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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (13.298)
  • General Chemistry  (7.708)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1.604)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (1.193)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1.189)
  • ASTRONOMY  (1.188)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • 1975-1979  (24.278)
  • 1920-1924  (3.532)
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  • 1
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    Soviet short-term forecasts of active region evolution and flare activity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-11-16
    Beschreibung: The structure and strength of the magnetic fields of the Sun's active regions were studied to obtain information for short term forecasting. Intensity forecasts were then made using the information obtained on the gradients of the magnetic fields between sunspots of opposite polarity. A comparison of flare forecasting methods is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 72-88
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  • 2
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    MSFC solar activity predictions for satellite orbital lifetime estimation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The procedure to predict solar activity indexes for use in upper atmosphere density models is given together with an example of the performance. The prediction procedure employs a least square linear regression model to generate the predicted smoothed vinculum R sub 13 and geomagnetic vinculum A sub p(13) values. Linear regression equations are then employed to compute corresponding vinculum F sub 10.7(13) solar flux values from the predicted vinculum R sub 13 values. The output is issued principally for satellite orbital lifetime estimations.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 378-384
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  • 3
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    Coronal holes inferred from the Fleurs East-West solar scans (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: East-West solar scans produced daily on 692 and 1415 MHz are analyzed for the period 1968 to 1973. The analysis confirms that coronal holes are stable features displaying significantly reduced electromagnetic emission which can persist for many solar rotations. The coronal hole observations are summarized in a series of tables.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 288-311
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  • 4
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    A review of short-term flare forecasting activities at Toyokawa (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Short-term forecasting of solar activity conducted at Toyokawa is briefly reviewed. The forecasts are based on microwave observations of the slowly varying component of solar radiation associated with active regions. It was found that for proton flares which take place in intense active regions, it is possible to predict their occurrence with certain accuracy, but for a certain class of proton flares which occur in a small active region or which are associated with an active region, which evolves very rapidly, or for whose which occur behind the limb, it is almost impossible to forecast their occurrence.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 205-211
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  • 5
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    Solar activity predictions at Peking Observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Solar activity prediction procedures used at the Peking Observatory are briefly reviewed. Methods for short term prediction of solar proton events and the results for proton events of importance greater than 1 during the period 1974-1977 are given in detail. The characteristic values of solar cycle 21 are predicted.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 154-162
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  • 6
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    Forecasting of solar energetic radiation at the forecast center of the Institute of Applied Geophysics (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Solar energetic radiation forecasting techniques are described. The factors that are used as the basis for the forecasts are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 89-103
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  • 7
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    Absorption lines in the spectra of distant objects (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Studies that can be carried out with the Space Telescope of absorption line systems which may be expected to occur in the spectra of distant objects are discussed. The phenomenology of quasar absorption line systems is described and the principal suggested explanations are summarized. It is proposed that the numerous Ly-alpha systems are caused by 'extremely large hydrogenic halos around galaxies or clusters of galaxies. Two tests are also described for the origins of known absorption systems, the results of which will favor either the cosmological or intrinsic hypothesis. Absorption lines that are likely to be strongest are listed and a sample observing program is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 215-240
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  • 8
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    Space telescope observations of normal galaxies (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Observations of the stellar content of galaxies are discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on the following two types of observation: (1) those objects near enough to observe individual stars; and (2) those so distant that only their integrated light can be observed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 165-180
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  • 9
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    Population statistics of faint stellar and non-stellar objects (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A disc and halo population model is constructed to fit star counts and color data down to V approximately 23 at absolute value of b = 90 deg. This model is used to predict star counts and colors down to V approximately 30. Deviations from these extrapolated relationships provide constraints on the number of faint quasars and black dwarf stars. It is shown that extra-galactic globular clusters start contributing significantly to star counts at V approximately 25 and are more numerous than stars for V 31. Morphological studies of galaxies with approximately 0.5, were made with the space telescope. Significant constraints on theoretical models that describe the evolution of clusters of galaxies are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 151-164
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  • 10
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    The space telescope observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A guide to the expected characteristics of the space telescope (ST) observatory is presented. The general objectives of the ST observatory are summarized. The plans for the development of the observatory are described with a brief history of the scientific activities; an account of the scope of the present program; a summary of the major responsibilities of the contractors; and a list of the project milestones are included. The performance characteristics of the observatory are provided including the imaging and stray light characteristics, pointing capability, and operational access. The expected performance characteristics of all six of the first generation science instruments are summarized. The mode of operations is described which includes a discussion of program options, guide star selection, methods of acquisition, and quick look data capabilities.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 5-46
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  • 11
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    Solar forecast and real-time monitoring needs of the Study of Energy Release in Flares (SERF) (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Complementary, simultaneous observations of flares from as many observatories, both ground based and orbiting, as possible planned for the Solar Maximum Year are considered. The need for forecasts of solar activity on long term, one week, and two day intervals is described. Real time reporting is not needed, but daily summaries of activity and permanent records are important.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 331-339
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  • 12
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    The variability of the solar ultraviolet spectral irradiances (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Available data on the solar spectral irradiances at wavelengths below 3100 A are extremely limited and there are major uncertainties in many of the measurements. In particular, there is major disagreement on the magnitude of the variability of the spectral irradiances over the solar cycle. The effects of different solar features on the ultraviolet spectral irradiances over both the 28 day solar rotation period and over the solar cycle are discussed. It is proposed that any attempt to predict the magnitudes of the ultraviolet spectral irradiances must take into account a long term variability of emission from quiet regions of the solar disk over the solar cycle. The need for direct long term monitoring of the ultraviolet spectral irradiances is emphasized.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 280-321
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  • 13
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    A new method of very long-term prediction of solar activity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A method of solar activity prediction based on the statistical relationship between the minimum value of geomagnetic activity in each 11 year cycle and the height of the next sunspot cycle is proposed. The method is applied to predict sunspot cycle 21.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 258-263
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  • 14
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    The needs for prediction and real-time monitoring for the flare build-up study (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Similarities between plasma instabilities occurring in the magnetospheric tail and in active regions on the Sun are discussed. Intense observations of the flare build-up processes on the Sun planned for May and June 1980 as a part of the Solar Maximum Year are described.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 322-330
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  • 15
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    New methods for predicting the magnitude of sunspot maximum (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Three new and independent methods of predicting the magnitude of a forthcoming sunspot maximum are suggested. The longest lead time is given by the first method, which is based on a terrestrial parameter measured during the declining phase of the preceding cycle. The second method, with only a slightly shorter foreknowledge, is based on an interplanetary parameter derived around the commencement of the cycle in question (sunspot minimum). The third method, giving the shortest prediction lead-time, is based entirely on solar parameters measured during the initial progress of the cycle in question. Application of all three methods to forecast the magnitude of the next maximum (Cycle 21) agree in predicting that it is likely to be very similar to that of Cycle 18.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 264-279
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  • 16
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    Long-term solar activity predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The need for long term solar activity predictions is addressed. The spatial organization of solar activity is described including applications for predictions, and ancient evidence for solar variability. Methods of predicting sunspot numbers are discussed. The inherent accuracy of the methods varies considerably, but a typical error bar 20%. The accuracy of sunspot cycle predictions is considered along with long term predictions of great solar events.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 246-257
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  • 17
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    Very large geomagnetic disturbance during sunspot cycle 21: A prediction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Evidence is presented which suggests that very large geomagnetic disturbances (350 gammas or greater at an invariant magnetic latitude of 50 degrees) occur once or twice per sunspot cycle, on the average. There is also some tendency for these disturbances to group in large odd numbered sunspot cycles similar to the current cycle, cycle 21. No such disturbance was noted during the past cycle although a series of major solar flares was observed in August 1972. At least one very large geomagnetic disturbance is expected during the current cycle; a prediction with perhaps serious consequences for electric power companies.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 193-197
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  • 18
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    Radio astronomers, X-ray astronomers and the space telescope (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The use of the Space Telescope and the study of objects in the radio and X-ray wavebands, particularly extragalactic objects, are discussed. The scientific objectives of a number of projects which involve observations with the Space Telescope are described.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 241-262
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  • 19
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    Planetary astronomy with the space telescope (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Experimental methods in planetary astronomy are discussed using a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages in the astronomical methods of ground based, Earth-orbit, and deep space missions. Problem areas in planetary astronomy which demonstrate the utility and power of the space telescope (ST) over other methods are delineated. These include utilizing the ST for studying the atmospheric dynamics, stratospheric and upper atmospheric processes, and circumplanetary nebulae of the planets. The capability of the ST for solar system observations is summarized with a discussion of the increases in resolution and sensitivity of the ST over other Earth-orbiting telescopes highlighted.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 47-75
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  • 20
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    PPS76: A computerized event mode solar proton forecasting technique (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A procedure was developed to generate a computerized time intensity profile of the solar proton intensity expected at the Earth after the occurrence of a significant solar flares on the Sun. A combination of many pieces of independent research and theoretical results are included. A construction of selected experimental and theoretical results from the entire domain of solar terrestrial physics is given.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 406-427
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  • 21
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    Short-term solar activity forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A method of forecasting the level of activity of every active region on the surface of the Sun within one to three days is proposed in order to estimate the possibility of the occurrence of ionospheric disturbances and proton events. The forecasting method is a probability process based on statistics. In many of the cases, the accuracy in predicting the short term solar activity was in the range of 70%, although there were many false alarms.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 176-181
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  • 22
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    Spiral sunspots and solar activity forecasts (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The definition of a spiral sunspot is given. Three examples are described which illustrate the processes of the occurrence of spiral sunspots and the roles played by them in prominence and flare activities. A method for solar activity forecasts is then proposed making use of parameters such as spiral sunspots, prominences and neutral lines.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 140-153
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  • 23
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    Long-term forecasting of solar activity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Corrections to the forecast of the basic parameters of the 21st cycle are described. Estimates about the level of solar activity in the 22nd cycle are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 163-175
    Format: text
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  • 24
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    Direct determination of asteroid diameters from occultation observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Of the available earth-based techniques for determining asteroid diameters, observation of stellar occultations involving asteroids is clearly the most direct. The high degree of accuracy achievable by this method has already been demonstrated in the case of Pallas, whose mean diameter has been measured with a standard error of plus or minus 2%. In this paper the problems, results and prospects of the stellar occultation technique are reviewed. It is shown that, with the use of a network of small, portable telescopes, the method is currently applicable to a large number of asteroids. The best results can be expected for asteroids of large angular diameter and regular shape. The potential of lunar occultation observations for asteroid diameter measurements is also briefly discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 25
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    The Surface Contour Radar, a unique remote sensing instrument (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A 36 GHz computer controlled airborne Surface Contour Radar (SCR) is described, which was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory and NASA. The system uses pulse-compression techniques and dual frequency carriers spaced far enough apart to be decorrelated on the sea surface. The continuous wave transmitter is biphase modulated, the return signal is autocorrelated, and the code length and clock rate are variable, providing selectable range resolutions of 0.15, 0.30, 0.61 and 1.52 m. The SCR generates a false-color coded elevation map of the sea surface below the aircraft in real time, and can routinely produce ocean directional wave spectra with off-line data processing.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 26
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    Proper elements and family memberships of the asteroids (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The proper elements tabulated are calculated according to the secular perturbation theory of Williams (1969); the free oscillations are referred to a zero value for the proper argument of perihelion. The secular theory for the planets is taken from Brouwer and van Woerkom (1950). Families with numbers smaller than 100 are reasonably close matches to families found by previous investigators. Families with numbers greater than 100 are new to this work. Guidelines for use of the table are given.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 27
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    Colorimetry and magnitudes of asteroids (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: In the present paper, 1500 UBV observations are analyzed by a new rather general multiple scattering theory which provided clear insight into previously poorly-recognized optical nature of asteroid surfaces. Thus, phase curves are shown to consist of a surface-texture controlled component, due to singly scattered light, and a component due to multiple scattering. Phase curve shapes can be characterized by a single parameter, the multiple scattering factor, Q. As Q increases, the relative importance of the opposition effect diminishes. Asteroid surfaces are particulate and strikingly similar to texture, being moderately porous and moderately rough on a scale greater than the wavelength of light. In concequence, Q (and also the phase coefficient) correlate well with geometric albedo, and there exists a purely photometric means of determining albedos and diameters.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 28
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    Families of minor planets (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Physical studies of individual family members show that at least the Themis, Eos, Koronis, Nysa/Hertha, and Budrosa families of minor planets are the result of the breakup of discrete parent bodies. Only a few families have been studied in detail, and even in those few cases, the full force of observational techniques has not been applied. Crucial for the understanding of families and their parent bodies are detailed physical studies of family members; precise mineralogical interpretation of observational data to identify the geochemistry of the parent bodies; and studies of the collisional evolution of family members.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 29
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    New atomic data of O/2+/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: New atomic data are tabulated for the ion O(2+). Collision strengths are calculated for several energies of the exciting electron. The populations of the levels of O(2+) are calculated as a function of electron density under conditions appropriate for the solar atmosphere. The available solar data are compared with theoretical predictions of relative line intensities.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 76; 3, Ju; July 197
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  • 30
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXVIII - Asteroid magnitudes and phase relations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astronomical Journal; 84; July 197
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  • 31
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    Magnetic dips in the solar wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Using magnetic data from the Helios-1 fluxgate magnetometer, with a 0.2 s resolution, we have investigated the structure of several interplanetary discontinuities involving magnetic dips and rotations of the magnetic field vector. A minimum variance analysis illustrates the behaviour of the magnetic field through the transition. Using this analysis, quite different structures have been isolated and, in particular, narrow transitions resembling almost one dimensional reconnected neutral sheets. For the thinner cases (scale lengths of the magnetic rotation of the order or smaller than 1000 km), we find that the observed structures can be the nonlinear effect of a resistive tearing mode instability having developed on an originally one dimensional neutral sheet at the solar corona.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 62; May 1979
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  • 32
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    Solar wind heavy ions from flare-heated coronal plasma (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Information concerning the coronal expansion is carried by solar-wind heavy ions. Distinctly different energy-per-charge ion spectra are found in two classes of solar wind having the low kinetic temperatures necessary for E/q resolution of the ion species. Heavy-ion spectra which can be resolved are most frequently observed in the low-speed interstream (IS) plasma found between high speed streams; the streams are thought to originate from coronal holes. Although the sources of the IS plasma are uncertain, the heavy-ion spectra found there contain identifiable peaks of O, Si, and Fe ions. Such spectra indicate that the IS ionization state of O is established in coronal gas at a temperature of approximately 1.6 million K, while that of Fe is frozen in farther out at about 1.5 million K. On occasion anomalous spectra are found outside IS flows in solar wind with abnormally depressed local kinetic temperatures. The anomalous spectra contain Fe(16+) ions, not usually found in IS flows, and the derived coronal freezing-in temperatures are significantly higher. The coronal sources of some of these ionizationally hot flows are identified as solar flares.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 62; May 1979
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    Space Telescope optics (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper reviews the optical technology that has been developed over the last decade for the Space Telescope. The optical design of the telescope, the optical performance control system, and the anticipated optical performance are all presented. Consideration is also given to the initial complement of focal plane instruments.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Optical Engineering; 18; May-June
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  • 34
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    Forbidden Fe X and forbidden Fe XIV emission from Puppis A and other supernova remnants (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Measurements of Fe XIV 5303-A and Fe X 6374-A forbidden emission from several supernova remnants are reported, and their relation to X-ray observations is discussed. The brightest Fe XIV forbidden-emission region in Puppis A is interpreted as being the result of the supernova shock wave's interacting with a dense cloud in the interstellar medium.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 35
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    Detection of hairline cracks in textured silicon solar cells (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Using a focused laser scanner, the optical technique described in the present paper can be used to detect hairline cracks of the type occurring in solar cells subjected to surface texturing. The technique is capable of detecting cracks of the order of a few microns, which, otherwise, can be observed only under high magnification using an optical microscope. The technique consists of scanning a solar cell with a finely focused laser beam and recording the photoresponse (short circuit current or open circuit voltage) as a function of beam position. The presence of a crack is manifested by a sharp dip in the photoresponse.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Mar. 1
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  • 36
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    The low-noise 115-GHz receiver on the Columbia-GISS 4-ft radio telescope (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The superheterodyne millimeter-wave radiometer on the Columbia-GISS 4-ft telescope is described. This receiver uses a room-temperature Schottky diode mixer, with a resonant-ring filter as LO diplexer. The diplexer has low signal loss, efficient LO power coupling, and suppresses most of the LO noise at both sidebands. The receiver IF section has a parametric amplifier as its first stage with sufficient gain to overcome the second-stage amplifier noise. A broad-banded quarter-wave impedance transformer minimizes the mismatch between mixer and paramp. At 115 GHz, the SSB receiver noise temperature is 860 K, which is believed to be the lowest figure so far reported for a room-temperature receiver at this frequency.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-27; Mar. 197
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  • 37
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    Status of the Space Telescope project in the United States (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A general description of the evolution of the Large Space Telescope project is given, including mirror construction, interface requirements, and the review cycle for the scientific instruments. The anticipated participation of ESA scientists through the means of the Science Institute is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: ESA Astron. Uses of the Space Telescope; p 27-31
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  • 38
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    The Spacelab Wide Angle Telescope (SWAT) (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A fast wide angle telescope that will be capable of imaging to the darker sky limit and in the ultraviolet wavelength region available above the atmosphere is described. The telescope (SWAT) has a resolution comparable to that of the large ground-based Schmidt telescope and a field of at least five degrees. A number of astrophysically important investigations can only be accomplished with such a telescope, e.g., detection of hidden, hot objects like hot white dwarfs and subwarfs in stellar binary systems, and energetic regions in globular clusters and galaxy nuclei. It permits unique studies of the UV-morphology of extended objects and allows discovery of very faint extensions, halos, jets, and filaments in galaxies. It can contribute to the investigation of dust in the Milky Way and in other galaxies and, with an objective prism, spectra of very faint objects can be obtained. The SWAT will localize objects for further study with the narrow-field Space Telescope.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: ESA Astron. Uses of the Space Telescope; p 375-392
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  • 39
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    Hydromagnetic waves and turbulence in the solar wind (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper presents a state-of-the-art review of interplanetary fluctuations, their origins, and their effects on the solar wind. Typical values of parameters to waves and turbulence in the solar wind are examined, along with a classification of large-amplitude waves. Cases where description by the MHD theory is qualitatively correct and where it can be misleading are noted. An attempt is made to state rigorously the essential points of hydromagnetic-wave theory and to identify areas in which theoretical research needs to be extended. The review covers the observed hydromagnetic fluctuations, their interpretation in terms of current theory, and the degree of closure between observation and theory. The spatial distribution and origins of waves in the solar wind are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 40
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    Geodetic interferometry submission for the IUGG Quadrennial Report (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The present paper reviews the activities of two major VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) groups, within the United States, which have been concentrating on geodetic measurements for a number of years. The activities have resulted in the development of transportable VLBI terminals for regional surveying applications; development of VLBI techniques for obtaining station positions; establishment of relative epochs and rates of the hydrogen maser clocks at the stations; the acquisition of polar motion and earth rotation data in support of deep space tracking functions; and the development of VLBI techniques necessary for tectonic measurements on trans- and intercontinental baselines and for astrometry, polar-motion and earth-rotation observations.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 41
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    Coronal hole boundary brightness in lambda 284 of Fe XV (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 62; June 197
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  • 42
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    NASA's search for the solar connection. I (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: NASA's solar research, which leans toward the study of the sun as a star, is surveyed. The Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) program is covered, which yielded data such as spectras of 140-400 A wavelength of the entire solar disk. Attention is also given to the results obtained by Skylab, such as data showing that whenever a large coronal hole exists near the sun's equator, a stream of high-speed solar wind will be observed at the earth. Finally areas of future research, such as a concerted study of flare phenomenon, are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Sky and Telescope; 58; Aug. 197
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  • 43
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    Qualitative and quantitative flow visualization technique using ozone (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper describes a new flow-visualization technique based on the absorption of ultraviolet light by ozone. Ozone is an excellent tracer, because as a gas it has the same effective physical properties as air. Ozone strongly absorbs the principal line (253.7 nm) of a mercury lamp, so that when an ozone-traced flow passes between a mercury lamp and a fluorescent screen, a sharp, shadow-like image of the ozone tracer is cast on the screen. Quantitative photometry can be carried out by replacing the screen with ultraviolet detectors that yield the path-integrated column density of ozone in the flow. High-speed quantitative point monitoring (10 Hz at 10 ppb O3) is possible with capillary probes and chemiluminescent analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; June 197
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  • 44
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    Infrared photometry and spectrophotometry of G75.84+0.4 (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Photometric mapping of G75.84+0.4 at 12.6 microns is compared with previously published radio maps of the region to deduce the relative dust/gas mass ratio for the dust responsible for the 12.6-micron emission. Spectrophotometry from 2-4 microns and 8-13 microns of the highest-emission-measure region reveals the presence of the fine structure lines of forbidden Ar III at 8.99 microns, forbidden Ne II at 12.78 microns, and forbidden S IV at 10.53 microns. Estimates of the abundance of these ions are made, and the nature of the exciting source is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 74; 3, Ma; May 1979
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  • 45
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    Stability of inner planetary systems (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The stability of inner planetary systems with arbitrary mass ratios is studied on the basis of the model of the plane restricted three-body problem. A quantitative stability criterion is obtained in terms of the difference between the critical value of the Jacobi constants (at which bifurcation can occur) and the critical value corresponding to a planetary orbit. An orbit is stable if it cannot leave a region that contains only the larger central body (Hill). For small values of the mass parameter, the maximum dimensionless radius of a Hill-stable orbit is 1 minus 2.4 times the cube root of the mass parameter.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Mathematik und Physik; 30; Mar. 25
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  • 46
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    The source of electrostatic fluctuations in the solar-wind (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Solar wind electron and ion distribution functions measured simultaneously with or close to times of intense electrostatic fluctuations are subjected to a linear Vlasov stability analysis. Although all distributions tested were found to be stable, the analysis suggests that the ion beam instability is the most likely source of the fluctuations.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; May 1
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  • 47
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    A high resolution holographic particle sizing system (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: This paper will review briefly the requirements of holography with respect to particle sizing techniques. A holographic construction system and the appropriate reconstruction system will be discussed regarding their characteristics and performance (i.e. system resolution, magnification, system aberration and correction of aberrations, and maximum total test volume). The capabilities of a commercial particle sizing system used to obtain particle sizes and distribution information from reconstructed holograms will be described and characterized. It will be shown that by using the methods described, high resolution throughout large test volumes can be achieved.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optical Engineering; 18; May-June
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  • 48
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    Measurement of the polarization effects of an instrument using partially polarized light (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Accuracy of a radiometer is adversely affected by scene polarization if the receiving optical system is sensitive to polarization. It is therefore necessary to specify and measure the sensitivity of the system to polarized light. The Mueller-Stokes matrix of an instrument may be determined experimentally and used to predict the effects of the instrument on any beam. The specification of a maximum polarization sensitivity stated in terms of the degree of polarization produced in an unpolarized beam can be experimentally verified even though an unpolarized beam is not available in the laboratory for direct measurement.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Mar. 15
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  • 49
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    A graphical summary of solar wind electron content observations by Pioneer 6, 8, and 9 (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Between 1965 and 1972, solar wind density measurements were obtained by Mariner 5 and Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 using a radio science method called the 'dual-frequency experiment'. The measurements and data processing are now terminated. A graphical summary is presented of the best of the resulting data, showing the average electron number density of the solar wind across radio paths that vary in length up to 1.8 AU and that lie broadside to the flow direction. These graphs summarize 3.4 years of observations with a time resolution of 1 hour; the measurements provided 1-min resolution and spanned 7 years. Because the orientation and length of the paths change continually and have a major influence on the interpretation of these data, a spacecraft trajectory chart and a plot of the corotation interval are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Feb. 1
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  • 50
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    Post-development image intensification by autoradiography (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A method of post-development intensification of photographic images using a newly developed autoradiographic procedure is described. Radioactive Thiourea-S35 is combined with silver in the developed emulsion, which is then contact printed with a receiver emulsion. The beta decay from S35 produces an enhanced autoradiographic image. The laboratory technique is described and results of astronomical applications are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 51
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    A comparison of luminosity calibrations for MK classifications of OB stars (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 52
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    The N III and O IV intersystem multiplets as density indicators for solar plasmas (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The usefulness of the relative intensities of lines within the N III intersystem multiplet near 1750 A as an electron density indicator for solar plasmas is discussed. Although the relative intensities of lines in the multiplet are density sensitive, the intensity ratios should at present be used with caution. Errors of the order of 20% in transition probabilities and excitation rate coefficients can lead to order of magnitude errors in density determinations. It is demonstrated that the intensity ratio of one of the N III intersystem lines and an allowed line from a different ion may also be used as a density indicator in the 10 to the 9th to 10 to the 11th per cu cm regime.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 79; 3, No; Nov. 197
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    A general algorithm for the solution of Kepler's equation for elliptic orbits (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An efficient algorithm is presented for the solution of Kepler's equation f(E)=E-M-e sin E=0, where e is the eccentricity, M the mean anomaly and E the eccentric anomaly. This algorithm is based on simple initial approximations that are cubics in M, and an iterative scheme that is a slight generalization of the Newton-Raphson method. Extensive testing of this algorithm has been performed on the UNIVAC 1108 computer. Solutions for 20,000 pairs of values of e and M show that for single precision, 42.0% of the cases require one iteration, 57.8% two and 0.2% three. For double precision one additional iteration is required.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Celestial Mechanics; 20; Oct. 197
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    Airborne stellar spectrophotometry from 1.2 to 5.5 microns - Absolute calibration and spectra of stars earlier than M3 (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Airborne infrared spectrophotometry (1.2-5.5 microns, 1.5% resolution) is presented for 13 stars which have been extensively used as infrared calibration objects: alpha Lyr, alpha CMA, alpha UMi, beta Dra, and mu Her; the K giants beta Gem, alpha UMa, alpha Boo, gamma-1 And, and alpha Tau; and the M giants beta And, beta Peg, and alpha Cet. These spectra, obtained using NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory and Lear Jet Observatory, are virtually free of the interfering effects of terrestrial absorptions. Absolute calibration of the spectrophotometry was based on the theoretical model of alpha Lyr by Schild, Peterson, and Oke (1971), which fits photometric measurements at shorter wavelengths. The resulting flux densities are compared with previous ground-based photometry.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 41; Nov. 197
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    Long-term solar wind electron variations between 1971 and 1978 (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Imp solar wind electron data measured between 1971 and 1978 were studied with the aim of determining long-term variations near the earth. Two separate sets of parameter variations were observed: (1) in 1976-1977 the solar wind density, the electron temperature, and the interplanetary electrostatic potential were all enhanced, and (2) the halo density and associated electron parameters were all depressed during a 1 1/2-year period centered on the last 6 months of 1976. Although interpretation of these results in terms of corresponding coronal and interplanetary variations is not unique, it may be significant that measured solar wind parameters near the minimum of solar cycle 20 agree better with the Hartle-Sturrock model of the coronal expansion than they do during other epochs.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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    Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: This paper discusses effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances, and linear diameters that have been determined for 160 O and B stars on the basis of published UV spectrophotometry, visible and near-IR intermediate-band photometry, and model-atmosphere fluxes. The results are compared with previous measurements and calculations for main-sequence and giant O and B stars. It is found that: (1) the flux effective temperatures of O and B supergiants are systematically lower than those of main-sequence and giant stars of the same subtype; (2) the effective temperatures and radii of Beta Cep stars are the same as those of nonvariable stars of the same spectral type; (3) Be stars that do not have two Balmer jumps have effective temperatures very similar to those of normal B stars of the same subtype; (4) O and B stars increase in size from the main sequence to supergiants; and (5) late B supergiants are approximately twice as large as O9 supergiants.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 189
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  • 57
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    The Fe XXI lambda1354 line in solar flares observed from Skylab and its implications on ionization equilibrium calculations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 233
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  • 58
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    EUV limb spectra of a surge observed from Skylab (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The EUV spectra of a surge observed at plus 8 in. and plus 20 in. above the white light limb from Skylab are examined. The shape of the differential emission measure determined at 8 in. and 20 in. is nearly the same as for a quiet Sun spectrum at 8 in., but the emission measure of the surge at 8 in. is about an order of magnitude greater than for the quiet Sun. At 20 in. the emission measure of the surge is initially close to the quiet Sun distribution, but decreases by a factor of 4 within 6 min. The optically thin lines formed near 10 to the 5th power K show nonthermal broadening at 8 in., and electron densities near this temperature are derived from intersystem to resonance ratios. The volume of the emitting plasma at 8 in. above the limb was determined, concluding that a continuous energy input is required to explain the observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 78; 3, Oc; Oct. 197
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    New atomic data for Si/6+/, S/8+/ and Ar/10+/ (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper gives new atomic data, populations of excited levels, and line intensity ratios for the ions Si VII, S IX, and Ar XI of the O I isoelectronic sequence. Ten levels are included in the calculations, i.e., the levels of the 2s/2/2p/4/ and 2s2p/5/ and 2p/6/ configurations. It is noted that the calculations are done for applications to solar plasmas. The line ratios (2s/2/2p/4/3P1 - 2s2p/5/3P0) / (2s/2/2p/4/3P1 - 2s2p/5/3P1) and (2s/2/2p/4/1D2 - 2s2p/5/1P/1/) / (2s/2/2p/4/3P/1/ - 2s1p/5/3P/1/) are two of the ratios useful for electron density determination. Finally, density sensitive line ratios of Ca XIII and Fe XIX are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 80; 1, No; Nov. 197
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    Twenty southern peculiar emission-line stars (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Observational data for 20 southern stars having emission-line spectra that suggest a significant degree of mass ejection are given in order to present an atlas of their spectra and to give a quantitative description of their appearance during the 1961-62 epoch. Most of the stars are P Cygni stars; others include nova-like, peculiar Be, and symbiotic stars, as well as stellar planetary nebulae and emission-line binaries, all of whose spectra were obtained with the Newtonian two-prism Zeiss Spectrograph and the 74-inch reflector at Mount Stromlo Observatory. It is noted that among the P Cygni stars, there is a strong correlation between the a-e expansion velocity and the strength of Balmer emission, while in both the P Cygni and the Bep stars, there is positive dependence of Fe II and negative dependence of (Fe II) emission strengths on Balmer emission strength.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Vistas in Astronomy; 23; pt. 3
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    Principal component analysis of solar flares in the soft X-ray flux (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper considers principal component analysis of solar flares in the soft X-ray flux, a technique for extracting the salient features from a mass of data. The method applies particularly to the analysis of nonstationary ensembles, and its computations require the evaluation of eigenvalues of matrices. The Eispack matrix eigen system routines were used to analyze full-disk proportional-counter data from the X-ray event analyzer which was part of the Skylab experiment. Empirical orthogonal functions were derived for events in the soft X-ray spectrum between 2.5 and 20 A during different time periods, indicating that about 90% of the cumulative power of each analyzed flare is contained in the largest eigenvector. The first two largest eigenvectors are sufficient for an empirical curve fit through the raw data and a characterization of solar flares in the soft X-ray flux, and power spectra of two largest eigenvectors reveal a reported periodicity of about 5 min.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 80; 2, De; Dec. 197
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    Airborne laser induced fluorescence system for measuring OH and other trace gases in the parts-per-quadrillion to parts-per-trillion range (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Described in detail is a laser induced fluorescence system which has been successfully interfaced with two aircraft sampling platforms (i.e., Sabreliner jet and an L-188C Electra). This system, which has been under development for four years, presently consists of the following major components: (1) a Nd-Yag laser driven oscillator-amplifier dye laser; (2) a sampling manifold with associated fluorescence detection optics; (3) an OH calibration chamber; (4) a laser beam steering assembly; and (5) sampling electronics and data processing hardware. During the last three years, this system has been flown some 50,000 air miles making tropospheric OH radical measurements over the latitude range of 70 N to 57 S. OH concentrations measured during these flights have ranged from 30 parts-per-quadrillion (3.7 x 10 to the 5th molecules/sq cm) at altitudes of 6 km to 0.8 parts-per-trillion (2.0 x 10 to the 7th molecules/sq cm) at 0.5 km. Computations have been completed which indicate that the existing aircraft system with modest modifications should also be capable of detecting natural tropospheric levels of NO, SO2, CH2O, NO2, HNO2, NO3, H2O2 and CS2 by using both conventional laser-induced fluorescence methodology and multiphoton techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Dec. 197
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  • 63
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    Nonlinear stability of solar type III radio bursts. II - Application to observations near 1 AU (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A set of rate equations including strong turbulence effects and anomalous resistivity are solved using parameters which model several solar type III bursts. Analysis of these bursts has led to quantitative comparisons between several of the observed phenomena and the theory. Through use of an analytic model for the time evolution of the energetic electron exciter, it is found that the exciter distributions observed at 1 AU are unstable to the excitation of the linear bump-in-tail instability, amplifying Langmuir waves above the threshold for the oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI). The OTSI and the attendant anomalous resistivity produce a rapid spectral transfer of Langmuir waves to short wavelengths, out of resonance with the electron exciter. In addition, the various parameters needed to model the bursts are extrapolated inside 1 AU with similar results. Finally, reabsorption of the Langmuir waves by the beam is shown to be unimportant in all cases, even at 0.1 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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    Solar cycle variations in IMF intensity (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Annual averages of logarithms of hourly interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) intensities, obtained from geocentric spacecraft between November 1963 and December 1977, reveal the following solar cycle variation. For 2-3 years at each solar minimum period, the IMF intensity is depressed by 10-15% relative to its mean value realized during a broad 9-year period centered at solar maximum. No systematic variations occur during this 9-year period. The solar minimum decrease, although small in relation to variations in some other solar wind parameters, is both statistically and physically significant.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Oct. 1
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    Solar variability and ozone (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Stratospheric temperature and concentration of ozone above 26 km, as measured by rocket-borne instruments, showed an increase from 1964 to 1969-70, and a decline between 1970 and 1975, closely following the solar cycle, which peaked in 1969 (+0.89 correlation at both 35 and 50 km). Similar correlations were found between the ozone density and the 10.7 cm solar radio flux (as measured by the Nimbus IV satellite), and between ozone column density and the Lyman-alpha flux, both observations being taken over the same 10 month period. A mechanism is hypothesized which would link solar flux variation with both changes in stratospheric temperature and concentration of ozone (which is produced by the photodissociation of stratospheric oxygen molecules by solar radiation in the ultraviolet wavelength region).
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: New Scientist; 84; Nov. 15
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  • 66
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    Computer image processing and recognition (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A systematic introduction to the concepts and techniques of computer image processing and recognition is presented. Consideration is given to such topics as image formation and perception; computer representation of images; image enhancement and restoration; reconstruction from projections; digital television, encoding, and data compression; scene understanding; scene matching and recognition; and processing techniques for linear systems.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 67
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    Nonlinear stability of solar type III radio bursts. I - Theory (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A theory of the excitation of solar type III bursts is presented. Electrons initially unstable to the linear bump-in-tail instability are shown to rapidly amplify Langmuir waves to energy densities characteristic of strong turbulence. The three-dimensional equations which describe the strong coupling (wave-wave) interactions are derived. For parameters characteristic of the interplanetary medium the equations reduce to one-dimension. In that case the oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI) is the dominant nonlinear instability. OTSI is stabilized through the production of nonlinear ion density fluctuations that efficiently scatter Langmuir waves out of resonance with the electron beam. An analytical model of the electron distribution function is also developed which is used to estimate the total energy losses suffered by the electron beam as it propagates from the solar corona to 1 AU and beyond.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 68
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    Osculating orbital elements of the asteroids (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: In the present paper, osculating orbital elements are listed for 2118 numbered asteroids, of which 17 are considered lost. The columns give asteroid number; name; semimajor axis, in AU; eccentricity; longitude of the ascending mode; argument of perihelion; mean anomaly; and Julian date of epoch minus 2,400,000.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 69
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    Collisional evolution of asteroids - Populations, rotations, and velocities (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The collisional evolution of various initial populations of asteroids is simulated numerically and compared with the present asteroid size-frequency distribution to find those populations which collisionally relax to the present belt. Both orbital and size distributions are treated, as well as the simultaneous evolution of two collisionally interacting populations with different physical properties. If the initial belt distribution was a power law, the initial belt population at the time when the present high-collision speed was established was probably only modestly larger than the present population. However, other distributions allow a more massive early belt. The rotational evolution due to collisions of asteroids with power-law distributions is also examined and compared with observations, leading to conclusions generally in agreement with those of size evolution. The high-collision speed in the present belt is likely due to Jupiter. Gravitational stirring by massive Jupiter-scattered planetesimals or secular resonances sweeping through the belt are the most probable mechanisms.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 70
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    Earth-crossing asteroids - Orbital classes, collision rates with earth, and origin (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Asteroids that can intersect the orbit of the earth are discussed, which include Aten asteroids (semimajor axis (a) less than 1 AU, aphelion greater than 0.983 AU), Apollo asteroids (a greater than 1 AU, perihelion less than 1.017 AU), and Amor asteroids (perihelion distance between 1.017 and 1.3 AU). The principal sources of earth-crossing asteroids appear to be extinct comet nuclei and collision fragments from regions in the main asteroid belt. The total population of earth-crossers is estimated at 13,000, of which approximately 8% are Atens, 50% are Apollos, and 40% are Amors,and the present collision rate of such asteroids with the earth is estimated at about 3.5 objects, to absolute magnitude 18, per million years.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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    Modification of a Kowa RC-2 fundus camera for self-photography without the use of mydriatics (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Research on retinal circulation during space flight required the development of a simple technique to provide self monitoring of blood vessel changes in the fundus without the use of mydriatics. A Kowa RC-2 fundus camera was modified for self-photography by the use of a bite plate for positioning and cross hairs for focusing the subject's retina relative to the film plane. Dilation of the pupils without the use of mydriatics was accomplished by dark-adaption of the subject. Pictures were obtained without pupil constriction by the use of a high speed strobe light. This method also has applications for clinical medicine.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Brain Research Bulletin; 4; 1979
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  • 72
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    On-axis velocity component measurement with laser velocimeters (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The application of Doppler shifted laser light to the measurement of the two velocity components normal to the optical axis of the system is relatively simple as compared to the measurement of the on-axis velocity component. The present paper deals with the reference-beam (local oscillator) technique and the dual-beam (fringe mode) technique, which have been developed for measuring the on-axis component. Some results obtained for the on-axis component are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 17; Sept
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  • 73
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    Remote measurement of the transverse wind velocity component using a laser Doppler velocimeter (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The wind speed transverse to the line-of-sight of a laser Doppler radar has been measured using the intensity fluctuations of the returned signal. These measurements were made at a range of 100 m with a CO2 CW laser Doppler velocimeter, which was simultaneously performing its design function of determining the radial velocity component. The transverse component measurements are compared with those obtained using a u, v, w Gill propeller anemometer.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Sept. 1
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  • 74
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    Field-widened pinhole camera (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Wood demonstrated a method in 1906 that allowed 180-deg FOV but required that the film be immersed in a tank of water. This paper presents a technique that yields the same 180-deg FOV without the necessity of wetting the film. Rays from a 180-deg FOV cone are reduced to 84-deg cone due to refraction at the glass surface. If the cone were then incident on another glass/air plane surface, it would be expanded back to 180 deg.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Sept. 1
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    M2 ocean tide parameters and the deceleration of the moon's mean longitude from satellite orbit data (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An estimation is made of the principal long-period spherical harmonic parameters in the representation of the M2 ocean tide from the orbital histories of the three satellites 1967-92A, Starlette, and GEOS 3. The data used are primarily the evolution of the orbital inclinations of the satellites in conjunction with the longitude of the ascending node from GEOS 3. Analysis procedure and analytic formulation, as well as ocean tidal parameter estimation and deceleration of the lunar mean longitude are outlined. The credibility of the M2 ocean tide solution is further enhanced by the close accord between the computed value for the deceleration of the lunar mean longitude and other recently reported estimates. It is evident from the results presented that studies of close earth satellite orbits are able to provide important information about the tidal forces acting on the earth.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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  • 76
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    The core electron temperature profile between 0.5 and 1.0 AU in the steady-state high speed solar wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Aug. 1
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  • 77
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    NASA's search for the solar connection. II (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A survey of future space missions planned to investigate the sun and how its events affect the earth is presented. The International Solar-Polar mission, scheduled for 1983, is designed to investigate the three-dimensional structure of the solar-wind flow and to study the corona from above the sun's poles. The Spacelab mission will make major contributions to solar study by employing a 1.25 m telescope for observations from the near violet to the near infrared wavelengths with an angular resolution of 0.1 arc sec, and will be capable of resolving features on the sun 72 km across. Other missions, including the International Sun-Earth Explorer and the solar cycle and dynamic mission, which is designed to study the global oscillations of the sun, are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Sky and Telescope; 58; Sept
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  • 78
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    Variations of the sun's radius and temperature due to magnetic buoyancy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 280; Aug. 23
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  • 79
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    Depletion of satellite atoms in a collisionless exosphere by radiation pressure (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Perturbations of hydrogen atoms in Keplerian orbits are examined by analyzing the rates of change of the classical orbital elements. There are three main effects: high inclination orbits with eccentricities e at least 0.4 are forced toward the ecliptic plane within a few weeks, the perigees of direct orbits drift rapidly toward stable positions roughly westward of the planet, and satellite orbits in or near such a stable point rapidly lower their perigees and the satellite's life is ended by a collision in the atmosphere. Thus there are effects tending to diminish the number of highly eccentric orbits with distant apogees in six principal directions. The various lifetimes are compared for a sample of initial elements.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Icarus; 39; Aug. 197
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  • 80
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    Solar activity cycle during classical antiquity (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Early accounts of phenomena that may be identified as auroral displays have been abstracted from reports of unusual celestial prodigies in the classical literature. An extensive catalog of ancient aurorae and a new mathematical method of analyzing fragmentary time series of observations have been used to demonstrate, provisionally, that an auroral cycle actually existed in antiquity, at least during the 2nd century BC, and that it had an average length and amplitude comparable with those of the modern auroral cycle. On the reasonable supposition that solar activity has always been the factor responsible for aurorae, it can be concluded that the solar cycle two millennia ago was very similar to what it is today.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 77; 1-2,; Aug. 197
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    Solar radio spectrum extended to 10 km wavelength (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Solar radio spectra for quiet times and radio bursts in the wavelength range from 1 mm to 10 km are presented. Solar nonthermal emission in the range of 100 m to 10 km was monitored by means of long wire antennas connected to multi-channel radiometers in the frequency range 25 kHz to 10 MHz on board the IMP-6 and RAE-1 satellites. Flux densities for very intense type III bursts with intensities ranging from 10 to the -18th to 10 to the -14th W/sq m per Hz with maxima at 330 to 1500 m are shown, and a power-law wavelength distribution function of maximum burst intensities is derived. Intensities of a large type III noise storm are shown to increase with increasing wavelength to a peak near 500 m. The flux densities of both types of burst emission are observed to greatly exceed quiet sun intensities at long wavelengths.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 280; Aug. 16
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    Magnetic shielding in a low temperature torsion pendulum experiment (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A new type of ether drift experiment searches for anomalous torques on a permanent magnet. A torsion pendulum is used at liquid helium temperature, so that superconducting cylinders can be used to shield magnetic fields. Lead shields attenuate the earth's field, while Nb-Sn shields fastened to the pendulum contain the fields of the magnet. The paper describes the technique by which the earth's field can be reduced below 0.0001 G while simultaneously the moment of the magnet can be reduced by a factor 7 x 10 to the 4th.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Aug. 197
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    Measurement of turbulent fluctuations in high-speed flows using hot wires and hot films (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper examines the dynamic calibrations of the hot film and modified hot-wire probes with a view to assess their suitability for use in experiments for the measurement of turbulent fluctuations in compressible boundary-layer flows. Results are presented of tests on some sensors in both subsonic and supersonic boundary-layer flows. A simple technique is presented for determining dynamic calibration correction factors for the sensitivities involved.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Aug. 197
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  • 84
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    Polarization and scattering characteristics in the atmospheres of earth, Venus, and Jupiter (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Our understanding of atmospheric scattering phenomena has increased through the combined developments of new electro-optical instrumentation, theoretical solutions for complex model atmospheres, and large computers enabling computation of such solutions. Earth satellites permit external, planetwide observations of our atmosphere, while spacecraft permit detailed measurements of the scattering by other planetary atmospheres. Some recent results are: elucidation of the effects of ozone absorption and high-altitude aerosol scattering on twilight colors and polarization; identification of a cloudbow on Venus and consequent deduction of the cloud particle shape, size distribution, and refractive index; and, the interpretation of Rayleigh scattering on Jupiter in terms of cloud-top topography.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
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    On solar cosmic rays (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The report summarizes the major results obtained over the last four years in the following areas: (1) transport in interplanetary space which includes solar particle observations combined with theoretical efforts to develop models which simulate the dynamics of the event; (2) transport in the solar corona and release of particles in the interplanetary medium; and (3) characteristics of source spectra and acceleration models. Modelling the propagation of solar cosmic rays through interplanetary space and establishing the magnitude and the radial and energy dependence of the diffusion coefficient K are considered. An important result due to statistical observation is that the coronal propagation must be independent of or weakly dependent on both rigidity and energy. Increasing evidence is found for prolonged injection at the sun.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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    Absolute calibration in the 1750 A-3350 A region (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The absolute flux measurements in the rocket ultraviolet made by Bohlin, Frimout, and Lillie (BFL) are revised using a more correct treatment of the air extinction that enters the air calibration of their instrument. The absorption by molecular oxygen and ozone, Rayleigh scattering, and extinction by aerosols is tabulated for general use in ultraviolet calibrations performed in air. The revised absolute flux of Eta UMa and final fluxes for Alpha Lyr and Zeta Oph are presented in the 1750 A-3350 A region. The absolute flux of the star Eta UMa (B3 V) is compared to four other independent determinations in the 1200 A-3400 A region and a maximum difference of 35% is found near 1500 A between the OAO-2 and Apollo 17 fluxes. Longward of 1700 A the typical scatter in the different determinations is only plus or minus 5%. The rocket measurements of BFL, the ANS and TD-1 satellite data, and the Apollo 17 data are compared to the ultraviolet fluxes from the OAO-2, demonstrating a photometric reproducibility of about plus or minus 3%. Therefore, all four sets of spectrophotometry can be reduced to a common absolute scale.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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    X-ray observations of H1908+050 /=SS 433/ (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The X-ray source H1908+050 (=4U 1908+05 = A1909+04) was observed for three 6 day periods in 1977 and 1978 with the HEAO A-2 experiment. Because of the positional error box and variability of the source, the unusual emission-line object and variable radio source SS 433 has been suggested as the optical counterpart. The X-ray luminosity of the source varied by a factor of about 2 on a time scale of 6 months, and the spectrum of the object is consistent with either a power law of photon index of 2.1 or with 14.3 KeV thermal bremsstrahlung emission with an about 575 eV equivalent-width iron line. These X-ray characteristics argue against the source being extragalactic, but do not uniquely identify the type of source. The measurements are consistent with emission from a white dwarf with 100 million gauss magnetic field, but are also similar to the X-ray emission sometimes seen from Cir X-1. A search has been made for X-ray emission from similar radio sources, but no new X-ray sources were detected. A previously known source, A1850+00, is a possible counterpart for one of these radio sources.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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    Dielectronic recombination rates, ionization equilibrium, and radiative energy-loss rates for neon, magnesium, and sulfur ions in low-density plasmas (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Results of detailed and systematic calculations are presented for the total dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for the ions of Ne, Mg, and S in a low-density predominantly hydrogen plasma. The new recombination rates are used to calculate solar corona ionization-equilibrium distributions of the ions. The most important effect of dielectronic recombination for ions in corona equilibrium is found to be a shift in the maximum-abundance temperatures toward higher temperatures, which are in some cases reduced from those predicted on the basis of the simple Burgess formula.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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    High-resolution polarization structure of H-beta in Be shell stars measured with a new Digicon spectropolarimeter (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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    Proton-driven electromagnetic instabilities in high-speed solar wind streams (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Electromagnetic instabilities of the field-aligned, right-hand circularly polarized magnetosonic wave and the left-hand circularly polarized Alfven wave driven by two drifted proton components are analyzed for model parameters determined from Imp 7 solar wind proton data measured during high-speed flow conditions. Growth rates calculated using bi-Lorentzian forms for the main and beam proton as well as core and halo electron velocity distributions do not differ significantly from those calculated using bi-Maxwellian forms. Using distribution parameters determined from 17 measured proton spectra, we show that considering the uncertainties the magnetosonic wave may be linearly stable and the Alfven wave is linearly unstable. Because proton velocity distribution function shapes are observed to persist for times long compared to the proton gyroperiod, the latter result suggests that linear stability theory fails for proton-driven ion cyclotron waves in the high-speed solar wind.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Feb. 1
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    Photographic observations of Theta-1 Orionis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Photographic observations of the eclipsing binary Theta-1 Ori A suggest a secondary minimum near phase 0.64 of its 65.43233-day period. This minimum may be wavelength dependent. The star Theta-1 Ori E is suspected of being variable.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 90
    Format: text
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  • 92
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    Polarization-sensitive spectroradiometer - Two methods for overcoming the problems of measuring reflectance spectra (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The spectra obtained using a spectroradiometer are incorrect if the incident light from the sample is polarized, and if, at the same time, polarization is introduced into the transmitted beam by components of the spectroradiometer. Two methods are proposed for obtaining correct power reflectance spectra. One way is to average two incorrect reflectance spectra, which are taken at mutually orthogonal angles of rotation of the radiometer about its optical axis. Another way is by averaging reflectance spectra of mutually orthogonal polarized light components. When the orientation of one component is chosen such that it is in the plane of polarization of the incoming light, the latter method also gives the correct degree of polarization.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Feb. 15
    Format: text
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  • 93
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    Approximations for proton excitation - Erratum and extension (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Kastner (1977) proposed relatively simple approximations for proton excitation in coronal ions, which yield both excitation rate coefficients and excitation cross sections. An error in Kastner's expression for one of the partial excitation rate coefficients is corrected. The expression for excitation cross section is extended to higher energies, and the resulting expression for the other partial rate coefficient is given. Results obtained with the corrected and extended total excitation rate coefficient are presented for several representative transitions in Ca XIII, Ca XV, Fe X, Fe XIII, Fe XIV, Fe XVIII, and S X. The corrected and extended approximation is expected to yield excitation rates reliably within 50%.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 71; 1-2,; Jan. 197
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  • 94
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    Remote sensing using solid-state array technology (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper describes the design features and capabilities of a remote sensor that uses solid-state linear arrays and operates in a 'pushbroom' scan mode to provide the required performance. Pushbroom scanning is a term describing the technique of using the forward motion of a satellite platform to sweep a linear array of detectors oriented perpendicular to the ground track across a scene being imaged. One array is typically used for each spectral channel. Satellite motion provides one direction of scan and electronic sampling of the detectors in the crosstrack dimension provides the orthogonal scan component to form an image. The detector array is sampled at the appropriate rate so that contiguous lines are produced. The performance of a pushbroom system is discussed relative to radiometric sensitivity, detector array geometric fidelity, and radiometric correction. System advantages are precision geometric positioning of the detectors, very high sensitivity and favorable SNR, low power consumption, and no moving optics.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Format: text
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  • 95
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    Ray-tracing the convex curved crystal X-ray spectrograph (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The convex curved crystal X-ray spectrograph has recently seen increasing use for the spectral analysis of transient plasmas. The present paper describes the calculation of ray paths through the spectrograph for both localized and extended sources. The method traces a ray from any given source point to its point of diffraction by the curved crystal and then to the imaging circle, where the image point is obtained. Application of the ray tracing method is made to some actual experimental configurations to obtain resolution values and source sizes. Wavelength calibrations are obtainable with the ray tracing method in advance of instrument construction.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Feb. 1
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  • 96
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    Graphic design of pinhole cameras (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper describes a graphic technique for the analysis and optimization of pinhole size and focal length. The technique is based on the use of the transfer function of optical elements described by Scott (1959) to construct the transfer function of a circular pinhole camera. This transfer function is the response of a component or system to a pattern of lines having a sinusoidally varying radiance at varying spatial frequencies. Some specific examples of graphic design are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Feb. 1
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Observations of secondary spectrophotometric standards in the wavelength range between 5840 and 10800 A (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Twenty-three stars that are suitable for use as secondary spectrophotometric standards are compared with Alpha Lyrae in the wavelength range between 5840 A and 1.1 microns. The consistency of the present data with previously existing measurements is discussed, along with the reliability of the present data. It is found that there is good agreement with previous data in some cases, but moderate or substantial discrepancies are exhibited in others. It is suggested that extinction variation is the most probable cause of the discrepancies, and observational procedures that may improve the situation with regard to the discrepancies are proposed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astronomical Journal; 84; Jan. 197
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  • 98
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    Development of a portable, high-energy radiographic source (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A two-year program has been undertaken to develop a portable high-energy (3-4 MeV) radiographic system for in-service and repair inspections of components at nuclear power stations. The basic design concept uses a lightweight portable linear accelerator. This paper describes the design objectives, concepts employed, and progress to date. Specific potential applications and accompanying radiographic techniques are discussed, along with novel beam-angulation devices that permit utilization in areas of highly restricted access.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Broadband electrostatic acoustic transducer for ultrasonic measurements in liquids (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A broadband capacitive electrostatic acoustic transducer (ESAT) has been developed for use in a liquid environment at megahertz frequencies. The ESAT basically consists of a thin conductive membrane stretched over a metallic housing. The membrane functions as the ground plate of a parallel plate capacitor, the other plate being a dc biased electrode recessed approximately 10 microns from the electrically grounded membrane. An ultrasonic wave incident on the membrane varies the membrane-electrode gap spacing and generates an electrical signal proportional to the wave amplitude. The entire assembly is sealed for immersion in a liquid environment. Calibration of the ESAT with incident ultrasonic waves of constant displacement amplitude from 1 to 15 MHz reveals a decrease in signal response with increasing frequency independent of membrane tension. The use of the ESAT as a broadband ultrasonic transducer in liquids with a predictable frequency response is promising.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Jan. 197
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  • 100
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    X-ray spectra of X Persei (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The GSFC cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO 8 observed X Per for 20 days during two observations in 1976 February and 1977 February. The spectrum of X Per varies in phase with its 13.9 minute period, hardening significantly at X-ray minimum. Unlike other X-ray binary pulsar spectra, those of X Per do not exhibit iron line emission or strong absorption features. Our data show no evidence for a 22 hour periodicity in the X-ray intensity of X Per. These results indicate that the X-ray emission from X Per may be originating from a neutron star in a low-density region far from the optically identified Be star.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONOMY
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 227
    Format: text
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