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  • Articles  (997)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (916)
  • Canadian Science Publishing  (81)
  • 1955-1959  (997)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (997)
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  • Articles  (997)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: Three-inch soil cores were taken in triplicate from areas that had been burned in 1943, 1945, 1945 and 1951, and from corresponding unburned areas present within each burned-over area.Studies carried out on these cores taken from the 0 to 3-inch layer of soil revealed that, as a result of burning, there were decreases in total porosity and non-capillary porosity and an increase in capillary porosity. Field investigations showed that there was a decrease in the infiltration rate of burned soils and that there was an increase in soil temperature at a depth of 3 inches in burned soils.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: An apparatus is described which involves the use of a small thermocouple, cooled to the dew point by the Peltier effect, as a means of determining the relative activity of water in soils.Thermocouples were calibrated over a series of sulphuric acid solutions immersed in a constant temperature bath controlled to within 0.003 °C. The temperature of the bath for all readings was 25 °C. Readings were taken over Benjamin silty clay loam soil samples that had been brought to desired soil moisture relative activities by the pressure plate and pressure membrane methods. The following conclusions were reached:1. The thermocouple technique shows promise as a laboratory procedure for determining the relative activity of water in soils.2. The majority of the results showed a gradual lowering of the readings with time. This was overcome at the expense of speed by treating the thermocouple with a plastic spray paint.3. More study and testing are required before the technique can be considered a completely satisfactory procedure.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: Three distinct profile types of soil found on alluvial deposits appeared to represent a chronosequence in soil formation. The chemical, morphological and mineralogical characteristics of these soils, classified as Alluvial, Brown Wooded and Grey Wooded, are given and soil development is discussed.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: A laboratory study was carried out to determine the breakdown of soil structure by alternate freezing and thawing. Surface samples of Haldimand clay from plots cropped with corn for the 3 previous years and from plots of continuous blue grass sod were used.Cycles of freezing and thawing caused a significant breakdown of aggregates from the sod plots at all moisture levels employed except the one equivalent to 1.0 atmosphere pressure. The destructive effects of alternate freezing and thawing increased with increasing moisture in the well-aggregated soil (blue grass), but the effects on a poorly aggregated soil (corn) were not significant.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: Availabilities of the phosphorus in twelve different phosphate sources to alfalfa were determined in a growth chamber. Two crops of alfalfa were grown on two soils of high base status, Machete stony sandy loam and Westwold loam. Fertilizer materials containing monocalcium phosphate or materials such as calcium metaphosphate which are converted to monocalcium phosphate brought about the greatest increases in yield. However, yield increases also resulted from treatments with the ammonium phosphates and orthophosphoric acid. Ammonium phosphate fertilizers were the most effective in increasing the percentage of phosphorus present in the alfalfa tissue. Ammonium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate materials were equally effective in increasing total phosphorus uptake by alfalfa. The amount of CO2 soluble phosphorus extracted from the Westwold loam, following treatment with the various phosphate sources, was correlated with the yield of the first crop of alfalfa. The average per cent P in the alfalfa tissue was found to be correlated with the CO2 soluble P. Both the NaHCO3 and CO2 extractable soil phosphorus levels of the Westwold loam, after it had been treated with the different phosphate materials, were found to be highly correlated with the phosphorus uptake by the second crop of alfalfa and with the total phosphorus uptake.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Results of germination studies with canning corn, field beans, and sugar beets at three soil moisture levels and under five fertilizer treatments, along with the results of germination of sugar beets at iso-osmotic concentrations of mannitol and ammonium nitrate solutions, are reported.The moisture levels alone had no significant effect on the germination of any of the crops. Moisture levels in combination with nitrogen fertilizers reduced germination, and the reduction became progressively pronounced with decreasing moisture. Nitrogen caused a greater reduction than mannitol or P2O5. With only one-quarter of the available moisture in the soil, the nitrogen treatments resulted in virtually no germination of any of the three crops. There were significant differences in response pattern among species, with canning corn being the least sensitive and field beans showing the greatest reduction due to fertilizer damage. Results indicate that no fertilizer should be placed in contact with bean seeds. The highly soluble fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, should not be placed in contact with corn or beet seeds when soil moisture is limiting.Germination of sugar beets was significantly lowered in solutions having osmotic pressures exceeding 4 atmospheres. With increasing osmotic pressure at iso-osmotic concentrations, germination of sugar beets was lower in ammonium nitrate solutions than in mannitol solutions, suggesting toxicity of the nitrate or ammonium ions.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Fifty Alberta soils, representing the six soil zones of the Province, were sampled for greenhouse and laboratory tests. Five successive crops of oats were produced in greenhouse tests involving a number of different nitrogen applications. In the laboratory the soils were subjected to a number of different nitrogen tests, including three methods of incubation for nitrate accumulation. Analytical data were then correlated with greenhouse yields. Also available for correlation were some data on fertilizer responses in the field.Nitrate nitrogen accumulating in unleached soils after a 2-week Incubation period at 28 °C. showed the best positive correlation with crop yield and the lowest negative correlation with crop response to added nitrogen. Correlation was good, however, only when growing conditions were carefully controlled. Using leached soils for the incubation test or using a 4-week incubating period resulted in lower values. Total nitrogen, 'available' nitrogen, and N values appeared to be of little value in assessing nitrogen requirements: of the soils tested.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Nitrification in Fox Sandy Loam was studied using the soil percolation technique. The formation of nitrate from ammonium sulphate was inhibited for about 20 days by 1.6 × 10−3moles of thiourea/kgm. of soil, for 8 days by 1.6 × 10−2moles of ethyl urethane/kgm. of soil, for 25 and 17 days by 2.1 × 10−4moles of manzate and zineb/kgm. of soil respectively, and for 28 days by 3.5 × 10−4moles of ferbam/kgm. of soil. Thiourea and ethyl urethane were less effective inhibitors of the nitrification of ammonia added as ammonium carbonate, possibly because of the more alkaline pH in percolates containing this salt. The four dithiocarbamate fungicides caused a lag in nitrification of 150 days when added to percolation units at a concentration of 2.1 × 10−3moles/kgm. of soil.The investigations indicated that treatment of soil with ferbam inhibited the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria as well as the ammonium-oxidizing organisms.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Aggregate analyses of Breton plot soils using a wet sieving technique revealed marked differences resulting from cropping practices but few, if any, due to fertilizers. The mean weight-diameter of soils from plots in a 5-year rotation of grains and legumes was almost double the diameter of soils from plots in a wheat-fallow sequence. With respect to fertilizers, however, mean weight-diameter of soils from high yielding plots in either cropping system were in general similar to those on low-yielding plots of the system in question. Incidentally polysaccharide content of the soil showed a definite relationship to mean weight-diameter.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: The clay mineralogy of the humate and KCl floc fractions separated from a Dark Brown Chernozemic and a Podzol soil by the Tyulin method was studied. The predominant minerals, montmorillonite and illite, and small amounts of kaolinite appeared in all fractions. The smaller-sized and less well-crystallized clays were concentrated in the humate fractions. In general, the podzol colloids contained more "free" iron and aluminium than the chernozem colloids, and the humate fractions in both contained more than the KCl floc fractions. From studies of the organic matter after treatment with dithionite and EDTA, it appeared that amino groups were involved in the union between organic matter and the inorganic constituents.
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: The determination is based on the difference in rates of solution of calcite and dolomite. The CO2 evolved from reaction of a mixture of calcite and dolomite in excess HCl is measured at frequent intervals until the reaction is completed. The logarithm of the amount of CO2 equivalent to unreacted carbonate is plotted against time. Following the rapid and complete solution of calcite, the curve for dolomite assumes a much smaller slope and is linear for a period of time. Extrapolation of this linear portion of the curve to zero time gives the amount of CO2 equivalent to the dolomite initially present. The CO2 from calcite is obtained by difference from the total CO2. The amounts of calcite and dolomite found in a number of prepared mixtures by this intercept method were in good agreement with the amounts known to be present. Several samples of limestone and calcareous soil were analysed by the proposed method and the results were compared with X-ray diffraction and chemical data.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: The ability of soil to produce nitrate nitrogen was determined by an incubation method and values obtained were related to potato yields at 21 experimental locations by Bray's modified Mitscherlich equation. The mean c1 value (proportionality constant) for a total of 58 tests, which included three varieties during a 2-year period, was 0.0182. The standard error of the mean was 0.0014. While differences between c1 values for years were not significant, differences between locations and varieties were. When the soils were grouped, the c1 values for those from the Annapolis Valley were approximately twice those for soils from the adjacent North and South Mountains, and the values within each group were remarkably uniform. The appropriate equations for relating soil test values and crop yields were log (A-y) = log A − 0.0112b1 and log (A-y) = log A − 0.0204b1 for Mountain and Valley soils respectively.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: The clay mineralogy of surface samples from three soils on Vancouver Island which had been used in fertility experiments was determined by X-ray diffraction. Chlorite was identified as the predominant mineral in all three soils. Vermiculite was present in discrete units in the Chemainus soil and interstratified with chlorite in the Fairbridge and Merville soils. Kaolinite may also have been a constituent; this could not be determined since the use of certain criteria, proposed in the past for the identification of kaolinite in the presence of chlorite, proved unsuccessful. It was concluded that no universal criterion, which holds true in all cases, exists for distinguishing kaolinite in the presence of chlorite.
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Mineralogical studies of three profiles from Saskatchewan and two from Alberta showed that the predominant clay minerals were montmorillonite and illite. Some kaolinite was found in the coarse and medium fractions of the clays. The three Saskatchewan profiles were almost identical from a mineralogical point of view. The two Alberta soils differed from these in a few minor aspects such as having slightly more quartz and considerably less feldspars in the silt and clay fractions. Degradation of the montmorillonite in the upper horizons of the Saskatchewan profiles was demonstrated.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: A technique is presented which permits the quantitative estimation of fertilizer phosphorus in plants at any desired time during the growth cycle without harvesting the plants. The radioactivity of the growing plants was determined in situ by a thin-walled aluminum Geiger-Mueller tube assembly. The in-situ activity was found to be highly correlated with the fertilizer-phosphorus content (mg./pot) at any one stage of growth of oats (r = 0.975), corn (r = 0.966), and sugar beets (r = 0.813). The relationship between the in-situ activity and the fertilizer-phosphorus content varied with plant height. Regression equations are presented relating the fertilizer-phosphorus content to the in-situ activity and plant height. Correlation coefficients for the regression equations were 0.943, 0.914, and 0.902 for oats, corn, and sugar beets respectively. The coefficient of variation of the fertilizer-phosphorus content of sugar beets using the regression equation was 15.3 per cent, whereas that using the briquet technique was 16.1 per cent.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: A mineralogical study was made of some drill cores of Bearpaw shales from the site of the proposed power and irrigation dam on the South Saskatchewan River. Mechanically, the samples fell into three distinct groups, viz., Group 1: low sand, high silt, and high clay; Group 2: high sand, moderate silt, and high clay; Group 3: high sand, low silt, and very high clay. A sample which showed lesser shear strength when compared with the others fell into Group 3 which differed, mineralogically, from the other groups by the presence of biotite in the sand and more illite in the silt and clay fractions. Otherwise all samples were quite similar in mineral composition, with montmorillonite the predominant clay mineral.The source of some of the soils of Southern Saskatchewan and Southern Alberta has generally been attributed to the Bearpaw formation. This view is supported by the present study.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: not available
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Ammonium-base waste sulphite liquor (solids) (W.S.L.S.) was added to three soils and incubated for 7 weeks. Weekly measurements of organic carbon content and aggregation showed an increase in aggregation to a maximum at 3 weeks, followed by a decline and then by a second increase at 6 weeks. This increase and decline in aggregation paralleled very closely the corresponding biological activity as indicated by loss of organic carbon. Results suggest that decomposition of sugars is responsible for the⁁ development of aggregation in the early stages of incubation and that the ligninsulphonates may have an effect after further incubation.The aggregating effect of W.S.L.S. was compared with that of two synthetic conditioners HPAN and VAMA. The effect of all materials varied considerably with the clay content of the soil. Results indicate that W.S.L.S. is about 1/16 as effective as HPAN and about 1/36 as effective as VAMA.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: In 33 field trials on soils varying in texture from sandy loam to clay loam in Prince Edward County, Ontario, exchangeable potassium, per cent potassium saturation, and water-soluble potassium were significantly correlated with yield response of tomatoes to potassium fertilizer on the sandy loam soils, but there was no correlation within the loam and clay loam groups. The mean c1 value in the modified Mitscherlich equation relating exchangeable potassium to yield response within the sandy loam group was 0.00555 and the coefficient of variation was 19.8 per cent. The corresponding coefficients for c1 values based on per cent potassium saturation and water-soluble potassium were of greater magnitude. The amounts of potassium soluble in boiling 1 N HNO3 were not related to yield response.Exchangeable potassium and the non-exchangeable form soluble in boiling 1 N HNO3 increased, whereas water-soluble potassium decreased with increasing clay content of the samples. Water-soluble potassium was significantly correlated with per cent potassium saturation within the sandy loam and loam groups.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Bare soil was irrigated, covered to prevent evaporation, and sampled periodically to depths of 6 or 7 feet. In 12 tests the total time after irrigating varied from 15 days to 64 days. By charting moisture content against time on log-log paper, straight-line trends were obtained with an equation of the type M = a T−b, in which M = moisture content, T = time, and a and b are constants. The fit was quite close except during the first day or two after irrigating. An examination of results reported by other workers yielded the same type of equation. From this were calculated equations relating rate of moisture loss to time, rate of moisture loss to moisture content, and cumulative moisture loss to time. With increasing depth in the soil, the total drainage increased but the net rate of loss per foot of soil decreased. The finer-textured the soil, the greater was the moisture loss per unit of time but the less was the b value.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: A greenhouse investigation was conducted to assess the effects of waste sulphite liquor solids (W.S.L.S.) on crop yields and on some chemical and physical properties of an Interval silt loam soil. The response of oats and Italian ryegrass to nitrogen applied as ammonium sulphate served as a standard for evaluating the 3 per cent nitrogen contained in the ammonium-base W.S.L.S.Significant increases in yields of oats and ryegrass resulted from ammonium sulphate-nitrogen at rates of 60 and 120 lb. per acre respectively. W.S.L.S. at 2 tons per acre, supplying 120 lb. per acre of nitrogen, gave increases of a similar magnitude. Higher rates of W.S.L.S. gave additional increases in yields. The nitrogen content of the two crops was increased by applying W.S.L.-nitrogen at 480 lb. per acre. Ammonium-sulphate nitrogen at 60 lb. per acre and W.S.L.-nitrogen at 120 lb. per acre increased the total nitrogen uptake by oats and ryegrass.W.S.L.S. increased the organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable hydrogen of this alluvial soil. Ammonium sulphate-nitrogen at 120 lb. per acre and W.S.L.S. at 2 tons per acre or more depressed soil pH.Additions of W.S.L.S. increased the percentage of water stable aggregates but did not affect the moisture equivalent.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: Gypsum moisture blocks were calibrated in the laboratory in undisrupted soil cores, in soil cores which had been repacked to field density, and in unpacked soil baskets. Three soil types were used. It was found that the calibration curves obtained in the repacked soil cores and in the soil baskets were different from those obtained in the undisrupted soil cores. This indicates that the disruption of both structure and bulk density influenced the calibration of gypsum blocks. The effects were greater on the fine textured than on the coarse textured soils. The influence of bulk density was not important on a sandy loam soil. The variations in soil moisture obtained ranged from 1 to 6 per cent within the available water range.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the rate of extraction and the distance water will move in a horizontal radial system. An absorber was placed in the centre of a layer of soil 5 cm. deep. Extractions were made from three soils, loam, sand, and clay, which were at soil moisture tensions of zero to 450 cm. of water tension. Over this moisture range water moved to the absorber from at least 14 cm. away. No appreciable soil moisture tension gradients developed in the soil, even though there was a difference between the tension in the absorber and that in the cup.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: The penetration into the soil of phosphorus, applied as superphosphate, was determined under various conditions in a field experiment on Cornwallis sand. Monocalcium phosphate containing P32 was thoroughly incorporated in the surface inch, and the activity was later determined in 1-inch segments of core samples.Movement downward of applied phosphorus was very slight in spite of the coarse texture of this soil. In 2 weeks an average of 5.2 per cent was located in the 2–6 inch zone and only 8.5 per cent had reached this depth in 4 weeks. Application of 2 inches of water per week (rainfall plus irrigation) produced no significant difference from 1 inch per week. Neither adjustment of pH levels with dolomitic limestone, nor increasing the organic matter levels with anthraxylate (a. humus-like material prepared from coal) had any significant effect on phosphorus migration.There was some evidence that increased rates of superphosphate resulted in greater penetration of phosphorus but the effect was not statistically significant. Even the heaviest rate of phosphorus used (800 lb./ac. of P2O5) did not saturate this soil appreciably, as it has a high phosphorus retention capacity (28.7 tons/acre).
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: The effects of fire on certain soil chemical properties were investigated on soil samples taken from the surface organic layer (O horizon) and the immediately underlying leached mineral layer (A2 horizon) from seven different burns and from corresponding unburned areas present within each burned-over area. Burning resulted in an increase in the pH, total phosphorus content, and CO2-soluble calcium content of the O horizon of most of the soils studied. As a consequence of fire, the O horizon was reduced in organic matter, total nitrogen and carbonic acid-soluble phosphorous and magnesium. Most of the effects of fire upon soil chemical properties were apparently restricted to the O horizon since no significant trends were evident in the underlying A2 horizon.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: The adsorption of phosphorus by four soils of differing colloid content showed close agreement with the Langmuir isotherm when final phosphorus solution concentrations were less than 20 μg. P/ml. Calculated adsorption maximum for the four soils were 79.1, 87.7, 150.4 and 164.4 μg. P per g. of soil. The average value of the constant k, related to the bounding energy of the soil for phosphorus, was 0.141.The percentage phosphorus saturation of the adsorption maximum was closely correlated with the equilibrium phosphorus concentration in the soil suspension. At an equilibrium concentration of 28.7 μg. P/ml., 100 per cent saturation of the adsorption capacity of the four soils was obtained; the total adsorbed phosphorus on the four soils was not related to the phosphorus concentration of the soil solution but varied considerably depending on the colloid content of the respective soils.Carbonated water extractable phosphorus, and 'surface' phosphorus measured by P32 equilibrium studies, were not related to the equilibrium concentration of phosphorus of the soil solution. It appears that the percentage phosphorus saturation of the adsorption maximum may prove a more reliable measure of the capacity of the soil to supply phosphorus to the soil solution than either of the 'quick' tests used.Organic matter appeared to be equally as important as the inorganic colloids in determining the phosphorus adsorption capacity of the soils. Differences in exchangeable calcium were not closely related to the adsorption maximum.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: A mineralogical study of the fine sand fraction of unweathered tills and stratified sands chosen to represent the deposits of the major ice lobes of southern Ontario was carried out. In addition, a few analyses were made of the coarse silt and coarser sands.In general there was the same variety of minerals in all samples and they varied only in their proportions. Tills overlying Palaeozoic bedrock contained abundant carbonates and shale fragments constituting up to 70 per cent of some fine sands. In the coarse sands, carbonates and shale increased sharply. In the coarse silt and fine sand, feldspars were more abundant than quartz whereas in the medium and coarse sand the reverse was true. Quartz increased in quantity with increasing grain size and reached a maximum in the medium sand. Heavy minerals usually constituted less than 15 per cent of the fine sand. Some of the minerals present in the coarse silt and fine sand were not found in the coarser sands. Usually the order of abundance of the heavy minerals was: hornblende, garnet, micas, magnetite, pyroxenes and sphene. Epidote, rutile, apatite, tourmaline, staurolite, kyanite and others were also noted. A chart listing the plant nutrient elements found in these minerals was prepared.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: Soils of the Caribou catena occur in the rolling Uplands of the northeastern section of New Brunswick. The well drained soils in this region are members of the podzol great soil group.Four soil profiles, representing the catenary sequence, were selected for study. Investigation included both field and laboratory studies.Field studies indicated that profiles of all soils in the better drained positions had the same horizon sequence but the sola became thinner towards the base of a slope. The A2 horizon in the well drained position was replaced by an A1 in the imperfectly and poorly drained positions.The sola of all soils possessed high percolation rates and low bulk densities. Calculations indicated that, when compared to the C horizons, increases in silt and net losses in clay had taken place in all horizons of the well drained and imperfectly drained soils.The profiles showed marked gains in organic matter in the A0, A1 and B horizons.Aluminium had accumulated in the B horizons of all profiles. A small net gain in iron had occurred in the three best drained profiles. The associated Dark Grey Gleysolic soil had decreased in iron. The surface horizons showed the greatest concentration of exchangeable cations.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 1959-08-01
    Description: A field study was carried out on a Brookston clay soil at Woodslee, Ontario, in 1952–1955 to measure some effects of tillage traffic on soil physical conditions and crop yield. The experiment was conducted at high and low moisture levels and on cropping systems considered to be extreme in effect on the soil.In this study tillage traffic was not consistently deleterious to physical properties and appeared to have little influence on corn and oat yields. Crop yield seemed to be affected by the preceding crop.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: A mild laboratory procedure, employing oxine in a water-benzene system, for the release of organic phosphorus from two unimproved pasture soils differing widely in total phosphorus, ratio of organic to inorganic phosphorus, pH, calcium content and clay content, is described.Data are presented showing the influence of the following factors on the amount of phosphorus released: soil to water ratio, the pH of the extraction medium, and the soil pretreatments. Under the more favourable conditions the two soils released 75 and 86 per cent of their total organic phosphorus respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 1959-02-01
    Description: The organic matter of the A0 and B21 horizons of a podzol soil has been oxidized with alkaline permanganate under conditions similar to those employed by Bone et al. (1, 2). Using a slight excess of alkaline permanganate, about 65 per cent of the carbon of the A0 horizon was oxidized to CO2, 23 per cent to oxalic acid and 2 per cent to acetic acid. The remaining 10 per cent resisted oxidation to these products. Under the same conditions 92 per cent of the carbon of the B21 horizon was oxidized to CO2, 7 per cent to oxalic acid and 1 per cent to acetic acid.In order to obtain additional identifiable products less drastic conditions were used. The organic matter of the A0 horizon was oxidized at a KMnO4/organic matter ratio of 4.7-1 and that of the B21 horizon at ratios of 2.5-1 and 5.0-1.The products of oxidation were fractionated by the scheme of Bone et al. (1). While the mean composition of a substantial portion of the CO2-free oxidation products approximated to that of benzene di- and tricarboxylic acids and that of another fraction to saturated open chain acids, numerous attempts to isolate these acids in pure forms were unsuccessful. Reasons for the failure to isolate these acids are advanced.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 32
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The utilization of Scottish hill-land potential is severely limited by inadequate wintering facilities resulting from a low proportion of inbye land to hill-land. The machair lands of the Uists, in the Outer Hebrides, however, provide a more suitable ratio, which is not commonly found in the Highlands of Scotland.Investigations into the grassland problems of the Hebrides were intensified in 1955; and some of the data obtained from trials are given here, as are suggestions for improving the production and utilization of grass in these areas. The climate, soil, and agricultural system all interact to provide conditions which are rarely seen elsewhere.
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  • 33
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 34
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A trial designed to show the effects of animal excreta on sward productivity is described.It was estimated that the grazing sheep returns in a season nutrients capable of immediate uptake by the plant equivalent to 5–6 cwt. nitro-chalk and 2–21/2 cwt. 60% muriate of potash per acre.A large part of sward yield depended on animal return. Clover depression from the effects of animal excreta and, under mowing treatment, from the effects of fertilizer nitrogen, did not result in marked loss of transferred clover nitrogen. There appeared to be a gain in clover soil-nitrogen from a reduction of the clover stand.A comparison is made between the restilts obtained from sheep excreta on the sward with those obtained from mowing treatment.The interaction between animal or fertilizer nitrogen and the clover plant is discussed.
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  • 35
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Various forms of magnesium compounds were applied to grassland managed under modern intensive conditions and the effects on yield and composition of the herbage were measured. Magnesium limestone increased both yield and magnesium content. Commercial magnesite (MgO) increased the magnesium content rapidly and also gave a small increase in yield. An annual dressing of magnesium sulphate had little effect on magnesium content and tended to depress yield after two years.A marked seasonal effect exists in pasture magnesium content. Increasing the magnesium content had little effect on its distribution within the plant, but it tended to depress calcium and potash.The results are discussed with special reference to recent research on the magnesium metabolism in dairy cattle.
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  • 36
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three experiments are described, two with S215 meadow fescue and one with S37 cocksfoot, all grown for seed, during which all new tillers, soon after their appearance, were labelled at intervals of a month—a total of nearly 12,000 tillers. Whatever the first date of observation, the earliest tillers were always found to have contributed the largest proportion of the ears present at harvest. In one experiment applied nitrogen caused an increase in the number of tillers and ears, without however affecting the percentage contribution of the earliest tillers to the final crop of ears. The importance of the autumn period of tillering is stressed.
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  • 37
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
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  • 38
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: VOISIN, A. Grass Productivity.H. J. HINE. Machines on the Farm.
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  • 39
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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  • 40
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described in which folding and sideways creep-grazing was compared with a rotational grazing management for lamb production at pasture.The experiment was carried out in two years (1957 and 1958) using a stocking-rate of 7 ewes and 12 lambs per acre from the birth of the lambs until they had all been sent for slaughter.The folding management produced more liveweight gain per acre (955 and 983 Ib.) than the rotational management (870 and 926 Ib.) and the mean carcass-weights were higher.The biggest differences, in favour of the sideways creep-grazing system, were in tbe quality of the carcass produced. Folding produced 74% and 77% grade A carcasses and the rotational management 43% and 53%, respectively, in 1957 and 1958.Worm-infestation was considerably less under the folding management and parasite control appeared to be more efFective where the area reserved for lambs only was not expanded to include ewe-grazed pasture as the season progressed.
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  • 41
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The possibility of using microscopic characteristics of the leaf epidermis as aids to the identification of some British agricultural grasses in the vegetative condition has been investigated.The occurrence of the following types of differentiated cells on the leaf-sheath was markedly affected by the stage of growth of the tiller: silica cells, silico-suberose couples, cork cells, asperities and incipient asperities. These cells were frequently absent or confined to the base of the sheath in vegetative tillers, but they occurred over most of the sheath in culm leaves. Silica cells tended to preponderate in young tillers and silico-suberose couples and cork cells in the reproductive stage. The inter-nerve epidermis of the leaf-blade was generally the least affected by growth stage; although less differentiated than the sheath, it was found to be the most useful location for identification purposes. Species separable on the basis of the above-mentioned characters of the leaf-blade were:—〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉(a)Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from meadow fescue (F. pratensis)(b)Heath-grass (Sieglingia decumbens) from smooth-stalked meadow grass (Poa pratensis)(c)Sheep's fescue (F. ovina), from mat-grass (Nardus stricta) wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa) and bristle-leaved bent (Agrostis setacea).Timothy (Phleum pratense), meadow foxtail (Ahpecurus pratensis) and bent (Agrostis spp.) were separable on the following characteristics, which were not affected by growth stage: the occurrence of crystal clusters precipitated by hot water in timothy and occasionally in meadow foxtail, but not in Agrostis species, the peculiar shape of undifferentiated cells of the nerve epidermis in Agrostis species, and the dense cover of asperities on the ligules of Agrostis spp. and Ahpecurus pratensis.
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  • 42
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three grasses, bromegrass, slender wheatgrass and reed canary grass were sown on irrigated land with Ladak alfalfa in varying ratios with the object of determining what effect different proportions of alfalfa to grass would have in preventing alfalfa domination. The total number of seeds, irrespective of the proportions used, was held constant at 2.5 per linear inch of row.The influence of alfalfa on total yield was such that no significant yield differences due to grasses were established. However, the relative stand of grass varied considerably in the different mixtures. Slender wheatgrass did not compete with Ladak alfalfa, and had nearly disappeared from all stands after five crop-years. Smooth bromegrass swards were dominated by the alfalfa, partrcularly where small amounts of the griass were sown. Reed canary grass and alfalfa maintained strong stands at all ratios of seed mixtures.The best overall ratio of grass to alfalfa by seed numbers was about 2.5: 1, although a higher ratio of grass was found desirable where brome was the grass component.Ratio of grass seed to alfalfa seed offered some measure of control for alfalfa domination, but choice of grass species was more important.
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  • 43
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The proximate and ash constituents of twenty weed species have been determined. These weeds are all common to north-eastern England. Some are characteristic of hedgerow and roadside and a few species of arable land; the majority, however, usually occur in pasture and meadowland, or in other sites where they are freely accessible to stock. Exact locality, approximate stage of growth and date of harvesting are recorded.A comprehensive examination of their ash has been made and four trace elements of recognized importance, viz. iron, manganese, copper and cobalt, were determined.The weeds have been classified on the basis of a marking system, and it was found possible to place them in one or other of three fairly well-defined groups, viz. high, medium or low apparent value.Reference has been made to earlier assessments of these weeds and probable values, as reflected by chemical analysis, have been discussed. Most of the weeds listed as being of high apparent value are known or could justifiably be assumed to be of good nutritive status; examples of such are dandelion, nettle, creeping thistle and broad-leaved plantain. Ragwort, although ranked highly on the marking system used, is well-known to be toxic to animals. Not all members of the group of medium apparent value are likely to be eaten to any appreciable extent and at least two are of doubtful wholesomeness. Among weeds of low apparent value, only bird's-foot trefoil would appear to have much potential usefulness.
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  • 44
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  • 45
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sowings of annual meadow grass (Poa annua) were made in pots of soil which had been treated with sheep urine, with urine diluted × 50, or with water as a control. The treatments were applied before, at, and after sowing.Urine, whether applied at sowing time, or eleven days before or after, significantly reduced the germination or establishment of the weed grass.Diluted urine tended to reduce the number of established seedlings when applied at or shortly after sowing.In a subsidiary experiment the number of viable seeds in soil taken from pastures which had received no urine for four years were compared with those from soil under pastures receiving urine. The difference was not significant.
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  • 46
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  • 47
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ecological studies of Poa annua populations in turf using the core sampling method conducted over a period of several years showed that Poa annua was able to produce seed under frequent mowing at 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch. The population the second winter after seeding into Bermuda Grass turf was as high as that of the first.High soil moisture maintained by frequent light irrigations favoured its persistence in Bermuda Grass turf during the summer months.Matted Bermuda Grass turf which was lightly renovated in November contained a higher winter population of Poa annua than the non-renovated. Significantly denser populations were found in turf mowed at 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch than in turf mowed at 3 inches.Perennial prostrate growing strains were selected which could be readily propagated vegetatively and persisted in field plots for two to three years when clipped at 1/4 inch.
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  • 48
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four varieties of perennial ryegrass are compared throughout the seeding year and the first four harvest years (1954–58). Two of the varieties, Irish ‘commercial’ and New Zealand, are of ‘early’ type; and the others, Glasnevin and S23 are, ‘late’.New Zealand gave the most grazing, 1% more than ‘commercial’ and Glasnevin, and 5% more than S23.The ‘early’ varieties contrasted markedly with the ‘lates’ in seasonal growth.In persistency and in resistance to invasion by unsown species, the ‘lates’ were better than the ‘earlies’ S23 was outstanding, and New Zealand had an advantage over ‘commercial’. The ‘earlies’ were the more compatible with clover.New Zealand appears to have most merit, but sowing of more than one variety may give better results.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The object of the trial was to obtain information on productivity and persistence of 10 selected lucerne varieties subjected to a regular cutting treatment at an early and a very early stage of growth.The trial was established on the Company's land at Walsingham, Norfolk. The soil of the trial plots consisted of sand-loam topsoil (pH 6.9) and coarse sand subsoil (pH 7.5).
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The changes in chemical composition during haymaking, the loss of nutrients in the field and during storage, and the nutritive value of swath-cured and tripoded hay were compared. In good weather no advantage was gained by tripoding the hay. The nutritive value of the hays made by the two methods was similar and the loss of dry matter in the field slightly lower in the swath-cured hay. In a bad season, however, the nutrient loss in the swath-cured hay greatly exceeded that occurring in the tripoded hay and the starch equivalent, as shown by the results of digestibility trials, was markedly lower for the swath-cured.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Studies of seed development and yield were conducted on three Aberystwyth varieties of timothy. The stages of seed development are described, as are their correlation with the external appearance of the head. Evidence is presented to support the suggestion that the latitude in the dale of harvest is greater than has hitherto been accepted. Population studies of seed crops have revealed that the abundant small heads (less than 4 cms. in length) contribute very little to the yield. The partition of the yield amongst the different inflorescence age-groups is given for each variety and methods of judging crop ripeness are discussed.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Cutting experiments on the spring growth of a stand of Provence lucerne, the first year of which were described in a previous paper (1), were continued For a second and third season.The value of taking the first cut at the early bud stage, particularly in an unfavourable season, was confirmed.No adverse effects were observed in the crop after three seasons of this treatment and yields were satisfactory in the third year.Similar cutting experiments were made on the second growth of an area of Du Puits lucerne after the spring growth had been cut uniformly at the early bud stage.The curves for protein and fibre production were similar to those for the first growth but the crop matured more quickly and yields were lower.No further advantage was observed in cutting the second growth before the flower stage although earlier cutting produced no apparent ill-effect on the plant or upon subsequent yield.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Normal-acid fibre content has been suggested as a useful indication of the digestibility of herbage. The changes in fibre content were therefore recorded during the spring and early summer of 1957 and 1958 to see whether regular differences occurred between species and varieties of herbage grasses.All species showed an increase in fibre content during spring and early summer, but considerable year-to-year fluctuations occurred: fibre content was also influenced by manuring and spacing. Regular differences between species and varieties have been detecled and, in perennial ryegrass, differences between individual genotypes. It should be possible to select breeding material for high or low fibre content if required.
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  • 54
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: During 1955–8 the technique of lucerne seed production was examined to compare the yield of seed and fodder under identical treatments on light and heavy soil. In addition, direct combine harvesting was compared with the tripod method.With the exception of the first year, which suggested certain advantages in seed production on light soil, the results obtained were not conclusive because of damage to the seed crop on light soil. The previous finding, that the best yield and quality of seed are secured from the first growth, were confirmed. It was shown that the aftermath could be cut in the autumn without a significant effect on the yield of seed, or persistency of the stand in subsequent years, and that the total yield of fodder was higher on heavy than on light soil.Direct combine harvesting of a seed crop after pre-harvest desiccation (4.8 lb. of D.N.O.C. in 30 gal. of water per acre), proved to be a satisfactory harvesting method when facilities for drying the seed were available.Observations on pollinating insects suggested that honey bees were mainly responsible for the amount of seed set.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This investigation was carried out with leafy varieties of perennial ryegrass at four centres near Aberystwyth over a period of three years. Nitrogen applied in spring increased lodging, the number of fertile tillers and also seed yield, except where sowing was made without a cereal cover crop. While reasonable yields were obtained from badly laid crops, it is suggested that lodging prior to anthesis has an adverse effect on seed yield. Clover included as a companion species tended to depress the yield of seed and increase the degree of lodging.Seed rate had less infiuence on lodging and seed yield, but the data show that similar yields were obtained from light seed rates of 4 lb. per acre as from the heavier rates. On the other hand, there was a tendency for the low rate of seeding to produce weedy plots, especially when sown in the absence of a cover crop.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The parasite-control value of keeping Nematodirus-infested pasture free from susceptible lambs for a complete year was examined in a controlled experiment. The practice was shown to be successful and confirmed previous recommendations, based on a knowledge of the parasite's life cycleThe detrimental quality of Nematodirus infestation was measurable by mortalities, depression of weight gains and the quality of the lambs. In the conditions of the experiment, the effects of Nematodiriasis approximately halved the liveweight production of affected animals.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FOOD, ENGLAND AND WALES. Beef Production.SHELL CHEMICAL COMPANY LIMITED. Farm Weeds. An aid to their recognition.POEHLMAN, J. M. Breeding field erops.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Results are reported from six digestibility experiments in which frozen herbage was fed to groups of sheep at HIGH and Low levels of intake. The sheep on the HIGH level of intake digested the dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and normal-acid fibre in the herbage less efficiently than those on the LOW level, confirming earlier results reported in Part VI of this series. Evidence suggests that this difference results from the higher rate of passage of food through the digestive tract at the HIGH level of intake.These results are discussed with reference to the errors introduced into the faecal-index method for estimating the digestibility of grazed herbage.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: During the years 1956 and 1957, an attempt was made to assess the output of Irish Pastures using methods proposed by a Sub-Committee of the B.G.S. (9). It was found that the best results were obtained when output was determined on a single field, rather than on the whole farm basis. The yields showed highly significant correlations with both botanical composition and nutrient status of the pastures. The results were in agreement with the findings of others working on similar grasslands. It is suggested that the method might find a useful place in a programme either of advisory work or surveys concerned with grassland improvement.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment conducted in south-west Scotland during 1956 and 1957 to investigate an outdoor method of rearing calves on pasture, with and without supplementary food, is described.Twenty-four Ayrshire bull calves were put on pasture at 2 weeks of age and received an average of 37 gallons of whole milk up to the time they were weaned at 8 weeks old. Twelve of the calves received no supplementary feeding, but the other twelve each ate 257 lb. of a meal containing oats, linseed cake, flaked maize and fish meal from their 3rd to their 20th week.The calves were moved around a series of plots (0.4 acre) which yielded an average of 1400 lb. of dry matter per acre at each grazing. The mean crude protein of the herbage dry matter was 17.4% in 1956 and 14.1% in 1957.The mean daily liveweight-gains of the calves from birth to 20 weeks of age were 1.05 lb. for the unsupplemented calves and 1.14 lb. for the supplemented ones—a non-significant difference, as was also the difference between the mean increases in belly-girth measurements of the two groups.Parasitic infestation of the two groups was extremely low and 83% of all faeces samples examined contained no worm eggs.The latest-born calves made the poorest liveweight gains.The outdoor rearing of calves is discussed.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage, stubble and root weights were recorded for thirteen months on various leys subjected to two treatments differing in frequency of cutting.The root-weight per unit area of a ryegrass/white-clover ley was not affected by the frequency of cutting, but the less frequently cut plots had fewer tillers per unit area; the root- and stubble-weight per tiller was, therefore, higher on the less frequently cut plots, On a cocksfoot ley the root-weight was not affected by the cutting treatment, but in late summer and early autumn the stubble-weight was considerably higher on the less frequently cut plots.When cocksfoot was grown in rows 2 feet apart, the more frequent cutting decreased both the root- and stubble-weight.On grass leys root-weights were heaviest in the summer and thereafter decreased until the following spring.The root-weight of lucerne decreased from May to July, increased to a maximum in December and then decreased in weight. The changes in root-weight under lucerne leys were mainly due to changes in the weight of the tap-roots.The vertical distribution of roots was recorded, and, in the case of the cocksfoot in rows, the lateral distribution of roots is also given.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Constructional details are given of an inexpensive seed cleaner capable of handling material from single heads of timothy, yielding cleaned seed of over 98% purity by weight. The conditions within the cleaner are reproducible and running costs negligible.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The aim of this part of the investigation was to test in practice, on a small scale, the partial-wilting method of making silage and to obtain data on quality, losses and digestibility of the wilted and un-wilted products. Wilting of grass/clover herbage was carried out for periods of up to about 24 hours and, on average, the moisture content was lowered by 6–4%, from 80–4 to 74.0%. All silages were well preserved, there was no overheating, the wilted products showed considerably lower nutrient losses than the unwilted silages and were not lower in digestibility. Mould formation was much more extensive in the top layers of the wilted silages, except when the wilted material had been bruised.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Notes: Results are given of analyses made at the beginning of the second and third harvest years, 1956 and 1957, of swards produced from a standard seeds mixture sown under a wide range of ecological conditions.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two leafy strains of cocksfoot, S143 and S37 were subjected to winter, spring and winter + spring defoliation; 2 cwt. per acre of nitro-chalk was applied after each defoliation, in addition to the standard manuring for all plots.Winter grazing of leafy cocksfoot does not appear to depress the yield of seed appreciably when extra nitrogen is applied.Grazing of cocksfoot in mid-April is likely to depress the seed yield substantially, especially if followed by a very dry summer.The reaction to hard defoliation by sheep may vary with the growth form of the cocksfoot strain.Grazing appeared to be more detrimental to seed yield than defoliation by cutting.During this investigation, prolonged frost which occurred during the early part of the year appeared to have an adverse effect on cocksfoot seed yield.
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    Grass and forage science 14 (1959), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The possibilities of the wilting process have been investigated, with the ultimate object of determining its effect on the quality of farm silage. Attention has been confined mainly to mild or partial wilting, rather than severe wilting, since the danger of ensiling excessively dry material, especially when it is not chopped, is well recognised.Preliminary field tests were conducted to determine the rate and extent of the fall in moisture content in long and in bruised herbage, wilted for periods not exceeding 24 hours. Subsequently the wilted silages were made in experimental silos and, finally, in trench silos on a farm scale. This first paper deals with the field trials. Results show that important reductions in moisture content can be obtained in all but very poor weather. In good weather, moisture content may easily fall from the 80% to the 70% level; in poor weather (cool, overcast, with occasional showers) moisture loss still occurs.
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    Journal of food science 24 (1959), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: HILL, A. G. G. Grazing control: laws and regulations in various countries for the control of grazing to prevent injury to grasslands.THOMSON, W. and AITKEN, F. C. Diet in Relation to Reproduction and the Viability of of the Young. Part II. Sheep: World Survey of Reproduction and Review of Feeding Experiments.
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    Notes: At the Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, during September and October, 1958, a field which was naturally infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) larvae was divided and one part was intensively grazed by cows which were not excreting lungworm larvae while the other part remained unstocked. Records were kept of the available herbage, total dry matter and the numbers of larvae on both areas. Grazing resulted in a marked reducuon of the larval numbers which was greater, in proportion, than that of the amount or herbage. Although severe grazing did not remove the infection, it so accelerated the decline in numbers that an infection level of one larva per lb. herbage was reached 7 weeks earlier on the grazed than on the ungrazed area. The herbage in both areas showed no larvae about 4 months after infected faeces were last voided on to it.
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    Notes: The variability of some chalk pastures above the Pewsey Vale in Wiltshire was studied by recording point-quadrats two inches apart on strips across sheep paths; the results are shown diagrammatically. There were usually lines of tall grasses at the edges of the paths, with belts of shorter grass, richer in forbs, between the paths. Some species of grasses and forbs were most common on or near the paths; others were more common in the short turf. The theoretical and practical implications of this variability are briefly discussed.
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