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  • Articles  (124)
  • Chromatographie, Gas  (67)
  • man  (57)
  • Springer  (124)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1975-1979  (124)
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  • Articles  (124)
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  • Springer  (124)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved oral glucose tolerance following antiserotonin treatment in patients with chemical diabetes (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyproheptadine ; metergoline ; glucose tolerance ; insulin secretion ; chemical diabetes ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of short-term treatment with either placebo or two serotonin antagonists, cyproheptadine and metergoline, on oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion have been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Placebo treatment was not associated with any significant change in the parameters examined. Glucose tolerance in chemical diabetics was significantly improved both after cyproheptadine and metergoline; fasting plasma glucose was also reduced by metergoline. Treatment with the latter drug was also associated with a significant decrease in incremental glucose area in healthy subjects, which was not affected by cyproheptadine. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were not affected by either drug in any subjects. Cyproheptadine and metergoline improve glucose metabolism in chemical diabetes probably by reducing insulin resistance. This may depend either on decreased secretion of counter-regulatory hormones or on a direct pharmacological action of the drugs on glucose utilization, possibly mediated by their common antiserotoninergic properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561737
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of quinidine related to plasma protein binding in man (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: quinidine ; plasma protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition and plasma protein binding of quinidine after intravenous administration were studied in 13 healthy subjects. Plasma protein binding, expressed as the fraction of quinidine unbound ranged from 0.134–0.303 (mean 0.221). Elimination rate constant (β) varied from 0.071 to 0.146 h−1 (mean 0.113), and apparent volume of distribution (Vβ) varied from 1.39–3.20 l · kg−1β (mean 2.27). Total body clearance was 2.32–6.49 ml min−1 · kg−1. There was a positive linear correlation between the plasma fraction of unbound quinidine and both Vβ (r=0.885, p〈0.01) and total body clearance (r=0.668, p〈0.05). No significant correlation existed between the fraction of unbound quinidine in plasma and the elimination rate constant. The results show that both the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance of quinidine are proportional to the unbound fraction in plasma. This implies that the total plasma concentration of quinidine at steady state will change with alterations in plasma binding, whilst the concentration of unbound compund and its elimination rate will remain unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of a simulation model to study the acute haemodynamic effects of diazoxide in man (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: simulation model ; diazoxide hypotension ; haemodynamics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute haemodynamic effects of injected diazoxide (Hyperstat® Schering) have been studied in 8 hypertensive subjects. Aortic blood pressure was measured and cardiac output and peripheral conductance were assessed continuously using a simulation model. In six of the patients pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure was also measured. Blood pressure fell in all subjects 5–10 min after injection of the drug cardiac output increased in all patients studied. However, the initial change in cardiac output differed, as it decreased in two subjects and did not change in one. The largest initial increases in cardiac output were seen in the subjects with the highest pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure. Patients with an initial decrease in cardiac output were those with the least compliant (stiffest) aortas. We consider that the responsiveness of the baroreceptors determines the size of the increase in cardiac output immediately after reduction of blood pressure by diazoxide. Thus in a patient with a stiff aorta, particularly at low cardiac filling pressure, diazoxide might cause a fall in blood pressure to an unacceptable level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609868
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 409-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468536
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid quantitative gas-chromatographic analysis of 1,3,5-trioxane (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 410-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von 1,3,5-Trioxan ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468538
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorspezifischer Detektor für die Gas-Chromatographie (GC) mit Hilfe der Candoluminescenz (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluor ; Chromatographie, Gas ; F-spezifischer Detektor, Candoluminescenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein spektroskopischer fluor-spezifischer Detektor für gas-chromatographische (GC) Anwendungen beschrieben, der sich der Candoluminescenz bedient. Das Auftreten von InF-Bandenemissionen bei 233,7 nm bei Anwendung des MECA (= Molecular Emission Cavity Analysis)-Verfahrens kann als qualitatives Zeichen für die Anwesenheit von F in einer GC-Fraktion benützt werden. Nach entsprechender Kalibrierung kann die Bandenemission als Maß für die F-Konzentration in einer Fraktion dienen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit ist besser als ±2%, die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 3,2 μg F pro Peak.
    Notes: Summary A fluorine-specific spectroscopical detector is described that takes advantage of candoluminescence. The intensity of the InF-band emission at 233.7 nm in Molecular-Emission-Cavity Analysis (MECA) is an indicator for F in a GC-fraction. After calibration the band intensity can be used as measure for the F-content in the fraction. The reproducibility is better than ±2%, the detection limit 3.2 μg F per peak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483590
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anreicherung und Nachweis polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe in Wasser (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, aromat. polycycl. in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ECD, Anreicherungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein einfaches und schnelles Adsorptionsverfahren zur Anreicherung von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (=PAK) wird angegeben: nach einer Magnesiumhydroxidfällung in der Wasserprobe wird der Niederschlag abzentrifugiert und durch Zugabe von Ammoniumchlorid gelöst; die organischen Substanzen in dieser Lösung werden mit sehr wenig Cyclohexan extrahiert, wodurch eine Einengung des Extraktes nicht erforderlich ist. Die PAK im Extrakt werden gas-chromatographisch mit ECD-Detektion getrennt. Ein Vergleich dieser neuen Methode mit der “rapid liquid extraction” wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A simple and rapid adsorption method for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (=PAH)is described: after precipitation of magnesium hydroxide in the water sample the precipitate is separated by centrifugation and then dissolved by adding ammonium chloride; the organic substances in this solution are extracted with a very small volume of cyclohexane. A concentration of the extract is not necessary. The PAH in the extract are, separated gaschromatographically using ECD detection. The new method is compared with the “rapid liquid extraction” method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468528
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abtrennung von Barbitursäurederivaten und Phenytoin aus Harn als schwerlösliche Quecksilber-Verbindungen zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barbituraten, Phenytoin in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Hg-Verbindungen v. Barbituraten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470051
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subtraction method and its application in gas chromatography (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Anwendung der Subtraktionsmethode, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The fundamental principles of the subtraction method and its practical application in gas chromatography are discussed. Its use for identifying components of complex mixtures and analysing impurities is explained in detail and prospects for further development of the method are outlined. 136 Literature references.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über die Grundlagen der Subtraktionsmethode und ihre praktische Anwendung in der Gas-Chromatographie wird gegeben. Die Anwendbarkeit zur Identifizierung der Bestandteile komplexer Gemische und zur Analyse von Verunreinigungen wird eingehend diskutiert. Abschließend wird die mögliche weitere Entwicklung der Methode betrachtet. 136 Literaturzitate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481164
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Siliciumhalogenverbindungen (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 266-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan, Trichloräthylen in Siliciumtetrachlorid ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Anreicherung, Dampfraum, ppm-Gebiet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan und Trichloräthylen werden nach Abtrennung des SiCl4 mittels Dampfraumtechnik angereichert und gaschromatographisch analysiert. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 1 Gew.-ppm für diese Verbindungen.
    Notes: Summary The chlorinated hydrocarbons trans-dichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene are enriched after separation of tetrachlorosilane with the aid of head-space technique and are determined by gas-chromatography. The detection limit is found to be about 1 ppm (wt.) of these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481490
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Spurenbestimmung von C1- und C2-Fluor- und Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Luft (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorkohlenwasserstoffen, Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; C1, C2, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als Beitrag zur Untersuchung des viel diskutierten Ozonabbaus wurde eine Analysenmethode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von CCl4 (R10), CFCl3 (R11), CF2Cl2 (R 12), CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3 und C2Cl4 ausgearbeitet. Geeignete Methoden der Probenahme, Anreicherung, Detektion und der gesamten gas-chromatographischen Technik ermöglichen Bestimmungen in ppb-Bereich (10−9 V/V) und ppt-Bereich (10−12 V/V) bis herab zur Nachweisgrenze, die für alle genannten Verbindungen bei 10 ppt (V/V) liegt, u. U. auch darunter. Im Spurenbereich ≥ 100 ppt (V/V) werden eine Genauigkeit von 〈 10% und eine Reproduzierbarkeit von 〈 5 % erreicht, wenn die Untersuchung unmittelbar oder wenigstens innerhalb von 2 Tagen nach der Speicherung durchgeführt wird. Ist dies nicht möglich, wird ein besonderes Gas-Sammelgefäß verwendet, von dem aus in das Speicherrohr übergeführt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary As a contribution to the frequently discussed ozone decomposition an analytical method has been elaborated for the quantitative determination of CCl4, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4. Suitable methods of sampling, enrichment, detection, and the whole gas-chromatographic operation allow determinations in the ppb range (10−9 V/V) and the ppt-range (10−12 V/V) down to the limit of detection at 10 ppt for all the cited compounds. For trace amounts of ≥ 100 ppt, an accuracy of 〈 10% and a reproducibility of 〈 5 % are reached if the determination is carried out immediately or at least 2 days after storage. If this is impossible, a special gassampling vessel is employed from which the sample is transferred to the storage column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00480889
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin by activated charcoal in man (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; acute intoxication ; digoxin ; phenytoin ; aspirin ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of activated charcoal 50 g suspended in water on the absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin was studied in six healthy volunteers in a cross-over manner. The absorption of digoxin and phenytoin were almost completely prevented (about 98%) when activated charcoal was ingested immediately after the drug. The total absorption of aspirin was inhibited by 70%, with clear postponement of absorption and partial release of aspirin from the charcoal in the gut: The peak serum concentration of aspirin was reduced by 95% by charcoal. When activated charcoal was ingested 1 hour after the drugs the inhibition of absorption was considerably less. However, since the absorption of larger doses of the drugs is often slow, the administration of an adequate dose of activated charcoal will be of definite value in the treatment of acute intoxication, even if delayed for several hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609985
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compensation of dietary induced reduction of tetracycline absorption by simultaneous administration of EDTA (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline absorption ; EDTA ; milk ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of tetracycline in man under the influence of concomitantly administered EDTA, milk and a combination of EDTA and milk has been investigated. Urinary excretion of the drug was measured for 30 h. The inhibitory effect of milk could be counteracted by simultaneous ingestion of EDTA, which resulted in almost equivalent urinary excretion of tetracycline compared to experiments done in the fasting state. Administration of EDTA alone, in a neutral dosage form, did not significantly change absorption of the drug, which contradicted previous findings. The possible use of EDTA during tetracycline therapy is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607444
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in man by ferrous sulphate or charcoal (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Doxycycline ; iron ; charcoal ; enteral cycling ; man ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the intestinal interactions of doxycycline (DC) with Fe++ and charcoal, two groups of healthy volunteers were given either 200 mg or 100 mg DC in capsules at 2 p. m. and 9 p. m., and blood samples for fluorimetric assay of DC were collected for 24 h starting at 8.30 a. m. on the following morning. A 24-h-urine was also collected. The test was subsequently repeated at one-week intervals, when the volunteers also ingested either ferrous sulphate (80 mg Fe++) or charcoal (4.0 g) immediately after the zero-time sample of DC and at 3, 8 and 12 h. Charcoal completely adsorbed DC in vitro in an artificial small intestinal fluid. Ferrous sulphate or charcoal did not modify the serum level or urinary excretion of DC after the 200 mg+200 mg dose, but ferrous sulphate did reduce the 24-h urinary excretion of DC after the 100 mg+100 mg dose. The serum half-life and AUC of DC were reduced by ferrous sulphate given after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. Charcoal did not modify any parameter, even after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. The results do not support existence of important enteral cycling of DC. Although oral ferrous sulphate can lower the serum level and shorten the serum half-life of DC, the acute experiment suggested that a therapeutic serum level of DC can be maintained despite treatment with iron in the doses used in iron-deficiency, and charcoal in the doses used in diarrhoeic states, if the drugs are administered several hours apart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560462
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary studies of the kinetics of citalopram in man (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Citalopram ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; steady state levels ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of citalopram, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and its demethylated metabolite have been determined by a specific fluorescence coupling technique during single dose experiments in volunteers and in clinical tests. Citalopram was found to have linear kinetics within the dose range investigated, which were characterized by fairly rapid absorption and slow elimination (biological half-life 1–21/2 days). Steady state levels in the range 120–340 nM (i.e. slightly above those associated with pharmacodynamic activity in animals) were attained within a week. A drug/metabolite ratio of 2–3 was recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560260
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation into the species-specific deacylation of penta-acetyl-gitoxin (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Penta-acetyl-gitoxin ; 16-acetyl-gitoxin ; gitoxin ; mass spectrometry ; species-specific deacylation ; man ; rabbit ; guinea-pig ; rat ; blood ; intestinal mucosa ; liver homogenate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penta-acetyl-gitoxin (PAG) shows species-specific deacylation to 16-acetyl-gitoxin (16-AG; I and III) or gitoxin (II and IV) by homogenates of liver and intestinal mucosa of man (I), rabbit (II), guinea-pig (III) and rat (IV), whereas it is degraded into tri- and tetra-acetates by homogenates of guinea-pig myocardium as well as by human blood and serum. The identity of the principal and chloroform-extractable metabolites in human urine after PAG administration with 16-AG has been demonstrated by mass spectrometry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716384
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haemodynamic and tolerance studies in man of a new, orally active, selectiveβ 1-adrenoceptor agonist H 80/62 (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: H 80/62 ; haemodynamic effects ; noninvasive techniques ; selectivity ; β1-adrenoceptor agonist ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The selective β1-adrenoceptor agonist H 80/62 was administered intravenously and orally to healthy subjects and its effects on systolic time intervals, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were studied. Side-effects were noted too, and continuous ECG-recordings were made in order to study its arrhythmogenic effect. After i.v. administration of H 80/62 20 µg/kg body weight there was shortening of total electromechanical systole, the pre-ejection period and of the left ventricular ejection time, systolic blood pressure tended to increase, and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were essentially unchanged. When administered orally as a sustained-release preparation in doses between 20 and 40 mg the haemodynamic effects were qualitatively the same as after i.v. administration, but in some studies there was a slight increase in heart rate. During exercise the systolic blood pressure and heart rate were identical after H 80/62 and placebo. The effect of the drug was maximal immediately after cessation of the i.v. infusion and basal values were regained within 60 min. After oral administration of a sustained-release formulation the effect was maximal after one hour and persisted for at least five to seven hours. The drug was well tolerated on repeated administration. The incidence of ventricular extrasystoles was possibly increased in one subject out of eight (11 ventricular extrasystoles during 18 h). The results of this Phase I study of H 80/62 warrant further evaluation of the drug in man.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609978
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on nortriptyline absorption (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 445-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; tricyclic antidepressants ; nortriptyline ; poisoning ; antidote ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Activated charcoal is known to reduce the absorption of therapeutic doses of nortriptyline in vivo when administered 30 min after drug ingestion. In a group of volunteers, one sachet (10 g) of a new activated charcoal preparation, ‘Medicoal’ was found to produce a highly significant reduction in nortriptyline absorption when given as long as four hours after nortriptyline dosing. Activated charchoal may therefore be useful in the treatment of tricyclic antide-pressant poisoning even if a delay of several hours ensues before medical help is sought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716388
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum and plasma concentrations of clindamycin following a single intramuscular injection of clindamycin phosphate in maintenance haemodialysis patients and normal subjects (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Intramuscular Clindamycin Phosphate ; serum levels ; half-lives ; renal Failure ; haemodialysis ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum levels of clindamycin bioactivity and total clindamycin were studied after single intramuscular injections of 300 mg of clindamycin phosphate in a group of 6 normal subjects and a group of 6 maintenance haemodialysis patients. The patients were studied during a non-dialysis period and then again during haemodialysis. Peak levels tended to be higher and elimination half-lives shorter in the patients than in the normal subjects. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. There was no evidence that haemodialysis per se influenced the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate. The proportion of unhydrolysed clindamycin phosphate tended to be higher in the renal failure patients and the reason for this is not apparent. Little, if any, dosage modification is necessary in severe renal failure although there is probably little point in exceeding a dose of 300 mg intramuscularly every 8 h even in severe infections in patients with severe renal failure. The higher peak levels in patients with advanced renal failure indicate the need for further studies with repeated doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716386
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of norethindrone in human subjects (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Norethindrone ; bioavailability ; man ; competitive protein binding ; sex differences ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A competitive protein binding assay for norethindrone was developed to measure plasma levels in human subjects. The plasma levels were considerably higher in women than in men, especially at low dose levels. The plasma levels were directly related to the dose in men; but greater variations in the plasma levels were observed in women. The plasma half-life was about 5 h in both sexes with single oral doses of 5 to 20 mg. A comparative bioavailability study with norethindrone from 2 different manufacturers, formulated in the same manner, showed no significant differences in absorption characteristics and provided sufficient data for pharmacokinetic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606680
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Außenluft nach Probenahme mit dem Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein gas-chromatographisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Alkanen, Alkenen und Aromaten in der Außenluft berichtet, bei dem die Probenahme an Tenax GC oder Carbopack mit Hilfe eines Tieftemperaturgradientenrohres erfolgt und die Analyse unter Einsatz eines Doppelsäulensystems in Verbindung mit zwei Flammenionisationsdetektoren durchgeführt wird. Eingehende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten der Substanzen bei der Probenahme zeigen, daß die Trocknung der Probeluft mit Magnesiumperchlorat das Ergebnis nicht beeinflußt und für Kohlenwasserstoffe mit drei oder mehr C-Atomen keine auf Durchbruch zurückzuführenden Substanzverluste zu befürchten sind. Bei einem Probenahmevolumen von 51 Luft können 2 μg Substanz/m3 gut bestimmt werden. Für Außenluft-Konzentrationen von 45 μg Benzol/m3, 95 μg Toluol/m3 und 35 μg n-Pentan/m3 betrugen die Standardabweichungen 3,5, 6,0 bzw. 3,6 μg/m3. Bei leichter Modifikation des Systems ist mit derselben Probenahmevorrichtung die gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Kohlenwasserstoffen mit einem Flammenionisationsdetektor und von Organohalogen Verbindungen mit einem Elektroneneinfangdetektor möglich.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the gas-chromatographic determination of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics in ambient air. The hydrocarbons are trapped by cryogenic sampling using Tenax GC or Carbopack as adsorbing material and are analyzed in a two-column system equipped with two flame-ionization detectors. A detailed examination of the sampling procedure shows that drying the air with magnesium perchlorate does not affect the results, and losses of substances due to break-through need not be reckoned with for hydrocarbons with three and more carbon atoms. In a 51 air sample 2 μg/m3 of hydrocarbons can be determined readily. The standard deviations for benzene, toluene and n-pentane were 3.5, 6.0 and 3.6 μg/m3 at ambient air concentrations of 45, 95 and 35 μg/m3. A slight modification of the system which includes the combined use of a flame-ionization detector and an electron-capture detector permits the simultaneous determination of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491945
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    A new analytical system for multicomponent gas-chromatographic analysis of metabolites in biological material (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metaboliten in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Fraktionierung durch Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the gas-chromatographic multicomponent analysis of metabolites in biological material is described. It is an analytical procedure involving several extractions carried out under different conditions. In this procedure the metabolites are divided according to their functional groups and specific chemical behaviours into eight main fractions: lipids, hydrocarbons, organic acids, neutral substances, phenols, amines, amino acids and carbohydrates. Each of these fractions is derivatized; the components are separated and estimated by gas chromatography. This analytical system was applied to the determination of a number of metabolites in serum, urine, amniotic fluid, sperma, tissues and other biological materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode für die Multikomponenten-GC-Analyse von Metaboliten in Biomaterialien wird beschrieben. Das Verfahren umfaßt mehrere Extraktionen, die unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden. Die Komponenten werden in Abhängigkeit von ihren funktionellen Gruppen und spezifischem chemischen Verhalten in acht Hauptfraktionen geteilt: Lipide, Kohlenwasserstoffe, organische Säuren, neutrale Substanzen, Phenole, Amine, Aminosäuren und Kohlenhydrate. Die Komponenten jeder Gruppe werden nach spezieller Derivatisierung gaschromatographisch getrennt und bestimmt. Dieses neue System ist bei verschiedenen biologischen Materialien (klinische Proben, Pflanzen- und Tiergewebe) angewandt worden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481328
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    Die Gas-Chromatographische Bestimmung von Spuren niederer Carbon- und Sulfonsäuren in wä\rigen Lösungen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Carbonsäuren, Sulfonsäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spuren in wäßrigem Medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gas-chromatographische Methoden für die Spurenbestimmung einiger Carbonund Sulfonsäuren in wäßrigem Medium werden beschrieben. Die Nachweisvermögen für Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, n-Buttersäure, n-Valeriansäure, Capronsäure, Acrylsäure, Benzoesäure und Chloressigsäure sowie für Methansulfonsäure und Äthansulfonsäure liegen zwischen 1 · 10−7 und 8 · 10−7 Mol/Liter. Anreicherung und Derivatisierung werden bei den Carbonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Tetra-n-butylammoniumsalze und deren Umsetzung mit Benzylbromid zu den Benzylestern, bei den Sulfonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Silbersalze und deren Umsetzung mit n-Butyljodid zu den n-Butylestern erreicht.
    Notes: Summary Gas-chromatographic methods for the determination of traces of several carboxylic and sulphonic acids in aqueous media are presented. Detection limits for formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, caproic, acrylic, benzoic, and chloroacetic acids as well as of methanesulphonic and ethanesulphonic acids range from 1 · 10−7 moles/liter to 8 · 10−7 moles/liter. Preconcentration and derivatisation of the carboxylic acids are achieved by freezedrying their tetra-n-butylammonium salts and converting the latter into the benzyl carboxylates using benzyl bromide. The sulphonic acids are converted to the corresponding silver salts, freeze-dried, and then esterified using n-butyl iodide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481558
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    Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen durch Retentions-Index-Vergleich nach Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie mit Elektroneneinfangdetektor (ECD) (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Umweltmaterial, Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar-, Ident. von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vergleich von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices von Probe- und Referenzsubstanzen in der hochauflösenden Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie stellt eine aussagekräftige Methode der Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen dar. Neben der Konstanz der GC-Parameter erfordert die präzise Bestimmung von Retentionsindices eine sehr genaue Bestimmung der Netto-Retentionszeiten. Insbesondere ist bei Anwendung einer Totzeitberechnung auf der Basis einer erzwungenen Linearisierung der log t s/Homologenzahl-Beziehung auf eine sehr genaue Retentionszeitmessung zu achten. Die Reproduzierbarkeit von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices hängt von der Konstanz der Polarität und von der Adsorptivität der Capillarsäule ab. An ausreichend desaktivierten und konditionierten Hochleistungs-Capillarsäulen (TZ≥40) können unter der Voraussetzung einer Retentionszeit-Meßgenauigkeit von besser als 0,05% Retentionsindices über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Wochen innerhalb ±0,15 Indexeinheiten reproduziert werden. Eine Übertragung des n-Alkan bezogenen Retentionsindex-Konzeptes auf die homologe Reihe der n-Allkyl-trichloracetate (ATA) ermöglicht die Verwendung des Elektroneneinfang-Detektors (ECD) zur präzisen RetentionsindexBestimmung als Methode einer zuverlässigen Identifizierung von Substanzen im Picogrammbereich.
    Notes: Summary High resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography can be used as a powerful identification tool for single components in complex mixtures, when the matching of retention indices of reference compounds with those found in the sample is based on precise measurements. Besides the constancy of the GC-parameters high precision measurements of retention indices require an accurate determination of net retention times. Special care has to be taken for an accurate measurement of retention times when using a dead-time calculation on the basis of an enforced linearisation of the log t s/homologues-number relationship. The reproducibility of precise retention-index determinations strongly depends on the constancy of the polarity and on the adsorptivity of the capillary column. Provided a sufficiently deactivated and conditioned high performance capillary column (separation number ≥40) and an accuracy of retention-time measurement of better than 0,05 % retention indices can be reproduced within ±0.15 i.u. over a period of several weeks. A conversion of the n-alkane based retention-index concept to the use of the homologous series of n-alkyl-trichloro-acetates (ATA) allows the use of the electron-capture detector (ECD) for precise retention-index determinations for a reliable identification of compounds in the picogram range.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491046
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 412-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Abwasser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00471464
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei neben Wismut ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamat. — Verhalten von Kupfer(II), Nickel(II), Kobalt(III), Eisen(III), Wismut(III), Blei(II), Antimon(III) ; Verteilung zwischen wäßriger Lösung und Chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verteilungsverhalten der oben genannten Di(trifluroäthyl)dithiocarbamato-Chelate zwischen wäßrigen Lösungen und Chloroform wird untersucht. Eine Anwendung zur gleichzeitigen gaschromatographischen Bestimmung von Blei und Wismut im ppm-Bereich (0,2–3 ppm) nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen wird beschrieben (Säule: 5 % GE SE50 auf Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; Einspritzblock: 240° C).
    Notes: Summary The solvent extraction of the above di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates with chloroform is investigated. An application for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination 0.2–3 ppm of lead and bismuth after extraction out of aqueous solutions is reported (column: 5% GE SE 50 on Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; injection block: 242°C).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481992
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verhalten von Di(trifluoroäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelaten ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Di(trifluoäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate unter isothermen und temperaturprogrammierten Arbeitsbedingungen verschiedener Säulen wird beschrieben. Multielementanalyse von bis zu wenigstens neun Elementen dürfte auch nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen möglich sein.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic behaviour of some di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates is investigated under isothermal and temperature programmed working conditions of various columns. Multielemental analysis of up to at least nine elements seems to be possible even after extraction out of aqueous solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491807
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    Entfernung körpereigener Substanzen aus Harnproben an Extrelut® zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 216-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pharmazeut. Produkten im Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extrelut, saure u. neutrale Stoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum gas-chromatographischen Nachweis saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe wurden Harnproben bei pH 6 an Extrelut® (Merck) mit Diäthyläther extrahiert. Die Wiederfindungsraten der meisten untersuchten Arzneistoffe liegen im gleichen Bereich wie bei der üblichen Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion im stärker sauren Milieu. Jedoch verbleiben endogene Carbonsäuren, welche die Auswertung der Chromatogramme erschweren, in der wäßrigen Phase.
    Notes: Summary Samples of urine at pH 6 were extracted with diethyl ether from Extrelut® (Merck) columns for the gas-chromatographic identification of acidic and neutral drugs. The recovery rates for most of the investigated substances were similar to those of usual liquid-liquid extraction from strongly acidic media. Endogenous carboxylic acids however, which would otherwise interfere in the chromatogram, remained in the aqueous phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491811
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    Gas-chromatographische Profilanalyse der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe in Klärschlammproben (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen, polycycl. in Klärschlamm ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Profilanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfaches und selektives Anreicherungsverfahren für polycyclische aromatische Verbindungen angegeben (flüssig-flüssig-Verteilung: Dimethylformamid + Wasser + Cyclohexan; Chromatographie an Sephadex LH 20/Isopropanol; Filtration an Aluminiumoxid/Cyclohexan). Das Gemisch der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (= PAH) wird gas-chromatographisch an gepackten Hochleistungssäulen getrennt und die FID-Signale mit einem anfangs zugegebenen inneren Standard verglichen. Es wurden 18 Hauptkomponenten quantitativ ausgewertet. Die Variationskoeffizienten einer fünffachen Bestimmung derselben Probe lagen zwischen 1,6 und 11,3%. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt bei einer mittleren elektronischen Signalverstärkung in Abhängigkeit von der Retentionszeit 0,5–5 ng (für Benzo(a)pyren 1 ng). Die Charakterisierung der PAH mit 4–7 Ringen erfolgte mit einer GC-MS-Kombination, was für den Routinebetrieb aufgrund der großen Ähnlichkeit der PAH-Profile verschiedener Klärschlammproben nicht erforderlich ist.
    Notes: Summary A simple and selective method of enrichment of polycylic aromatic compounds is described (liquid-liquid-distribution with DMF + water + Cyclohexane; chromatography on Sephadex LH 20/isopropanol; filtration on aluminium oxide/cyclohexane). The fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (= PAH), separated gas-chromatographically using high performance columns, is evaluated by comparising the FID-signals with those of the internal standard added to the sample. Eightteen main components are evaluated. The variation coefficient of five analyses of the sample is in the range of 1.6–11.3%. The detection limit by moderate amplification depends on retention time of the PAH (0.5–5 ng; for benzo(a)pyrene 1 ng). As the PAH profiles of different samples of sludge are very similar, it is normally not necessary to characterize the PAH by mass spectrometry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443952
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of small amounts of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in horse plasma and urine (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 287-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenylbutazon, Oxyphenbutazon in Plasma, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Pferde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440215
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    Eine gas-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Pentachlorphenol in Urin und Plasma (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 111-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pentachlorphenol in Plasma, Urin ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482275
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    Gas-chromatographischer Nachweis von Methylquecksilber im Vollblut im Nanogrammbereich (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Methylquecksilber in Blut ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482276
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    Eine einfache und zuverlässige gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Ameisensäure im Urin (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 114-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ameisensäure in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482277
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    Quantitative gas chromatography of α-keto acids with a nitrogen-selective detector (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 132-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best, von α-Ketosäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; N-selektiver Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482293
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    Simultaneous gas-chromatographic profile analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbazoles and acridines/aromatic amines (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 147-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycycl. Verbindungen, Carbazole, Acridine ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Carcinogene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482305
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    A simple method for the gas-chromatographic determination of the most common hypnotics in the same extract of serum (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 155-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schlafmitteln in Serum ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482312
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    Quantitative GLC determination of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in human plasma (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 158-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Doxepin, Desmethyldoxepin in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; cis-trans-Isomere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482315
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Dimethylchlorsilan in Trichlorsilan (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 316-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dimethylchlorsilan in Trichlorsilan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Chlorierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470136
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    Dialkyldithiocarbamate als Reagentien zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Metallen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metallen mit Dialkyldithiocarbamaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeff., Dampfdrucke der Chelate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Darstellung, Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeffizienten, thermogravimetrisches Verhalten und Dampfdrucke einer Reihe von Dialkyldithiocarbamatochelaten werden beschrieben und die Möglichkeiten zu ihrer gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung umrissen.
    Notes: Summary Preparation, properties, extinction coefficients, thermogravimetric behaviour and vapour pressure are reported of various dialkyldithiocarbamato chelates. Possibilities for their gas-chromatographic determination are outlined.
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    Rapid gas-chromatographic determination of nimetazepam in biological media (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 303-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nimetazepam in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491332
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    Dialkyldithiocarbamate als Reagentien zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Metallen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 290-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zink, Kupfer, Nickel mit Dipropyldithiocarbamat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extraktion aus wäßr. Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kleine Mengen Ni, Cu und Zn in wäßrigen Lösungen können nach Ausschütteln ihrer Dipropyldithiocarbamatochelate gas-chromatographisch bestimmt werden. Arbeitsbedingungen für den 0,01–1 ppm-Bereich werden angegeben. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Bestimmung wird durch Zusatz eines inneren Standards verbessert.
    Notes: Summary Small amounts of Ni, Cu and Zn in aqueous solutions can be determined by gas chromatography after extraction of their dipropyldithiocarbamatochelates. Working details for the 0.01–1 ppm range are reported. Reproducibility is markedly improved by addition of an inner standard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491327
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    Single component analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)- and chlorinated pesticide residues in marine fish samples (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Biphenylen, polychlorierte, Pesticide, chlorhaltig in Fisch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar, Persistenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Besides 83 structurally defined trichloro- to octachloro-biphenyls (PCB), the following chlorinated pesticides have been identified in fish liver oil (DAB 6) and fish liver extracts: HCB;α-HCH;γ-HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; dieldrin; endrin. By analysing constant relative amounts of PCB-components present only in defined technical PCB-mixtures, the original PCB-pattern in environmental samples could be calculated. A mixture of Clophen A 60/Clophen A50 or of Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 of 2.2∶1 gives the best fit. The constant ratio of four octachloro-biphenyls in technical mixtures and environmental samples as well requires the assumption of complete environmental stability of these compounds despite of any thinkable differences in environmental pathways. This assumption of environmental persistency is supported by a degree of degradation up to 80% of the calculated input observed for some higher chlorinated PCB-components, e.g. 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-hexachloro-biphenyl. Correlating the amount of each identified PCB-component to the octachloro-biphenyl as the internal standard, a correlation of the degradation with the PCB-substitution pattern is possible. Persistency is observed, if vicinal hydrogens are missing or a 4-position is chlorinated. A 4,4′-disubstitution favours persistency most.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neben 83 strukturell definierten Trichlor- bis Octachlor-biphenylen (PCB) wurden folgende chlorierte Biocide in Lebertran (DAB6) und Fischleberextrakten identifiziert: HCB;α-HCH;γ- HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; Dieldrin; Endrin. Aus den Verhältnissen von nur in PCB-Produkten mit bestimmtem Chlorierungsgrad vorkommenden, schwer abbaubaren PCB-Komponenten konnte die ursprünglich in die Umwelt gelangte Zusammensetzung der PCB berechnet werden: eine Mischung aus Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto, USA) oder Clophen A 60/Chlophen A 50 (Bayer, Deutschland) im Verhältnis 2,2∶1 ergibt die beste Näherung. Aus dem in technischen Produkten und den Umweltproben gleichen relativen Vorkommen von vier Octachlor-biphenylen muß auf deren völlige Stabilität unter Umweltbedingungen geschlossen werden. Diese Annahme wird durch den Abbau von bis zu 80% des ursprünglichen Gehalts anderer hochchlorierter Biphenyle, wie des 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-Hexachlor-biphenyls, gestützt. Wird das Vorkommen der identifizierten Chlorbiphenyle, auf die als persistent angenommenen Octachlor-biphenyle als internen Standard bezogen, ergibt sich eine klare Persistenz-Abbau-Beziehung zu dem PCB-Substitutionsmuster. Persistenz ist gegeben bei fehlenden vicinalen Wasserstoffatomen oder 4-Chlorsubstitution, wobei die 4,4′-Di-Substitution die Persistenz am stärksten fördert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00680118
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    Gas-chromatographic analysis of carbides in aluminium and magnesium (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Carbiden in Aluminium, Magnesium ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A quantitative gas-chromatographic method (molecular sieve column, FID) for the determination of Al4C3 in aluminium and magnesium has been developed. The effect of methane from external sources has been investigated and eliminated. Metallographic analysis of carbides in polished specimens were consistent with the gas-chromatographic measurements within a factor of 2. The discrepancy can be explained by the large uncertainties in light microscopy analysis of the small carbides. Analysis of commercial magnesium shows that the metal contains ca. 2–9 ppm of Al4C3. The concentration of carbides in aluminium from the electrolysis cell is in the range of 10–35 ppm and in the final product of ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 has been detected in a few magnesium and aluminium samples by means of gas-chromatography and microprobe analysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Al4C3 in Aluminium und Magnesium wurde eine quantitative gas-chromatographische Methode (MolekularsiebSäule, FID) entwickelt. Der Einfluß von Methan aus äußeren Quellen, wurde untersucht und ausgeschaltet. Die metallographischen Untersuchungen von Carbiden an polierten Proben stimmten mit den Ergebnissen der gas-chromatographischen Messungen mit einem Faktor von 2 überein. Der Unterschied kann durch die großen Unsicherheiten bei der lichtmikroskopischen Analyse der kleinen Carbide erklärt werden. Die Analyse des technisch reinen Magnesiums zeigt, daß das Metall ca. 2–9 ppm Al4C3 enthält. Die Konzentration von Carbiden in elektrolytisch raffiniertem Aluminium liegt im Bereich 10–35 ppm und im Endprodukt bei ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 wurde in einigen Magnesium- und Aluminiumproben mit Hilfe von gas-chromatographischen und Mikrosondenuntersuchungen festgestellt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491809
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 236-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491815
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  • 45
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    Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazine ; thioridazine ; plasma level ; metabolic pattern ; half life ; man ; schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma-levels of thioridazine, mesoridazine, sulphoridazine and two other metabolites were determined in ten older chronic psychotic patients on thioridazine therapy. The plasma-level before the morning dose of thioridazine was the most reliable parameter for clinical studies. An intra-individual relationship between lower doses of thioridazine and plasma-levels was found. The percentage contribution of psychoactive compounds to the total sum of “thioridazine plus metabolites” ranged from 43–74%. The mean “early disappearance half-life” of thioridazine was 5 hours, and its mean “late disapperance half-life” was 26 hours.
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    The kinetics of ethanol absorption and elimination in twins and supplementary repetitive experiments in singleton subjects (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 337-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Twin study ; ethanol metabolism ; intra-individual variation ; pharmacogenetics ; plasma level ; man ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of genetic and environmental factors on the metabolism of a single oral dose of ethanol 1.2 ml per kg body weight was analysed in 19 identical and 21 fraternal healthy, adult, un-selected male twin pairs. The heritability values of the rates of absorption, degradation and elimination of ethanol were 0.57, 0.41 and 0.46 respectively. Environmental factors, such as daily alcohol intake and smoking, increased the rate of elimination of blood alcohol. Intrasubject variation in ethanol metabolism was studied by repeated tests in 11 male volunteers at intervals of at least 2 months, under the same conditions as in the twins; the coefficients of variation for parameters of metabolism was about 8%. The results demonstrate both genetic control of ethanol absorption, degradation and elimination and the appreciable influence of environmental factors. The almost total genetic control of ethanol metabolism postulated by Vesell et al. (1971) could not be confirmed.
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    Disposition and oxidative metabolism of phenylbutazone in man (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenylbutazone ; 14C-label ; oxyphenbutazone ; gas chromatography ; disposition ; oxidative metabolism ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption and elimination of orally administered14C-phenylbutazone and the role of oxidation in its metabolism have been studied. The main routes of excretion of14C-phenylbutazone and its metabolites were investigated in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 1 patient with a T-tube in the common bile duct. Up to 9 days after an oral dose of14C-phenylbutazone 600 mg (30 µCi) 63% of the radioactivity was found in the urine and 14% had appeared in the faeces. The cumulative excretion of radioactivity in bile amounted to 9.5% of the dose in 4 days. Only 1% of the radioactivity in the urine and bile was due to unchanged phenylbutazone. The role of oxidative metabolism of phenylbutazone in healthy human subjects was studied by gas chromatography. In 3 subjects given a single dose of phenylbutazone 600 mg, only 8.3% of the dose was excreted in urine as oxidized metabolites after 5 days. However, in 5 patients who had taken phenylbutazone for more than 5 weeks, these metabolites accounted for 23.4% of the dose. These results suggest that oxidative metabolism becomes more important after continued administration of the drug. After a single dose of phenylbutazone, the side-chain oxidized metabolite (II) was the major free derivative excreted in urine, but the ring oxidized metabolite, oxyphenbutazone (I), was much more important than the former in plasma. However, after prolonged treatment there was little difference between the concentration of the two metabolites in plasma. This finding suggests that side-chain oxidation is increased relative to ring oxidation on prolonged treatment with phenylbutazone. A third derivative containing hydroxyl groups both in the phenyl ring and in the side-chain (metabolite III) was found in urine in experiments with phenylbutazone, but in only one out of 3 volunteers given repeated doses of oxyphenbutazone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566533
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    A sensitive radioimmunoassay for fentanyl (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; radioimmunoassay ; cross-reaction ; plasma level ; dog ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum to fentanyl was obtained in rabbits repeatedly injected with carboxyfentanyl conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Using the antiserum, a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed, based on the dextran-coated charcoal method. It proved possible to assay the drug directly in plasma, in amounts as small as 30 picogram in 0.5 ml. The antibody was highly specific for fentanyl and no cross-reaction was observed with its major metabolites. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method was employed to determine fentanyl in plasma from six volunteers after an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mg, and in plasma from dogs treated both intravenously and subcutaneously with 0.02 mg/kg. The plasma level of fentanyl could be followed for up to 6 h after a therapeutic dose in dogs and man.
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    Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazine ; thioridazine ; metabolites ; plasma-level ; metabolic pattern ; half-life ; man ; schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels of thioridazine and four of its metabolites were determined in a series of fifteen young acute schizophrenics. Consistent individually different metabolic patterns were detected in a group of patients who had the same value for the sum of thioridazine plus metabolites. The apparent volume of distribution and half life were calculated. Clinical evolution tended to correlate best with the level of mesoridazine.
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    Serum glycoside concentrations after single or repeated intravenous doses ofβ-methyl-digoxin and digoxin (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: β-Methyl-digoxin ; digoxin ; intravenous administration ; man ; serum concentration ; renal clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the ratio of the intravenous doses ofβ-methyl-digoxin and digoxin required to produce identical serum glycoside concentrations in man. 20 patients on intravenous maintenance therapy were changed fromβ-methyl-digoxin to the identical dose of digoxin or vice versa. Each drug was given for 7 days. Serum concentrations 13% higher were found during administration ofβ-methyl-digoxin. Assuming a half life of 60 h after with drawal, the dose of digoxin producing the same minimum serum concentration was estimated to be 1.16 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. 18 healthy volunteers received 0.4 mg β-methyldigoxin, and 23 the same dose of digoxin, as an intravenous infusion over 2 h. The serum concentrations and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over a period of 32 hrs. During the first hour after the infusion the serum concentration of digoxin declined more rapidly than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. Thereafter, the ratio of the serum concentrations did not change appreciably up to the end of the investigation. The area under the serum concentration/time curve was about 13% greater forβ-methyl-digoxin than for digoxin; this difference was not significant. The average renal clearance was 96±9 ml forβ-methyl-digoxin, 151±13 ml for digoxin. Since the total body clearance of digoxin is only about 1.16 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin, the lower renal clearance ofβ-methyl-digoxin must partly be compensated by higher extrarenal clearance. From the ratios of the areas under the serum concentration/time curves after single doses of β-methyldigoxin and digoxin, and the minimum serum concentrations during maintenance therapy, it was concluded that the dose of digoxin to produce the same average serum concentrations would be about 1.15 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. In comparison with the large variations in individual dosage of digoxin andβ-methyl-digoxin, this difference is too small to be of practical importance.
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    Smoking and catecholamine and c-AMP concentrations in the coronary circulation of man and the effect of oxprenolol (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oxprenolol ; smoking ; catecholamines ; coronary circulation ; man ; c-AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in catecholamine, c-AMP and lactate concentrations in the coronary circulation of man, during smoking, were studied in 12 patients. The heart rate increased from 63±2 beats/min (control) to 74±3 (smoking) (P〈0.01), falling to 70±2 (10 min after smoking) (0.05〉P〉0.01), whilst coronary sinus c-AMP concentrations rose from 11±0.7 nmol/l (smoking) to 11.9±0.8 nmol/l (after smoing) (0.05〉P〉0.01; one tailed ‘t’ test). There was no significant change in blood pressure, catecholamine or lactate concentrations. The study was repeated in eight of the patients following intravenous oxprenolol. Coronary sinus catecholamine concentrations increased from 4.1±0.7 nmol/l (control) to 5.5±1.1 nmol/l (after smoking) (0.05〉P〉0.01; one tailed ‘t’ test), but heart rate and c-AMP concentrations remained unchanged, confirming that smoking-induced tachycardia is a result of a β-adrenergic mechanism, at least part of which is due to a release of cardiac catecholamines. Arterial lactate concentrations increased only following oxprenolol from 0.74±0.07 mmol/l (control) to 0.83±0.09 mmol/l (smoking).
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    Influence of nutritional status on plasma levels and relative bioavailability of tetracycline (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; bioavailability ; plasma levels ; nutritional state ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Relative bioavailability after oral administration of a single dose and Cmin levels of tetracycline in plasma after multiple doses were determined in groups of well-nourished and undernourished subjects. The relative bioavailability of tetracycline, assessed by the area under serum concentration time-curves, did not differ in undernourished and well-nourished patients. The plasma levels were not different in the two groups after the conventional dose of tetracycline HCl 250 mg at 6 hour intervals. However, in these studies undernourished subjects received a higher dose per kg body weight, which could have compensated for any effect of a shortened half life of the drug. When the dose per kg body weight was reduced, the Cmin levels were lower. On the other hand, with the same dose per kg body weight at more frequent intervals, the plasma concentrations were similar to those in well-nourished subjects. These studies indicate that the dosage regimen should be based both on body weight and on the nutritional status of the individual.
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    Rheography of the stomach (1977)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 84 (1977), S. 1060-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: rheography ; stomach ; animals ; man ; sensitive probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A practical method of rheography is suggested for studying the state of the human gastric circulation. The theoretical aspects of the use of a bipolar system of electrodes (external and internal) with essentially different sizes of contact surface are examined with respect to the stomach. A scheme and brief description of the simple apparatus are given. Control experiments were carried out on animals to confirm the validity of the basic assumptions. Mean values of some rheographic indices frequently used in clinical practice, based on rheograms of the stomach of 30 healthy subjects, are given.
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    Retentionsindices n-aliphatischer Schwefelverbindungen (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelverbindungen, aliphat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Zusammenstellung von Retentionsindices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446017
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    Gas-chromatographische Trennung und Bestimmung einiger Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das thermogravimetrische und gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Bis-(diäthyldithiophosphinato) chelate wird beschrieben. Beispiele für Trennungen und Bestimmungen anorganischer Kationen (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) werden gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The thermogravimetric and gas-chromatographic behaviour of some bis-(diethyldithiophosphinato) chelates is described. Examples for the separation and determination of several inorganic cations (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) are given.
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    Application of a micro carbon rod atomizer as Br-spezific gas-chromatographic detector (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Brom in organ. Verbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Mikrographitküvette als Br-spezifischer Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A micro carbon rod atomizer has been employed for specific and quantitative bromine determinations. This Br-specific gas-chromatographic detector works by help of InBr-bands and measurement at 372.7 nm. The performance of this flame band emission detector (FBD) is demonstrated by calibration curves and the detection limits of 2 examples (ethyl bromide, ethylene dibromide), the latter being 5 and 36 ng of bromine, respectively. The reproducibility has been found to be 4.3%. An example of this detector in comparison with a thermoconductivity detector (TCD) is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Mikro-Graphit-Küvette wird für spezifische quantitative Brombestimmungen nach der Indium-Methode bei 372,7 nm benützt und in Verbindung mit einem Gas-Chromatographen als Br-spezifischer Detektor eingesetzt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Detektors wird an 2 Beispielen (Äthylbromid, Dibromäthan) mit Hilfe von Eichkurven, Bestimmung von Nachweisgrenzen u. ä. demonstriert. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen bei 5 bzw. 36 ng Brom für die 2 genannten Substanzen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messungen liegt bei 4,3%. Ein Beispiel für die Registrierung eines Gemisches verschiedener Substanzen, gemessen mit dem GC + Flammen-Banden-emissions-Detektor (FBD) und zum Vergleich mit einem Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetektor (TCD), wird dargestellt.
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    Automated clean-up procedure for the analysis of sugars and acids in food (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 238-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zuckern, organ. Säuren in Lebensmitteln ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisches Aufarbeitungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the gas-chromatographic analysis of sugars and acids in foodstuffs, isolation and purification of the two types of components is time-consuming and laborious. An automated clean-up procedure, based on ion-exchange, has therefore been developed. A liquid food sample is successively percolated over a cation and anion and a cation exchanger. Sugars and acids are collected under the second and third column, respectively. A time programmer operates a set of pumps and a pneumatic valve system enabling simultaneous regeneration of columns not being eluted. Hence, handling of samples is continuous; each clean-up cycle takes 50 min.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine flüssige Nahrungsmittelprobe wird nacheinander über einen Kationen-, einen Anionen- und einen Kationenaustauscher perkoliert. Die Zucker und die Säuren werden abgetrennt und im Eluat der zweiten bzw. dritten Austauschersäule gefunden. Ein Steuergerät schaltet auf Zeitbasis eine Gruppe von Pumpen und ein System mit pneumatischen Hähnen derart, daß in einem Cyclus (50 min) die Substanzen eluiert und die Säulen regeneriert werden. Anschließend werden die Proben verarbeitet. Einige Ergebnisse verschiedener Nahrungsmittel werden angeführt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00453569
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    Determination of 3-sulfolene in sulfolane by reaction gas chromatography (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 219-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3-Sulfolen in Sulfolan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Best. als 1,3-Butadien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determining 3-sulfolene in sulfolane. The method involves thermal decomposition of sulfolene and determination of the 1.3-butadiene evolved, by GLC. Influence of the operating parameters on quantitative decomposition of sulfolene has been studied. The accuracy of the method as studied in the concentration range from 0.05 to 4.0 % (w/v) of 3-sulfolene in sulfolane is found to be within ±3.0%. It is rapid and sensitive down to 10 ppm and has potentialities for on-line applications also.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache gas-chromatographische Methode wurde entwickelt, die auf der thermischen Zersetzung der Probe und der Bestimmung des dabei aus 3-Sulfolen gebildeten 1,3-Butadiens beruht. Der Einfluß der einzelnen Parameter wurde untersucht. Innerhalb eines Konzentrationsbereichs von 0,05–4,0% 3-Sulfolen ergaben sich Fehler von ±3%. Das Verfahren ermöglicht bis herab zu 10 ppm eine schnelle und empfindliche Bestimmung und eignet sich auch zum on-line Betrieb.
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung des Arsens als Trimethylsilylarsenat in biologischem Material (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 226-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Trimethylsilylarsenat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Arsen in biologischem Material wird die Probe in einer Teflon-Bombe aufgeschlossen, das Arsen mit Dithiocarbamat extrahiert, oxidiert und mit Methyltrimethylsilylheptafluorbutyramid silyliert. Die gas-chromatographische Bestimmung läßt sich bis zu einem Arsengehalt von 0,1 ppm ausführen. Die Methode wurde radiochemisch überprüft. Der Einsatz eines flammenphotometrischen Detektors gegenüber einem Flammenionisationsdetektor brachte keine Vorteile.
    Notes: Abstract Organic matter is destroyed by acid oxidation in a Teflon bomb. Arsenic is extracted by dithiocarbamate, oxidized, and silylized by methyl-trimethylsilyl-heptafluorobutyramide. 0.1 ppm and more of arsenic can be determined by gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl arsenate. The method was controlled by radiochemical analysis. For the detection of arsenic, a flame photometric detector is not more advantageous than a flame ionisation detector.
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat. I. Analyse des Rohesters (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 253-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Rohester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155609
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    Die Analytik von Celluloseäthergruppen (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 161-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Celluloseäthergruppen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spaltung mit HJ oder HBr, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden und Apparaturen zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bestimmung von Äthergruppen in Cellulosederivaten mit einer oder mehreren Alkoxyl- und Hydroxyalkylgruppen (C1-nC4) beschrieben. Die Ätherspaltung erfolgt im allgemeinen mit Jodwasserstoffsäure und in Sonderfällen mit Bromwasserstoffsäure. Als Reaktionsprodukte entstehen Monojodalkane und Alkene oder Monobromalkane und Dibromalkane. Diese werden der gas-chromatographischen Trennung unterworfen, über die Retentionszeit identifiziert und durch Titration oder über das Gas-Chromatogramm quantitativ bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract A report is given on methods and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ether groups in cellulose derivatives with one or more alkoxyl and hydroxyalkyl groups (C1-nC4). Ether splitting generally takes place with hydriodic acid and in special cases with hydrobromic acid. The resulting reaction products are monoiodoalkanes and alkenes or monobromoalkanes and dibromoalkanes, which are subjected to gas chromatographic separation and identified via the retention time and quantitatively evaluated by titration or via the gas chromatogram.
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    On the feasibility of the numerical Laplace Transform in the calculation of the statistical moments in GC (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 287 (1977), S. 112-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Berechnung statistischer Momente, Laplace-Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Statistical moments may be used to augment the information content of stored GC data. Their calculation can be performed either directly by the methods of statistics or by the numerical Laplace Transform. It was found that the direct statistical computation will yield the better results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die statistischen Momente können zur Erhöhung der Aussagekraft von GC-Daten verwendet werden. Diese Berechnungen können auf dem Weg der Statistik direkt oder mittels numerischer Laplace-Transformation durchgeführt werden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die direkte statistische Bestimmung der numerischen Laplace-Transformation vorzuziehen ist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439849
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of a mixture of testosterone and oestradiol esters in oily injection (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Testosteronestern, Östradiolestern in Injektionslösungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ölige Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of testosterone and oestradiol esters in oily injection. The separation of the steroids from the injection is performed by partition in the acetonitrile-hexane system. For gas chromatography the oestradiol esters were preliminary transformed to their mono-TMS derivatives. For the separation Dexsil 400 was preferably used as stationary phase. Mestranol was employed as internal standard for quantitation. A complete separation for all the individual components can be achieved within 12 min. The relative standard deviation is in the range of 1–1.5%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Abtrennung der Steroide aus der Injektionslösung erfolgt durch Extraktion mit Acetonitril und n-Hexan. Zur Gas-Chromatographie werden die Östradiolester in die Mono-trimethylsilylderivate übergeführt. Als stationäre Phase dient vorzugsweise Dexsil 400. Zur quantitativen Bestimmung wird Mestranol als inneren Standard benutzt. Eine vollständige Trennung der Ester läßt sich innerhalb von 12 min erreichen. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt im Bereich von 1–1,5%.
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    Effect of the aldosterone antagonist canrenone on plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity, and on the excretion of aldosterone and electrolytes by man (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 253-257 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; renin ; aldosterone antagonist ; canrenone ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Canrenone was administered in doses of 2×82 mg and 2×164 mg per day over a period of 10 days to diabetic patients without cardiovascular, liver or kidney involvement. Aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone increased only slightly during both regimes. There was a clear-cut increase in aldosterone excretion only after discontinuation of carenone. Excretion of sodium potassium and fluid was not significantly changed either during or after treatment. The lack of effect of canrenone on the kidney was in contrast to the significant decrease in serum sodium and increase in serum potassium, and the significant, dose-dependent rise in plasma renin activity following canrenone administration. The increased plasma renin activity persisted for some days after discontinuation of canrenone. It is suggested that canrenone primarily exerted its effect in the distal part of the large intestine where ionic movements are most affected by aldosterone. The disproportionately slight increase in plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone excretion, in spite of the greatly elevated plasma renin activity and serum potassium level, is considered to be due to a direct inhibitory effect of canrenone on aldosterone production in the adrenals.
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    Pharmacokinetics of lofepramine in man: Relationship to inhibition of noradrenaline uptake (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepresent ; lofepramine ; single- and multiple-dose kinetics ; noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, have been studied by administering single oral doses to volunteers, determination of plasma levels of lofepramine and desmethylimipramine after ten days of oral administration to patients, and by relating plasma levels to the effect on uptake of noradrenaline by isolated rat irides and brain slices of plasma samples collected during treatment. The results indicate that lofepramine undergoes pronounced first pass elimination and that desmethylimipramine is a major metabolite of it. During steady-state conditions the plasma level of lofepramine fluctuates considerably between doses. A linear relation was found between inhibition of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and the plasma concentration of desmethylimpramine. No effect was seen on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain slices incubated in patients' plasma which suggests that neither lofepramine nor its metabolites formedin vivo in man affect neuronal uptake of this amine. Lofepramine belongs to the group of tricyclic anti-depressants which preferentially inhibit noradrenaline uptake.
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    Absorption of β-methyl-digoxin determined after a single dose and under steady state conditions (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 307-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Absorption ; man ; β-methyl-digoxin ; serum concentration ; urinary excretion ; radio-immunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single doses of β-methyl-digoxin 0.4 mg were given to groups of 17 – 18 healthy volunteers as an intravenous infusion lasting 2 hours, or orally as Lanitop Liquidum® or Lanitop® tablets. The serum glycoside concentration and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over 8 and 32 h. The absolute bioavailability from the oral preparations in comparison with the infusion was lower for the first 8 h than for the entire 32 h of the investigation; the relative bioavailability from tablets was the same as from the solution for both periods. For both periods the area under the serum concentration/time curve and the urinary glycoside excretion were significantly lower after administration of the tablets than after intravenous infusion. Taking the average of both parameters, the absolute bioavailability of β-methyl-digoxin was about 80% from the solution and about 70% from the tablets. In 18 patients undergoing intravenous or oral therapy with β-methyl-digoxin steady state glycoside concentrations were compared in a cross-over study of intravenous maintenance therapy with Lanitop® ampoules or oral treatment with Lanitop® tablets. For a standard daily dose of 0.2 mg β-methyl-digoxin the serum concentrations were 1.35±0.10 ng/ml during both intravenous and oral administration. The intra-individual variation in glycoside concentration after changing from intravenous to oral maintenance therapy, or vice versa, was about the same as during continued intravenous or oral administration. It is concluded that the rate of rise of serum concentration after a single dose may be a useful indicator of the rate of absorption, but that the area under the serum concentration/time curve and the urinary glycoside excretion up to 32 h are unsuitable for determining equivalent doses of different formulations or routes of administration of digitalis glycosides.
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    Metabolism of digitoxin in man and its modification by spironolactone (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 345-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 3H-digitoxin ; metabolism ; spironolactone ; enzyme induction ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of spironolactone on the metabolism of intravenously administered3H-digitoxin (80 µCi) was investigated in eight patients. In three of them the labelled glycoside was given on a second occasion after spironolactone treatment had been discontinued for at least 65 days. Of total urinary radioactivity 79 % was unaltered drug and 12 % consisted of water soluble compounds. No digitoxigenin or digoxigenin and only trace amounts (〈2 %) of digoxin and the bis- and monoglycosides of digoxigenin were found. After spironolactone total urinary radioactivity was unchanged but the fraction eliminated as unchanged digitoxin fell from 79 to 66 % and the water soluble compounds increased from 12 to 26 % (p〈0.05). In addition spironolactone caused a 20 % reduction in the half-life of serum radioactivity (p〈0.01) and a 16 % reduction in the volume of distribution (p〈0.05). Induction of hepatic enzymes by spironolactone is proposed to explain the alteration in the metabolism of digitoxin in man. Both the altered metabolic pattern and the reduction in the volume of distribution appear to contribute to the reduction in half-life.
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    Some aspects of the intestinal absorption of zinc in man (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 423-428 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Serum zinc concentration ; intestinal absorption ; portal vein ; transumbilical catheterization ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum zinc concentrations in peripheral venous blood were determined in 8 healthy volunteers at various times after oral administration of 50 mg Zn++. The same dose was given to 6 patients surgically treated for obesity by jejuno-ileostomy. In the healthy volunteers the mean serum zinc concentration before dosing was 0.89 µg/ml and a mean peak concentration of 2.39 µg/ml was found after 3 h. In the patients the starting level was lower, 0.67 µg/ml, and a mean peak concentration of 1.31 µg/ml was found 90 min after treatment. In the patients the areas under the serum concentration-time curve was approximately 1/3 of that in the healthy subjects. Zn++ 50 mg was also given to 3 patients undergoing transumbilical catheterization of the portal vein for diagnostic purposes and serum zinc concentrations were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood sampled simultaneously. No significant differences were found between the concentration of zinc in portal and peripheral venous blood during absorption, which suggests slow passage of zinc across the intestinal wall.
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    Clinical pharmacokinetics of sisomicin: Two-compartment model analysis of serum data after I.V. and I.M. administration (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sisomicin ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; two-compartment analysis ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sisomicin, a new single component aminoglycoside antibiotic related to gentamicin c1a, were determined in four healthy volunteers after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a 1 mg/kg dose. The elimination profile of this antibiotic follows two-compartment model kinetics after I.V. administration. The fast (α) and slow (β) disposition rate constants averaged 0.072 and 0.004 min−1, respectively. The volume of distribution at the steady-state averaged 0.185 liters/kg which approximately corresponds to the volume of extracellular space. The physiological availability of an intramuscular dose appeared to be complete. A method of administration adapted to the kinetic properties of the drug is proposed.
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    Double-blind crossover study of the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on bleeding and post-operative course after bilateral oral surgery (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Acetylsalicylic acid ; surgery ; man ; bleeding ; pain ; wound-healing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was tested against placebo in a double-blind crossover study, in which essentially the same operation was performed twice on 23 healthy patients who required surgical removal of bilateral “identically” impacted wisdom teeth. On the evening before one operation they received ASA 1.0 g (Globentyl®) followed by ASA 2.0 g daily for the next 3 days, and at the other operation placebo tablets. A number of objective and subjective parameters were recorded for paired comparison of the pre-, per-, and post-operative courses, including bleeding, pain, wound-healing, and preference. Tests of platelet aggregation before each operation indicated whether or not ASA had been taken. Pre-operative bleeding time was significantly increased (from 4.4 to 6.9 min) by ASA, as well as the per-operative blood loss (about 30%), and the post-operative bleeding tendency. Episodes of profuse post-operative haemorrhage were reported by 5 patients, always after the operation for which ASA had been given. ASA also significantly promoted the occurrence of ecchymosis and haematoma. The pre-operative bleeding time was not a reliable predictor for these complications. The drug was very well tolerated with respect to side effects such as abdominal discomfort. The post-operative pain scores were neither reduced nor increased significantly by ASA, and the preference scores were not in favour of the drug. The present patients were all young and denied any previous bleeding disorders; nevertheless, ASA resulted in post-operative haemorrhage, ecchymosis and haematoma formation in several cases.
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    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of indoprofen in man (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 257-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug ; indoprofen ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a pharmacokinetic study of the new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug indoprofen, plasma levels and urinary excretion were determined in four healthy volunteers after 100 mg and 200 mg iv, and after 100 mg (capsules) and 200 mg (tablets) oral doses. After iv administration, the mean biological half-life (t1/2 β) was about 2 h (range 1.4 to 3.2 h). The apparent volume of distribution Vdβ ranged between 11 to 17 % of body weight, indicating its limited extravascular distribution. Most of the drug was excreted in urine as glucuronide and a smaller proportion as unchanged indoprofen: the 24 h urinary excretion of these compounds accounted for 67 to 95 % of an iv dose. Peak plasma levels occurred between 30 and 120 minutes after oral administration of 100 mg as capsules or 200 mg as tablets. The mean biological half-life was about 2 h, as after iv administration. The bioavailability of oral doses was assessed using both plasma levels and urinary excretion data. The absorption of capsules and tablets was practically complete, that of the former being faster.
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    Inhibition of tetracycline absorption by zinc (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline absorption ; zinc sulphate ; zinc citrate ; complex formation ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of zinc on the gastrointestinal absorption of tetracycline has been investigated in 7 healthy volunteers. Zinc (45 mg Zn++) was given as a solution of zinc sulphate and as a zinc citrate complex; tetracycline (500 mg) was administered as a commercially available preparation. Serum tetracycline concentrations and the area under the serum tetracycline concentration-time curve (up to 6 h) were significantly reduced when tetracycline was taken with either zinc sulphate or the zinc citrate complex. Although the reduction of absorption seemed more pronounced after zinc sulphate, the difference between the inhibitory effects of the two forms of zinc was not significant. It is concluded that simultaneous administration of zinc and tetracycline may reduce absorption of tetracycline.
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    Effect of analgesic agents on emptying of the gallbladder in man (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Gallbladder emptying ; analgesics ; indoprofen ; pentazocine ; morphine ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A controlled study of the clinical pharmacology of the biliary tract has been made. The rate of gallbladder emptying induced by a fatty meal was taken as a parameter for assessment of the inhibitory effect of indoprofen, a new analgesic-anti-inflammatory drug, pentazocine and morphine. The compounds were administered as single doses by iv (indoprofen and pentazocine) or im (morphine) injection. Indoprofen up to 400 mg had no effect, whereas morphine and pentazocine exerted a significant inhibitory effect on emptying of the gallbladder. Adverse reactions of clinical significance were associated with morphine and pentazocine, but were negligible with indoprofen.
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    Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity and the pressor effect of dopamine infusion in man (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 197-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; dopamine infusion ; blood pressure ; plasma ; man ; inter-individual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the function of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) in human plasma, dopamine, its natural substrate, was infused intravenously in 22 healthy volunteers. Their plasma DBH activities showed great interindividual variations (31–301 units/ml). The infusion rates of dopamine required to increase systolic blood pressure (BP) by 30 mm Hg differed considerably between the subjects, and ranged from 3,0 to 11,6 µg/kg/min. No correlation could be shown between the various dopamine doses and individual plasma levels of DBH. It was concluded, therefore, that plasma DBH in the blood stream was enzymatically inactive. Experiments with human plasma DBH in vitro also support this interpretation. Consequently, interindividual differences in the effects on BP during dopamine infusion cannot be due to pressor effects of noradrenaline synthesized by plasma DBH.
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    The fate of3H-terbutaline sulphate administered to man as an aerosol (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 3H-terbutaline sulphate ; aerosol ; man ; absorption ; excretion ; spirometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six asthmatic patients and two healthy volunteers inhaled tritiated terbutaline sulphate delivered by a pressurized aerosol inhaler. Spirometric measurements were performed and the amounts of total radioactivity in plasma, urine and faeces were determined. The analysis of urine included determination of radioactivity due to metabolized drug. Depending on the amount of drug inhaled the peak plasma level varied from undetectable to 3.8 ng/ml. An early plasma peak was found in 7 out of 8 subjects. The main plasma peaks were observed 1 – 6 hours after administration. The results of urinalysis showed a metabolic profile similar to that after parenteral administration. Disregarding the amount of inhaled drug and sampling time, 3 – 35% of the delivered drug was recovered in the urine and 2 – 37% in the faeces. Immediately after treatment 4 subjects rinsed their mouths with water and it was found to contain 14.5 – 50% of the delivered dose. The adapters from the aerosol canisters contained 14 – 27.5% of the delivered dose of drug.
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    Clinical efficacy of BS 100-141 in essential hypertension (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: BS 100-141 ; N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl)acetamide hydrochloride ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive agent ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of the guanidine derivative BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl)acetamide hydrochloride) has been studied in 11 hospitalized patients suffering from essential hypertension (WHO grade I – II). BS 100-141 1 mg tid was given in the first week and a larger dose in the second week. Mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower at the end of the first and second weeks of active treatment than at the end of the placebo-week. The antihypertensive effect of BS 100-141 was stronger in the standing than in the supine position. It significantly reduced the heart rate. Treatment with BS 100-141 was well tolerated, although tiredness and dryness of the mouth appeared more often than during the placebo period. Extensive laboratory tests did not reveal any toxic effect on the liver, kidneys or haemopoietic tissues.
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    Comparison of BS 100-141 and clonidine as antihypertensive agents (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 73-76 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: BS 100-141 ; N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl) acetamide hydrochloride ; clonidine ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive agents ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect and side effects of the guanidine derivative BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl) acetamide hydrochloride) and clonidine were compared in a single-blind, cross-over study. The study consisted of two active treatment periods of 6 weeks each, both preceded by a 2 week placebo period. Thirty ambulant, hypertensive patients, whose blood pressure was of WHO severity grades I – II, were admitted to the study, and the results are based on the 24 patients who completed it. In more than half the patients the optimal daily dose of BS 100-141 was 3 – 4 mg, and of clonidine 0.30 – 0.45 mg. An equally large and significant decrease in blood pressure was produced by both drugs. Both of them also caused bradycardia, but it was of no clinical significance. Both BS 100-141 and clonidine caused tiredness in about half the patients, but it diminished after a few weeks. Dryness of the mouth occurred in more than half the patients taking either drug, and it remained unchanged during the 6 weeks of treatment. A withdrawal syndrome was noted in one patient on discontinuation of clonidine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561554
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  • 78
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    Packed high-performance GC-columns (about 50000 HETP) for profile analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods, mineral oil products, vehicle exhaust- and cigarette smoke condensate etc. (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycyclen in Lebensmitteln, Erdölprodukten, Abgasen, Tabakrauch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; gepackte Glassäulen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440807
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  • 79
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    Anwendung der Radio-Gas-Chromatographie bei der Identifizierung von Hormonmetaboliten im Gewebe (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 161-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Hormonmetaboliten in Biolog. Gewebe ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Radio-GC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440828
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  • 80
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Mono-, Di- und Triäthylenglykol in Wasser (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 32-32 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Äthylenglykol, Diäthylenglykol, Triäthylenglykol in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443548
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  • 81
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of traces of acetylsalicylic anhydride and acetylsalicylsalicylic acid in acetylsalicylic acid (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 365-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Acetylsalicylsäureanhydrid, Acetylsalicylsalicylsäure in Acetylsalicylsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00531104
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  • 82
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    Einfache und zuverlässige gas-chromatographische Bestimmungen von Trichloräthylen und seinen Metaboliten in Blut und Urin (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 115-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trichloräthylen, Trichloräthanol, Trichloressigsäure in Blut, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440786
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  • 83
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    Gas chromatography of halogens (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 195-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlor, Brom, Jod, Halogenen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; verbesserte Theorie zum Retentionsvolumen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The semi-empirical theory on the retention volume in gas chromatography recently developed by some experiments, was found to require partial correction. It was newly refined and summarized. Overall experimental checking was performed by the use of Cl2, Br2, and I2.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die halbempirische Theorie über das Retentionsvolumen in der Gas-Chromatographie, die kürzlich an Hand einiger Versuche entwickelt wurde, erforderte eine teilweise Korrektur. Sie wurde verbessert und zusammenfassend dargestellt. Kontrollversuche wurden mit Hilfe von Chlor, Brom und Jod durchgeführt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424109
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  • 84
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    FID response factors for aliphatic sulphur compounds at higher concentration levels (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelorganoverbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; FID-Empfindlichkeitsfaktoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The molar responses and specific weight correction factors for 25 aliphatic sulphur compounds in the 10 μg range were measured with a hydrogen flame-ionisation detector. No abnormal behaviour was found with sufficiently high ratio air/H2. The molar response of the sulphides and disulphides is strictly proportional to the carbon number. For a certain organic residue the weight correction factor is proportional to the number of sulphur atoms (or the molecular weight). No destructive effects on the detector burner and no decrease of sensitivity were observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die molaren Empfindlichkeiten und stoffspezifischen Gewichtskorrekturfaktoren für 25 aliphatische Schwefelverbindungen im 10 μg-Bereich wurden mit einem Wasserstoff-Flammionisationsdetektor gemesssen. Bei genügend hohem Strömungsverhältnis (Luft/Wasserstoff) wird kein ungewöhnliches Verhalten gefunden. Die molare Empfindlichkeit der Sulfide und Disulfide ist streng proportional der Kohlenstoffzahl. Für einen bestimmten organischen Rest ist der Gewichtskorrekturfaktor proportional der Zahl der S-Atome (oder dem Molgewicht). Destruktive Einflüsse auf den Brenner des Detektors und Abnahme der Empfindlichkeit wurden nicht beobachtet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424110
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  • 85
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen in N-silylierten Verbindungen, Carbonsäuretrimethylsilylestern ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids. The method is based on the desilylation of the compound to be analysed with phenol followed by gas-chromatographic determination of the trimethylphenoxysilane formed. The relative error of the determination is around 1% and the standard deviation is 1.20 × 10−3 (3.12%). A single determination takes less than 2 h.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren beruht auf der Desilylierung der zu analysierenden Verbindung mit Phenol und der anschlie\enden gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung des gebildeten Trimethylphenoxysilans. Der relative Fehler der Bestimmung beträgt ca. 1% und die Standardabweichung 1,20 × 10−3 (3,12%). Die Bestimmungszeit ist kürzer als 2 h.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155813
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    Determination of molecular weights and solubility parameters of high-polymers by gas chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 131-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Molekulargewicht, Löslichkeitsparameter von Hochpolymeren ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the simultaneous determination of molecular weight and solubility parameter of high-polymer was proposed using the sample polymer as the solvent and a halogen as the solute in gas chromatography at two different temperatures. Molecular weights of Silicon Oil DC 550, 702, and 710, and of PEG 1500, 4000, and 6000 are 50000, 62300, and 89200, and 1500, 3100, and 6750, respectively. Solubility parameters of them are 8.1, 8.0, and 7.9, and 11.7, 11.6, and 11.6, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der empfohlenen Methode wird eine gas-chromatographische Bestimmung bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen mit dem Polymeren als Lösungsmittel und einem Halogen als gelöster Substanz durchgeführt. Die Molekulargewichte von Silicon Oil DC 550, 702 und 710 sowie von PEG 1500, 4000 und 6000 wurden zu 50000, 62300, 89200, 1500, 3100 und 6750 gefunden; die entsprechenden Löslichkeitsparameter betragen 8,1, 8,0, 7,9, 11,7, 11,6 und 11,6.
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    Gas-chromatographische Identifizierung von Stimulantien der Phenyläthylaminreihe mit Hilfe der Retentions-Indices (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Identifizierung von Phenyläthylaminderivaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Kovats-Indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440798
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  • 88
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    Neue gas-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von 3α-Ätiocholanolon aus dem Plasma mit dem Alkaliflammendetektor (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 158-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3α-Ätiocholanolon in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Alkaliflammendetektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440825
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  • 89
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    Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas ; DAPA, Dioxin-Panel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-T beschrieben. 2,4,5-T wird in Dimethylformamid-Acetonitril-Wasser gelöst und mit Hexan extrahiert. Der Extrakt wird säulen-chromatographisch an Aluminiumoxid und dünnschicht-chromatographisch an Kieselgel gereinigt. Die quantitative Bestimmung des Dioxins erfolgt gas-chromatographisch auf einer SE 30-Säule mit Hilfe eines FID. Die Wiederauffindungsrate liegt bei etwa 95%, die Nachweisgrenze bei etwa 0,03 ppm. Die vom Dioxin-Panel erarbeitete Methode wurde in zwei Ringversuchen getestet.
    Notes: Abstract 2.4.5-T is dissolved in dimethylformamide-acetonitrile-water, and extracted with hexane. The extract is purified by chromatography in a column of alumina, followed by thin-layer chromatography on silicagel. The quantitative determination of dioxin is achieved by gas-liquid chromatography on a column containing SE 30 with flame-ionization detection. Recovery of dioxin is about 95%, limit of detection about 0.03 ppm. The method of the dioxin panel was tested in two collaborative studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443540
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    Extrem nachweisstarkes gas-chromatographisches Bestimmungsverfahren für Selen nach Abtrennung durch Verdampfen im Sauerstoffstrom (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Kupfer ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Reinstkupfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung geringster Selengehalte in Reinstkupfer erhitzt man die Probe (≤2 g) in einem Quarzrohr im Sauerstoffstrom auf 1100–1150°C. SeO2 verdampft und wird quantitativ gesammelt, indem man es zusammen mit dem Trägergas durch Kühlung mit flüssigem Stickstoff in einer Mikrovorlage kondensiert. Nach Abdampfen des Sauerstoffs setzt man es in der Vorlage mit 4-Nitro-o-phenylendiamin zu 5-Nitropiazselenol um, das nach Ausschütteln in Toluol direkt gas-chromatographisch (ECD) im ppb-Bereich bestimmt wird. Nach Optimierung aller Verfahrensschritte mit Hilfe von 75Se ergaben sich ausgezeichnete Gütedaten; Standardabweichung: ± 0,004 ppm für 0,74 ppm Se, 15 Bestimmungen, 200–600 mg Einwaage; Nachweisgrenze : 1 ppb Selen.
    Notes: Abstract For the determination of the smallest amounts of selenium in high-purity copper, the sample (≤2 g) is heated in a quartz tube at 1100–1150°C. SeO2 evaporates and is collected quantitatively by condensation of the carrier gas in a micro-trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. After evaporation of the oxygen, SeO2 is caused to react in the trap with 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, forming 5-nitropiazselenol, which is then extracted with toluene and determined in the ppb-range by gas-chromatography with ECD. All separation steps were optimized by the tracer method using 75Se. Determining 0.74 ppm of Se, the standard deviation was found to be 0.004 ppm for 15 determinations with samples of 200–600 mg. The detection limit is 1 ppb of Se.
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    Gas-chromatographische Multielementanalyse mit einfachen und fluorierten Diäthyldithiocarbamaten (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 17-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Elementen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Diäthyldithiocarbamate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur anorganischen Multielementanalyse ist die Gas-Chromatographie von Diäthyldithiocarbamaten geeignet. Mit einem FID können bereits Kationen im 0,6–0,06 ppm-Bereich nach Ausschütteln der wäßrigen Lösungen bestimmt werden. Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamate zeigen noch höhere Flüchtigkeiten. Eigenschaften und gas-chromatographisches Verhalten einiger dieser Chelate werden angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract For inorganic multielement analysis gas chromatography of the diethyldithiocarbamates is properly suited. Cations in the concentration range of 0.6–0.06 ppm can be determined even with the aid of a FID after extraction from aqueous solutions. Di(trifluor-ethyl)dithiocarbamates show higher volatilities. Properties and gas chromatographic behaviour of some of these chelates are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443772
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    Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeit bei gas-chromatographischen Trennungen durch „radiochemische Verstärkung“ (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 189-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeit durch radiochemische Verstärkung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird diskutiert, wie nach einer gas-chromatographischen Trennung durch Umsetzung mit trägerfreien radioaktiven Verbindungen eine Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeiten erreicht werden kann. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung werden vorgestellt. Grundsätzlich erfolgt die Umsetzung langsam, da beide Reaktandenkonzentrationen klein sind. Die Nachweisempfindlichkeit hängt von der Halbwertzeit der verwendeten Radionuklide ab.
    Notes: Abstract An increase of sensitivity in gas chromatography is obtained by chemical reaction with a carrier-free radioactive compound. The different possibilities of reactions are discussed. Since the concentrations of both partners are low, the reaction rate will be slow. The sensitivity is a function of the half-life of the radionuclide applied.
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    Some new aspects in air pollutants analysis of hydrocarbons by automatic gas-chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, Paraffinen, Olefinen, Aromaten in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisch, Speichersäule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ambient measurement of hydrocarbons is gaining in importance. The value of a total measurement of hydrocarbons, as it is usually performed, is slight since the characteristics of organic compounds are different. Total measurement of hydrocarbons can only be of interest in less polluted regions, provided that the harmless methane which occurs in relatively high concentrations in nature is not to be included in the measurement. In toxicological evaluation of air the concentrations of particular components (e.g. ethylene, toluene, acetylene, propylene, butadiene, vinylchloride, benzene or xylene) are of interest and the concentrations of these components can lie at a few μg/m3, i.e. in the ppb-range. These values can only be measured with a selective equipment. An automatic analyzer combined with a concentrating unit, which fully satisfies the requirements of selective measurement of hydrocarbons in air in the ppb-range, and as an example of the application of this equipment, the measurement of C1-C6 hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) are described. Complete measuring setups within automatic measuring stations are projected.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Immissionsmessungen von Kohlenwasserstoffspuren gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Messung der Kohlenwasserstoffe als Summe, wie gewöhnlich durchgeführt, ist ungenügend, da organische Verbindungen unterschiedliche Wirkungscharakteristik aufweisen. Sie kann daher nur in Gebieten mit kleinen Kohlenwasserstoffverunreinigungen sinnvoll sein, vorausgesetzt, daß das ungefährliche Methan, welches überall in der Natur vorkommt, von der Messung ausgeschlossen wird. Bei der toxikologischen Bewertung der Luft interessieren die Konzentrationen bestimmter Komponenten wie Äthylen, Acetylen, Propylen, Butadien, Vinylchlorid, Benzol, Toluol oder Xylole. Die Konzentrationen dieser Komponenten können bei wenigen μg/m3, d. h. im ppb-Bereich, liegen. Diese Werte können nur mit einer selektiven Meßeinrichtung erfaßt werden. Ein automatischer Gas-Chromatograph mit Speichersäule, der die Forderung der selektiven Messung von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft im ppb-Bereich erfüllt, wird beschrieben. Als Applikationsbeispiel dieser Meßeinrichtung wird die Messung von C2-C6-Kohlenwasserstoffen (Paraffine, Olefine) und Aromaten (Benzol, Toluol, Äthylbenzol, Xylol) erwähnt. Der Einsatz dieses Gerätes in automatischen Luftmeßstationen wird derzeit projektiert.
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    Pharmacokinetics of di-n-propylacetate in epileptic patients (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Di-n-propylacetate ; 2-propyl-valeric acid sodium salt ; pharmacokinetics ; anti-epileptic ; drug monitoring ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the anti-epileptic drug di-n-propylacetate (DepakineR) have been studied in 7 patients, in whom plasma concentrations were determined during and following subchronic treatment. Elimination of the drug appeared to follow a monophasic exponential course; biological half lives were 8 to 15 hours. The data supported the assumption that an open one-compartment model can be used to describe the kinetics of dipropylacetate in man. The drug appeared to have a relatively restricted distribution: calculated relative distribution volumes ranged from 0.15 to 0.40 1/kg. There were large interindividual differences in clearance rate. The therapeutic range was considered to be between 50 and 100 mg/1 plasma. Plasma levels of phenobarbital were markedly raised during treatment with dipropylacetate for an unknown reason. Determination of the plasma concentrations of drugs at accurately fixed times appears to be a reliable method for pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of epileptic patients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561557
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    Correlation between increased dopamine-β- hydroxylase activity and catecholamine concentration in plasma: Determination of acute changes in sympathetic activity in man (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sympathetic activity ; plasma catecholamine concentration ; dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity ; graded physical exercise ; heart rate ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 11 healthy untrained volunteers the increase in plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity during graded physical exercise has been examined as a true measure of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The correlation between DBH activity, catecholamine concentration (CA) in plasma and heart rate was studied. When work on an electrically braked bicycle ergometer was gradually increased from 12.5 to 100, 200 and 300 watts there was a linear increase in DBH activity and heart rate; the increase in CA concentrations followed an exponential function. The peak values for DBH activity and CA concentration in plasma after the 300 watt work load (as percentages of the resting levels) were 130±3% and 820±71%, respectively; the adrenaline concentration in plasma increased only to 150±19% (p〉0.05). There were significant correlations between heart rate and work load, DBH and work load and log CA and work load. The data imply direct correlations between heart rate and DBH, heart rate and log CA and DBH and log CA. The exponential increase in noradrenaline concentration in plasma might be due either to a greater net “overflow” from sympathetic nerve endings, and/or to increased secretion by the adrenal medulla. In the latter case, the release of noradrenaline would not be accompanied by secretion either of adrenaline or DBH. After work ceased there were sharp falls in heart rate and CA concentration, which indicate an immediate drop in sympathetic activity. DBH activity in plasma returned to normal very slowly; it reached half maximum values after 20 – 22 min. It is concluded that increased sympathetic activity in man can be estimated in vivo as changes in DBH and/or CA concentration in plasma. In contrast, a rapid decrease in sympathetic activity is directly reflected only by a rapid fall in the plasma concentrations of CA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567112
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    Bioavailability of m-octopamine in man related to its metabolism (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: m-octopamine ; metabolism ; first-pass effect ; man ; enteric absorption ; monohydroxylated phenylalkylamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The diminished sympathomimetic pressor activity of monohydroxylated phenylalkylamines after oral administration has been attributed to incomplete enteric absorption. Therefore, urinary excretion of the unchanged drug and its metabolites has been compared after intravenous and oral administration of3H-m-octopamine to eight patients. Identical amounts of3H-activity (80% of the dose) were excreted after the two routes of dosing, so enteric absorption has been assumed to be complete. Significant differences were found in the fraction of free urinarym-octopamine, which amounted to 10.5% of the dose after infusion and 0.58% after oral administration. The only metabolic pathways form-octopamine are deamination and conjugation. Following oral administration the percentage of conjugates was considerably higher than after intravenous infusion. This metabolic pattern appears typical of all phenylalkylamines with a hydroxyl group in themeta position. Ring hydroxylation to catecholamines was not observed. The enzymes mainly responsible for conjugation after oral administration are located in the gut wall. The resulting “first pass effect”, i.e. metabolism prior to the access to the central compartment, can account for the diminished pharmacodynamic effect after dosing by this route.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616412
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  • 97
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    Excretion of norephedrine by man after oral administration of oxyfedrine (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oxyfedrine ; norephedrine ; man ; urinary excretion ; sympathomimetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After oral administration of oxyfedrine to healthy volunteers, norephedrine was identified in the urine by thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrography. 30 hours after single oral doses of 8, 16 or 24 mg of oxyfedrine, about 4, 8 and 9 mg, respectively, of norephedrine were found in the urine, i.e. on a molar base 75–100% of the dose was excreted as norephedrine. The peak of excretion occurred within 2–4 hours after administration of the drug. No accumulation of oxyfedrine and/or its metabolite was observed after administration of 16 mg of oxyfedrine t.i.d. for three days. It could not be decided whether oxyfedrine was metabolized to norephedrine by liver enzymes, as in rats, or was spontaneously degraded to norephedrine, e.g. in duodenal fluid before absorption. 30–150 min after oral oxyfedrine (24 mg) norephedrine was demonstrable in duodenal fluid. Thus, in addition to the directβ-sympathomimetic effects of oxyfedrine, it may also have indirect sympathomimetic effects because of the noradrenaline-releasing properties of its metabolite norephedrine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567109
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonazepam and its 7- amino-metabolite in man (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Clonazepam ; 7-amino-clonazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; side-effects ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clonazepam (CNP) and its principal metabolite in plasma, 7-amino-CNP (ACNP), have been investigated in a prospective study of 27 newly diagnosed epileptics and correlated with specified side-effects. At a daily dose of 6 mg, the average plasma levels of both substances were about 50ng/ml, and individual values ranged from 30 to about 80ng/ml. There was a linear correlation between changes in dose and the resulting plasma levels, which indicates first order elimination kinetics. Side-effects were frequent, but neither their severity nor their occurrence could be related to plasma levels or to the rate of increase in plasma concentration of the drug. Three out of five patients who developed serious dysphoria had significantly high CNP levels. The concentration of ACNP was considerably increased in four patients who subsequently suffered from withdrawal symptoms. Drug interaction with diphenylhydantoin, i.e. decreased CNP level, was observed in all five patients who received both compounds. In general it is not yet possible to define an upper limit for the plasma levels of CNP and ACNP at which toxicity occurs. In patients treated with conventional doses of CNP, measurement of plasma concentration is not required, except in special circumstances, because of the lack of correlation between plasma level and side-effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567123
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of nortriptyline in man according to a two compartment model (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nortriptyline ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; two compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of nortriptyline have been assayed in four subjects after intravenous infusion of 57 mg nortriptyline hydrochloride. The data were evaluated according to a two compartment open model. The calculated best-fitting curves were in good agreement with the experimental data, better than could be expected from a simpler model. This justifies the assumption that the kinetics of nortriptyline in man may be described by this model with an appropriate input function. The data permitted estimation of all the parameters of the model. The meaning of the parameters is discussed, particularly in relation to individual variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00562660
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delayed absorption of lithium in intoxication (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 285-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Lithium ; intoxication ; man ; delayed absorption ; gastric contents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 55-year old man with lithium intoxication showed increasing serum concentrations in spite of forced diuresis and dialysis. A high lithium content was found in gastric juice three days after the compound had been taken. The serum lithium level began to fall after gastric lavage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567130
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