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  • Articles  (46)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Solanum tuberosum L.
  • Zea mays
  • tomato
  • 1980-1984  (46)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (46)
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  • Articles  (46)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 27 (1984), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; clones ; tuber-slice ; nucleic acid ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Infektion mit einem schwach oder stark aggressiven Stamm des Kartoffel-Spindle-Tuber-Viroids (PSTV), zeigten einige Klone vonSolanum x berthaultii die Entwicklung starker Symptome. Dabei ergaben sich nekrotische Flecken an Petiolen und Haupttrieben, begleitet von Kollabieren der Blätter. Die nekrotischen, eingerollten Blätter trocknen schliesslich aus, brechen jedoch nicht ab oder fallen herunter (Abb. 1). All neu entstehenden Blätter sind im Wachstum reduziert, die ganze Pflanze ist stark gestaucht. Symptome erscheinen nach Inokulation mit Saft aus Blättern, Trieben oder Knollen (Tab. 1). Knollen konnten sowohl durch Abreiben der Schnittflächen der zu untersuchenden Knollen direkt auf Blätter oder durch Abreiben mit einem Extrakt von Nukleinsäure getestet werden (Tab. 1, 2). Rohe Knollen-Extrakt war nicht geeignet für Inokulation, aber rohe Sprossextrakt war ebenso brauchbar wie Knollen-Nukleinsäure (Tab. 1). PSTV-Infektion konnte noch bei Mischung von 31 bis 7 mg infizierten Gewebes mit 1963 bis 1993 mg gesunden Knollengewebes ermittelt werden (Tab. 2). Das Verhältnis von infiziertem zu gesundem Gewebe ist äquivalent mit einer infizierten Knollen zu 63 bis 255 gesunden Knollen oder einem Verdünnungsfaktor von 64 zu 256. Bei Verwendung vonS. x berthaultii konnte PSTV von Knollen ermittelt werden, die von Kartoffelpflanzen abstammten, welche mit stark verdünntem PSTV-Inokulat behandelt worden waren (Tab. 3); es ist also möglich, PSTV an im laufenden Jahr infizierten Kartoffelpflanzen zu entdecken. In einer Untersuchung von im Feld aufgewachsenen PSTV-verdächtiger Knollen, konnte PSTV sowohl bei Knolleninfektion mit mild als auch stark aggressiven Stämmen ermittelt werden (Tab. 4). S. x berthaultii kann leicht bei Herstellung von Stengelabschnitten verbreitet werden. Ein Klon (Klon 26), der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelt wurde und einheitlich in Wachstum und seiner Reaktion gegen PSTV ist, sollte für den PSTV-Test verwendet werden. Diese Arbeit vermittelt ausserdem eine Methode zur Entwicklung weiterer PSTV-sensitiver Klone mitS. x berthaultii-Anteil, wenn Pflanzenquarantäne-Regulierungen den Import fremderSolanum-Arten verbieten.
    Abstract: Résumé Certains clônes deS. x berthaultii ont donné des symptômes graves après contamination par souches peu ou très agressives du viroïde en fuseau de la pomme de terre. Les symptômes se manifestent par des taches nécrotiques sur les pétioles et les tiges principales, avec un affaissement du feuillage. Les feuilles nécrosées et enroulées peuvent éventuellement se dessècher, mais elle restent attachées à la plante (fig. 1). La croissance de quelques jeunes feuilles est ralentie et la plante entière reste très chétive. Les symptômes apparaîssent après inoculation de jus obtenu à partir des feuilles, des germes ou des tubercules de pomme de terre (tableau 1). Les tubercules douteux pourraient être testés soit par frottis des surfaces coupées directement sur les feuilles soit par frottis avec un extrait d'acides nucléiques (tableaux 1, 2). L'extrait brut de tubercules ne donne pas entière satisfaction, alors que l'extrait de germes permet d'obtenir d'aussi bons résultats que l'extrait d'acides nucléiques provenant de tubercule (tableau 1). L'infection du viroïde en fuseau dans les tubercules peut être décelée pour des quantités faibles allant de 31 à 7 mg de tissu infecté et mélangé à une quantité allant de 1969 à 1993 mg de tissu de tubercules sains (tableau 2). Le rapport tissue infecté sur tissue sain équivaut à 1 tubercule infecté dans un lot de 63 à 255 tubercules sains, soit un facteur de dilution de 64 à 256. Le viroïde en fuseau a été détecté en utilisantS. x berthaultii à partir de tubercules provenant de plants infectés par un inoculum du viroïde très dilué (tableau 3). Mais il est préférable de le déceler dans la même année sur plantes contaminées. Au cours d'un contrôle d'essai de plein champ réalisé sur tubercules douteux, le viroïde en fuseau a été décelé sur des tubercules contaminés par des souches peu ou très virulentes (tableau 4). S. x berthaultii se multiplie facilement par boutures et un clône (clône 26) expérimenté dans cette étude a montré une croissance régulière et une réaction uniforme au viroïde en fuseau; il peut être ainsi utilisé pour tester le viroïde en fuseau de la pomme de terre. Cette étude peut servir également à rechercher d'autres clônes sensibles au viroïde et issus deS. x berthaultii, supprimant ainsi l'importation d'espèces étrangères deSolanum soumises à une mise en quarantaine.
    Notes: Summary When infected with mild and severe strains of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV), some clones ofSolanum × berthaultii developed severe symptoms, consisting of necrotic spotting of petioles and main stems and of leaf collapse. The necrotic, rolled leaves eventually dried and remained attached to the stem, any new leaves were small and the plant was severely stunted. Symptoms developed after inoculation with sap from potato foliage, sprouts, or tubers. Tubers could be indexed immediately after harvest or after storage. Single tubers could be tested by rubbing onto leaves ofS. × berthaultii either the cut surfaces of the suspect tuber directly or an extract of nucleic acid. Crude tuber extract proved unsatisfactory for inoculation. PSTV infection could be detected from as little as 31 to 7 mg of infected tuber tissue mixed with 1969 to 1993 mg of healthy tuber tissue (at a dilution factor of 64 to 256).
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; temperature ; leaf area ; epidermal cells ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was carried out into the genotypic variation in the response to temperature of leaf area in tomatoes. Differences between genotypes in the response of the area of a leaf to contrasting temperature regimes were found, and this was due to variation in the number of epidermal cells. The epidermal cell size showed little response to temperature. The results are discussed in relation to the potential for selection for improved leaf area and the development of a rapid screening test for cold tolerance.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; temperature ; leaf area ; leaf initiation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genotypic variation in the response to temperature of the rate of leaf production is reported. Leaf production was measured as the rate of successive leaves passing a specific length and by dissecting plants to obtain the rate of leaf initiation. These results together with the results of leaf size from the previous paper. are compared to the effect of temperature on the total leaf area. The use of information from these experiments in selecting for increased leaf area at low temperature is discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; 2-tridecadone ; insect resistance ; breeding ; isozyme markers ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The levels of the naturally occurring insecticide 2-tridecadone (2TD) were measured in leaves of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, L. esculentum, the interspecific F1 hybrid, the F2 and backeross generations. The wild species contains 50 times more 2TD than the cultivated tomato and the frequency distribution of the substance indicates that there is dominance for low levels of the compound. The genotype of F2 plants was determined with respect to 6 codominant isozyme markers and 4 dominant/recessive markers. Significant associations were detected between 5 of the marker genes and the level of 2TD. We interpret these results as implying linkage between marker genes and genes that control the level of 2TD. The behavior of the gene for the determinant growth habit of the plants suggests that it has a pleiotropic effect on the level of 2TD.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Annual ryegrass ; Lolium rigidum ; Maize Penetrometer resistance32P33P ; Phosphorus uptake ; Soil aeration ; Soil compaction ; Root growth ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Zea mays L. andLolium rigidum Gaud. were grown for 18 and 33 days respectively in pots containing three layers of soil each weighing 1 kg. The top and bottom layers were 100 mm deep and they had a bulk density of 1200 kg m−3, while the central layer of soil was compacted to one of 12 bulk densities between 1200 and 1750 kg m−3. The soil was labelled with32P and33P so that the contribution of the different layers of soil to the phosphorus content of the plant tops could be determined. Soil water potential was maintained between −20 and −100 kPa. Total dry weight of the plant tops and total root length were slightly affected by compaction of the soil, but root distribution was greatly altered. Compaction decreased root length in the compacted soil but increased root length in the overlying soil. Where bulk density was 1550 kg m−3, root length in the compacted soil was about 0.5 of the maximum. At that density, the penetrometer resistance of the soil was 1.25 and 5.0 MPa and air porosity was 0.05 and 0.14 at water potentials of −20 and −100 kPa respectively, and daytime oxygen concentrations in the soil atmosphere at time of harvest were about 0.1 m3m−3. Roots failed to grow completely through the compacted layer of soil at bulk densities ≥ 1550 kg m−3. No differences were detected in the abilities of the two species to penetrate compacted soil. Ryegrass absorbed about twice as much phosphorus from uncompacted soil per unit length of root as did maize. Uptake of phosphorus from each layer of soil was related to the length of root in that layer, but differences in uptake between layers existed. Phosphorus uptake per unit length of root was higher from compacted than from uncompacted soil, particularly in the case of ryegrass at bulk densities of 1300–1500 kg m−3.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; natural selection ; cold tolerance ; density tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Data of planting and plant density are two cultural practices influencing grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Our study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of a mass selection scheme to improve cold and density tolerance of the BS2 and BS3 maize populations. Populations were planted at an early planting date and a high plant density, and three cycles of mass selection for well-filled ears on erect plants were conducted at earch of three Corn Belt locations (i.e., Waseca, MN; Ames, IA; Portageville, MO). Results showed that selection improved cold tolerance traits of BS3, but not of BS2. Mass selection did not increase density tolerance of either population at any location. Selection did not improve response to planting dates, although the early planting date did improve agronomic performance and grain yield of all entries. We concluded that mass selection at high plant densities and early planting dates at diverse geographical locations did not produce cycles adapted to specific environmental conditions.
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  • 7
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 577-582 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; anthocyanin ; aleurone pigmentation ; diallel cross ; maternal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two sets of diallel crosses and a study using the cultivar Cudu were conducted to determine the extent to which the expression of the R-nj allele for purple aleurone pigmentation was influenced by the color level of the pollen parent, planting date, and the maternal genotype. Neither planting date nor color level of the pollen parent substantially modified relative color expression among hybrids. Maternal parent genotype primarily determined color expression. The data indicated that R-nj color differences did not differ among reciprocal crosses used as female parents. Expression of R-nj appeared to be modified by many loci.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; pollen ; in vitro pollen germination ; plant growth ; low temperature breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In vitro pollen germination at 10°C, 14°C and 22°C of four groups of two pure line tomato varieties was compared with their plant growth at 19°C D/10°C N under controlled environmental conditions. Generally, pollen germination was slow at 10°C but after 6 h the percentage of germination was similar to that at 22°C. Maximum germination was obtained at 14°C already after 4 h. The longest pollen tubes occurred at 22°C. The two varieties within each group differed significantly from each other for percentage of pollen germination. For one group, this difference was greater at 10°C than at 22°C. The varieties in two groups also differed significantly for pollen tube growth. These differences in pollen tube growth rate were greater at 22°C than at 10°C. There was no clear relationship between pollen germination, pollen tube growth and plant growth in any of the four pairs of varieties. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility of pollen selection at low temperature in order to improve the efficiency of breeding for growth at low temperature.
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  • 9
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    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 609-622 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; sweet corn ; vegetable breeding ; sorbitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Endosperm sugars and sorbitol were determined on 18 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) populations from a breeding program undertaken to transfer the sugary enhacer (se) gene into diverse sugary (su) backgrounds. Three subpopulations of IL677a, the source of se, and six su Se inbreds were included for comparison. Mature dry kernels of between two and four successive generations of these populations were analyzed. Immature kernels at two developmental stages (21 and 35 days after pollination) were also analyzed for one generation. Eleven of the breeding populations closely resemble IL677a, with high sucrose at the edible stage (21 days after pollination) and maltose accumulating as the seeds matured. In most instances, the distinctive sugar profiles were observed consistently in dry seeds of various generations. Hence, it appears that the se trait can be transferred successfully into su cultivars having various genetic backgrounds. The remaining seven breeding populations possessed elevated sucrose and glucose compared to most of the standard su Se inbreds, but maltose did not accumulate during seed maturation. It is not clear whether se was transferred to these populations and its expression modified or whether another trait was responsible. There were also marked differences in glucose levels among the su Se populations examined.
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  • 10
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    Plant growth regulation 2 (1984), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; mutants ; root growth ; ethylene ; gravitropism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots of tomato seedlings can be induced to coil by treatment with ethylene. The extent of coiling is dependent on the level of ethylene to which the seedlings are exposed and can be prevented by the incorporation of Ag ions into the growing medium. In contrast to all other tomato mutants examined, roots of the mutant diageotropica do not reorientate their growth in response to ethylene. The results of an agar penetration test indicate that roots of this mutant are agravitropic. The relationship between gravitropism and root coiling, and the origin of the ethylene modified growth pattern is discussed.
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  • 11
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    Plant growth regulation 2 (1984), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Assimilate partitioning ; sink ; growth regulator ; tomato ; fruiting plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato is a potentially high-yield crop with a harvest index of about 65%. During fruiting, fruit growth accounts for 80 to 90% of the plant fresh weight gain and fruits are therefore the strongest sinks for assimilate. At initiation, an inflorescence is a weak sink in comparison with apical shoots. When assimilate supply is inadequate, the inflorescence has a reduced level of endogenous cytokinin and the degree of abortion is inversely related to the activity of sucrose hydrolase. Application of cytokinin plus gibberellins to the inflorescence increases its capacity to attract assimilate at the expense of apical shoots. At fruit set, cell division is activated and the ovary starts to accumulate reducing sugars and starch. Both the final cell number and the potential cell size are determined in the first two weeks and may be related to the levels of cytokinin and auxin. At the early stage of rapid growth a fruit accumulates imported assimilates, mainly in the forms of hexoses and starch. The rate of starch accumulation increases with the absolute fruit growth rate and affects the final soluble solids content of a fruit. The change in the fruit growth rate during fruit development does not coincide with the changes in the endogenous hormone levels of the fruit. A fruit competes for assimilate with others mainly in the same truss.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Armeria ecotypes ; Armeria maritima ; Maize ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mannose ; Phosphate ; Sodium ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experimental assessment of differences between cultivars of crop species or ecotypes of wild species from different localities in their capacities for ion absorption and transport is made difficult by the problem of obtaining seed material of comparable ionic content. When young seedlings are used this problem is particularly acute if the seeds of the different cultivars have not been raised under identical soil conditions. Propagation of material from ecotypes under controlled conditions is one approach to the solution of this problem. Six maize cultivars have been selected for similarity of phosphate content and the capacity for phosphate absorption from 5 μM KH2PO4 has been shown to vary by threefold whereas the proportion of the accumulated phosphate that reaches the shoot differs by much less. This level of phosphate supply approached that likely to induce deficiency and when the concentration is reduced to 1 μM differences in transport capacity of up to fourfold were observed when the rate of arrival at the tip of the first leaf was continuously monitored. The rapidity with which the transport is shut off by adding 1 mM D(+) mannose to the root environment also varies significantly indicating that sizeable differences in either the accumulation of mannose or the activity of phosphomannoisomerase exist in these cultivars. Ecotypes ofArmeria maritima collected from three sites, inland serpentine, inland mine dumps and coastal salt marsh were maintained as stock plants on the same peat mixture. Samples taken from these stocks were raised on a standard culture solution to provide genetically different material grown under constant conditions. The capacities for ion uptake were shown to differ very considerably and these differences were accentuated when the plants were grown in a range of concentrations of MgSO4, NaCl and MnSO4. The absorption of phosphate and its incorporation into nucleic acids were increased temporarily in the presence of 50 mM MgSO4 but the pattern of these changes was different in the three ecotypes. The absorption of Na, Cl, and Rb was measured after treatment with a range of concentrations of NaCl and the effect of treatment with MnSO4 on subsequent absorption of Mn and SO4 was also measured. The coastal plants were significantly more efficient in their absorption of these ions when treated at the lower levels of NaCl (0.5 and 10.0 mM). The short term absorption rates were not reflected in the overall accumulation of sodium over periods of 10 weeks and the coastal plants appeared to reduce the root content of sodium by transfer to the shoot and by increased active pumping to the exterior.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; germination ; low temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two collections of inbred lines were divided into early (E), medium (M) and late (L) germinating lines, on the basis of days to germination under growth-cabinet conditions at 8°C and 6°C constant temperatures. Tolerance of low temperatures was found to be an heritable trait and characteristic of each inbred line. When the inbreds and F1s were tested at 6°C the single crosses of early germinating lines showed earlier germination than crosses between slow germinating lines. Thus the performance of F1s greatly depends on the parental lines used in the crosses. Differences observed in some of the reciprocal crosses were attributed to maternal effects.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; inheritance ; plant vigour ; seed size ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Among cultivars of tomato important heritable differences for seed size occur. The inheritance of this character appears to be determined predominantly by maternal factors. Seed size is also influenced by environmental factors, such as mode of pollination and competition between fruits within and between trusses. Large seeds germinate earlier than small seeds, may produce larger cotyledons and more vigorous and earlier yielding plants, but generally the effect of seed size on growth is relatively small or absent. Therefore breeding large seeded tomato cultivars to hasten and improve production does not seem to open prospects.
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  • 15
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 839-843 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; aleurone ; anthocyanin ; correlated response ; endosperm ; kernel growth ; mass selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain-fill rates and durations were estimated for three early maize (Zea mays L.) strains developed by mass selection for variable R-nj aleurone color expression. Strains selected for high, random, and low color expression were evaluated for rate of dry matter accumulation (RDMA), effective filling period duration (EFPD), and lag period duration (LPD). Strains from cycles 3 and 4 were grown in 1980 and 1981, respectively, to test the hypothesis that selection for variable R-nj expression had changed rate and/or duration of grain-fill. Results indicated that while selection for high R-nj expression increased RDMA and decreased EFPD, low color selection reduced RDMA and increased EFPD. LPD was increased slightly by high color selection. The relationships of these characteristics to previously observed yield, stability, and ear moisture differences among these strains are discussed.
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  • 16
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Geotropism ; Maize ; Roots ; Soil aeration ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Earlier reports suggest that the orientation of larger roots of maize is to some extent determined by the soil environment, especially water content and texture. Experiments were performed to determine the direct effect of soil water potential, macronutrient concentration, and concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethylene and nitrous oxide on the plagiotropic orientation of maize radicles. Only carbon dioxide produced a large change, causing roots to orient less vertically downward. However, the concentration necessary to produce a large effect on root angle is greater than theoretical or observed values for aerobic soils. It is concluded that the radicle orientation of maize is not significantly influenced by chemical or atmospheric stimuli under field conditions, and that variations observed must be attributable to the effects of soil temperature16 or the effects of soil mechanical properties.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize germination ; weighted least squares procedure ; additive-dominance effect ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some Cambridge and some USA inbred lines were used to determine the type of gene action involved in the germination of seeds at fluctuating temperatures. The Cavalli (1952) weighted least squares procedure was used to analyze the means of the parental, F1, F2 and the two backcross generations ie. B1 and B2. The additive-dominace model was found to be adequate for the Cambridge material, but was inadequate for several crosses involving the USA material, thus indicating the presence of G x E interaction or epistasis, with or without linkage. Overall, however, the parental lines used and the populations derived from them showed sufficient additive genetic variability to justify an effective selection programme.
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  • 18
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 845-855 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; flavor ; sensory evaluation ; soluble solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Advanced high sugar and acid breeding lines of tomatoes (Lycopersion esculentum Mill.) were rated higher in sweetness, sourness and overall flavor intensity than the standard cultivars Cal Ace or T3. Titratable acidity and soluble solids content were major contributors to differences in overall flavor intensity. The results demonstrate that significant improvement in tomato flavor can be attained by increasing sugar and acid contents in tomato fruits by genetic manipulation. Current evidence indicates that breeding for high soluble solids in horticulturally acceptable tomato cultivars is justified.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; Phytophthora nicotianae var.nicotianae ; foot and root rot ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Different levels of resistance to foot and root rot caused by P. nicotianae var. nicotianae were found, with the highest level in four American lines. The resistance of these lines depends on one incompletely dominant major gene.
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  • 20
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    Potato research 25 (1982), S. 329-342 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; photosynthetic efficiency ; water-stress ; crop growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1979 und 1980 wurde die Lichtaufnahme der photosynthetisch aktiven Strahlung (PAR) im Bereich von 400–700 nm in Kartoffelbeständen im Vereinigten Königreich gemessen. Die meteorologischen Daten zeigten, dass der Niederschlag in den Jahren sehr unterschiedlich war (Abb. 2); 1979 war überwiegend trocken, vor allem in der späteren Vegetationszeit, während 1980 allgemein ein nasses Jahr war. Die Lichtaufnahme stieg linear mit dem zunehmenden Blattflächenindex (L) bis zu L=2,25 an (wobei rund 73% der einfallenden Strahlung aufgenommen wurde) und über L=2,25 nahm die Lichtaufnahme mit einer abnehmenden Rate bis zu L=4,0 zu, wobei rund 95% der einfallenden Strahlung aufgenommen wurden (Abb. 3). Die Gleichung IL=IoekL gilt für 92% der Varianz in der Beziehung zwischen Lichtaufnahme und Blattflächenindex (L), wobei IL=Strahlung auf einer horizontalen Fläche unter einem Blattflächenindex von L und k (Lichtextinktionskoeffizient)=0,335+0,151(L)−0,0129(L)2. Wenn die Konstante k (=0,72) verwendet wurde (Abb. 3) entsprach die Varianz für das ausgewählte Modell 88%. Zwischen dem Gesamttrockengewicht (TDW) und der PAR, die aufgenommen wurde, bestand in beiden Jahren ein signifikantes lineares Verhältnis. Abb. 4 zeigt die Daten für 1980. Durch den Nullpunkt geführt ergibt sich ein TDW=3,42 (PAR) und 2,49 (PAR) für 1980 bzw. 1979, das bedeutet, dass die Umwandlung von Lichtenergie in Trockensubstanz ohne ersichtlichen Wassermangel 1980 wirkungsvoller war. Abb. 5 zeigt die photosynthetische Wirksamkeit (g Trockengewicht MJl PAR) während der Vegetationszeiten zusammen mit den Änderungen im Blattflächenindex L. Die Wachstumsrate des Bestandes stand 1980 in einem linearen Verhältnis zu der von den Blättern aufgenommenen PAR, während sich für 1979, wo der Bestand stark unter Trockenheit litt, eine Abweichung ergab (Abb. 6). Obwohl während der beiden Jahre die photosynthetische Wirksamkeit (g Knollentrockengewicht MJl PAR, aufgenommen während der gesamten Vegetationszeit) für das Knollengewicht unterschiedlich war: Knollentrockengewicht=1,97 (PAR) und 2,37 (PAR) für 1979 bzw. 1980, zeigen die Daten, dass ein gesteigertes Wachstum entsprechend einer höheren Lichtaufnahme zu höheren Knollenerträgen führt, unabhängig von einer Reihe ackerbaulicher Massnahmen.
    Abstract: Résumé L'interception des radiations actives pour la photosynthèse (PAR), dans des longueurs d'onde de 400 à 700 nm, est mesurée durant très différente les deux années; 1979 fut particulièrement sec, surtout en fin de saison, alors que 1980 fut une année humide. La quantité de lumière interceptée, augmente linéairement avec l'index de surface foliaire (leaf area index) jusqu'à une valeur de L=4,25 (correspondant à 73% de radiations interceptées) et pour des valeurs supérieures, l'interception augmente à une vitesse décroissante jusqu'à L=4,0 correspondant à 95% de radiations captées (fig. 3). La relation IL=IoekL interpréte 92% de la variation dans la liaison entre la lumière interceptée et l'index de surface foliaire (L), où IL est le rayonnement atteignant un plan horizontal situé sous un index foliaire L et K (coefficient d'extinction lumineuse)=0,335+0,151(L) −0,0129(L)2. Si on fixe k à 0,72 (fig. 3), la part de variation expliquée par le modèle est de 88%. Une relation linéaire significative entre la matière sèche totale (TDW) cumulée et le PAR intercepté cumulé, a été établie pour les deux années et les données de 1980 sont portées dans la figure 4. Si on fait passer la régression par l'origine, on écrira pour 1979: TDW=2,49× deux années, 1979 et 1980, dans des cultures de pomme de terre du Royaume-Uni. Selon les données météorologiques, la pluviométrie fut et pour 1980: TDW=3,42×PAR. Ces relations indiquent que la conversion de lumière en matière sèche a été plus efficace en 1980 en l'absence de déficit hydrique. L'efficacité de la conversion photosynthétique (g de matière sèche/PAR intercepté) au cours de la saison, est indiquée avec les variations de L dans la figure 5. La vitesse de croissance de la culture est liée linéairement au PAR capté par la végétation en 1980, alors que cette liaison s'écarte de la linéarité en 1979, lorsque la culture est affectée par la sécheresse (fig. 6). Bien que l'efficacité de la conversion photosynthétique (g de poids sec de tubercule/PAR captée durant toute la saison) pour le poids de tubercules soit légèrement différente pour les deux années (en 1979 elle est égale à 2,37 (PAR), en 1980 elle est égale à 1,97 (PAR)). Les données indiquent que l'augmentation de la croissance de la récolte totale, expliquée par l'augmentation de la lumière captée, résultent également du rendement de plus en plus grand des tubercules (fig. 7), sur une série de traitements agronomiques.
    Notes: Summary Light interception in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range (400 700 nm) was measured over two years in potato crop canopies. Light interception increased linearly with increasing leaf area index (L) up to values of 2.25, light interception increased at a decreasing rate until L=4.0 was attained when around 95% of the incoming radiation was intercepted. The equation Il=Ioekl accounted for 92% of the variance in the relationship between light interception and L, where Il is the irradiance on a horizontal plane below a leaf area index of L., and k (light extinction co-efficient)=0.335+0.151 (L) 0.0129 (L)2. Crop growth rate was found to be linearly related to the PAR intercepted by the canopy in 1980, in the absence of any apparent water-stress. The photosynthetic conversion efficiency of the canopy (g dry weight MJi PAR intercepted) was 3.42 and 2.49 for 1980 and 1979, respectively. Tuber yields were also found to be linearly related to PAR intercepted by the canopy over the whole season.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Aspergillus flavus ; Zea mays ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Mycotoxins ; Naturally-occurring toxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction was studied among: 1) developing maize kernels (Zea mays L.); 2) European Corn Borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner); 3) and three fungal species,Aspergillus flavus Lk. ex Fr.,Penicillium oxalcium Currie and Thom, andFusarium moniliforme Sheld. Two hybrids with varying degrees of resistance to ECB stalk damage were grown in Iowa, Georgia, and Missouri in 1980. One-half of the plots were hand-infested with ECB egg masses. Fungal spores of individual isolates or combinations of the three species were introduced into the silk channels of developing ears in designated plots. ECB larvae were subsequently collected from developing ears. A higher incidence ofA. flavus group isolates was observed in ECB larvae collected from ears that had been inoculated withA. flavus than from insects collected from control ears. Although the resistant hybrid exhibited reduced ECB stalk damage compared with the susceptible variety, no consistent pattern of hybrid effect on the association betweenA. flavus and ECB was observed at all three locations. Differences in aflatoxin B1 levels in mature kernels from the three locations ranged from 8 ppb in Iowa samples to 419 ppb in Missouri kernels. Conditions during crop development at the Missouri location were particularly conducive to elevated presence ofA. flavus propagules in ECB larvae, increased ECB-mediated stalk damage, and greater toxin concentration in mature kernels.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Potassium ; Phosphorus ; Yields of grain stover ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field trials were conducted during theKharif seasons of 1979 and 1980 to examine the effect of the nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzotobacter chroococcum (isolate M4) on yields of maize and N-economy. Different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure (FYM) were supplied to assess their interaction with Azotobacter inoculation. Seed inoculation without fertilization raised grain and stover yields significantly. FYM coupled with inoculation gave higher yields than either could singly. The financial gain due to an increase in grain yield upon applying per ha 80 kg N, 10×103 kg FYM and Azotobacter over the treatment 40N + FYM + Azotobacter was offset by the cost of the additional N; thus, the higher N-application was not economical. Azotobacter inoculation was economically most efficient at lower doses of fertilizer nitrogen which not only increased yields but resulted in a saving of fertilizer N when applied in combination with FYM.
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Zea mays ; Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Total nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The economic feasibility of using cultures of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in programmes to increase crop production, as a selfgenerating source of nitrogen, has been proved beyond doubtviz. Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and blue green algal ‘fertilizer’ for rice. The extent to which the free living, N-fixing, aerobic, heterotropicAzotobacter chroococcum could replace the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to maize was investigatedin vivo. Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha−1) by maize after inoculation with Azotobacter combined with moderate applications of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure was influenced significantly and resulted in a higher nitrogen concentration in grain and stover along with a higher yield.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Corn ; Root activity ; Shoot activity ; Shoot-root ratio ; Sub-soiling ; Water stress ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soil, as a medium for plant growth, not only affects the development and activity of roots directly but it also affects the growth and yield of the above-ground parts by modifying the function of the roots. This investigation, conducted in a controlled environment chamber, however, suggests that more complicated responses to shoot-root development may occur when soil moisture characteristics are altered during wet and dry years by disturbing the compact sub-soil. Furthermore, the pattern of shoot-root development, as affected by compaction and water stress, differs in shallow-rooted and deep-rooted crops like corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) respectively. For example, at 15 cm depth of both the compact and loose soils, water matric potential values were higher for alfalfa as compared to corn, irrespective of the wet or dry year. The drier condition in the surface soil planted to corn was attributable to the higher transpiration of corn plants. On the other hand, as indicated by the water matric potential figures, the soil at a depth of 60 cm had a higher moisture content for corn than for alfalfa.
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dioscorea rotundata ; Ipomea batata ; Intercropping ; Manihot esculenta ; Root growth ; Soil columns ; Tropical crops ; Vigna unguiculata ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root system of maize, cowpea, maize and cowpea inter-cropped, cassava, yam and sweet potato were investigated in large boxes 240×115×20 cm. One broad side of these boxes was made of a removable transparent plexiglass sheet. The soil was packed in the boxes at a dry bulk density of 1.28 g cm−3. Maize roots penetrated to a depth of 135 cm in 4 weeks and 240 cm in eight weeks after seeding. Total root mass at 4 weeks after seeding was 3.53 and 22.0 g per plant for cowpea and maize, respectively. In eight weeks total root mass of cowpea was 130 g per plant compared with 292 g per plant for maize. The effect of mixed cropping was to increase the total root mass compared with sole crop of maize or cowpea. However, the sum of the root mass of sole maize and cowpea was greater than the total root mass of maize and cowpea grown simultaneously. Among the tuberous crops investigated, cassava has a very deep and prolific root system and sweet potato has a very shallow root system. Results are discussed in terms of agronomic implications towards spacing, optimum plant population, and tillage practices.
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    Plant growth regulation 1 (1982), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: triacontanol ; growth regulator ; plant yield ; tomato ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Triacontanol applied to tomato plants as a foliar spray caused a significant increase in total yield and yield per plant. When triacontantol was added to the growth medium, only a temporary increase in yield and number of fruits was observed. The yield of maize was unaffected by triacontanol, either applied to the leaves or to the growth substrate. These results support an earlier observation that a reduction in photorespiration is involved in the regulatory function of triacontanol, since only the yield of tomato, a C3 plant, was increased. The application method was an important factor in it's effectiveness.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersion esculentum ; tomato ; genetics ; herbicide ; phytotoxicity ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of tolerance in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to metribuzin 4-amino-6-tert- butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one herbicide was investigated. A biossay using a nutrient solution culture in controlled environment growth cabinets was used to evaluate progeny from tolerant by susceptible tomato cultivar crosses for response to metribuzin. ‘Fireball’ and ‘Vision’ were used as tolerant cultivars and ‘Heinz 1706’ as a susceptible cultivar. Parental, F1, F2, and some backcross generations were studied. Visual phytotoxicity, seedling height, and seedling dry weight were recorded. The bioassay was effective for classification of the segregating generations. F2, and progeny variance analysis suggested that the inheritance of tolerance to metribuzin was controlled by one major gene with modifiers. Heritability values of 0.58 to 0.72 indicated a potential for cultivar improvement through plant breeding.
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 269-279 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; Bipolaris maydis ; Colletotrichum graminicola ; quantitative disease resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten inbred lines from the open-pollinated maize variety Jarvis were selected from 51 randomly collected lines to represent a wide range of susceptibility to one isolate each of Bipolaris maydis or Colletotrichum graminicola. Ten isolates of each pathogen were selected for a range of virulence on a maize line with average resistance. Resistance and virulence ratings were based on lengths of lesions that developed on leaves of greenhouse-grown seedlings inoculated with 5 μl droplets of suspensions of known spore concentrations. For each disease the ten maize lines were inoculated in all possible combinations with the ten pathogen isolates. The experiment was run six times with each pathogen. Analysis of variance for individual trials indicated a significant interaction between maize lines and B. maydis isolates in all six trials and between maize lines and C. graminicola isolates in four of six trials. For both diseases. the combined analysis over all six trials revealed no significant interaction. Apparently the expression of specificity in these host-pathogen interactions is variable.
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  • 29
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 869-883 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; low temperature germination ; survival analysis ; high altitude ecotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Low temperature germination responses were evaluated for 18 high altitude accessions representing five wild Lycopersicon species and 19 accessions of L. esculentum which have reputed ability to germinate in the cold. Survival analysis indicated that one accession of L. chilense germinates better at 10°C than PI 120256, the fastest-germinating L. esculentum genotype, and that PI 120256 germinates as well as PI 126435 (L. peruvianum). Additional wild ecotypes exhibiting rapid germination at 10°C were identified from L. peruvianum and L. hirsutum. These ecotypes may possess genetic potential for introgressing cold germination ability into L. esculentum cultivars.
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 981-989 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; Didymella lycopersici ; foot- and stemrot ; resistance ; interspecific crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of the resistance to Didymella lycopersici was studied on F3- and Bc1⊗-lines from interspecific crosses of L. esculentum with L. hirsutum and with L. hirsutum glabratum. The resistance is not monogenic and is inherited in dominant fashion. The high h2 values based on line means offer possibilities to seleet efficiently for enhanced levels of resistance.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soils ; Corn ; P ; Zea mays ; Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Positive relationships were observed between Zn and P in the studied calcareous soils and in the corn plants grown thereon. The high content of carbonates in these soils affected greatly the levels of extractable Zn and the Zn−P relationships. In the pot experiment, application of P increased the Zn content of the corn plants and application of Zn increased that of P.
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carboxylate feed-back systems ; Electroneutrality ; Ion absorption ; Ion transport ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 33
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Growth co-ordination in roots ; Seminal roots ; Crown roots ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions The experimental results presented show that within the intact plant growing undisturbed a serious competition exists between various root members. When as a consequence of partial derooting or local inhibitory treatments shoot growth is not affected the remaining root members compensate completely for the reduction elsewhere. Competition for a limited supply of carbohydrates covers most of the observations [1]. However, since it has been shown that with the phloem stream various hormones are transported to the roots, some of which may affect root growth [4, 5], the ultimate solution needs additional experimentation [10]. In case of the differences in the rate of root elongation in nitrogen deficient plants and in plants well-supplied with nitrogen, the higher auxin content in the latter may be responsible for the lower elongation rate [5].
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Root growth ; Root morphology ; Root function ; Phosphate supply ; Mechanical resistance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions The influence of mechanical soil resistance on shoot growth can be explained qualitatively by its influence on root morphology. When relating ion uptake quantitatively to a certain root parameter (length, surface area, weight), availability of nutrients in the different soil layers must be taken into consideration.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soils ; Corn ; P-fertilization ; Zea mays ; Zn-fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment, more than 22% increase in the grain yield of corn was obtained by the application of 50 kg ZnSO4/ha. Grain yields were also increased by increasing the level of applied phosphorus. Positive relationship was obtained between Zn and P, the phosphorus treatment increased Zn uptake by grains and vice versa.
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 601-609 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; combining ability ; grain filling ; moisture content ; path coefficients ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological components of kernel development — LAG period, effective filling period duration (EFPD) and grain filling rate (GFR) — ear moisture release (ΔU), ear size (row number and kernels per row), days from emergence to silking and number of leaves, were examinated on 45 F1 hybrids (10×10 diallel cross) in order to study their genetic relationships with yield. Combining ability analysis revealed that all trait variability derived mainly from g.c.a. effects. LAG period and EFPD were the traits most affected by genotype-environment interaction. Covariation analysis (path method) based on mean phenotypic values and on g.c.a. effects yielded similar information. It is shown that GFR and EFPD are both related to plant yield, but GFR made the most important contribution. On the contrary, a significant relationship between yield and LAG was not detected. Ear size components were also positively related to yield and had negative effects on GFR. These results indicate that, for our material, the dry matter accumulation rate is the main limiting factor of yield. Considering s.c.a. effects, kernel number per row made the most important contribution.
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  • 37
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 611-618 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; index selection ; recurrent selection ; genotypic correlation ; phenotypic correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were examined for four traits in seven populations of maize (Zea mays L.) undergoing recurrent selection. Correlations among grain yield and percentage of grain moisture, root lodging, and stalk lodging were low (|r|〈0.3) except for the correlation between grain yield and stalk lodging, which was high and negative. The phenotypic and genotypic correlations agreed well from cycle to cycle within populations. Variation of correlations among populations was not significantly larger than variation among cycles. Heritabilities of these traits generally were high (h2〉0.5). Two indices, one that used heritabilities as index weights and one that used relative economic weights (base index) as index weights, were compared with the Smith-Hazel index (optimim index). Relative efficiencies of the two indices, in terms of predicted gains for the individual traits and the composite trait, compared with the Smith-Hazel index, were high. The use of an index in which heritabilities were used as index weights was recommended because:1) the heritabilities were the same as the optimum weights when the traits were uncorrelated, and for the data examined the correlations were low; and 2) heritabilities were computed in routine data analyses and were available at no additional cost.
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 223-225 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; ripening mutant ; alcobaca ; shell life ; pigmentation ; pectolytic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alcobaca, an abnormally ripening tomato mutant, was crossed with the normal cultivar Rutgers. Examination of F1, F2 and BC1 populations indicated that a single recessive gene controls the mutant phenotype. No maternal effect was detected.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; low temperature emergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selected races, populations and genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) from regions where maize is sown under cool conditions were evaluated in controlled-environment rooms for time to seedling emergence and percentage emergence at low temperatures. The objective of the study was to identify populations with the ability to emerge more rapidly and more reliably than Cornbelt Dent, the race most widely used to produce cultivars for temperate regions. Several populations emerged markedly faster and more reliably than Cornbelt Dent populations. All of these populations contained germplasm of highland Mexican origin, except for Gaspé Flint, and the fastest population in each experiment always contained a high proportion of germplasm from the Cónico race. The advantage of populations containing Cónico germplasm was greatest in environments where emergence was slowest.
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    European journal of plant pathology 87 (1981), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: mono-cropping ; mixed cropping ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; bean ; Zea mays ; maize ; bean diseases ; Pseudomonas phaseolicola ; halo blight ; bean common mosaic virus ; Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ; anthracnose ; Xanthomonas phaseoli ; common blight ; Elsinoe phaseoli ; scab ; Phoma exigua var. diversispora ; black node disease ; Erysiphe polygoni ; powdery mildew ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ; white mold ; Phaeoisariopsis griseola ; angular leaf spot ; Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatis ; rust ; bean pests ; Heliothis armigera ; bolworm ; Systates pollinosus ; black beetle ; Aphis fabae ; aphid ; disease score ; pest score ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Bonen in mengteelt met mais vertoonden over het algemeen in vergelijking met bonen in monocultuur minder aantasting door de navolgende ziekten en plagen: vetvlekkenziekte, bonerolmozaïek, vlekkenziekte, gewone vlekkenziekte, schurft, zwarte knopensiekte, meeldauw, peulenboorder en, in mindere mate, veelhoekvlekkenziekte. Het tegenovergestelde was het geval voor sclerotiënrot en de bladrandkeverSystates. Roest en de zwarte bonenluis gedroegen zich wat wisselvallig in dit opzicht. Geconstateerd mag worden, dat door mengteelt met mais een soort teeltkundige behersing van de belangrijkste ziekten en plagen in Kenya wordt bewerkstelligd.
    Notes: Abstract Compared with mono-cultures, beans grown in association with maize showed generally less incidence of the following diseases and pests: halo blight, bean common mosaic, anthracnose, common blight, scab,Phoma, mildew, bolworm and to a lesser extent angular leaf spot. For white mold and the black beetleSystates the opposite was observed. Rust and aphilds were erratic in this respect. Apparently a kind of cultural control of the major bean diseases in Kenya is effected by growing beans in association with maize.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer placement ; plant analysis ; P soil test ; Zea mays ; Triticum vulgare ; residual P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of rate and placement of phosphate and potassium fertilizers was studied using a 4-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), soybeans (Glycine max L.), wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) and hay (later changed to corn). Yields increased with increased P until 22 kg P ha−1 yr−1 was applied. Yields increased with increased K applications to 140 kg K ha−1 yr−1. Broadcast P applications gave high yields than row applications. Crop response to P was affected more by soil P level than by application to the specific crop. Residual effect from K fertilizer applications did not last as long as the residual effect from P application. Soil tests for available P were closely correlated with rate of P application over the 25-year period. Soil tests for P were higher where P was banded where P was broadcast indicating less tie-up of P by the soil where less mixing occurred.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Aspergillus flavus ; Corn ; Fungi Maize ; Mycotoxins ; Naturally-occurring toxins ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aflatoxin contamination of developing corn (Zea mays L.) kernels caused by natural infection byAspergillus flavus Link ex Fries was studied in hybrids developed for the U.S. corn belt and for the southern U.S. and grown at diverse locations in 1977. Planting dates were staggered to examine the effect of crop maturity on infection by the toxin-producing fungus. A broad range of toxin values was observed at harvest; some levels exceeded the highest that had been previously recorded in corn. The highest concentration of aflatoxin B1 detected was 8030 ppb. Levels of toxin differed significantly among planting dates in Florida and Georgia; the second planting date at these locations contained the highest toxin levels. Elevated concentrations of toxin were characteristic of kernel samples from southern locations and southeast Missouri; at these locations samples from hybrids developed for the south had significantly lower levels of toxin than hybrids developed for the corn belt. Ears with heavy insect damage had higher toxin levels than ears with less evidence of insect attack.
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  • 43
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    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 227-231 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; cytoplasmic inheritance ; extra-chromosomal inheritance ; cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction ; cytoplasmic-genotype effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seeds of the long-time maize (Zea mays L.) inbred CI 21 (Athens) were prepared with the following cytoplasms: GA 199 and GT 112. Each source of cytoplasm as the female parent was corssed to the CI 21 (A) as the pollen parent. The F1, as the female, was backcrossed successively to the CI 21 (A) genotype until the CI 21 (A) nucleus was substituted into each of the cytoplasms. Thus, each cytoplasmic source of seed assumed to have the same nuclear genotype. The cytoplasms were compared in all possible combinations for one year with 10 replications. Among the characters studied, significant differences were obtained for the following: effect of herbicide, reaction to Fusarium sp., silking on a given day, tasseling, plant height, ear height, lodging, number of ears, and yield. These results revealed a favorable interaction of GA 199 cytoplasm with the CI 21 (A) genotype for desirable characters. Apparently, plasmon-sensitive effects caused the unfavorable results. Results from these experiments also provide further support for cytoplasmic effects on agronomic characters in maize.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Heterosis ; stigma ; style ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; hybrid seed ; heterostyly ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A subjective rating scale was used to select tomato inbreds with inserted stigmas (inserted) for crossing with inbreds possessing exserted stigmas (exserted) in a combining a bility study. Six inserted parents were inbred to F5 or F6, but were not stable for stigma position in most cases. The exserted x inserted hybrids were all slightly exserted and it appeared stigma exsertion was incompletely dominant to stigma insertion. No reciprocal cross differences were detected for stigma position indicating the absence of cytoplasmic inheritance. There was no clear relationship between hybrid stigma positions and the level of insertion of the inserted parents. Stigma insertion was more consistently detrimental to fruit set than was stigma exsertion. Hybrids were either heterotic or dominant for yield. The inability to attain hybrids with standard stigma positions by crossing exserted x inserted genotypes could limit fruit-set under some environmental conditions. Furthermore, difficulty in breeding stable inserted lines and the incomplete dominance of exserted over inserted genotypes limits the feasibility of using heterostyly alone for producing reliable hybrids.
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  • 45
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    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 189-197 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; tomato mosaic virus ; TMV resistance ; TMV strains ; systemic hypersensitivity ; systemic necrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There are three known tomato mosaic virus (TMV) resistance factors, Tm-1, Tm-2 and Tm-2 2, in the tomato. Tm-2 2 is currently the most widely utilised in glasshouse cultivars. Both Tm-2 and Tm-22 can induce systemic necroses in response to virus infection. These are considered to be hypersensitive resistance reactions in view of the low virus concentrations in affected plants and because sub-inoculation usually fails to infect all plants possessing the same resistance gene. The literature relating to TMV resistance at the Tm-2 locus in the tomato is reviewed. Virulent strains may readily establish when Tm-1 or Tm-2 are used, but Tm-2 2 confers more effective resistance. The possible development of aggressive isolates capable of affecting Tm-2 2/Tm-22 plants is discussed. The establishment of virus types which cause systemic necrosis at normal growing temperatures is considered more likely than widespread infection from fully virulent strain 22 mutants. However, the growing of crops isolated from the TMV reservoirs in the soil considerably reduces the likelihood of even this occurring.
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  • 46
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    European journal of plant pathology 86 (1980), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Capsicum annuum ; tomato ; Phytophthora capsici ; P. nicotianae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Phytophthora capsici bleek de oorzaak te zijn van een voet-en wortelrot in paprika op twee bedrijven in 1977 in Nederland.P. capsici was pathogeen op paprika, tomaat en soms op aubergine maar niet op tabak ‘Xanthi’.P. nicotianae tastte van deze toetsplanten alleen tomaat aan. Verschillen in symptomen tussenP. nicotianae enP. capsici werden bij tomaat niet waargenomen. Het dompelen van de wortels in eenP. capsici suspensie gaf een ernstiger aantasting dan het begieten van de wortelhals met deze suspensie. Resistentie in tomaat tegenP. nicotianae bleek geen resistentie tegenP. capsici in te houden. P. capsici kan in grond worden aangetoond door groene paprikavruchten als vangsubstraat te gebruiken.P. capsici enP. nicotianae kunnen beide zowel vruchten van tomaat als paprika aantasten. P. capsici overleefde een periode van 15 maan den in vochtige grond waarop geen waardplant werd geteeld.
    Notes: Abstract Phytophthora capsici proved to be the causal agent of a root and crown rot of sweet pepper in the Netherlands.P. capsici was pathogenic on sweet pepper, tomato and sometimes on eggplant but not on tobacco ‘Xanthi’. Of these test plants only tomato was infected byP. nicotianae. No different symptoms in plants infected with eitherP. capsici orP. nicotianae were found. Dipping the roots of tomato and sweet pepper plants in a suspension ofP. capsici resulted in a more severe attack than pouring the suspension on the stem base. Resistance in tomato toP. nicotianae did not include resistance toP. capsici. A method to distinguishP. capsici fromP. nicotianae after isolation from soil is described. Both species were able to infect green fruits of tomato and sweet pepper.p. capsici survived in moist soil in the absence of a host for at least 15 months.
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