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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics  (26)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk  (20)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
  • AGU  (37)
  • Elsevier B.V.  (5)
  • Blackwell  (4)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Nature Publishing Group
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1
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    Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes: the exceptional example o fthe 1809 Etna eruption (Italy) (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper, we describe the 1809 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy, which represents one historical rare case in which it is possible to observe details of the internal structure of the feeder system. This is possible thanks to the presence of two large pit craters located in the middle of the eruptive fracture field that allow studying a section of the shallow feeder system. Along the walls of one of these craters, we analysed well-exposed cross sections of the uppermost 15–20 m of the feeder system and related volcanic products. Here, we describe the structure, morphology and lithology of this portion of the 1809 feeder system, including the host rock which conditioned the propagation of the dyke, and compare the results with other recent eruptions. Finally, we propose the dynamic model of the magma behaviour inside a laterally-propagating feeder dyke, demonstrating how this dynamic triggered important changes in the eruptive style (from effusive/Strombolian to phreatomagmatic) during the same eruption. Our results are also useful for hazard assessment related to the development of flank eruptions, potentially the most hazardous type of eruption from basaltic volcanoes in densely urbanized areas, such as Mt. Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-11
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: feeder dyke ; basaltic volcanoes ; flank eruptions ; Etna ; volcanic hazards ; sill ; volcanic rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Clues from joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2011 Tohoku-oki (Mw 9.1) earthquake is so far the best-observed megathrust rupture, which allowed the collection of unprecedented offshore data. The joint inversion of tsunami waveforms (DART buoys, bottom pressure sensors, coastal wave gauges, and GPS-buoys) and static geodetic data (onshore GPS, seafloor displacements obtained by a GPS/acoustic combination technique), allows us to retrieve the slip distribution on a non-planar fault. We show that the inclusion of near-source data is necessary to image the details of slip pattern (maximum slip ,48 m, up to ,35 m close to the Japan trench), which generated the large and shallow seafloor coseismic deformations and the devastating inundation of the Japanese coast. We investigate the relation between the spatial distribution of previously inferred interseismic coupling and coseismic slip and we highlight the importance of seafloor geodetic measurements to constrain the interseismic coupling, which is one of the key-elements for long-term earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 385
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tohoku ; Subduction ; Tsunami ; Inverse problem ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Movements of the Sciara del Fuoco (2012)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-27
    Description: The Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) landslides that occurred at the end of December 2002 prompted researchers to install geodetic networks to monitor deformations related to potential new slope failures. With this aim, an integrated multiparametric monitoring system was designed and deployed. In particular, this complex monitoring system is composed of four single systems: an electronic distance measurement network, installed immediately after the landslide events, a realtime GPS network, a ground-based interferometric linear synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR), and an automated topographic monitoring system (named Theodolite Robotic Observatory of Stromboli, or THEODOROS); the three last systems provided a continuous monitoring of selected points or sectors of the SdF. Data acquired from different systems have been jointly analyzed to reach a better understanding of the SdF dynamics. Displacement data obtained from the topographic systems are compared with those obtained from GB-InSAR, and the results of the comparison are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, in this chapter, an example of a warning system that can detect slope instability precursors on the SdF based on a statistical analysis of the data collected by the THEODOROS system is reported.
    Description: Published
    Description: 183-199
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Flank instability ; Slope failure ; Terrestrial geodesy ; Ground Based InSAR ; Continuous GPS ; Landslide monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 4
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    Rapid differentiation in a sill-like magma reservoir: a case study from the campi flegrei caldera (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent decades, geophysical investigations have detected wide magma reservoirs beneath quiescent calderas. However, the discovery of partially melted horizons inside the crust is not sufficient to put constraints on capability of reservoirs to supply cataclysmic eruptions, which strictly depends on the chemical-physical properties of magmas (composition, viscosity, gas content etc.), and thus on their differentiation histories. In this study, by using geochemical, isotopic and textural records of rocks erupted from the high-risk Campi Flegrei caldera, we show that the alkaline magmas have evolved toward a critical state of explosive behaviour over a time span shorter than the repose time of most volcanic systems and that these magmas have risen rapidly toward the surface. Moreover, similar results on the depth and timescale of magma storage were previously obtained for the neighbouring Somma-Vesuvius volcano. This consistency suggests that there might be a unique long-lived magma pool beneath the whole Neapolitan area.
    Description: Published
    Description: article 712
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: magma ; campi flegrei caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 5
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    Volcanic ash and SO2 in the 2008 Kasatochi eruption: Retrievals comparison from different IR satellite sensors (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: The Kasatochi 2008 eruption was detected by several infrared satellite sensors including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). In this work a comparison between the volcanic cloud SO2 and ash retrievals derived from these instruments has been undertaken. The SO2 retrieval is carried out by using both the 7.3 and 8.7 micron absorption features while ash retrieval exploits the 10–12 micron atmospheric window. A radiative transfer scheme is also used to correct the volcanic ash effect on the 8.7 micron SO2 signature. As test cases, three near‐contemporary images for each sensor, collected during the first days of the eruption, have been analyzed. The results show that the volcanic SO2 and ash are simultaneously present and generally collocated. The MODIS and AVHRR total ash mass loadings are in good agreement and estimated to be about 0.5 Tg, while the AIRS retrievals are slightly lower and equal to about 0.3 Tg. The AIRS and MODIS 7.3 micron SO2 mass loadings are also in good agreement and vary between 0.3 and 1.2 Tg, while the MODIS ash corrected 8.7 micron SO2 masses vary between 0.4 and 2.7 Tg. The mass increase with time confirms the continuous SO2 injection in the atmosphere after the main explosive episodes. Moreover the difference between the 7.3 and 8.7 micron retrievals suggests a vertical stratification of the volcanic cloud. The results also confirm the importance of the ash correction; the corrected 8.7 micron SO2 total masses are less than 30–40% of the uncorrected values.
    Description: Published
    Description: D00L21
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Remote sensing ; ash retrieval ; SO2 retrieval ; multispectral satellite instruments ; MODIS ; AVHRR ; AIRS ; hyperspectral satellite instruments ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Dynamic seismic ruptures on melting fault zones (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present a physical model that describes the behavior of spontaneous earthquake ruptures dynamically propagating on a fault zone and that accounts for the presence of frictional melt produced by the sliding surfaces. First, we analytically derive the solution for the temperature evolution inside the melt layer, which generalizes previous approximations. Then we incorporate such a solution into a numerical code for the solution of the elastodynamic problem. When a melt layer is formed, the linear slip‐weakening law (initially governing the fault and relying on the Coulomb friction) is no longer valid. Therefore we introduce on the fault a linearly viscous rheology, with a temperature‐dependent dynamic viscosity. We explore through numerical simulations the resulting behavior of the traction evolution in the cohesive zone before and after the transition from Coulomb friction and viscous rheology. The predictions of our model are in general agreement with the data from exhumed faults.We also find that the fault, after undergoing the breakdown stress drop controlled by the slip‐weakening constitutive equation, experiences a second traction drop controlled by the exponential weakening of fault resistance due to the viscous rheology. This further drop enhances the instability of the fault, increasing the rupture speeds, the peaks in fault slip velocity, and the fracture energy density.
    Description: Published
    Description: B02310
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Melting ; theoretical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Dike emplacement and flank instability at Mount Etna: Constraints from a poro-elastic-model of flank collapse (2011)
    Elsevier B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Many volcanic edifices are subject to flank failure, usually produced by a combination of events, rather than any single process. From a dynamic point of view, the cause of collapse can be divided into factors that contribute to an increase in shear stress, and factors that contribute to the reduction in the friction coefficient μ of a potential basal failure plane. We study the potential for flank failure at Mount Etna considering a schematic section of the eastern flank, approximated by a wedge-like block. For such geometry, we perform a (steady state) limit equilibrium analysis: the resolution of the forces parallel to the possible basal failure plane allows us to determine the total force acting on the potentially unstable wedge. An estimate of the relative strength of these forces suggests that, in first approximation, the stability is controlled primarily by the balance between block weight, lithostatic load and magmatic forces. Any other force (sea load, hydrostatic uplift, and the uplift due to mechanical and thermal pore-fluid pressure) may be considered of second order. To study the model sensitivity, we let the inferred slope α of the basal surface failure vary between −10° and 10°, and consider three possible scenarios: no magma loading, magmastatic load, and magmastatic load with magma overpressure. We use error propagation to include in our analysis the uncertainties in the estimates of the mechanics and geometrical parameters controlling the block equilibrium. When there is no magma loading, the ratio between destabilizing and stabilizing forces is usually smaller than the coefficient of friction of the basal failure plane. In the absence of an initiating mechanism, and with the nominal values of the coefficient of friction μ = 0.7 ± 0.1 proposed, the representative wedge will remain stable or continue to move at constant speed. In presence of magmastatic forces, the influence of the lateral restraint decreases. If we consider the magmastatic load only, the block will remain stable (or continue to move at constant speed), unless the transient mechanical and thermal pressurization significantly decrease the friction coefficient, increasing the instability of the flank wedge for α 〉 5° (seaward dipping decollement). When the magma overpressure contribution is included in the equilibrium analysis, the ratio between destabilizing and stabilizing forces is of the same order or larger than the coefficient of friction of the basal failure plane, and the block will become unstable (or accelerate), especially in the case of the reduction in friction coefficient. Finally, our work suggests that the major challenge in studying flank instability at Mount Etna is not the lack of an appropriate physical model, but the limited knowledge of the mechanical and geometrical parameters describing the block equilibrium.
    Description: This work was funded by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and the Italian Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (DPC) (DPC-INGV project V4 “Flank”).
    Description: Published
    Description: 153-164
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna ; dike intrusion ; flank instability ; poro-elasticity ; analytical modelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Magnetic properties of sedimentary greigite (Fe3S4): an update (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Accepted for publication in Reviews of Geophysics. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union
    Description: Greigite (Fe3S4) is an authigenic ferrimagnetic mineral that grows as a precursor to pyrite during early diagenetic sedimentary sulfate reduction. It can also grow at any time when dissolved iron and sulfide are available during diagenesis. Greigite is important in paleomagnetic, environmental, biological, biogeochemical, tectonic, and industrial processes. Much recent progress has been made in understanding its magnetic properties. Greigite is an inverse spinel and a collinear ferrimagnet with antiferromagnetic coupling between iron in octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The crystallographic c-axis is the easy axis of magnetization, with magnetic properties dominated by magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Robust empirical estimates of the saturation magnetization, anisotropy constant, and exchange constant for greigite have been obtained recently for the first time, and the first robust estimate of the low-field magnetic susceptibility is reported here. The Curie temperature of greigite remains unknown, but must exceed 350°C. Greigite lacks a low-temperature magnetic transition. Based on preliminary micromagnetic modeling, the size range for stable single domain behavior is 17-200 nm for cubic crystals and 17-500 nm for octahedral crystals. Gradual variation in magnetic properties is observed through the pseudo-single domain size range. We systematically document the known magnetic properties of greigite (at high, ambient and low temperatures, and with alternating and direct fields) and illustrate how grain size variations affect magnetic properties. Recognition of this range of magnetic properties will aid identification and constrain interpretation of magnetic signals carried by greigite, which is increasingly proving to be environmentally important and responsible for complex paleomagnetic records, including widespread remagnetizations.
    Description: In press
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: greigite ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.09. Environmental magnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-17
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: We study how heterogeneous rupture propagation affects the coherence of shear– and Rayleigh–Mach wave fronts radiated by supershear earthquakes. We address this question using numerical simulations of ruptures on a planar, vertical strike–slip fault embedded in a three–dimensional, homogeneous, linear elastic half–space. Ruptures propagate spontaneously in accordance with a linear slip–weakening friction law through both homogeneous and heterogeneous initial shear stress fields. In the 3–D homogeneous case, rupture fronts are curved due to interactions with the free surface and the finite fault width; however, this curvature does not greatly diminish the coherence of Mach fronts relative to cases in which the rupture front is constrained to be straight, as studied by Dunham and Bhat (2008). Introducing heterogeneity in the initial shear stress distribution causes ruptures to propagate at speeds that locally fluctuate above and below the shear–wave speed. Calculations of the Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) of ground velocity time histories corroborate the kinematic results of Bizzarri and Spudich (2008): 1) The ground motion of a supershear rupture is richer in high frequency with respect to a subshear one. 2) When a Mach pulse is present, its high frequency content overwhelms that arising from stress heterogeneity. Present numerical experiments indicate that a Mach pulse causes approximately an –1.7 high frequency falloff in the FAS of ground displacement. Moreover, within the context of the employed representation of heterogeneities and over the range of parameter space that is accessible with current computational resources, our simulations suggest that while heterogeneities reduce peak ground velocity and diminish the coherence of the Mach fronts, ground motion at stations experiencing Mach pulses should be richer in high frequencies compared to stations without Mach pulses. In contrast to the foregoing theoretical results, we find no average elevation of 5%–damped absolute response spectral accelerations (SA) in the period band 0.05–0.4 s observed at stations that presumably experienced Mach pulses during the 1979 Imperial Valley, 1999 Kocaeli, and 2002 Denali Fault earthquakes compared to SA observed at non–Mach pulse stations in the same earthquakes. A 20% amplification of short period SA is seen only at a few of the Imperial Valley stations closest to the fault. This lack of elevated SA suggests that either Mach pulses in real earthquakes are even more incoherent that in our simulations, or that Mach pulses are vulnerable to attenuation through nonlinear soil response. In any case, this result might imply that current engineering models of high frequency earthquake ground motions do not need to be modified by more than 20% close to the fault to account for Mach pulses, provided that the existing data are adequately representative of ground motions from supershear earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: B08301
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; Supershear ruptures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 10
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    Potential Field modeling of collapse-prone submarine volcanoes in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy) (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: Hydrothermal alteration may weaken volcanic rocks, causing the gravitational instability of portions of active volcanoes with potentially hazardous collapses. Here we show high‐resolution multibeam, magnetic and gravity surveys of the Marsili seamount, the largest active volcano of Europe located in the southern Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin. These surveys reveal zones with exceptionally low densities and with vanishing magnetizations, due probably to the comminution of basalts during hyaloclastic submarine eruptions and to their post‐eruptive hydrothermal alteration. The location of these regions correlates with morphological data showing the occurrence of past collapses. Similar evidence has been obtained from pre existing data at Vavilov Seamount, another older volcanic system in the Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin. Here a large volume of at least 50 km3 may have collapsed in a single event from its 40 km long western flank. Given the similarities between these volcanoes, a large collapse event may also be expected at Marsili.
    Description: Published
    Description: L03305
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Marsili Seamount ; Gravity anomalies ; Magnetic anomalies ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.02. Gravity methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 11
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    On the relations between fracture energy and physical observables in dynamic earthquake models (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: We explore the relationships between the fracture energy density (E_G) and the key parameters characterizing earthquake sources, such as the rupture velocity (v_r), the total fault slip (u_tot), and the dynamic stress drop (Dt_d). We perform several numerical experiments of three‐dimensional, spontaneous, fully dynamic ruptures developing on planar faults of finite width, obeying different governing laws and accounting for both homogeneous and heterogeneous friction. Our results indicate that E_G behaves differently, depending on the adopted governing law and mainly on the rupture mode (pulselike or cracklike, sub‐ or supershear regime). Subshear, homogeneous ruptures show a general agreement with the theoretical prediction of E_G *proportional to* (1 - (v_r/v_S)^2)^(1/2), but for ruptures that accelerate up to supershear speeds it is difficult to infer a clear dependence of fracture energy density on rupture speed, especially in heterogeneous configurations. We see that slip pulses noticeably agree with the theoretical prediction of E_G *proportional to* u_tot^2 , contrarily to cracklike solutions, both sub‐ and supershear and both homogeneous and heterogeneous, which is in agreement with seismological inferences, showing a scaling exponent roughly equal to 1. We also found that the proportionality between E_G and Dt_d^2, expected from theoretical predictions, is somehow verified only in the case of subshear, homogeneous ruptures with RD law. Our spontaneous rupture models confirm that the total fracture energy (the integral of EG over the whole fault surface) has a power law dependence on the seismic moment, with an exponent nearly equal to 1.13, in general agreement with kinematic inferences of previous studies. Overall, our results support the idea that E_G should not be regarded as an intrinsic material property.
    Description: Published
    Description: B10307
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fracture energy ; Dynamic models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Coseismic deformation of the destructive April 6, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (central Italy) from GPS data (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On April 6, 2009, 01:32:39 GMT, the city of L’Aquila was struck by a Mw 6.3 earthquake that killed 307 people, causing severe destruction and ground cracks in a wide area around the epicenter. Four days before the main shock we augmented the existing permanent GPS network with five GPS stations of the Central Apennine Geodetic Network (CaGeoNet) bordering the L’Aquila basin. The maximum horizontal and vertical coseismic surface displacements detected at these stations was 10.39 ± 0.45 cm and 15.64 ± 1.55 cm, respectively. Fixing the strike direction according to focal mechanism estimates, we estimated the source geometry with a non linear inversion of the geodetic data.Our best fitting fault model is a 13 15.7 km2 rectangular fault,SW-dipping at 55.3 ± 1.8 , consistent with the position of observed surface ruptures. The estimated slip (495 ± 29 mm) corresponds to a 6.3 moment magnitude, in excellent agreement with seismological data.
    Description: Published
    Description: L17307
    Description: 1.9. Rete GPS nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: L'Aquila Earthquake ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 13
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    Insights into fluid circulation across the Pernicana Fault (Mt. Etna, Italy) and implications for flank instability (2010)
    Elsevier B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We conducted geophysical–geochemical measurements on a ∼2 kmN–S profile cutting across the Pernicana Fault, one of the most active tectonic features on the NE flank of Mt. Etna. The profile passes from the unstable E flank of the volcano (to the south) to the stable N flank and significant fluctuations in electrical resistivity, self-potential, and soil gas emissions (CO2, Rn and Th) are found. The detailed multidisciplinary analysis reveals a complex interplay between the structural setting, uprising hydrothermal fluids, meteoric fluids percolating downwards, ground permeability, and surface topography. In particular, the recovered fluid circulation model highlights that the southern sector is heavily fractured and faulted, allowing the formation of convective hydrothermal cells. Although the existence of a hydrothermal system in a volcanic area does not surprise, these results have great implications in terms of flank dynamics at Mt. Etna. Indeed, the hydrothermal activity, interacting with the Pernicana Fault activity, could enhance the flank instability. Our approach should be further extended along the full extent of the boundary between the stable and unstable sectors of Etna for a better evaluation of the geohazard in this active tectonic area.
    Description: This work was partly financed by the DPC-INGV FLANK and LAVA Projects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 137–142
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Pernicana Fault ; fluid circulation ; structural geology ; Etna ; magnetic ; electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 14
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    Unknown
    Dependence of slip weakening distance (Dc) on final slip during dynamic rupture of earthquakes (2010)
    Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this study we aim to understand the dependence of the critical slip weakening distance (Dc) on the final slip (Dtot) during the propagation of a dynamic rupture and the consistency of their inferred correlation. To achieve this goal we have performed a series of numerical tests suitably designed to validate the adopted numerical procedure and to verify the actual capability in measuring Dc. We have retrieved two kinematic rupture histories from spontaneous dynamic rupture models governed by a slip weakening law in which a constant Dc distribution on the fault plane as well as a constant Dc / Dtot ratio are assumed, respectively. The slip velocity and the shear traction time histories represent the synthetic “real” target data which we aim to reproduce. We use a 3-D traction-at-split nodes numerical procedure to image the dynamic traction evolution by assuming our modeled slip velocity as a boundary condition on the fault plane. We assume a regularized Yoffe function as source time function in our modeling attempts and we measure the critical slip weakening distance from the inferred traction versus slip curves at each point on the fault. We compare the inferred values with those of the target dynamic models. Our numerical tests show that fitting the slip velocity functions of the target models at each point on the fault plane is not enough to retrieve good traction evolution curves and to obtain reliable measures of Dc. We find that the estimation of Dc is very sensitive to any small variation of the slip velocity function. An artificial correlation between Dc/Dtot is obtained when a fixed shape of slip velocity is assumed on the fault (i.e., constant rise time and constant time for positive acceleration) which differs from that of the target model. We point out that the estimation of fracture energy (breakdown work) on the fault is not affected by biases in measuring Dc.
    Description: FIRB-MIUR project Airplane (RBPR05B2ZJ 006)
    Description: Published
    Description: 1205-1220
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics ; Earthquake ground motions ; Computational seismology ; Theoretical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 15
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    Pulse‐like dynamic earthquake rupture propagation under rate‐, state‐ and temperature‐dependent friction (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: Healing of faults is an important process in earthquake source physics since it accounts for a rapid restrengthening of the fault traction and for a consequent short slip duration, as indicated by slip inversions of seismic data. In this paper we show that a laboratory‐derived constitutive model, with an explicit dependence on the temperature developed by frictional heat, can provide a suitable explanation for the generation of self‐healing slip pulses. The model requires neither special modifications at low or high speeds nor the introduction of heterogeneities in the material properties, as previously proposed. We also demonstrate through numerical experiments of 3‐D ruptures that the temperature evolution can discriminate between crack‐like and slip pulses mode of propagation. In particular, we find that for a moderate level of strain localization (slipping zone width larger than 20 mm) ruptures behave as classical enlarging cracks.
    Description: Published
    Description: L18307
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Temperature ; Numerical models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    The influence of tectonic regimes on the earthquake size distribution: A case study for Italy (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union
    Description: We explore the hypothesis that the relative size distribution of earthquakes, or b‐value, systematically depends on the style‐of‐faulting of seismotectonic zones. Because the b‐value has been shown to be inversely proportional to stress, we expect to find b(thrust) 〈 b (strike‐slip) 〈 b(normal). We test this expectation for the case of Italy. We first of all build a seismotectonic zonation model, consisting of 10 distinct tectonic zones. The faulting style of each zone is then characterized by the summed moment tensor of first‐motion and full‐waveform based focal mechanism. We calculate the b‐value for each zone: the lowest values are obtained for reverse zones (0.75– 0.81), highest for the normal (1.09), followed by the strikeslips (0.9–0.92). Our results suggest that b‐values, which are a critical parameter in all seismic hazard assessments, should be set according to the local faulting regimes. In addition, seismotectonic zonation models should take b‐value variations as one input.
    Description: Published
    Description: L10305
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: b-value ; stress regime ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 17
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    Dike emplacement and flank instability at Mount Etna: Constraints from a poro-elastic-model of flank collapse (2010)
    Elsevier B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Many volcanic edifices are subject to flank failure, usually produced by a combination of events, rather than any single process. From a dynamic point of view, the cause of collapse can be divided into factors that contribute to an increase in shear stress, and factors that contribute to the reduction in the friction coefficient μ of a potential basal failure plane. We study the potential for flank failure at Mount Etna considering a schematic section of the eastern flank, approximated by a wedge-like block. For such geometry, we perform a (steady state) limit equilibrium analysis: the resolution of the forces parallel to the possible basal failure plane allows us to determine the total force acting on the potentially unstable wedge. An estimate of the relative strength of these forces suggests that, in first approximation, the stability is controlled primarily by the balance between block weight, lithostatic load and magmatic forces. Any other force (sea load, hydrostatic uplift, and the uplift due to mechanical and thermal pore-fluid pressure) may be considered of second order. To study the model sensitivity, we let the inferred slope α of the basal surface failure vary between −10° and 10°, and consider three possible scenarios: no magma loading, magmastatic load, and magmastatic load with magma overpressure. We use error propagation to include in our analysis the uncertainties in the estimates of the mechanics and geometrical parameters controlling the block equilibrium. When there is no magma loading, the ratio between destabilizing and stabilizing forces is usually smaller than the coefficient of friction of the basal failure plane. In the absence of an initiating mechanism, and with the nominal values of the coefficient of friction μ=0.7±0.1 proposed, the representative wedge will remain stable or continue to move at constant speed. In presence of magmastatic forces, the influence of the lateral restraint decreases. If we consider the magmastatic load only, the block will remain stable (or continue to move at constant speed), unless the transient mechanical and thermal pressurization significantly decrease the friction coefficient, increasing the instability of the flank wedge for αN5° (seaward dipping decollement). When the magma overpressure contribution is included in the equilibrium analysis, the ratio between destabilizing and stabilizing forces is of the same order or larger than the coefficient of friction of the basal failure plane, and the block will become unstable (or accelerate), especially in the case of the reduction in friction coefficient. Finally, our work suggests that the major challenge in studying flank instability at Mount Etna is not the lack of an appropriate physical model, but the limited knowledge of the mechanical and geometrical parameters describing the block equilibrium.
    Description: This work was funded by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and the Italian Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (DPC) (DPC-INGV project V4 “Flank”).
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna ; dike intrusion ; flank instability ; poro-elasticity ; analytical modelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 18
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    Relating High-Velocity Rock-Friction Experiments to Coseismic Slip in the Presence of Melts (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The dynamic strength (tau_f) of faults during coseismic slip is a major unknown in earthquake mechanics, though it has crucial influence on rupture properties, dynamic stress drop, radiated energy and heat produced during slip. In order to provide constraints on tau_f, High-Velocity Rock Friction Experiments (HVRFE) are conducted on natural rocks with rotary shear apparatuses, reproducing slip (several meters) and slip rate (0.1-3 m/s) typical of large earthquakes. Among the various weakening mechanisms possibly activated during seismic slip, we focus on melt lubrication. Solidified, friction-induced melts (pseudotachylytes) decorate some exhumed seismic faults, showing that melt can occur on natural faults, though its frequency is still a matter of debate. In the presence of melt, tau_f undergoes an initial strengthening stage, followed by a dramatic weakening stage (thermal runaway). Field estimates based on pseudotachylyte thickness and experimental measures of tau_f suggest large stress drops once thermal runaway is achieved. These estimates of tau_f are compatible with large dynamic stress drops and high radiation efficiency, as observed for some earthquakes. Moreover, the threshold for the onset of thermal runaway might explain differences between the mechanics of small (M 〈 4) and large earthquakes. A simple mathematical model coupling melting, extrusion and thermal diffusion reproduces some observed experimental features such as the duration of the weakening stage and the convergence to a steady-state.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-134
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: friction, pseudotachylite, exhumed faults, laboratory experiments, High velocity friction ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 19
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    The growth and erosion of cinder cones in Guatemala and El Salvador: Models and statistics (2010)
    Elsevier B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Morphologic data for 147 cinder cones in southernGuatemala andwestern El Salvador are comparedwith data from 21 the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona (USA), Cima volcanic field, California (USA), Michoácan–Guanajuato 22 volcanic field, Mexico, and the Lamongan volcanic field, East Java. The Guatemala cones have an average height of 23 110+/−50m, an average basal diameter of 660+/−230m and an average top diameter of 180+/−150m. The 24 generalmorphology of these cones can be described by their average cone angle of slope (24+/−7), average height- 25 to-radius ratio (0.33+/−0.09) and their flatness (0.24+/−0.18). Although the mean values for the Guatemalan 26 cones are similar to those for other volcanic fields (e.g., San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona; Cima volcanic field, 27 California; Michoácan–Guanajuato volcanic field, Mexico; and Lamongan volcanic field, East Java), the range of 28 morphologies encompasses almost all of those observed worldwide for cinder cones. 29 Three new 40Ar/39Ar age dates are combined with 19 previously published dates for cones in Guatemala and El 30 Salvador. There is no indication that the morphologies of these cones have changed over the last 500–1000 ka. 31 Furthermore, a re-analysis of published data for other volcanic fields suggests that only in the Cima volcanic field (of 32 those studied) is there clear evidence of degradation with age. 33 Preliminary results of a numerical model of cinder cone growth are used to show that the range of morphologies 34 observed in the Guatemalan cinder cones could all be primary, that is, due to processes occurring at the time of 35 eruption.
    Description: Support for Walker was provided by NSF MARGINS grant OCE-0405666.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: cinder cones ; morphology ; age dating ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 20
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    Dynamic seismic ruptures on melting fault zones (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union
    Description: We present a physical model which describes the behavior of spontaneous earthquake ruptures dynamically propagating on a fault zone and which accounts for the presence of frictional melt produced by the sliding surfaces. First, we analytically derive the solution for the temperature evolution inside the melt layer, which generalizes previous approximations. Then we incorporate such a solution in a numerical code for the solution of the elasto–dynamic problem. When a melt layer is formed, the linear slip–weakening law (initially governing the fault and relying on the Coulomb friction) is no longer valid. Therefore we introduce on the fault a linearly viscous rheology, with a temperature–dependent dynamic viscosity. We explore through numerical simulations the resulting behavior of the traction evolution in the cohesive zone before and after the transition from Coulomb friction and viscous rheology. The predictions of our model are in general agreement with data field from exhumed faults. We also find that the fault, after undergoing the breakdown stress drop controlled by the slip–weakening constitutive equation, experiences a second traction drop controlled by the exponential weakening of fault resistance due to the viscous rheology. This further drop enhances the instability of fault, increasing the rupture speeds, the peaks in fault slip velocity and the fracture energy density.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Melting ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 21
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    A comparative analysis of different models of aftershock rate decay by maximum likelihood estimation of simulated sequences (2009)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Most empirical studies on the decay of the rate of aftershock with time after a main shock assume the simple power law described by the modified Omori model (MOM). A couple of alternative models, also including an exponential decay at long times, have been proposed in the last decades: the modified stretched exponential (MSE) model and the band-limited power law (LPL). The first aim of this work is to discuss the functional properties of such models and the relations existing on their parameters. In particular, we derive, in term of common transcendental functions, the analytical integrals of the LPL and MSE rate functions, which are useful to simplify and speed up computations. We also define, as a function of the parameters of the LPL, two characteristic times tb and ta, which correspond approximately to the delay time c of the MOM and the exponential decay relaxation time t0 of the MSE, respectively. Hence, the MOM, the MSE, and the LPL models can be compared among each other in terms of the same set of four general parameters: (1) the power law exponent, (2) the initial delay time, (3) the exponential relaxation time (1 for the MOM), and (4) a normalization parameter, which can be related in some cases to the total number of potential aftershocks. A second aim of this paper is to test the ability of maximum likelihood methods to detecting the most appropriate decay model among alternatives. By the analysis of sequences simulated according to a MSE or a LPL we show that if the assumed exponential decay relaxation time is shorter than the time window over which the sequence is observed, the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria select correctly the true model (MSE or LPL). Conversely, when the relaxation time is definitely longer than the observing window, the information criteria usually prefer the MOM, but the maximum likelihood of the true model is higher, and if the data set of shocks is sufficiently large, the order of magnitude of the simulated characteristic time of the exponential decay can be estimated quite consistently. Hence, when analyzing real sequences, the possible emergence of the exponential decay might be hidden by the short duration of the time window if the standard information criteria are considered. Moreover, when the relaxation time is short, the estimated power law exponent p for the MOM results definitely higher than that assumed in the simulation. This indicates that high values of p (〉1.5–2.0), sometimes observed in real sequences, might be due to the (not modeled) early startup of the negative exponential decay. Our analysis cannot decide which model is the most appropriate in describing the temporal behavior of aftershock rate after a main shock but suggests that the assumption of a model also including the exponential decay is generally preferable as it allows capture of all of the features of sequence decay.
    Description: Published
    Description: B01305
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: aftershock ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 22
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    Structural features of the 2007 Stromboli eruption (2009)
    Elsevier B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 27 February 2007, two NE–SW and NNW–SSE dike-fed effusive vents opened to the North (at 650 and 400 m above sea level, asl) of the summit craters at Stromboli, forming a fissure parallel to the inner walls of the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) sector collapse depression. The formation of these vents was soon followed by rapid subsidence of the summit crater area. This partly obstructed the central conduit, temporarily choking the fissure and increasing the deformation of the upper part of SdF. The reactivation of the NNW–SSE vent and the opening of a new vent located at 500 m asl, fed by a second dike, released the internal pressure and surface deformation ceased. The eruption then continued again from the 400 m vent, after a summit explosion on 15 March, until ending in early April after a progressive decrease of magma output. Repeated NE–SW dike intrusions have occurred in recent years, close to the upper SE limit of the SdF. In that zone, named Bastimento, the eruptive fractures traced the discontinuities that borders the SdF, increasing the risk of triggering new sector collapse. Whereas the NE–SW trending structures lie along the regional volcanostructural trend of the Aeolian arc through Stromboli, the NNW–SSE vents are oblique to this trend and may be controlled by the anomalous stress field within the unstable flank of the SdF. Another fundamental aspect of the 2007 eruption is the collapse of the central conduit, due to the rapid and deep magma drainage linked to the opening of the 400 m vent. The intrusion of dikes and development of flank vents during the 2007 eruption could possibly have triggered catastrophic landslides and related tsunami or eruptive paroxysms, but the opening of new effusive vents released the internal pressures, diminishing the hazard.
    Description: Work funded by INGV and Dipartimento Protezione Civile, Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 137-144
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: 2007 Stromboli eruption ; Dike-Fed vent ; Volcano-Tectonics ; Conduit collapse ; Flank instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 23
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    A quantitative approach for evaluating lava flow simulation reliability: LavaSIM code applied to the 2001 Etna eruption (2009)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2009) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: This work developed a quantitative approach for evaluating the reliability of lava flow simulation codes. In particular, it applied the LavaSIM code to simulate the main lava flow emplaced on the south flank of Mount Etna (Italy) between 18 July and 9 August 2001 which represents an ideal test case for validating numerical codes. LavaSIM is the only full 3-D model and is thus able to account for the vertical variation of lava properties such as temperature, viscosity, velocity, and liquidus or solidus state. It presents the most complete description of the lava cooling, and its greatest peculiarity is the potential to discriminate between cells filled by liquid or solid lava. Thirteen simulation tests were performed varying the main input parameters, and they were checked thanks to the availability of syneruption maps, defining the lava flow planar expansion throughout its whole emplacement. Two parameters were adopted for quantitatively evaluate the agreement between real and simulated flows: the percent length ratio (PLR), here defined, and the fitness function (e1). Their joint analysis allowed checking both the simulated lateral spreading, through e1, and the flow lengthening, through PLR. The simulated flows follow a path very similar to the observed one, giving a good fitting of the lateral spreading, though the simulations are, after the second day, normally longer and thinner. The temporal evolution of the three-dimensional distribution of liquid lava and crust was also analyzed. Finally, the analysis presented here demonstrated the great capability of the LavaSIM simulation code.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q09003
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: lava flow ; quantitative assessment of simulation reliability ; 2001 Etna eruption ; LavaSIM ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    Gas hazard assessment at the Monticchio crater lakes of Mt. Vulture, a volcano in Southern Italy (2008)
    Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Geochemical investigations have shown that there is a considerable inflow of gas into both crater lakes of Monticchio, Southern Italy. These lakes are located in two maars that formed 140,000 years ago during Mt. Vulture volcano’s last eruptive activity. Isotopic analyses suggest that CO2 and helium are of magmatic origin; the latter displays 3He/4He isotope ratios similar to those measured in olivines of the maar ejecta. In spite of the fact that the amount of dissolved gases in the water is less than that found in Lake Nyos (Cameroon), both the results obtained and the historical reports studied indicate that these crater lakes could be highly hazardous sites, even if they are located in a region currently considered inactive. This could be of special significance in very popular tourist areas such as the Monticchio lakes, which are visited by about 30,000 people throughout the summer, for the most part on Sundays.
    Description: In press
    Description: 83-87
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic gases ; gas hazard ; crater lakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    An EGF technique to infer the rupture velocity history of a small magnitude earthquake (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-11
    Description: An empirical Green’s function (EGF) technique has been developed to detect the rupture velocity history of a small earthquake. The assumed source model is a circular crack that is characterized by a single and unipolar moment rate function (MRF). The deconvolution is treated as an inverse problem in the time domain, which involves an assumed form of the moment rate function (MRF). The source parameters of the MRF are determined by adopting a global nonlinear inversion scheme. A thorough synthetic study on both synthetic and real seismograms allowed us to evaluate the degree of reliability of the retrieved model parameters. The technique was applied to four small events that occurred in the Umbria-Marche region (Italy) in 1997. To test the hypothesis of a single rupture process, the inversion results were compared with those arising from another EGF technique, which assumes a multiple rupture process. For each event, the best fit model was selected using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion. For all the considered events the most interesting result is that the selected best fit model favors the hypothesis of a single faulting process with a clear variability of the rupture velocity during the process. For the studied events, the maximum rupture speed can even approach the P-wave velocity at the source, as theoretically foreseen in studies of the physics of the rupture and recently observed for high-magnitude earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: B10314
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: EGF technique ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 26
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    Frictional Melt and Seismic Slip (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Frictional melt is implied in a variety of processes such as seismic slip, ice skating,and meteorite combustion. A steady state can be reached when melt is continuously produced and extruded from the sliding interface, as shown recently in a number of laboratory rock friction experiments. A thin, low-viscosity, high-temperature melt layer is formed resulting in low shear resistance. A theoretical solution describing the coupling of shear heating, thermal diffusion, and extrusion is obtained, without imposing a priori the melt thickness. The steady state shear traction can be approximated at high slip rates by the theoretical form : tau=sn^[1/4] (A/sqrt[R]) sqrt[ log[2 V/W] / (V/W) ] under a normal stress sn, slip rate V, radius of contact area R (A is a dimensional normalizing factor and W is a characteristic rate). Although the model offers a rather simplified view of a complex process, the predictions are compatible with experimental observations. In particular, we consider laboratory simulations of seismic slip on earthquake faults. A series of highvelocity rotary shear experiments on rocks, performed for sn in the range 1–20 MPa and slip rates in the range 0.5–2 m/s, is confronted to the theoretical model. The behavior is reasonably well reproduced, though the effect of radiation loss taking place in the experiment somewhat alters the data. The scaling of friction with sn, R, and V in the presence of melt suggests that extrapolation of laboratory measures to real Earth is a highly nonlinear, nontrivial exercise.
    Description: Published
    Description: B01308
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: friction ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 27
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    MAFALDA: An early warning modeling tool to forecast volcanic ash dispersal and deposition (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Forecasting the dispersal of ash from explosive volcanoes is a scientific challenge to modern volcanology. It also represents a fundamental step in mitigating the potential impact of volcanic ash on urban areas and transport routes near explosive volcanoes. To this end we developed a web-based early-warning modeling tool named MAFALDA (Modeling And Forecasting Ash Loading and Dispersal in the Atmosphere) able to quantitatively forecast ash concentrations in the air and on the ground. The main features of MAFALDA are: the usage of (1) a dispersal model, named VOL-CALPUFF (Barsotti et al. 2008) that couples the column ascent phase with the ash-cloud transport and (2) high-resolution weather forecasting data, the capability to run and merge multiple scenarios, and the web-based structure of the procedure that makes it suitable as an early-warning tool. MAFALDA produces plots for a detailed analysis of ash-cloud dynamics and ground deposition, as well as synthetic 2D maps of areas potentially affected by dangerous concentrations of ash. A first application of MAFALDA to the long-lasting weak plumes produced at Mt. Etna (Italy) is presented. A similar tool can be useful to civil protection authorities and volcanic observatories in reducing the impact of the eruptive events. MAFALDA can be accessed at http://mafalda.pi.ingv.it.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q12019
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcanic ash forecast ; numerical modeling ; early warning modeling tool ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 28
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    Reply to comments by E.Galili et al. on “Holocene Tsunami's from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic Communities” (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: No abstract
    Description: Published
    Description: L08312
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: landslide tsunami ; Mt. Etna ; paleo-tsunami deposits ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 29
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    Topographic control on lava flow paths at Mt. Etna (Italy): implications for hazard assesment (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Assessment of the hazard from lava flow inundation at the active volcano of Mt. Etna (Italy) was performed by calculating the probability of lava flow inundation at each position on the volcano. A probability distribution for the formation of new vents was calculated using geological and volcanological data from past eruptions. The simulated lava flows from these vents were emplaced using a maximum expected flow length derived from geological data on previous lava flows. Simulations were run using DOWNFLOW, a DEM-based model designed to predict lava flow paths. Different eruptive scenarios were simulated by varying the elevation and probability distribution of eruptive points. Inundation maps show that the city of Catania and the coastal zone may only be impacted by flows erupted from low-altitude vents (〈 1500 m elevation), and that flank eruptions at elevations 〉 2000 m preferentially inundate the northeast and southern sectors of the volcano as well as the Valle del Bove. Eruptions occurring in the summit area (〉 3000 m elevation) pose no threat to the local population. Discrepancies between the results of simple, hydrological models and those of the DOWNFLOW model show that hydrological approaches are inappropriate when dealing with Etnean lava flows. Because hydrological approaches are not designed to reproduce the full complexity of lava flow spreading, they underestimate the catchment basins when the fluid has a complex rheology.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: lava flows ; DOWNFLOW ; hazard ; Mt. Etna ; Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 30
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    Waveform modeling of historical seismograms of the 1930 Irpinia earthquake provides insight on ‘‘blind’’ faulting in Southern Apennines (Italy) (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Southern Apennines chain is related to the west-dipping subduction of the Apulian lithosphere. The strongest seismic events mostly occurred in correspondence of the chain axis along normal NW–SE striking faults parallel to the chain axis. These structures are related to mantle wedge upwelling beneath the chain. In the foreland, faulting develops along E–W strike-slip to oblique-slip faults related to the roll-back of the foreland. Similarly to other historical events in Southern Apennines, the I0 = XI (MCS intensity scale) 23 July 1930 earthquake occurred between the chain axis and the thrust front without surface faulting. This event produced more than 1400 casualties and extensive damage elongated approximately E-W. The analysis of the historical waveforms provides the chance to study the fault geometry of this ‘‘anomalous’’ event and allow us to clarify its geodynamic significance. Our results indicate that the MS = 6.6 1930 event nucleated at 14.6 ± 3.06 km depth and ruptured a north dipping, N100 E striking plane with an oblique motion. The fault propagated along the fault strike 32 km to the east at about 2 km/s. The eastern fault tip is located in proximity of the Vulture volcano. The 1930 hypocenter, similarly to the 1990 (MW = 5.8) Southern Apennines event, is within the Mesozoic carbonates of the Apulian foredeep and the rupture developed along a ‘‘blind’’ fault. The 1930 fault kinematics significantly differs from that typical of large Southern Apennines earthquakes, which occur in a distinct seismotectonic domain on late Pleistocene to Holocene outcropping faults. These results stress the role played by pre-existing, ‘‘blind’’ faults in the Apennines subduction setting
    Description: Published
    Description: B05303
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: southern apennines ; historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 31
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    Pre-seismic slip on the 26 September 1997, Umbria-Marche earthquake fault? Unexpected clues from the analysis of 1951-1992 elevation changes (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We studied 1951-1992 elevation changes recorded by a first order leveling line that intercepts the surface projection of the 26 Sep. 1997, Mw 6.0, Umbria-Marche earthquake causative fault. The line documents 1951-1992 localized subsidence along a 12 km section above the fault. We calculated the expected 1997 coseismic elevation changes along the line using standard dislocation modeling and found that their trend has an amplitude three times larger than the trend of the observed pre-1997 signal but with a similar shape. We suggest that this signal is the result of 10 cm of pre-1992 slip along the northernmost 5 km of the 1997 earthquake fault, where coseismic slip was found to be less than the average estimated for the entire fault. This result implies unusually fast slip along this section of the fault and may suggest slip acceleration in preparation for the impending failure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1953-1956
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: pre-seismic slip ; leveling ; 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 32
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    High-stress strike-slip faults in the Apennines: An example from the 2002 San Giuliano earthquakes (southern Italy) (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Under the hypotheses that the high-frequency part of the seismic spectrum is controlled by source duration and by peak slip velocity, we applied a recent coda envelope methodology to obtain stable relative source estimates between selected mainshocks and their aftershocks. We computed stable mainshock/aftershock S-wave spectral ratios and used a simple source model in order to quantify the scaling of the seismic sources of the San Giuliano sequence (Southern Italy). From the analysis of the ratios obtained between the main shock of 10/31/2002, and 11 aftershocks, and of those computed between the other main event of the sequence, of 11/01/2002, and 10 aftershocks, we observe that the scaling relationships: holds, with . Despite the strong discrepancy between the moment magnitude and the high-frequency ground motion excited by the main shocks (ML was much lower than Mw), that would indicate low-stress drop sources, we compute anomalously high stress parameters for both events. By comparison, the same analysis was carried out on seismic data of the Hector Mine seismic sequence (the main event of October 16, 1999, , and six of its aftershocks). We found: , with .
    Description: Published
    Description: L12302
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Source mechanics ; Radiated Energy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 33
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    Newly discovered submarine flank eruption at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The NW submarine portion of Stromboli volcano has been investigated by deep-towed sidescan sonar, bathymetric surveys, video camera runs and dredging during two research cruises in 2002 and 2004. The surveys resulted in the identification of an extensive pillow lava field (106-107m3) at about 2300 m of water depth and 9 km from the shoreline of Stromboli Island. The pillow lavas have a unique composition that does not match any known subaerial product, although a limited affinity exists with those erupted during the Neostromboli eruptive cycle of the island (13–6 ka). This is the first finding of a submarine eruption on the northern side of Stromboli and improves the knowledge of its flank activity and volcanic hazards. This eruption is interpreted as marking the onset of a new volcanic cycle from the edifice periphery fed by a new, distinct magma mixed with traces of the previous magma that survived the emptying of the Neostromboli magma chamber.
    Description: Published
    Description: L16310
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli ; flank eruption ; pillow lava ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
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  • 34
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    Reply to comment by Luigi Vigliotti on “Lost tsunami” (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: No abstract
    Description: Published
    Description: L02609
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna tsunami ; homogenite ; 365 A.D. tsunami ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 35
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    Compression along the northern Apenninines? Evidence from the Mw 5.3 Monghidoro earthquake (2007)
    Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper, we present the seismological data recorded during the deployment of a dense three-component seismic network installed a few hours after the 2003 Mw 5.3 Monghidoro earthquake, in northern Apennines. The main shock focal solutions derived from polarities distribution and body wave modelling of regional broadband data show a NE–SW striking reverse mechanism. Accurate relative locations of aftershocks and the inversion of focal mechanisms show that earthquakes occurred on a NW-dipping backthrust within the Adria lithosphere under a NW-trending horizontal compression. The observed compression is a secondary process possibly explained by differential motion within the Adriatic lithosphere. Fault geometry and kinematics is controlled by pre-existing structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-94
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: seismological data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 36
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    A global search inversion for earthquake kinematic rupture history: Application to the 2000 western Tottori, Japan earthquake (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present a two-stage nonlinear technique to invert strong motions records and geodetic data to retrieve the rupture history of an earthquake on a finite fault. To account for the actual rupture complexity, the fault parameters are spatially variable peak slip velocity, slip direction, rupture time and risetime. The unknown parameters are given at the nodes of the subfaults, whereas the parameters within a subfault are allowed to vary through a bilinear interpolation of the nodal values. The forward modeling is performed with a discrete wave number technique, whose Green’s functions include the complete response of the vertically varying Earth structure. During the first stage, an algorithm based on the heat-bath simulated annealing generates an ensemble of models that efficiently sample the good data-fitting regions of parameter space. In the second stage (appraisal), the algorithm performs a statistical analysis of the model ensemble and computes a weighted mean model and its standard deviation. This technique, rather than simply looking at the best model, extracts the most stable features of the earthquake rupture that are consistent with the data and gives an estimate of the variability of each model parameter. We present some synthetic tests to show the effectiveness of the method and its robustness to uncertainty of the adopted crustal model. Finally, we apply this inverse technique to the well recorded 2000 western Tottori, Japan, earthquake (Mw 6.6); we confirm that the rupture process is characterized by large slip (3-4 m) at very shallow depths but, differently from previous studies, we imaged a new slip patch (2-2.5 m) located deeper, between 14 and 18 km depth.
    Description: Published
    Description: B07314
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: earthquake ; kinematic ; finite fault ; inversion ; source mechanics ; waveform ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 37
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    Sumatra tsunami affects observations by GRACE satellites (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Changes in the Earth’s gravity fi eld are caused by the redistribution of mass within the Earth and on or above its surface.While previous studies [Tapley, 2004; Wahr, 2004] showed that the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, executed by NASA,had successfully determined oceanic mass redistribution, the relative motions between two GRACE satellites caused by the 2004 Sumatra tsunami is still uncertain. This present study combines a numerical model of the tsunami and GRACE orbit data to estimate the realistic effect of oceanic mass redistribution on the inter-satellite range-rate change between two GRACE satellites.The GRACE mission is designed to map out the Earth’s gravity field to high accuracy. Instead of measuring the Earth gravity field or mass variations directly, GRACE estimates a set of spherical harmonic coefficients denoting the Earth gravity fi eld each month by measuring range changes between two spacecrafts [Chambers et al., 2004]. The aftermath of this study has shown that the sea surface height anomaly due to the 2004 Sumatra tsunami can cause GRACE inter-satellite range-rate change (i.e., the small relative motions between twin GRACE satellites).When the GRACE trajectories are near the tsunami regions, the range-rate variations are large enough to be observed by GRACE. On 26 December 2004, the fourth strongest earthquake over the past century occurred in the Indian Ocean off the western coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Measuring 9.0 in magnitude, the earthquake generated a massive tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean countries and Somalia.The sudden and violent vertical displacement of the seafl oor caused a disturbance to the overlying water column that propagated rapidly across the whole Indian Ocean.As the tsunami reached shallow water, the height of the wave drastically increased and produced huge inundations and runup heights of up to a few tens of meters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 353-356
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Sumatra ; tsunami ; propagation ; gravity ; satellite ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.04. Gravity anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 38
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    Near-field propagation of tsunamis from megathrust earthquakes (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We investigate controls on tsunami generation and propagation in the near-field of great megathrust earthquakes using a series of numerical simulations of subduction and tsunamigenesis on the Sumatran forearc. The Sunda megathrust here is advanced in its seismic cycle and may be ready for another great earthquake. We calculate the seafloor displacements and tsunami wave heights for about 100 complex earthquake ruptures whose synthesis was informed by reference to geodetic and stress accumulation studies. Remarkably, results show that, for any near-field location: (1) the timing of tsunami inundation is independent of slipdistribution on the earthquake or even of its magnitude, and (2) the maximum wave height is directly proportional to the vertical coseismic displacement experienced at that location. Both observations are explained by the dominance of long wavelength crustal flexure in near-field tsunamigenesis. The results show, for the first time, that a single estimate of vertical coseismic displacement might provide a reliable short-term forecast of the maximum height of tsunami waves.
    Description: Published
    Description: L14316
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Sumatra ; earthquake ; tsunami ; megathrust ; hazard ; forecasting ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 39
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    Thermal model of the Vesuvius magma chamber (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A thermal modeling of the Vesuvius is presented, based on its magmatic and volcanic history. A 2D numerical scheme has been developed to evaluate the heat transfer inside and around a magma body, the latent heat of crystallization and the inputs of magma from the asthenosphere to a crustal reservoir. Assuming a ratio 〉1 between velocities of magma ascending in the conduit and magma laterally displaced in the reservoir, the results indicate that, after 40 ka, the reservoir is vertically thermally zoned. As a consequence it hosts magma batches that can individually differentiate, mix and be contaminated by the crust, and produce the spectrum of isotopic compositions of the Vesuvian products. The thermal model reproduces the geothermal gradient and the brittle-ductile transition (250– 300 C) at 6 km of depth (the maximum depth of earthquake foci) only after 0.5–1 Ma, implying a long lived magma chamber below the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: L17302
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 40
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    Evidence for fluid migration as the source of deformation at Campi Flegrei (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We model the location, geometry and density of the source of the recent geological unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) by inverting levelling, trilateration and gravity measurements collected between 1980 and 1995. The best fitting source for the 1980–84 inflation is a horizontal penny-shaped crack with a density 142 to 1115 kg/m3. The source best fitting the deflation period (1990–95) is a vertical spheroid with density between 902 and 1015 kg/m3. These results exclude the intrusion of magma, and indicate the migration of fluid to and from the caldera hydrothermal system as the cause of ground deformation and consequent unrest.
    Description: Published
    Description: L01307
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 41
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    On the mechanical work absorbed on faults during earthquake ruptures (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper we attempt to reconcile a theoretical understanding of the earthquake energy balance with current geologic understanding of fault zones, with seismological estimates of fracture energy on faults, and with geological measurements of surface energy in fault gouges. In particular, we discuss the mechanical work absorbed on the fault plane during the propagation of a dynamic earthquake rupture. We show that, for realistic fault zone models, all the mechanical work is converted in frictional work defined as the irreversible work against frictional stresses. We note that the eff γ of Kostrov and Das (1988) is zero for cracks lacking stress singularities, and thus does not contribute to the work done on real faults. Fault shear tractions and slip velocities inferred seismologically are phenomenological variables at the macroscopic scale. We define the macroscopic frictional work and we discuss how it is partitioned into surface energy and heat (the latter includes real heat as well as plastic deformation and the radiation damping of Kostrov and Das). Tinti et al. (2005) defined and measured breakdown work for recent earthquakes, which is the excess of work over some minimum stress level associated with the dynamic fault weakening. The comparison between geologic measurements of surface energy and breakdown work revealed that 1-10% of breakdown work went into the creation of fresh fracture surfaces (surface energy) in large earthquakes, and the remainder went into heat. We also point out that in a realistic fault zone model the transition between heat and surface energy can lie anywhere below the slip weakening curve.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: 237-261
    Description: open
    Keywords: earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 42
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    An energy-duration procedure for rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and tsunamigenic potential (2007)
    Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We introduce a rapid and robust, energy-duration procedure, based on the Haskell, extendedsource model, to obtain an earthquake moment and a moment magnitude, MED. Using seismograms at teleseismic distances (30!–90!), this procedure combines radiated seismic energy measures on the P to S interval of broadband signals and source duration measures on highfrequency, P-wave signals. The MED energy-duration magnitude is scaled to correspond to the Global Centroid-Moment Tensor (CMT) moment-magnitude, MCMT w , and can be calculated within about 20 min or less after origin time (OT). The measured energy and duration values also provide the energy-to-moment ratio, !, used for identification of tsunami earthquakes. The MED magnitudes for a set of recent, large earthquakes match closely MCMT w , even for the largest, great earthquakes; these results imply that the MED measure is accurate and does not saturate. After the 2004 December 26 Sumatra-Andaman mega-thrust earthquake, magnitude estimates available within 1 hr of OT ranged from M = 8.0 to 8.5, the CMT magnitude, available about 3 hr after OT, was MCMT w = 9.0, and, several months after the event, Mw = 9.1–9.3 was obtained from analysis of the earth normal modes. The energy-duration magnitude for this event is MED = 9.2, a measure that is potentially available within 20 min after OT. After the 2006 July 17, Java earthquake, the magnitude was evaluated at M = 7.2 at 17 min after OT, the CMT magnitude, available about 1 hr after OT, was MCMT w = 7.7; the energy-duration results for this event give MED = 7.8, with a very long source duration of about 160 s, and a very low ! value, indicating a possible tsunami earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1195-1209
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: earthquake ; magnitude ; seismic moment ; seismograms ; tsunami ; waveform analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Architecture and mechanics of an active low-angle normal fault: Alto Tiberina Fault, northern Apennines, Italy (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present seismological evidence for the existence of an actively slipping low angle normal fault (15¡ã dip) located in the Northern Apennines of Italy. During a temporary seismic experiment, we recorded ~2000 earthquakes with ML ¡Ý 3.1. The micro-seismicity defines a 500 to 1000 m thick fault zone that cross-cuts the upper crust from 4 km down to 16 km depth. The fault coincides with the geometry and location of the Alto Tiberina Fault (ATF) as derived from geological observations and interpretation of depth-converted seismic reflection profiles. In the ATF hangingwall the seismicity distributions highlight minor synthetic and antithetic normal faults (4-5 km long) that sole into the detachment. The ATF related seismicity shows a nearly constant rate of earthquake production, ~ 3 events per day (ML ¡Ü 2.3), and a higher b-value (1.06) with respect to the fault hanging-wall (0.85) which is characterized by a higher rate of seismicity. In the ATF-zone we also observe the presence of clusters of earthquakes occurring with relatively short time delays and rupturing the same fault patch. To explain movements on the ATF, oriented at high angles (~75¡ã) to the maximum vertical principal stress, we suggest an interpretative model in which crustal extension along the fault is mostly accommodated by aseismic slip in velocity strengthening areas whilst micro-earthquakes occur in velocity weakening patches. We propose that these short-lived frictional instabilities are triggered by fluid overpressures related to the build-up of CO2¨Crich fluids as documented by boreholes in the footwall of the ATF.
    Description: Published
    Description: B10310
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Low angle normal faults ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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    Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard and Risk Assessment (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: No abstract
    Description: Published
    Description: 318
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 45
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    A study of regional waveform calibration in the eastern Mediterranean (2006)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We modeled Pnl phases from several moderate magnitude earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean to test methods and develop path calibrations for determining source parameters. The study region, which extends from the eastern part of the Hellenic arc to the eastern Anatolian fault, is dominated by moderate earthquakes that can produce significant damage. Our results are useful for analyzing regional seismicity as well as seismic hazard, because very few broadband seismic stations are available in the selected area. For the whole region we have obtained a single velocity model characterized by a 30 km thick crust, low upper mantle velocities and a very thin lid overlaying a distinct low velocity layer. Our preferred model proved quite reliable for determining focal mechanism and seismic moment across the entire range of selected paths. The source depth is also well constrained, especially for moderate earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Body wave propagation ; earthquake parameters ; lithosphere ; upper-mantle ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 46
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    Source analysis of the 2002 Molise, southern Italy, twin earthquakes (10/31 and 11/01) (2006)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On October 31, 2002, a moderate size earthquake (Mw = 5.8) occurred in Molise region, southern Italy, causing loss of young human lives in a school collapse and destructions in several villages. The day after, a slightly smaller earthquake happened a few kilometers westward from the first one, without making strong damage. We use a complete set of seismological data (global, regional and local, including both body and surface waves) to better understand the source process of these two events. We show that the two earthquakes are similar, in terms of hypocentral depth, focal mechanism, and source kinematics. Moreover, the imaged slip zones are almost contiguous which makes the time delay between the two shocks (29 hours) an open question. The identified updip rupture propagation has amplified the radiation usually created by such Mw = 5.8 earthquakes at 15–20 km depth. We model a maximum acceleration zone in agreement with location of damaged villages.
    Description: Published
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: source kinematics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 47
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    High-precision locations of the microseismicity preceding the 2002–2003 Mt. Etna eruption (2005)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: To recognize possible signals of intrusive processes leading to the last 2002–2003 flank eruption at Mt. Etna, we analyzed the spatial pattern of microseismicity between August 2001 and October 2002 and calculated 23 fault plane solutions (FPSs) for shocks with magnitude greater than 2.5. By applying the double-difference approach of Waldhauser and Ellsworth [2000] on 3D locations, we found that most of the scattered epicentral locations further collapse in roughly linear features. High-precision locations evidenced a distribution of earthquakes along two main alignments, oriented NE-SW to ENE-WSW and NW-SE, matching well both with the known tectonic and volcanic lineaments of Etna and FPSs results. Moreover, microseismicity and swarms located along the NNW-SSE volcano-genetic trend suggest, together with geodetic data and volcanological evidence that progressive magma refilling has occurred since February 2002.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-4
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Seismology: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Seismology: Earthquake parameters ; Seismology: Volcano seismology ; Volcanology: Eruption monitoring ; Volcanology: Magma migration. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 48
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    Dynamics of 2004–2005 Mt. Etna effusive eruption as inferred from petrologic monitoring (2005)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: From early September to early November, during the 2004–2005 Mt. Etna effusive eruption, petrologic monitoring was enabled by near-vent sampling of erupting lava and onsite SEM-EDS capabilities at INGV-CT. Significant differences in composition and temperature of lava erupted from 2920–2620 m and 2820–2320 m vents, attest to variably evolved shallow magmatic conditions within a geometrically complex storage volume. The petrography and glass compositions of water-quenched samples indicate that the magma feeding the 2004–2005 activity was likely to have been stored in the shallow plumbing system during the 2000 and 2001 activity, where it experienced volatile loss and extensive crystallization. Both geophysical and petrologic data suggest that this eruption was not triggered by the intrusion of a new dike from depth, but it was more likely that existing shallow magma reservoirs were passively mobilized and erupted in response to edifice deformation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-5
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Mineralogy and Petrology: Petrography, microstructures, and textures ; Mineralogy and Petrology: Igneous petrology ; Volcanology: Eruption mechanisms and flow emplacement ; Volcanology: Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 49
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    Feedback processes between magmatic events and flank movement at Mount Etna (Italy) during the 2002-2003 eruption (2005)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2002–2003 Mount Etna eruption and the associated deformation provide a unique possibility to study the relationships between volcanism and volcano instability. The sequence started with movement of the eastern volcano flank and was associated with earthquakes and the formation of surface ruptures. Then the eruption occurred from fissures at the north and south rift zones and was followed by additional flank movement, seismic swarms, and surface ruptures. The overall area of flank movement implicated more than 700 km2. In this paper we investigate how episodes of magmatic events (eruptions and intrusions) and flank movement interact. In three-dimensional numerical models we simulate the volcano-tectonic events and calculate changes in the static stress field. The models suggest that the 2002–2003 events are the result of interrelated processes consisting of (1) the preeruptive intrusion of magma and inflation of the volcano, which induced (2) the movement of the volcano east flank, (3) facilitated the eruption, and (4) led to the slip of a much larger part of the eastern and southeastern flanks. Understanding the precise interconnectivity of these processes may help to forecast the behavior during future volcanic crisis at Mount Etna, which is crucial in minimizing volcanic and seismic hazards on the highly populated eastern sector of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-12
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; flank instability ; volcano deformation ; volcano-tectonic interaction ; elastic stress field modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Type: article
    Format: 490 bytes
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