthquake sizes (M≤6), the deformation was faint, making the detection difficult and giving rise to different seismotectonic interpretations: specifically, surface rupture of the seismogenic fault, triggered slip on secondary faults, and shaking-induced sliding of debris. Consequently, different models of connection between surface offsets and displacements at depth were proposed that integrated geology with other geophysical data. However, whether direct or indirect expression of the deep dislocation, the geometry of these fractures reflected the seismogenic structure. Even in the case of these moderate-earthquakes features, geomorphical and paleoseismological studies provide data for reconstructing the recent tectonic evolution of the region and for determining the frequency and size of earthquakes. Finally, we learned a more efficient way to prepare for post-earthquake emergency response, particularly for long-lasting sequences in highly vulnerable built environments, such as the ancient villages within the Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: 361-381
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Umbria-Marche seismic sequence ; coseismic surface fractures ; moderate size earthquakes ; post-earthquake emergency response ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: The NNE-trending Yangsan Fault (YSF) is the most prominent fault in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula and has a continuous trace about 200 km long. Activity on this fault was recently investigated using aerial photographs, topographic analysis, and trenching. The geomorphologic evidence of Late Quaternary faulting is clearly recognized on both the northern (Yugyeri and Tosung-ri areas) and southern parts (Eonyang to Tongdosa area) of the fault. The main YSF is marked by a zone of shattered rock that is tens of meters wide and zone of fault gouge. During the Late Quaternary, right-lateral movement occurred mainly on the southern part, as shown by lowangle striations on the fault plane, elongation of deformation features in the fault gouge. The estimated vertical slip rate is about 0.02-0.07 mm/yr, and the lateral slip rate may be several times larger than the vertical rate. The most recent event occurred prior to deposition of Holocene alluvium. In the northern part, the fault locally changes trend to almost N-S, dips to the east and has reverse movement. The average vertical slip rate is estimated less than 0.1 mm/yr. The most recent event probably occurred after 1314 cal. years BP (A.D. 536).
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Yangsan Fault (YSF) ; Korean Peninsula ; averge slip rate ; most recent event ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2021-01-11
    Description: Although the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) is thought to play a key role in accommodating India-Eurasian convergence, little is known about its earthquake history. Studies of this strike-slip fault are important for interpretation of the role of faulting versus distributed deformation in the accommodation of the India- Eurasia collision. In addition, the 〉 1200 km long fault represents one of the most important and exemplary intracontinental strike-slip faults in the world. We mapped fault trace geometry and interpreted paleoseismic trench exposures to characterize the seismogenic behavior of the ATF. We identified 2 geometric segment boundaries in a 270 km long reach of the central ATF. These boundaries define the westernmost Wuzhunxiao, the Central Pingding, and the easternmost Xorxol (also written as Suekuli or Suo erkuli) segments. In this paper, we present the results from the Camel paleoseismic site along the Xorxol Segment at 91.759°E, 38.919°N. There evidence for the last two earthquakes is clear and 14C dates from layers exposed in the excavation bracket their ages. The most recent earthquake occurred between 1456 and 1775 cal A.D. and the penultimate event was between 60 and 980 cal A.D. Combining the Camel interpretations with our published results for the central ATF, we conclude that multiple earthquakes with shorter rupture lengths (?? 50 km) rather than complete rupture of the Xorxol Segment better explain the paleoseismic data. We found 2-3 earthquakes in the last 2-3 kyr. When coupled with typical amounts of slip per event (5-10 m), the recurrence times are tentatively consistent with 1-2 cm/yr slip rates. This result favors models that consider the broader distribution of collisional deformation, rather than those with northward motion of India into Asia absorbed along a few faults bounding rigid blocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: paleoseismology ; Altyn Tagh Fault ; strike-slip faults ; India-Eurasia collision ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The North Tabriz Fault is a major seismogenic fault in NW Iran. The last damaging earthquakes on this fault occurred in 1721, rupturing the southeastern fault segment, and in 1780, rupturing the northwestern one. The understanding of the seismic behavior of this fault is critical for assessing the hazard in Tabriz, one of the major cities of Iran; the city suffered major damage in both the 1721 and 1780 events. Our study area is located on the northwestern fault segment, west of the city of Tabriz. We performed geomorphic and trenching investigations, which allowed us to recognize evidence for repeated faulting events since the Late Pleistocene. From the trenches, we found evidence for at least four events during the past 3.6 ka, the most recent one being the 1780 earthquake. On the basis of different approaches, horizontal slip per event and slip rates are found in the ranges of 4 ± 0.5 m and 3.1-6.4 mm/yr, respectively. We also attempted an estimate of the average recurrence intervals which appears to be in the range 350-1430 years, with a mean recurrence interval of 821 ± 176 years. On the basis of these results, the northwestern segment of the North Tabriz Fault does not appear to present a major seismic potential for the near future, however, not enough is known about the southeastern segment of the fault to make a comparable conclusion.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: active tectonics ; paleoseismology ; Iran Tabriz ; earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Australia rely fundamentally on the assumption that earthquakes recorded in the past are indicative of where earthquakes will occur in the future. No attempt has yet been made to assess the potential contribution that data from active fault sources might make to the modelling process, despite successful incorporation of such data into United States and New Zealand hazard maps in recent years. In this paper we review the limited history of paleoseismological investigation in Australia and discuss the potential contribution of active fault source data towards improving our understanding of intraplate seismicity. The availability and suitability of Australian active fault source data for incorporation into future probabilistic hazard models is assessed, and appropriate methodologies for achieving this proposed.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: intraplate seismicity ; seismic hazard ; Australia ; paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Lichenometry is a surface-exposure-dating procedure that complements traditional trench-and-date stratigraphic studies of earthquakes. Lichens on the surficial blocks of a slump in the Seaward Kaikoura Range, South Island, New Zealand provide precise, accurate (± 2 years) dating of 20 post-landslide rockfall events. The coseismic character of these rockfall events is apparent when ages of lichen-size peaks are compared with dates of historical earthquakes. Most local prehistoric lichen-size peaks are synchronous with peaks at other lichenometry sites in a 20 000 km2 region. Lichenometry may be the best paleoseismic tool for describing the extent and intensity of seismic shaking caused by prehistoric earthquakes, and for dating earthquakes generated by concealed thrust faults and subduction fault zones.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: earthquakes ; lichens ; paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: New stratigraphic evidence from the Cascadia margin demonstrates that 13 earthquakes ruptured the margin from Vancouver Island to at least the California border following the catastrophic eruption of Mount Mazama. These 13 events have occurred with an average repeat time of ?? 600 years since the first post-Mazama event ?? 7500 years ago. The youngest event ?? 300 years ago probably coincides with widespread evidence of coastal subsidence and tsunami inundation in buried marshes along the Cascadia coast. We can extend the Holocene record to at least 9850 years, during which 18 events correlate along the same region. The pattern of repeat times is consistent with the pattern observed at most (but not all) localities onshore, strengthening the contention that both were produced by plate-wide earthquakes. We also observe that the sequence of Holocene events in Cascadia may contain a repeating pattern, a tantalizing look at what may be the long-term behavior of a major fault system. Over the last ?? 7500 years, the pattern appears to have repeated at least three times, with the most recent A.D. 1700 event being the third of three events following a long interval of 845 years between events T4 and T5. This long interval is one that is also recognized in many of the coastal records, and may serve as an anchor point between the offshore and onshore records. Similar stratigraphic records are found in two piston cores and one box core from Noyo Channel, adjacent to the Northern San Andreas Fault, which show a cyclic record of turbidite beds, with thirty- one turbidite beds above a Holocene/.Pleistocene faunal «datum». Thus far, we have determined ages for 20 events including the uppermost 5 events from these cores. The uppermost event returns a «modern» age, which we interpret is likely the 1906 San Andreas earthquake. The penultimate event returns an intercept age of A.D. 1664 (2 ?? range 1505- 1822). The third event and fourth event are lumped together, as there is no hemipelagic sediment between them. The age of this event is A.D. 1524 (1445-1664), though we are not certain whether this event represents one event or two. The fifth event age is A.D. 1204 (1057-1319), and the sixth event age is A.D. 1049 (981-1188). These results are in relatively good agreement with the onshore work to date, which indicates an age for the penultimate event in the mid-1600 s, the most likely age for the third event of ?? 1500-1600, and a fourth event ?? 1300. We presently do not have the spatial sampling needed to test for synchroneity of events along the Northern San Andreas, and thus cannot determine with confidence that the observed turbidite record is earthquake generated. However, the good agreement in number of events between the onshore and offshore records suggests that, as in Cascadia, turbidite triggers other than earthquakes appear not to have added significantly to the turbidite record along the northernmost San Andreas margin during the last ?? 2000 years.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: paleoseismology ; earthquake ; submarine ; recurrence patterns ; submarine landslides ; turbid flows ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Conway Segment of the dextral-slip Hope Fault is one of the fastest slipping fault segments along New Zealand s plate boundary, but has not ruptured co-seismically in the historic period and little paleoseismic data exist to constrain its large earthquake record. Two paleoseismic trenches were opened adjacent to Greenburn Stream near Kaikoura for the 2001 ILP Paleoseismology Conference. Both trenches were excavated into deposits ponded against an uphill-facing shutter scarp. Trench 1, dug through a cobbly soil and surface deposit was dominated by a thick fan/fluvial sequence that was radiocarbon dated at 4409 ± 60 C14 years BP (4844-5288 cal years BP) at the base of the trench. This trench exhibited evidence of complex deformation from many paleoseismic events. The most recent earthquakes are difficult to constrain due to a lack of cover stratigraphy on the fan deposits. However, the modern soil appears to be faulted and is covered by cobbles with a weathering rind-derived age of 220 ± 60 years. Trench 2, dug ?? 50 m to the west has an expanded sequence of the younger cover deposits. Paleoseismic event horizons have been recognised from the combined evidence of upwardterminating faults, offset and mismatched units, a sandblow deposit, and abrupt landscape change shown by the burial of paleosol surfaces that form the event horizons. Two paleosols underlying the modern soil are clearly faulted by two separate rupture events. A dome of sand interpreted as a liquefaction sandblow deposit overlies the lower paleosol (event horizon). Both paleosols are overlain by metre-thick debris deposits, interpreted as earthquake-induced rock avalanches that cascaded off the hillslope following Mw 7 + events. Four radiocarbon dates place some constraints on the timing of the three recent surface-rupturing events. The youngest and lowest date is 548 ± 60 C14 years BP (504-656 cal years BP) and occurs below the lower paleosol. It constrains the maximum duration of time in which the last 2 earthquake events occurred to be 545 years (1295-1840 A.D.). This is consistent with the average Recurrence Interval (RI) of 180-310 years that we determine using two independent paths. The soil record indicates that each event is separated by a significant period of time, comparable to the calculated RI. The most recent event is constrained between ca. 1780 A.D. ± 60 years, taking into account the dates from these trenches, a weathering rind age, and from stratigraphic correlation at the site. Event III probably occurred before 1220 A.D. A maximum dextral slip rate of 23 ± 4 mm/yr is calculated from the minimum fan age and the offset/deflection of a stream channel along the shutter ridge. In concert with the estimate of single event displacement (5-6 m), these results show that the Conway Segment of the Hope Fault is fast-slipping and has ruptured regularly as a result of large earthquakes prior to the European colonisation of New Zealand.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Hope Fault ; paleoseismicity ; ConwaySegment ; Kaikoura ; neotectonics ; slip rate ; recurrence ; NZMS 260 sheet 031 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Paleoseismological analyses were performed along the Campo Imperatore Fault (part of the Gran Sasso Range Fault System) in order to define the seismogenic behaviour (recurrence interval for surface faulting events, elapsed time since the last activation, maximum expected magnitude). Four trenches were excavated across secondary faults which are related to the main fault zone. The youngest event (E1) occurred after 3480-3400 years BP; a previous event (E2) occurred between 7155-7120/7035-6790 years BP and 5590-5565/5545-5475 years BP, while the oldest one (E3) has a Late Pleistocene age. The chronological interval between the last two displacement events ranges between 1995 and 6405 years. The minimum elapsed time since the last activation is 800 years, due to the absence of historical earthquakes which may have been caused by the Campo Imperatore Fault and based on the completeness of the historical catalogues for the large magnitude events in the last eight centuries. Based on the length of the fault surficial expression, earthquakes with M 6.95 may be expected from the activation of the entire Gran Sasso Range Fault System. The effects of the fault activation were investigated through the simulation of a damage scenario obtained by means of the FaCES computer code, made by the National Seismic Survey for civil protection purposes. The damage scenario shows that the activation of the Gran Sasso Range Fault System may be responsible for an earthquake with epicentral intensity I0 10.5 MCS, with a number of collapsed buildings ranging between 7900 and 31100 and a number of damaged buildings ranging between 99 000 and 234 000. The investigated case defines, therefore, a high risk level for the region affected by the Campo Imperatore Fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: paleoseismology ; active fault ; Holocene ; Central Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The El Camp Fault (Catalan Coastal Ranges, NE Iberian Peninsula) is a slow slipping normal fault whose seismic potential has only recently been recognised. New geomorphic and trench investigations were carried out during a training course across the El Camp Fault at the La Porquerola alluvial fan site. A new trench (trench 8) was dug close to a trench made previously at this site (trench 4). With the aid of two long topographic profiles across the fault scarp we obtained a vertical slip rate ranging between 0.05 and 0.08 mm/yr. At the trench site, two main faults, which can be correlated between trenches 8 and 4, make up the fault zone. Using trench analysis three paleoseismic events were identified, two between 34.000 and 125.000 years BP (events 3 and 2) and another event younger than 13 500 years BP (event 1), which can be correlated, respectively, with events X (50.000- 125.000 years BP), Y (35.000-50.000 years BP) and Z (3000-25.000 years BP). The last seismic event at the La Porquerola alluvial fan site is described for the first time, but with some uncertainties.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: paleoseismicity ; trenching ; normal fault ; Catalan Coastal Ranges ; El Camp Fault ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Recent paleoseismic investigations have identified a number of active faults in Northern and Western Thailand. Northern Thailand is an intraplate basin and range province, comprised of north-south-trending Cenozoic intermontane grabens and half grabens, bounded by north- to northwest-striking normal to normal-oblique faults and northeast-striking left-lateral strike-slip faults. The basin-bounding normal faults are marked by steep, linear range fronts with triangular facets and wineglass canyons and have slip rates of 0.1 to 0.8 mm/yr. Based on limited data, the average vertical displacement-per-event is about 1.0 to 1.5 m. These faults are characterized by recurrence intervals of thousands to tens of thousands of years and are capable of generating earthquakes up to moment magnitude (M) 7, and larger. The northeast-striking strike-slip faults are marked by shutter ridges, and deflected drainages. Slip rates are 3 mm/yr or less. Western Thailand is dissected by a number of northwest- and north-northwest-striking, right-lateral strike-slip faults related to the Sagaing Fault in Myanmar. Although showing much less activity than the faults in neighboring Myanmar, these faults display abundant evidence for late Quaternary movement, including shutter ridges, sag ponds, and laterally offset streams. The slip rate on these faults is estimated to be 0.5 to 2.0 mm/yr. These faults are considered capable of generating maximum earthquakes of up to M 71/2.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: paleoseismicity ; active faulting ; Thailand ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Zemuhe Fault is a prominent active fault in Southwestern China. Seven ravines along a 5 km long fault scarp indicate seven large magnitude earthquakes in the Holocene. The youngest four ravines were abandoned during four large magnitude earthquakes, the age of which are constrained by radiocarbon data: ravines 7, 6, and 4 formed in association with the earthquakes at A.D. 1850 and A.D. 814, B.C. 4477 ± 240 or older, and ravine 5 to a paleo-event between B.C. 4477 ± 240 and A.D. 814. Three trenches excavated by earlier workers together with a trench excavated and analyzed here revealed 3 or 4 earthquakes, which are consistent with those indicated by the youngest five ravines. These radiocarbon-dated earthquakes mainly occurred within two temporal clusters: the older cluster of two paleoearthquakes occurred approximately between B.C. 4250 and B.C. 6000, and the younger cluster includes two historical earthquakes of the A.D. 814 and A.D. 1850. Each cluster lasted about 1000-2000 years. A tranquil period of about 5000 years separates the two clusters, during which only one large magnitude earthquake occurred. Moreover, the average recurrence interval of large magnitude earthquake in the Holocene is about 1400-1700 years. Comparison of the maximum horizontal displacement of the A.D. 1850 earthquake, and the 85 ± 5 m cumulative lateral offset over the last 13-15 ka gives the average recurrence interval of 1000-1360 years. The different estimates may arise because moderate and small earthquakes produced a quite high cumulative lateral displacement along the Zemuhe Fault during the Holocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Holocene earthquakes ; Zemuhe Fault ; Southwestern China ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The evaluation of any earthquake forecast hypothesis requires the application of rigorous statistical methods. It implies a univocal definition of the model characterising the concerned anomaly or precursor, so as it can be objectively recognised in any circumstance and by any observer.A valid forecast hypothesis is expected to maximise successes and minimise false alarms. The probability gain associated to a precursor is also a popular way to estimate the quality of the predictions based on such precursor. Some scientists make use of a statistical approach based on the computation of the likelihood of an observed realisation of seismic events, and on the comparison of the likelihood obtained under different hypotheses. This method can be extended to algorithms that allow the computation of the density distribution of the conditional probability of earthquake occurrence in space, time and magnitude. Whatever method is chosen for building up a new hypothesis, the final assessment of its validity should be carried out by a test on a new and independent set of observations. The implementation of this test could, however, be problematic for seismicity characterised by long-term recurrence intervals. Even using the historical record, that may span time windows extremely variable between a few centuries to a few millennia, we have a low probability to catch more than one or two events on the same fault. Extending the record of earthquakes of the past back in time up to several millennia, paleoseismology represents a great opportunity to study how earthquakes recur through time and thus provide innovative contributions to time-dependent seismic hazard assessment. Sets of paleoseimologically dated earthquakes have been established for some faults in the Mediterranean area: the Irpinia fault in Southern Italy, the Fucino fault in Central Italy, the El Asnam fault in Algeria and the Skinos fault in Central Greece. By using the age of the paleoearthquakes with their associated uncertainty we have computed, through a Montecarlo procedure, the probability that the observed inter-event times come from a uniform random distribution (null hypothesis). This probability is estimated approximately equal to 8.4% for the Irpinia fault, 0.5% for the Fucino fault, 49% for the El Asnam fault and 42% for the Skinos fault. So, the null Poisson hypothesis can be rejected with a confidence level of 99.5% for the Fucino fault, but it can be rejected only with a confidence level between 90% and 95% for the Irpinia fault, while it cannot be rejected for the other two cases. As discussed in the last section of this paper, whatever the scientific value of any prediction hypothesis, it should be considered effective only after evaluation of the balance between the costs and benefits introduced by its practical implementation.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: precursors ; earthquake forecast ; statistical tests ; paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Gubbio Basin is a 22 km long, 4 km wide depression located within the North-Central Apennines fold-andthrust belt. The basin is bounded to the east by the Gubbio Fault, a W-dipping, normal fault dissecting a large Jurassic-Oligocene anticline. Although located along one of the main seismogenic zones of the Peninsula, both historical and instrumental is seismicity is limited with the only exception for the 29 April 1984, Ms 5.3 earthquake, which occurred about 10 km southwest of the basin. Most of the literature attributes this seismicity to the Gubbio Fault. New geomorphic and geologic investigations based on field and aerial photo surveys and DEM analyses provide new insights on the active faulting in the area and are used to infer potential seismogenic sources. Limited evidence of ongoing deformation along the surface expression of the Gubbio Fault was found, possibly because of low rates of deformation versus fast erosional processes. The western side of the basin appears to be controlled by an east-dipping normal fault, antithetic to the Gubbio Fault. Standard dislocation modeling was used to understand the role played by the Gubbio Fault and its antithetic. The Gubbio Fault was divided into a high-angle section above 3.5 km and a low-angle section between 3.5 and 6 km depth. Based on different tests we conclude that both sections of the Gubbio Fault as well as the antitethic fault contributed to the present setting of the basin. At present the antithetic fault appears to be the most effective in producing a geomorphic signature and controlling the basin width. The high-angle Gubbio Fault played a major role in the basin growth but now its activity rate appears minor. Because of the characteristics and location of the 1984 earthquake, the low-angle Gubbio Fault is assumed to be presently active and seismogenic. Based on the integration of geologic, geomorphic and seismological data we suggest that the low-angle Gubbio Fault is formed by two individual sources capable of M 5.3-5.9 earthquakes. The southern source ruptured in the 1984 earthquake while the northern source did not rupture recently nor historically.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: tectonic geomorphology ; normal fault ; seismogenic ; sources ; Umbria-Marche Apennines - 29 April 1984 Gubbio earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Based on the indicative modelling, the changes in Coulomb failure function (?CFS) suggest that the W-HV segment and the T-P segment could be stable in at least the future 300 years and 190 years respectively, for these periods should be needed to accumulate the stress released by the M 8.2 Wairarapa earthquake, assuming that there is no influence from other sources, the earthquake did not alter the failure threshold, and that failure is a fairly deterministic process. The results also show that the influence on the W-HV segment and T-P segment of the Wellington Fault caused by the 1855, M 8.2 Wairarapa earthquake is significant considering that the average fault rupture recurrence interval on the Wellington Fault is about 500-770 years. With our present understanding of the Wellington and Wairarapa faults, it can be concluded that the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake retarded earthquake occurrence on the W-HV segment and the T-P segment of the Wellington Fault. Thus the seismic hazard in the Wellington region may be over-estimated.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Wellington region ; changes on Coulombfailure stress ; earthquake hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An analytical approach to estimate the relative contribution of the fluid pressure and tectonic stress in hydrothermal/ volcanic areas is proposed assuming a Coulomb criterion of failure. The analytical procedure requires the coefficient of internal friction, cohesion, rock density, and thickness of overburden to be known from geological data. In addition, the orientation of the principal stress axes and the stress ratio must be determined from the inversion of fault-slip or seismic data (focal mechanisms). At first, the stress magnitude is calculated assuming that faulting occurs in 'dry' conditions (fluid pressure=0). In a second step, the fluid pressure is introduced performing a grid search over the orientation of 1) fault planes that slip by shear failure or 2) cracks that open under different values of fluid pressure and calculating the consistency with the observed fault planes (i.e. strike and dip of faults, cracks, nodal planes from focal mechanisms). The analytical method is applied using fault-slip data from the Solfatara volcano (Campi Flegrei, Italy) and seismic data (focal mechanisms) from the Vesuvius volcano (Italy). In these areas, the fluid pressure required to activate faults (shear fractures) and cracks (open fractures) is calculated. At Solfatara, the ratio between the fluid pressure and the vertical stress ?is very low for faults ( ?=0.16) and relatively high for cracks ( ?=0.5). At Vesuvius, ?=0.6. Limits and uncertainties of the method are also discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: hydrothermal fluids ; faults ; cracks ; fluid pressure ; volcanic/hydrothermal areas ; seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Paleoseismological analyses have been performed in the Central Apennines along faults showing geomorphological evidence of Late Quaternary activity and characterised by the absence of historical seismicity. Three trenches were made along the Mt. Vettore Fault, across a scarp on a Late Pleistocene-Holocene alluvial fan. The youngest displacement event (E1) occurred after 4155-3965 years BP and before the 6th-7th century A.D., a previous event (E2) occurred between 5940-5890/5795-5780 years BP and 4155-3965 years BP, while the oldest event (E3) occurred between 18.000-12.000 years BP and 5940-5890/5795-5780 years BP. One trench was excavated across the Laga Mts. Fault which gave evidence for two displacement events after 8320-8150 years BP. The minimum vertical slip rate estimated through the paleoseismological analysis of the Mt. Vettore Fault is 0.11-0.36 mm/yr, while the minimum slip rate along the Laga Mts. Fault is 0.12 mm/yr. The paleoseismologically inferred recurrence interval is not longer than 4690 years for the Mt. Vettore Fault and not longer than 7570 years for the Laga Mts. Fault, while the minimum elapsed times since the last activation are 1300 and 800 years for the two faults, respectively. The evaluation of the former elapsed time was based on paleoseismological data, while the estimation of the latter was based on the absence of historical earthquakes which may have been caused by the Laga Mts. Fault and on the completeness of the historical catalogues for the large magnitude events in the last eight centuries. Based on the length of the fault at the surface, earthquakes with M 6.5 and 6.6 may be expected from the activation of the Mt. Vettore and Laga Mts. faults, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: paleoseismology ; active fault ; Holocene ; Central Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: In this work we present a study of an alluvial fan system, which is affected by the Quaternary activity of the leftlateral, reverse Alhama de Murcia Fault (Betic Cordillera). Paleoseismic studies in this area yield data that can be compared and correlated with the morphologic and tectono-sedimentary evolution of the alluvial fan. The spatial arrangement of the sedimentary alluvial fan units near the fault zone, shown in trenches, is controlled by the recurrent reverse, left-lateral coseismic events. We analysed the morphology of the drainage network using a 1:5000 scale orthoimage to identify and measure horizontal deflections along the fault. The channel pattern analysis allowed us to estimate the average horizontal slip rate of the SAMF for the last 130 ka. This value is 0.21 mm/a, which is slightly higher than the range of values obtained by trenching analysis for the last 30 ka, (0.06 to 0.15 mm/yr). The interpretation of the stratigraphic sequence exposed along the trench walls constrained the occurrence of at least two surface faulting earthquakes during the last 30000 years. The most recent event happened after the El Saltador Creek dissected the alluvial fan. The penultimate event occurred while the alluvial fan was still active.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: paleoseismicity ; slow active faults ; fan morphology ; Alhama de Murcia Fault ; BeticCordillera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Po Plain is a low-relief area characterised by active shortening accommodated by blind thrust faulting. In this almost flat region depositional rates are similar to tectonic rates and deformation is seldom expressed by noticeable surface anticlines. We adopted a geomorphological approach based on the detailed analysis of the drainage network to identify the location of active thrust faults. A total of 36 anomalies represented by sudden river diversions and shifts in channel pattern were accurately mapped. After comparison with the location of subsurface buried anticlines and of historical seismicity, these anomalies could be related to a tectonic origin and included in a database. Their distribution highlights the activity of the buried outer thrust fronts of both the Southern Alps and the Northern Apennines. Among all the anomalies, we identified one related to the seismogenic source responsible for the 12 May 1802 earthquake (Me 5.7), which struck the Oglio River Valley near Soncino (Cremona). We propose that this earthquake was generated by an east-west trending, north-dipping, blind thrust fault that roots into the Alpine system. If this inference is correct, other faults along the Southern Alpine margin are potentially seismogenic.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: tectonic geomorphology ; drainage anomaly ; blind thrust ; Po Plain ; 1802 Oglio Valley earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Gargano region (Southeastern Italy) was hit by a M = 6.8 earthquake and inundated by a subsequent tsunami in 1627. To better define the hazard in the region, we searched for evidence of this and prior earthquakes in the geologic record. We identified potential earthquake-related liquefaction features and tsunami deposits in the stratigraphic sequences of the marsh areas both north and south of the Gargano promontory. We recognized clear liquefaction features and possible tsunamigenic sands that can be related to the 1627 seismic event in irrigation ditch exposures and gouge cores along the Northern Gargano coast. In total, six potential tsunami sand deposits have been recognized in two areas located close to the northern and southern coasts of the Gargano promontory. However, ambiguous evidence comes from the paleontological analysis of these sands. Although fragments of marine shells have been found in the coarser portion of the sand samples, foraminifera and ostracods assemblages are typical of brackish water condition. Radiocarbon dating of three of these deposits from the Northern Gargano coast, near the town of Lesina, suggests an average recurrence interval of 1700 years for tsunami events in this area. Assuming that all the paleotsunamis are related to the same seismogenic source responsible for the 1627 earthquake, this average recurrence interval may be typical for that source. Radiocarbon dating of three sand layers observed on the southern coast, close to the city of Manfredonia, suggests that the average recurrence time for violent sea inundation there is about 1200 years.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: tsunami ; liquefaction ; Gargano ; 1627 earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Luoshan Fault located at the northeastern margin of Tibet plateau strikes roughly N-S, and is composed of six left-stepping sections with a total length of 60 km. Much evidence suggests that the Luoshan Fault is a reverse right-lateral strike-slip fault. The largest right-lateral strike-slip displacement and the most abundant dextral offset phenomena are located along the central section. Based on the right-lateral strike-slip offsets of the oldest alluvial fan, and of a gully and on the average displacement of the same order of gullies, the minimum slip-rate has been 2.15 ± 0.2 mm/yr since Late Pleistocene. Many surface rupture phenomena, such as fault scarps with fresh free-face, ground fissures, displacements of very young gullies, imply that a recent earthquake occurred along this fault. Combining the historical catalogue and our results, we believe that the 1561 A.D. earthquake was produced by the Luoshan Fault. Three paleoearthquakes were determined by means of paleoseismic studies along the Luoshan Fault: they occurred after 8200 ± 600 years BP, between 3130 ± 240 years BP and 4150 ± ± 120 years C.BP, and before 2230 ± 170 years BP, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: northeastern margin of Tibet plateau ; paleoseismology ; slip-rate ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Daqingshan Piedmont Fault (DPF) is one of the major active normal faults in the Hetao depression zone in the northern part of Ordos Block, North China. It extends in NEE direction along the Daqingshan piedmont zone in the eastern part of the depression, dipping to the south, for a length of 223 km. The fault formed in the Eocene and underwent strong movement during the Cenozoic time. Its vertical displacement amplitude has exceeded 2400 m since the Quaternary. The fault can be divided into 5 active segments. Paleoseismological studies were concentrated on its western part from Baotou to Tumdzuoqi whereas the Hohhot Segment to the east was scarcely studied. To fill this gap of knowlegde, the authors carried out in-depth study on the Daqingshan piedmont fault during recent years. Excavation of trenches at Kuisu, Ulanblang, and Bakouzi sites on the Hohhot Segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault and study of geomorphic surfaces allow us to identify and date paleoearthquakes and to evaluate the completeness of paleoseismic activity history. This was done both for the individual sites and for the entire segment since the Late Quaternary using the «method for displacement confining» along the fault and «method for correlation between multiple trenches». In this paper we present the geological loggings of two trenches at Kuisu site, provide the evidence for 6 events since 19 ka BP and the cumulative displacement amount produced by them is around 7 m. But the cumulative displacement amount obtained from difference in heights of geomorphic surfaces is 5.??.5.5 m. Results of tests using the method of displacement confining show that the event sequence revealed at this site can be considered complete. The data supplemented with information obtained in the Ulanblang and Bakouzi trenches show that 7 paleoseismic events occurred on the Hohhot Fault Segment since 19 ka BP, i.e. they occurred at 18.75 ± 0.75 ka, 16.97 ± ± 0.96 ka, 14.65 ± 0.67 ka, 11.82 ± 0.69 ka, 9.45 ± 0.26 ka, 6.83 ± 0.26 ka, and 4.50 ± 0.23 ka BP, respectively, and the average recurrence interval is 2.375 ± 0.432 ka. These results basically reflects the history of paleoseismic activity on the fault segment in this period of time.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Daqingshan piedmont fault (China) ; Hohhot Segment ; paleoearthquakes ; seismichistory ; completeness of paleoseismic record ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: Numerous newly-identified traces of active faults in the Himalayan foothill zone along the HFF around Chandigarh, in Pinjore Dun, along the piedmont zone of the Lower Siwalik hill front and within the Lower Tertiary hill range reveal the pattern of thrust and strike-slip faulting, striking parallel to the principal structural trend (NNW-SSE) of the orogenic belt. The active Chandigarh Fault, Pinjore Garden Fault and Barsar thrust have vertically dislocated, warped and backtilted fluvial and alluvial-fan surfaces made up of Late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments. West- and southwest-facing fault scarplets with heights ranging from 12 to 50 m along these faults suggest continued tectonic movement through Late Pleistocene to recent times. Gentle warping and backtilting of the terraces on the hanging wall sides of the faults indicate fault-bend folding. These active faults are the manifestation of north-dipping imbricated thrust faults branching out from the major fault systems like the Main Boundary Fault (MBF) and Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF), probably merging down northward into a décollement. The Taksal Fault, striking NNW-SSE, shows prominent right-lateral movement marked by lateral offset of streams and younger Quaternary terraces and occupies a narrow deep linear valley along the fault trace. Right stepping along this fault has resulted in formation of a small pull-apart basin. Fault scarplets facing ENE and WSW are the manifestation of dip-slip movement. This fault is an example of slip-partitioning between the strike-slip and thrust faults, suggesting ongoing oblique convergence of the Indian plate and northward migration of a tectonic sliver. Slip rate along the Taksal Fault has been calculated as 2.8 mm/yr. Preliminary trench investigation at the base of the Chandigarh Fault Scarp has revealed total displacement of 3.5 m along a low angle thrust fault with variable dip of 20° to 46° due northeast, possibly the result of one large magnitude (Mw 7) prehistoric earthquake. Taking into consideration the height of the Pinjore surface (20 to 25 m), tentative age (8.9 ± 1.9 ka), displacement during one event and average angle of fault dip (25°) gives slip rate of about 6.3 ± 2 mm/yr, a rate of horizontal shortening of 5.8 ± 1.8 mm/yr and recurrence of faulting of 555 ± 118 years along the Himalayan Frontal Fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: active faults ; Northwestern Himalayan Front ; paleoearthquake ; thrust and right lateralstrike-slip faults ; slip-partitioning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
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