ALBERT

Notizen: Two antigenically distinct populations of b-negative light chains have been identified in the serum of two b locus homozygous rabbits undergoing total b locus suppression. Whilst one population of molecules is readily detected in all rabbit sera and represents the previously described lambda chain, a second and minor population of b-negative molecules is detected which is readily detected in normal rabbit serum only rarely. Thus, it appears that it is not specificities of the c7-, c-21 system that are being detected but rather a previously unrecognized allotypic system or the products of a different light chain locus.

Notizen: Two genetically inbred strains of rats with new histocompatibility alleles—the KGH and WKA strains—were characterized. Neither the KGH nor WKA strain cells reacted with known Ag-B * specific antisera; specific antisera against these strains did not react with cells from any known Ag-B group; and there was no cross-reactivity between the histocompatibility antigens of the two strains. On the basis of these data, the KGH strain was assigned the Ag-B7 allele and the WKA strain, the Ag-B8 allele. Both strains were low responders to the test antigen poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). In various crosses, the antibody response segregated as expected, i.e. low response was associated with the Ag-B7 or Ag-B8 alleles in the F2 and backcross generations.

Notizen: The relationship between the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and the serologically defined antigens of the major histocompatibility complex was examined in twenty-three strains of genetically inbred rats. Interstrain cell combinations involving representative members of the different major Ag-B groups were associated with significant MLR responses. Strain combinations within a single Ag-B group were never associated with significant MLR responses, suggesting that non-Ag-B loci probably do not play an important role in MLR reactivity among inbred strains of rats. The WKA and KGH strains, representing newly defined histocompatibility groups, were also examined. The WKA strain (Ag-B8) showed positive MLR responses against representative members of all the different Ag-B groups, including the KGH strain. The KGH strain (Ag-B7) had positive MLR responses against all Ag-B groups except Ag-B1: no reactions occurred with three strains in this group, and inconsistent and weak reactivity was observed with a fourth strain (F344).

Notizen: The amino acid sequence near the N-terminus of a human immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) chain has been determined. This sequence is more homologous to avian Ig L chains than to human Ig L chains, and defines an additional variable (V-) region subgroup designated as VλVI. These data also suggest that all vertebrates share large numbers of Ig V-region genes and that 'species-specific’residues reflect the expression in different species of different sets of V-region genes. Control at a level equivalent to ‘regulatory genes’* determines which genes are expressed. Our findings raise a question concerning the possible role of redundant DNA, in that at least some of the ‘nonsense’ DNA in one species may actually be 'sense’DNA in another. We hypothesize that in evolution‘gene expansion’is a regular mechanism for the generation of new genes and that different members of a given group of repetitious genes are expressed in different species. Such a phenomenon is basically similar to the‘mechanism’controlling the differential expression of genes during embryonic differentiation. Our hypothesis differs from the previous version of the germ-line hypothesis proposed for genetic control of antibody variability which involves ‘sudden excessive gene expansion and contraction’. Evidence suggesting that the‘gene expansion’mechanism may also be applicable to a lesser degree to other gene systems is briefly reviewed and discussed.

Notizen: Stepwise incubation with specific H-2 antibody and rabbit-anti-mouse Ig was used to modulate the expression of selected H-2 specificities on the surface of lymph node cells or EL 4 leukaemia cells. Modulation was reflected in a loss of sensitivity to complement-dependent lysis and a polar pattern of immunofluorescence (‘capping’). Specificity H-2.5 on H-2a cells was co-modulated with H-2.11 and so was H-2.11 with H-2.5 on H-2k cells. However, when H-2.11 on H-2k cells was modulated, the cells did not loose cytotoxic sensitivity for H-2.5. This asymmetry in co-modulation of H-2.5 and H-2.11 may be accommodated by the duplication model of the H-2 complex which postulates a double determination of H-2.5 in the H-2k (unlike H-2a) chromosome, with one determinant being in the K region (where also the H-2.11 determinant is located) and the other in H-2D. The modulation results with H-2.5 and H-2.11 are compatible with the view that various H-2K specificities may represent distinct antigenic sites on the same glycoprotein molecule whereas H-2D specificities are on separate molecule(s). The independent modulation of H-2D.4 and H-2K.11 specificities further indicates that molecules of the two classes are also secondarily not linked in the membrane structure. Modulation-induced cytotoxicity resistance was further shown to persist even when the specific H-2 antibody is newly added; this suggests that it is a change in the distribution of the H-2 antigen to be held responsible (rather than the loss of the sensitizing antibody).A modulated expression of a certain H-2 specificity might then be expected to affect its blocking relationship to another H-2 specificity; the blocking index expresses the degree of interference by antibody attached to one of them with the attachment of antibody to the other. The blocking relationship between H-2.4 and H-2.11 was shown to be completely abolished by the independent modulation of H-2.11. In contrast to this, the blocking index for H-2.5 and H-2.11 remained practically constant following the modulation of either specificity; this indicates that the intramolecular configuration of such two H-2 sites may not be altered by the gross redistribution of the whole molecule in the plane of the membrane. The rigidity of this configuration seems to be maintained by neuraminidase-sensitive groups as suggested by the reduced blocking index in neuraminidase pretreated cell.

Notizen: The effects of varying degrees of multiparity on placental and foetal weights were examined in BALB/c female mice pregnant by either BALB/c or C3H males. Continual decreases in placental weights are observed through third pregnancies followed by progressive increases in both syngeneic and allogeneic placentas. In syngeneic pregnancies, foetal weights are generally proportional to placental weights, but those of allogeneic pregnancies tend to oppose placental weights. Evidence is presented that placental weights are also influenced by foetus-specific antigens and the genotype of previous litters. In this strain combination, placental weights reflect changes in maternal reactivity different from those previously reported with tumour allografts.

Notizen: The Ag system, inherited antigenic determinants on serum low density lipoprotein and Australia antigen (Au), an antigen associated with an infectious agent which can cause hepatitis in man were discovered by reacting in immunodiffusion tests sera from multiply transfused patients and sera from geographically human populations. The approach has been pursued in the experiments described herein and has resulted in the identification of seventeen precipitating systems. They are different from the previously described anti-Au and anti-Ag precipitins. In some cases they may be confused with Australia antigen precipitins, and care should be taken in the evaluation of Au test systems where comparisons with antigen controls are not routinely performed.

Notizen: Book Review in this Article. Einfiihrung in die Immungenetik, Grundlagen der Modernen Genetik 9, KLAUSDIETER BAUER

Notizen: A new type of Gm genetic marker combination in an IgG1 immunoglobulin, Gm(z) together with a non-a marker, is here described. This indicates the presence of a new gene, Gmz,non-a, which most likely originated on the basis of an intragenic recombination at the IgG1 cistron. Immunochemical and immunogenetic studies showed that no other IgG1 Gm markers were expressed by the unusual gene, and there was no evidence for deletions or duplications at the IgG1 cistron.

Notizen: The cell mediated lympholysis (CML) test is normally carried out in 2 steps–first, the lymphoid cells are allowed to interact in mixed allo-culture (MLC) and secondly, they are reacted against chromium labelled phytohaemagglutinin transformed lymphoblast cells, carrying the appropriate target allo-determinants. The genetic control of target structures has already been localized to the H-2D and H-2K regions of the H-2 gene complex, but the genetic basis of the generation of effector capacity is not understood and is the subject of this report; the suggestion that there is a separate genetic basis came from the observation that H-2D and/or H-2K region incompatibility alone was insufficient for CML to occur and that incompatibility at the Ir-Ss-Slp regions of the H-2 complex was also required. In the Ir region also reside the genetic control for the strong lymphocyte activating determinants (LAD) of the H-2 gene complex and it was thought possible that they might also be responsible for activating the effector cells for CML.The genetic experiments were done with congenic resistant and recombinant mouse strains, so it was possible to study in relative isolation, and in selected combinations which of the various defined regions of the H-2 gene complex control the initiation of effector capacity in CML.Five day,‘one-way’(parent-F1) mixed lymphocyte cultures–incompatible only for defined regions of the H-2 gene complex were reacted with 51Cr-labelled PHA blast cells and the specific chromium release was calculated.The results give evidence for a separate but closely linked genetic control for the effector cell stimulating (ECS) and LAD functions. The ECS genes map between the LAD and Ss-Slp genes of the H-2 complex.

Notizen: Genetically determined Con-A receptors were found to be present on erythrocyte membranes of sheep and goat. A two allelic system Con-A and con-a could be demonstrated. Con-A receptors are also detectable on membranes of sheep lymphocytes, as well as on pig lymphocytes and granulocytes.

Notizen: A mouse alloantiserum, raised by immunizing B10.D2/n mice with B10.M spleen, has been found to retain cytotoxic activity against a proportion of lymph node cells even after exhaustive absorption with B10.M red blood cells. Titration and absorption with a number of strains showed that the absorbed serum retained antibodies against two new specificities. The absorbed serum gave significant enhancement of B10.M skin grafts on B10.D2 and reacted mainly with B cells.

Notizen: Forty-eight leucocytotoxic antisera obtained from parous ewes and from the recipients of osteoarticular and skin allografts were tested with a panel of leucocytes from unrelated sheep. Computer analysis of the serological data and limited adsorption studies have enabled the tentative identification of twenty-one sheep leucocyte antigens. By adsorption erythrocytes have been shown to lack these antigens. It is postulated that the antigens belong to one or possibly more system(s) for which the term ShL-A is proposed.

Notizen: Immunoglobulins A, G and M have been measured in three groups of patients with sex chromosome abnormalities, 47,XXY, 47,XYY and 47,XXX. The most significant finding is a greatly elevated IgG level in 47,XXY males and 47.XYY males. In the case of 47,XXY males it was possible to show that the increase in level was almost confined to those who were patients in mental subnormality and maximum security hospitals. Only a few abnormally high IgG values were found in patients referred to endocrine clinics. Low IgA levels were found in institutionalized patients whether or not chromosome abnormalities were present. In 47,XXY males IgM levels were significantly higher than in 46,XY males and the same as those in 46.XX females.Although serious illnesses were recorded in a high proportion of males with a 47,XXY karyotype, the level of IgG was not closely related to a history of disease.Possible reasons for the findings are discussed.

Notizen: This communication describes the investigation of serum from parous ewes for the presence of cytotoxic antileucocyte antibodies. Sera from 195 sheep were tested using a fluorochromatic cytotoxic test: 119 from parous ewes, fifty-nine from lambs and seventeen from rams. Only sera from ewes were cytotoxic and 52.1% possessed antibody. This is considered as prima facie evidence for the foetus being responsible for the antibody response. The results are compared with similar studies in man and the sheep and would suggest that maternal immunization is more frequent in this species than previously appreciated.

Notizen: The genetic control of the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was studied in twenty-five strains of inbred rats representing a wide variety of major histocompatibility groups. Direct linkage studies, and three subsidiary lines of evidence, demonstrated that the control was linked to the major histocompatibility locus. All of the low responders (Ag-B1, 3 and 6) made less than 65 μg of antibody/ml. In contrast, there were quantitatively significant differences among responders: the Ag-B2 group was a moderate responder (200–500 μg antibody/ml) and the Ag-B4 and Ag-B5 groups were high responders (700–1400 μg/ml). The ability to form antibody segregated with the major histocompatibility allele in the F2 and back-cross generations. Genetic factors other than those controlling the ability to respond influence the quantity of antibody formed: animals of the same genotype can make significantly different amounts of antibody, depending upon the crosses by which they acquire the major histocompatibility alleles.

Notizen: A rabbit anti-human serum allowed the identification of a new human polymorphism of the α2-macroglobulin. This polymorphism is represented by three variants: A, having a fast electrophoretic mobility; B, intermediate mobility; and C having a slower migration and the three combinations: AB, AC and BC. Preliminary genetic studies suggest that inheritance is of Mendelian autosomal co-dominant type.

Notizen: Comparative aminoacid sequence studies were done on chymotryptic peptides from the Fc fragments of IgG1, IgG2, IgG4a and IgG4b human myeloma proteins. Eleven peptides were positioned within the Fc fragments of IgG4 proteins. While leucine was present at position 309 of the Fc fragment of the IgG4a protein, it was absent from the Fc fragment of the IgG4b protein.

Notizen: HL-A antigens in fifty-four coeliac children and in parents and healthy siblings of forty-seven of these patients have been determined, thus allowing deduction of haplotypes and segregation analysis. HL-A8 frequency was found highly significantly increased (χ2= 37.92; P≪ 0.001) in coeliac children compared with a control group of 240 unrelated individuals; the increase of HL-A1 frequency is attributed to linkage disequilibrium between the genes involved. The haplotype HL-A1-8 frequency was also found significantly increased in coeliac children (χ2= 55.13; P≪ 0.001) with frequency elevation in the healthy siblings (χ2= 31.45; P≪ 0.001) in comparison with the controls.In segregation analysis a significant deviation from the expected distribution of HL-A8 (χ2= 15.38) and to a somewhat lesser degree of HL-A1 (χ2= 12.45 could be shown in coeliac children while there was no significant deviation in the distribution of these antigens detectable in their healthy siblings. Only a few haplotypes were frequent enough to be included in segregation analysis of haplotypes. Again in coeliac children a positive correlation with haplotype HL-A1-8 was found differing significantly from the expected distribution (χ2= 8.05), whereas this haplotype appeared almost evenly distributed in the healthy siblings of the patients.

Notizen: The‘tolerogenicity’of neonatal skin grafts, as reflected in their higher survival rate as well as in their capacity to confer this tendency upon simultaneous adult grafts, has been believed to be based on an immunologically specific feature of the neonatal alloantigens.The data presented in this study demonstrate in two weak histocompatibility systems (H-9 and that presented by the male-specific antigen, MSA) that there is also an important non-specific component in the tolerogenic mechanism of neonatal skin allografts. The survival of adult skin allografts was followed in double-grafted animals in which the neonatal graft was either a specific or non-specific allograft or a syngeneic graft. Although the maximum increase in the survival rate of the adult grafts (in comparison to single-grafted controls) was induced by antigenically specific neonatal grafts, significant effects were also induced by antigenically neutral (syngeneic) or antigenically non-specific neonatal grafts. The immunologically nonspecific component in the effect of neonatal skin grafts could be traced back to their primarily high contents of proteoglycans and to their long-lasting production of the latter; consequently, the neonatal graft which is protected by these substances against the concomitant round cell infiltration can secondarily provide some protection also to the adult allograft. This non-specific protection may favour a stepwise establishment of a specific tolerance.

Notizen: The low molecular weight immunoglobulin from the marine toad (Bufo marinus) was found to differ markedly from classical mammalian IgG immunoglobulin. Higher intact molecular weight of 168,000 ± 4000 was the result of larger heavy chains (61,400 ± 2300) than mammalian γ chains (50,000 daltons). The light chains were of normal molecular weight (23,000).Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS buffers was shown to be a simple and reliable way of determining the type of heavy chain present in immunoglobulins from different species, despite the fact that the mobility of the chains in this system does not accurately reflect their molecular weight. Using this technique it was shown that the heavy chain from the LMW Ig present in Xenopus laevis, an anuran amphibian, and the chicken, a representative of the birds, showed similar properties to the toad LMW Ig heavy chain. In addition, the LMW Ig heavy chain from the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a marsupial, showed properties which were characteristic of classical γ heavy chains.We conclude that the LMW Ig present in anuran amphibians does not belong to the IgG class as had been previously thought. This Ig class appears to have been retained in the reptiles and birds. The appearance of IgG appears to be a relatively recent event, recurring at a time after the divergence of the mammalian line from the stem reptiles.

Notizen: Thirty-one patients with myasthenia gravis were studied for their HL-A antigen expression. Eighteen patients had family members available for HL-A typing, and full genotyping for HL-A antigens was possible. The inheritance of HL-A8 was studied in detail, and it was noted that this did not correlate exactly with the development of myasthenia gravis. The multifactorial nature of the genetic component of this disease was confirmed by these studies.

Notizen: In continuation of earlier experimentation from this laboratory the antigenic structure of human serum albumin was determined by comparative determinant analysis (CDA). The results are a correction of an earlier report on the same subject; the importance of the standard control procedures of CDA is stressed. The results indicate the presence of at least six different antigenic determinants on the human molecule, two of which are shared only by primates, while the four others are common with other mammalian albumins as well. There is no human species-specific determinant demonstrable. The structures of human and chimpanzee albumins were found to be identical.

Notizen: Several anti-HL-A antisera, correlated with either HL-A12 or W15, were studied. Immunogenetic analysis was carried out by population and family studies, adsorptions, elutions and resistance to lysis induction capacity. Antibodies present in the sera allow the distinction to be made between two alternative factors subtypic to HL-A12,‘TO 50’and‘TO 51′, and two alternative factors subtypic to W15,‘TO 52’and‘TO 53′. These subdivisions are genetically determined. Lysostrip experiments demonstrated them to be on the same molecule carrying either HL-A 12 or W15. Thus, they enable the identification of new locus FOUR allelic products. These new HL-A factors are strictly correlated with W4 and W6: haplotypic association has regularly been found between TO 50 and W4, TO 51 and W6, TO 52 and W4, TO 53 and W6. This subdivision of HL-A allelic products into specificities subtypic either to W4 or to W6 is a characteristic common to most, if not all, FOUR factors. Finally, the commonly observed cross-reaction between W15 and W17 preferably takes place with TO 52. It should be noted that both TO 52 and W17 are subtypic to W4.

Notizen: A cell-free system prepared from spleen cells of DBA/2 mice was stimulated by P815 tumour cells as antigen. The response of the cell-free system to this stimulation was a synthesis of i-RNA in the cell free system. The i-RNA was isolated by a combined phenol-Na-dodecyl-sulphate extraction method and purified by gradient centrifugation. This i-RNA was injected to DBA/2 mice to which P815 tumour cells were implanted at different time intervals before the i-RNA application. It could be demonstrated that the i-RNA inhibits the development of tumour. Theoretical and practical implications of the experiments are discussed.

Notizen: Carriers of weak B variant were found in two generations of a family. The saliva of the father contained a small amount of B substance, but the saliva of his two daughters contained only H but not B.The erythrocytes of the propositus reacted only with potent anti-B and anti-(A + B) sera, and though the erythrocytes were not agglutinated by the weaker anti-B sera, the eluates showed that they combined with anti-B antibody. The eluates from normal human B and AB erythrocytes, and guinea-pig's erythrocytes which had adsorbed human anti-B agglutinin, agglutinated normal B erythrocytes but not the weak B. The eluates from the weak B erythrocytes and rabbit's erythrocytes both of which had adsorbed anti-B, agglutinated the weak B erythrocytes as well as the normal B erythrocytes. These weak B erythrocytes showed agglutinability as strong as that of O erythrocytes against anti-H eel serum. The sera of these weak B variants contained normal anti-A agglutinin and a weak anti-B cold agglutinin which was reactive at 5°C. As the saliva of the propositus contained as much H substance as was found in group O secretor saliva, but not B substance, her blood group was denoted by Bx. Her sister has same characters of Bx. in the erythrocytes and in the saliva. Her father's blood group was AB, and his erythrocytes showed weak B antigenicity, and his saliva contained rather weak B substance as well as the normal amounts of A and H substances.

Notizen: The primary and secondary responses of rats to SRBC, measured by means of haemolytic antibody titres, showed strain differences. High-responder strains produced high levels of antibodies of IgG and IgM. Low-responder strain produced only low level of IgM antibody. With subsequent antigen challenge, only the high-responder strains produced high titres of antibody. Low-responder strain, in contrast, continued to make a low level of IgM antibody. Allogeneic transfer of spleen cells changed the low-responder strain, Fischer rats, to produce anti-SRBC IgG antibody. Fischer rats also showed low responses to OVA, BGG and to some ‘thymus independent antigens’. Genetic analyses showed the antibody production against SRBC and BGG was controlled by a single gene respectively. No linkage was found between Ir-SRBC, Ir-BGG, R (major histocompatibility) and c (coat colour) loci.

Notizen: There is no evidence for genetic control of the antibody response to the d-amino acid polypeptide poly(dGlu52dLys33dTyr15) in contrast to the case of the l-isomer in which the antibody response is genetically controlled and linked to the major histocompatibility locus. There is also no crossreactivity between the l- and d-isomers of the polypeptide in the induction of the immune response. Aggregation of the l-isomer with methylated bovine serum albumin (MeBSA) abolished the pattern of genetic control by increasing antibody formation in the low responders and by decreasing it in the high responders. Aggregation of the d-isomer increased rather uniformly the antibody responses of all strains, except the moderately responding WF strain. The antibody response to the MeBSA in the aggregates was uniformly low, although there was a strain dependent variation in the antibody response to MeBSA alone.

Notizen: Book Review in this Article. Progress in Allergy, Edited by P. Kallós, B. H. Waksman and A. de Weck.

Notizen: The R1 antigen of chicken red cells, which is associated with susceptibility to a subgroup B leukosis-sarcoma virus, has been isolated. This antigen is cross-related to structures on the human blood-group MN antigens and, as in the latter, sialic acid is apparently part of its immunodominant grouping. R1 antigen inhibited influenza viruses and to a lesser extent Vicia graminea anti-N reagent. Plant proteases inactivated the antigen.

Notizen: It is described that HL-A inhibiting substances can be detected in dried human blood stains. An inhibition test is used to evaluate stability and specificity of soluble HL-A antigens in one- and two-stage methods. With few exceptions, the occurrence of inhibition and non-inhibition of stains from different subjects in respect to given HL-A antisera is in agreement with specificities present on the donor's cells. Some‘weak inhibitors’were observed. Extra-reactions with given antisera can be explained by cross-inhibition. One- and two-stage methods are evaluated with regard to the inhibition test for human blood stain HL-A typing.

Notizen: An alloantiserum has been obtained in the mouse which differentiates specifically between lymph node cells and a sub-population of peritoneal cells. The antigen is associated with chromosome 7 (linkage group I).

Notizen: A family study on Gm determinants is reported starting from the pair: mother Gm(a - x - f + b +)/child Gm(a + x - f - b -). The genotypes derived from the results show the probable influence of the inactive allele Gm- described earlier. The importance of this and similar findings for our knowledge of the Gm system and for its use in practical medico legal work is stressed.

Notizen: A lymphocytotoxic antibody whose reactions are associated with the blood group A and the ABH secretor status is described.

Notizen: Variation in the ability of the host to respond to disease has been recognized but the mechanisms have not been defined. Recent studies suggest a genetic control of the immune response and of the susceptibility or resistance to oncogenic viruses linked to the major histocompatibility locus. Thus histocompatibility-linked genetic control of the immune response might play an important role in determining resistance or susceptibility in disease states. The known gene products of the major histocompatibility autosomal region in humans can be detected by serological and by functional assays.In this prospective study of 115 patients with Hodgkin's disease we have related the serologically detectable gene products, the HL-A antigens, to the course of the disease. The antigens A3 and A11 were decreased in the seventy-nine patients in whom the disease had been present for less than 1 year. The antigen A8 occurred in normal frequency in the patients with recent onset of the disease but was significantly increased in the thirty-six patients who had survived with the disease for longer than 5 years. Both observations are compatible with an ability to resist the disease; that is, either resistance to the onset of the disease or improved survival once the disease has developed.

Notizen: A Computerized Checklist of Astrolabes– by SHARON L. GIBBS On the Moon's Elliptic Inequality, Evection, and Variation and Horrox's ‘New Theory of the Moon'– by NIELS THERKEL JØRGENSEN

Notizen: F. Herneck: Bahnbrecher des AtomieitaltersM. A. Hoskin: William Herschel and the construction of the heavensKrafft, F. und Meyer-Abich, A.: Grosse Naturwissenschaftler. Biographisches Lexikon

Notizen: Correspondence du P. Marin Mersenne (publiée et annotée par C. de Waard avec la collaboration de Bernard Rochot). Tome XII: 1643. + Tables et index cumulatif des Tomes I à X (1617–1641). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1972. pp. 448 + 103. 88.20 + 25.80 francs.L. Rüdenberg – H. Zassenhaus (Hrsg.): Hermann Minkowski, Briefe an David Hilbert. (Springer-Verlag) Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1973, pp. 165, 43 Abb., geheftet DM 32,-, US $ 11.90.E. G. D. Cohen & W. Thirring (Editors) The Boltzmann Equation, Theory and ApplicationsB. Maglich (Editor), Adventures in experimental physicsChrista Hagenmeyer, Die ‘Ordnung der Gesundheit’ für Rudolf von Hohenberg. Untersuchungen zur diätetischen Fachprosa des Spätmittelalters mit kritischer TextausgabeDietlinde Goltz: Studien zur Geschichte der Mineralnamen in Pharmazie, Chemie und Medizin von den Anfängen bis ParacelsusMax Vachon, Georges Rousseau et Yves Laissus, Inédits de Lamarck, d'après les Manuscrits conservés à la Bibliothèque Centrale du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris

Notizen: K. J. Rider: History of Science and Technology. A Select Bibliography for StudentsActa historiae rerum naturalium necnon technicarumGarcia Ballester, L.: GalenoErnst, Cécile: Teufelsaustreibungen. Die Praxis der katholischen Kirche im 16. und 17. JahrhundertJ. C. Slater, Symmetry and Energy Bands in CrystalsE. A. Armstrong, A study of bird songG. Heilmann, The origin of birdsN. Reingold, ed.: The Papers of Joseph Henry. Vol. 1: December 1797–October 1832. The Albany YearsE. H. S. Burhop, V. O. Lock & M. G. K. Menon (Editors), Selected papers of Cecil Frank Powell

Notizen: “This principle of nature being very remote from the conceptions of Philosophers I forbore to describe it in that Book [the Principia] least I should be accounted an extravagant freak & so prejudice my Readers against all those things weh were ye main designe of the Book.“(Newton in a projected ‘Conclusion’ [c. 1693] to the Opticks, ULC. Add. 3970, f. 338r.)

Notizen: Richard J. Gillings: Mathematics in the Time of the PharaohsM. L. West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient Science and Synthesis, UNESCO Colloquium. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971. Pp. xvi + 206. N.p.

Notizen: Book reviewed in this article:Bernard R. Goldstein. Al-Bitruji: On the Principles of Astronomy. Volume 1: Analysis and Translation. Volume 2: The Arabic and Hebrew Versions.Fritz Krafft, Geschichte der Naturwissen-schaft I: Die Begründung einer Wissenschaft von der Natur durch die Griechen Early Papers on Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals. Edited by J. M. Bijvoet, W. G. Burgers and G. Hägg.M. Oliphant, Rutherford-Recollections of the Cambridge DaysA. Hermann, Lexikon Geschichte der Physik, KölnLeonard G. Wilson: Charles Lyell (The Years to 1841: The Revolution in Geology)John W. Yolton: Locke and The Compass of Human Understanding. A Selective Commentary on The “Essay” Science and the Rise of Technology since 1800, ed. C. A. Russel and D. C. GoodmanR. L. Hills, Power in the Industrial Revolution J. T. Fraser, F. C. Haber, G. H. Müller (Editors). The study of time

Notizen: On an Error in the Babylonian Table of Pythagorean Triples– by Christopher Anagnostakis (Yale University, New Haven, Conn,. U.S.A.) and Bernard R. Goldstein* (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.) Notes on Autolycus– by O. Neugebauer (Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, U.S.A.)

Notizen: J. W. van Spronsen, The Periodic System of Chemical Elements. A History of the First Hundred Years, Amsterdam (Elsevier), 1969, pp. XV + 368, Dfl. 50.

Notizen: I. Bernard Cohen, Introduction to Newton's Principia. Cambridge: at the University Press, 1971. Isaac Newton's Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. The third edition (1726) with variant readings. Assembled and edited by Alexandre Koyré and I. Bernard Cohen with the assistance of Anne Whitman. 2 vols. Cambridge: at the University Press, 1972.

Notizen: Chatterjee, Bina: The Khandakhādyaka of Brahmagupta with the commentary of Bhattotpala. Edited and translated by Bina Chatterjee.–Vol. I: Introduction, Translation and Mathematical Notes, pp. 315; Vol. II: Text and Commentary, pp. 236. Calcutta (World Press) 1970, Rs. 125, £ 8.30, $ 20.- the set. The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, Vol.V 1683–84. Edited by D. T. White-side with the assistance in publication of M. A. Hoskin and A. Prag. Cambridge University Press 1972. XXVI + 627 pp. £ 20.Conor Reilly S. J.: Francis Line S. J. An Exiled English Scientist 1595–1675, Bibliotheca Instituti historici Societatis Iesu Vol. 29. Rome, Institutum historicum S.I. 1969, VII–144 pp. $ 3.20.E. J. Aiton: The Vortex Theory of Planetary Motions, London (Macdonald) and New York (American Elsevier) 1972, x + 282 pp., Dff. 68.00. (“History of Science Library”series.)M. M. Nieto, The Titius-Bode Law of Planetary Distances, Its History and Theory, (Pergamon Press) 1972, xii + 161 pp., £ 3.50.d'Elia, Alfonsina: Ernst Mach (in Italian); Pubblicazioni della Facolta di Lettere e Philosophia dell'Universita di Milano LIX, 1971, 299 pp., Lire 3.000.Blackmore, John T.: Ernst Mach, his Life, Work and Influence, Univ. of California Press 1972, 360 + 54 pp., $ 16.95. P. Speziali (Editor), Albert Einstein-Michele Besso, Correspondence 1903-1955, (Hermann) Paris 1972, xiii + 559 pages, 39 francs. The Growth Points of Physics, Proceedings of the Florence Inaugural Conference of the European Physical Society (April 1969), Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, volume I, numero speziale, 1969, xxxix + 568 pages.Arcieri, John P.: Le fasi critico-storiche della scoperta della circolazione del sangue–Autori che determinarono correnti avverse al meriti di Realdo Colombo e Andrea Cesalpino, New York (Alcmaeon Ed.), 1972, 83.I. Grattan-Guinness, The Development of the Foundations of Mathematical Analysis from Euler to Riemann. £4.65, 186 pp. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass. London 1970. (Publication Date 1 February 1971.)H. Lewis McKinney, Wallace and Natural Selection. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1972, 193 pp. 10 ills., 2 maps (Yale Studies in the History of Science and Medicine 8), $ 12.50. Niels Bohr Collected Works. General Editor L. Rosenfeld. Volume I. Early work (1905–1911). Edited by J. Rud Nielsen. Amsterdam 1972, North-Holland Publishing Company.

Notizen: Some problems in the detection and estimation of associations between multiallelic systems, such as HL-A, and disease are discussed and a simple, but slightly conservative, method of analysis is advanced which allows a simple method of display.

Notizen: Histocompatibility antigens have been studied by skin grafting in three successive generations of the Urodele Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Starting from a brother-sister pair of animals (F1) mutually tolerant, the descendence obtained in F2 is composed of three types of animals called A/A, A/B, B/B according to their mutual capacity for tolerance or rejection. The three types are numerically divided according to the mendelian proportions of monohybridism, that is 25 % of A/A, 50% of A/B and 25% of B/B. All the descendants (F3) born of homozygote parents A/A or B/B are homozygote. The descendants (F3) born of heterozygote parents A/B are composed of type A/A, A/B and B/B animals in mendelian proportions of mono-hybridism. The presence of histocompatibility antigens A and B would be determined by a pair of dominant alleles which are on a locus carried by the same pair of chromosomes.

Notizen: Immune response (Ir) genes linked to genes encoding histocompatibility antigens affect antibody-formation to synthetic polypeptides, weak native antigens and strong native protein antigens given in limiting doses. It has been proposed that the products of such Ir genes function as receptors for antigen on thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) and these products are not immunoglobulin in nature. Ho wever, recent evidence indicates that (a) Ir genes are probably expressed in both T-cells and in bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes (B-cells); (b) IgM immunoglobulin is present on T-cells and functions in the binding of antigen, and (c) T-cells of nonresponder animals possess the capacity to recognize antigen. These results prompted us to consider alternative hypotheses for the function of Ir genes; namely (1)‘tolerance’hypotheses in which response is dominant over non-response, and (2) the possibility that the Ir gene product can act as an amplifier of T-cell function. These hypotheses are discussed within the context of murine studies and in relation to the association of human diseases, notably immunopathic phenomena, with HL-A.