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  • Articles  (4,335)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (3,500)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)  (835)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 1980-1984  (4,335)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (4,335)
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  • Articles  (4,335)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of low numbers of leatherjackets on grass yield (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were carried out on seven sites in Fermanagh to investigate the yield loss caused by leatherjackets in grassland. Populations on the sites ranged from 65,000 to 865,000 ha−1 and significant damage was recorded from all sites except the least populated. Greater yield increases were obtained by controlling leatherjackets in September when compared with control in March. Regression models were fitted and it was found that 125,000 leatherjackets ha−1 in March caused a yield loss of 50 kg herbage dry matter (DM) ha−1 by mid-May. Based on these figures the average yield loss to leatherjackets in Northern Ireland, from 1965 to 1982, was 208 kg DM ha−1. Controlling leatherjackets in September, rather than March, increased the potential avoidable yield loss by a factor of 2.72. The average yield loss at first silage cut is therefore 566 kg DM ha−1. On average, 100,000 ha grassland in Northern Ireland may be suffering an annual loss of 1t herbage DM ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01705.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The utilization of sown and indigenous plant species by sheep and goats grazing hill pastures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The utilization of sown and indigenous plant species was studied in three experiments in which plots were stocked with similar live weights of sheep and goats. In the first experiment the animals grazed plots containing 0–5 ha of rush (Juncus effusus)- infested reseeded pasture and 0–5 ha of unimproved blanket bog. The second and third experiments took place on old rush-infested improved pasture; in one experiment two levels of herbage mass of grass were provided while in the other the rushes were cut in spring or remained uncut.The goats grazed the rushes readily in all three experiments. Reduction in herbage mass of grass increased utilization of rushes by goats although these animals still grazed rushes when grass supply was plentiful. Sheep scarcely grazed J. effusus even when hard-pressed by shortage of grass. Both sheep and goats grazed J. acutiflorus.In Experiment I sheep utilized reseeded pasture more heavily than did goats. Sheep grazed similar proportions of the leaves of grass and clover while goats grazed a lower proportion of clover leaves as compared with grass. Among the grasses sheep discriminated in favour of Lolium perenne whereas goats did not. On the blanket bog vegetation, Eriophorum vaginatum and Calluna vulgaris were grazed both earlier in the season and more heavily by goats than by sheep.The relationships between sward structure and grazing height in accounting for differences in species selection by sheep and goats are briefly discussed. The possibility of using goals to control coarse weeds in hill pasture and for strategic grazing to manipulate floristic composition is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01708.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of a rising-plate meter and an electronic capacitance meter for estimating the yield of pastures grazed by dairy cows (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The performances of a rising-plate meter and a single-probe electronic capacitance meter were compared for estimating the herbage mass of irrigated pastures both before and after grazing by dairy cows. Mean CV for the rising plate meter and the single-probe meter were 12.7% and 13.3% respectively when herbage mass was measured before grazing, and 21.8% and 15.4% respectively immediately after grazing. These coefficients of variation indicate that while the performance of the two meters was similar when herbage mass was measured before grazing, the single-probe meter was a more precise instrument for estimating herbage mass after grazing.Trampling of herbage prior to measurement had a major effect on the regressions of both meters; the regression intercept was increased by 2800 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1 for the rising-plate meter and by 2580 kg DM ha−1 for the single-probe meter. The slopes of the graphs, however, remained unchanged.It was concluded that while the single-probe meter performed better than the rising-plate meter for estimating the mass of post-grazing herbage when trampling was negligible, the large effect that trampling had on the post-grazing calibration regressions precluded both instruments from general use in dairy cattle research. This indicates that another technique is required in circumstances in which pastures are heavily trampled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01711.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential pasture production in the uplands of Wales (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Only a very limited number of species, including red fescue (Festuca rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), timothy (Phleum protense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) are considered as suitable for wet hill land. Detailed comparison of red fescue, perennial ryegrass and timothy on contrasting acid brown earth and stagnogley soils from 1966 to 1969 at Pant-y-dŵr Hill Centre (305 m OD) highlighted the advantages of red fescue in annual DM production and its more even distribution over a longer growing season but also indicated drawbacks of slow initial establishment and lower feed quality. In vitro DOMD of red fescue averaged 645 g kg−1 over the year compared with 690 g kg−1 for perennial ryegrass and timothy. Assessment of a narrow range of species under surface seeding conditions on a stagnogley soil from 1971 to 1975 confirmed the value of red fescue in DM production and persistence. The results are discussed in relation to the characteristics required in herbage species for hill land improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01687.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass with applied nitrogen and in mixtures with legumes (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: High-yielding grass-legume mixtures play an important role in forage-animal systems but finding compatible and adapted species can sometimes be difficult. The objective of this study was to examine productivity of perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass in pure stands with N and in mixtures with legumes.Broadcast sowings were made on conventionally prepared seedbeds in August 1979 and May 1980 on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). When sown alone orchardgrass cv. Pennlate and perennial ryegrass cv. Reveille received rates of N ranging from 0 to 448 kg ha−1 a−1. The grasses were also grown in mixtures with alfalfa cv. Arc, red clover cv. Arlington, or birds foot trefoil cv. Viking. The same legumes were sown alone. Four legume seed rates were used in both the pure legume and mixed stands.Orchardgrass-N swards were more productive than ryegrass-N swards over 3 years. More dry matter (DM) was harvested from pure stands of
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01690.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of autumn fungicide application on spring dry matter accumulation in perennial ryegrass cv. S24 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fungicide applied to plots of perennial ryegrass cv. S24 in the autumn of 1981 significantly increased tiller number and total dry matter accumulation in February and March of 1982. However, fungicide application in the autumn of 1982 failed to increase tiller number or dry matter accumulation in the spring of 1983. It is suggested that fungicide application in autumn 1981 prevented the death of tillers caused by fungal attack after snow covered the plots in December 1981.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01695.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Errata (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01698.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of stocking rate and fertilizer usage on income variability for dairy farms in England and Wales (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A mathematical model of grass production and utilization on a dairy farm is described. Using the model an assessment has been made of the extent to which financial uncertainty arising from year-to-year variability in grass yields, coupled with a preference among farmers for minimizing risks, may explain the relatively low stocking rates and observed nitrogen usages on many dairy farms in England and Wales. The degree of risk has been equated with the probability of profits in a particular year being less than those required to cover the consumption needs and short-term borrowing requirements of the farmer. The results of the analysis indicate that a strategy of minimizing risks may lead to a significantly lower stocking rate than one of maximizing profits. Thus, considerations of risk may lead to stocking rates which are suboptimal from the viewpoint of economic and biological efficiency. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the comparatively low average usage of nitrogen on dairy farms in the UK is determined by risk considerations. On the contrary, increasing nitrogen usage lowers the apparent financial risk at a given stocking rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01673.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dry matter and quality of herbage harvested from Holcus lanatus and Lolium perenne grown in monocultures and in mixtures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The herbage dry matter (DM) harvested, N response and herbage quality of monocultures and mixtures of Holcus lanatus (local ecotype) and Lolium perenne (cv. S24) were compared in a field experiment. The species were seeded in the proportions 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0: 100; three rates of N were applied (150, 300 and 450 kg ha−1) and five or six cuts were taken in each of four harvest years. H. lanatus established poorly in the seeding year and in the first full harvest year L. perenne contributed 1, 54, 76, 89 and 99% of the total herbage DM harvested from the five sward types (mean of N treatments). Only a small decline in the L. perenne content of the swards occurred during the experiment.Total amounts of herbage harvested were significantly lower for H. lanatus monoculture than for the other sward types in three of the four harvest years However, L perenne monoculture yielded significantly more total DM than mixtures with H lanatus in only one of the four harvest years. The five sward types did not differ overall in response to N fertilization. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium content of the herbage was greatest for H. lanatus monoculture and decreased with increasing proportions ofL perenne present in the mixtures.Thus the presence of a high proportion of H. lanatus in mixture with L. perenne cv. S24 had
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01677.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mineral metabolism of sheep fed high- and low-magnesium selections of Italian ryegrass (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two experimental populations of Italian ryegrass selected for high and low magnesium content were established as swards, harvested fresh daily and offered to sheep. Chemical analysis of the crops showed a 44% higher Mg and a 22% higher Ca concentration in the high-Mg selection but no significant differences between the selections for the other minerals.Blood and rumen contents were sampled throughout the feeding period and voluntary intake, digestibility and mineral balances for Na, K, Mg, Ca and P were determined. Magnesium intake, apparent availability and retention were significantly greater with the high-Mg selection. There were no significant differences in the plasma-mineral concentrations and all were within the normal range. Rumen fluid from animals fed the high-Mg selection had a higher proportion of soluble Mg and a higher Na:K ratio in the supernatant liquor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01681.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the structure and physiology of a perennial ryegrass sward when released from a continuous stocking management: implications for the use of exclusion cages in continuously stocked swards (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A perennial ryegrass sward was managed by continuous stocking with sheep (April–September) for 4 successive years after sowing. The sward was grazed to maintain a leaf (lamina) area index (LAI) close to 1.0. Areas of the sward were released from grazing on three occasions: once during summer in the third year after sowing, and twice during spring and summer in the fourth year after sowing. There were marked changes in the structure and physiology of the continuously stocked sward following release from grazing. After several successive years of continuous stocking, the sward comprised a large population of small tillers and the small LAI resulted in consistently low rates of photosynthesis. Following release from grazing, photosynthesis increased markedly as the LAI increased but this change was associated with the loss of a large proportion of the population of tillers. There were seasonal differences in the pattern of changes in photosynthesis and tiller numbers following release from grazing which were not apparent under continuous stocking. The changes in the structure and physiology of the sward following release from grazing suggest that the net accumulation of herbage in areas of sward from which the animals are excluded, for instance using cages, may be an unreliable estimate of production under continuous stocking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01658.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of unwilted and wilted grass silages offered to beef cattle without and with monensin sodium (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A randomized block experiment was conducted to compare unwilted and wilted grass silages and the effects of the feed additive monensin sodium on the silage intake and performance of finishing beef cattle. Two regrowths from a predominantly perennial ryegrass (cv. S24) sward were ensiled either without wilting or after field wilting for 3 d (dry matter (DM) concentrations 161 and 266 g kg−1 respectively). Both silages were treated with formic acid (2·6 and 30 litre t−1 respectively) and were well preserved. The silages were offered ad libitum to forty-eight Charolais-cross cattle (thirty-two steers and sixteen heifers, mean initial live weight 351 kg) for 145 d. All animals received 2·2 kg concentrates per head daily and half of those on each silage treatment received in addition 200 mg monensin sodium per head daily. Silage DM intake was 5.04, 504. 5·48, 5·63 ± 0.134 kg d−l; fasted liveweight gain was 0·69, 0·77. 0·64 and 0·73 ± 0.033 kg d−l and carcass gain was 0·47, 0·50, 0·40 and 0·45 ± 0·020 kg d−1 for the unwilted silage without and with monensin and the wilted silage without and with monensin respectively. It is concluded that wilting grass of low DM concentration for 3 d prior to ensiling reduced the performance of finishing beef cattle below that obtained from well-preserved unwilted silage in spite of a higher DM intake being achieved with the wilted silage. The inclusion of monensin sodium in a silage-based diet increased performance without significantly affecting feed intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01662.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The antimicrobial spectra of organic compounds with respect to their potential as hay preservatives (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Formic acid, sodium diacetate, propionic acid and two of its ammonium salts, ammonium isobutyrate and tributyl phosphate, were examined for their antimicrobial effects with cultures of micro-organisms typical of the microflora of moist hay. The assays, which were conducted at pH 5, 6, 7 and 8, revealed that all potential preservatives discriminated against actinomycetes in particular and were least effective against fungi. In addition, it was apparent that antimicrobial properties were enhanced under slightly acid conditions and for this reason the use of mixtures of organic acids and salts in commercial hay preservatives is justified. Tributyl phosphate not only had the strongest antimicrobial properties of the compounds tested but was also the least affected by pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01667.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbage yield and animal production from grassland on three commercial dairy farms in South-East England (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Yields of grass were measured on three dairy farms in 1981. Farm 1, on free-draining loamy soil over chalk, produced 10.3 t DM ha−1 using 336 kg N ha−1. Farm 2, on poorly-drained loam over Oxford clay, produced 12.8 t DM ha−1 using 354 kg N ha−1. Farm 3, on loam over clay with some free-draining sandy loam, produced 9.5 t DM ha−1 with 169 kg N ha−1. Allowing for differences in soil nitrogen and summer rainfall these yields were quite close to expectations from experimental results, despite considerable poaching damage to some swards.Animal production records were kept and all livestock were weighed every 6 months, so as to calculate the utilized metabolizable energy (UME) output from grassland on each farm. These were 73, 62 and 59 GJ ha−1 on farms 1, 2 and 3 respectively.The UME output, expressed as a proportion of the yield of grass (converted to ME), was taken as the ‘efficiency of utilization’ of grass. This was 70% on farm 1,44% on farm 2 and 58% on farm 3. Results are presented separately for the summer and winter 6 months. Utilization by grazing appeared to be markedly reduced under very wet soil conditions. Major losses occurred in the conservation of grass.The results begin to establish a valuable base of data from commercial farms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01679.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of seed rate and pesticides on the establishment and growth of white clover slot-seeded into a permanent pasture (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The establishment and growth of white clover (cv. Grasslands Huia) was investigated in two experiments with seeds sown in slots cut in old permanent pasture in early May 1982. In the first experiment, fully protected from pests and diseases, either 50 (low), 100 (medium) or 200 (high) seeds were sown evenly per metre length of slot; 100 seeds were also sown in a clumped pattern unevenly. In the second experiment, the effects of various combinations of molluscicide, insecticide and fungicide were investigated.Nine weeks after sowing there were 27, 37, 34 and 62 seedlings m−1 on the low, medium even, medium uneven and high seed-rate treatments, representing percentage establishments of 54, 37, 34 and 31 respectively. By September, however, there were no significant differences between the dry weights m−l of any of the treatments. In the second experiment, damage by slugs occurred early in treatments without molluscicide and caused a mean reduction of 70% in seedling establishment. As a result significantly smaller dry weights m−1 of clover were recorded in September in these than in other treatments. Failure to protect against insects resulted in smaller seedlings.The results indicated that variations in seed rate within the range investigated were not critical but that failure to protect against pests decreased percentage establishment and subsequent growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01682.x
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  • 16
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    The effect of stocking rate on a lamb production system with February-lambing ewes (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Masham ewes were stocked at 12(L), 16(M) or 20 (H) ewes ha−1, with 1·8 lambs per ewe on average, on two blocks (A and B) in both 1976 and 1977. Silage was offered at pasture to the ewes in early lactation and as stocking rate increased from 12 to 16 and then 20 ewes ha−1, 47, 73 and 100 kg DM per ewe was consumed respectively. Silage was cut mainly in the autumn and 179, 100 and 9 kg per ewe was made for L, M and H respectively. More variation between treatments was measured in net herbage accumulation in summer than spring and 11·4, 10·0 and 9·7t DM ha −1 was grown over the whole season for L, M and H respectively as a mean of both years.High intakes of herbage OM were measured with values up to 40 g per kg live weight for BL lambs in 1976. Rapid lamb growth was achieved. There were effects of stocking rate on lamb performance and for L, M and H the respective growth rates to 4 weeks were 266, 248 and 247 g d−1; growth rates to sale were 274, 263 and 252 g d−1; days to sale were 124, 126 and 129; mean carcass weights were 17·7, 17·1 and 16·7 kg. Most ewes lost weight in early lactation, especially AH and BH in 1976, but there were no stocking rate effects on ewe weight change in 1977.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01661.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Quantifying the effect of nitrogen fertilizer applications in spring on white clover content in perennial ryegrass-white clover swards (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Data are presented for the fourth (1979) and fifth (1980) harvest years of a trial in which four levels of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1) were applied each spring to swards with grass (perennial ryegrass cv. Barlenna) and each one of four cultivars of while clover (Blanca, Sabeda, Olwen and S100) or grass alone. Results from the first three years have been published.Dry matter (DM) harvested dropped from the fourth to fifth years over all swards by 1 −5 to 2 0 t ha−1 but response to N was maintained (17.4 and 24.4 kg DM (kgN)−l in response to 90 kg N ha−1 in 1979 and 1980 respectively) despite reductions in summer yields relative to unfertilized swards. Blanca swards produced significantly less DM harvested than all other cultivars in 1979 and all cultivars in 1980 except for Olwen. Clover DM harvested continued to fall from 1977, the mean for the unfertilized treatment in 1980 being 55% of that in 1979. Up to 1980 Sabeda swards produced more clover DM harvested than Blanca swards. Linear regressions between annual clover content at zero N and at each spring N level for each sward type over 5 harvest years were very highly significant. It is concluded that all cultivars used responded similarly to spring N. Further work to develop a method for predicting the effect of spring N on clover content of given swards is required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01702.x
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  • 18
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    The winter hardiness of Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus and Agrostis spp. in comparison with Lolium perenne (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Preliminary experiments were conducted to assess the winter hardiness of representative cultivars or populations of Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus and Agrostis spp. in comparison with a hardy (Premo) and a susceptible (Grasslands Ruanui) cultivar of Lolium perenne. Two controlled-environment tests and a field experiment including two cutting and two fertilizer managements are reported.Grasslands Ruanui andH lanatus suffered most damage in all tests. In the controlled-environment experiments, Premo was at least as hardy as the F. rubra and Agrostis cultivars but in the field Premo was more susceptible. Spring growth of Premo was affected more by the cutting and fertilizer managements applied the previous summer and autumn than was spring growth of F. rubra or Agrostis spp.It was concluded that, whereas use off. F. rubra or Agrostis spp. should not be limited by fears of winter damage, poor winter hardiness may limit the value of H. lanatus for hill and upland reseeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01710.x
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  • 19
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    Defoliation of ryegrass-dominated swards by sheep (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Patterns of defoliation in perennial ryegrass-dominated swards were examined in two experiments. In Experiment I measurements were made on four swards after a single overnight grazing. In Experiment 2 observations were made repeatedly on marked tillers in two continuously stocked swards which were grazed down over a 24-d period. In both experiments the chance of defoliation was related to lamina height both within and between age classes. Lamina angle was measured in Experiment 2 and within age classes the chance of defoliation was also independent of lamina angle. In Experiment 1 tillers most frequently had both of the two youngest laminae grazed; in Experiment 2 tillers with only lamina 1 grazed occurred most frequently, but defoliation of the two youngest laminae was again common.The different frequencies of grazing of the different classes of laminae is interpreted as being a function of their frequency of occurrence within the grazed layer at the top of the sward. The pseudostem apparently restricted the depth of the grazed layer in the very short swards of Experiment 2.Grazing behaviour in relation to sward structure and the patterns of defoliation and their implications for herbage production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01685.x
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    The nature of competition between perennial ryegrass and white clover (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Perennial ryegrass and white clover were grown in boxes with either no competition, root competition only, shoot competition only, or both root and shoot competition between them, Boxes received either no nitrogen or 200 kg N ha−1 as a split application. The experiment was harvested at 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after sowing. Perennial ryegrass was more competitive than white clover throughout the experiment and its overall competitive ability increased with Lime. The effects of root competition were greater than those of shoot competition at the first harvest, with both forms of competition having similar affects at the second harvest, while at the third and final harvests shoot competition had greater effects than root competition. At the later harvests N application increased the overall competitive ability of perennial ryegrass, relative to white clover, mainly owing to the increase in its shoot competitive ability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01689.x
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  • 21
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    The drying rates of component parts of inflorescence-bearing tillers of Italian ryegrass (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Inflorescence-bearing tillers of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. RvP) were dried in controlled temperature, relative humidity and air speed conditions chosen to be within the range likely to occur in a hay swath drying in the field. After drying for increasing intervals the tillers were separated into inflorescence, exposed flowering stem, leaf-laminae, leaf-sheath and flowering stem enclosed by leaf-sheath and the drying rates of these components in addition to that of whole tillers were measured. There were large differences in drying rate between components, but the differences were similar over the range of drying conditions employed. The drying rate of the inflorescence as well as that of stem enclosed by leaf-sheath was found to be very low and that of leaf-laminae and leaf-sheath very high.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01692.x
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  • 22
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    Book reviews (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Genetic Resources of Forage Plants Edited by J. G. McIvor and R. A. Bray Nutritional Limits to Animal Production from Pastures Edited by J. B. Hacker Herbivory. The Dynamics of Animal-Plant Interactions By Michael J. Crawley
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01697.x
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  • 23
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    The utilized metabolizable energy output of grassland on hill farms in Northern Ireland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Forty hill farms in Northern Ireland were surveyed to obtain information on stocking rates and output and to identify factors affecting output. The mean farm area of 194 ha was composed of 155 ha hill land and 39 ha inbye land with a mean stocking rate of 0–7 cow-equivalents ha−1.On the average farm most of the grassland (88%) was over 20 years old. The preferred species content of the swards averaged 22% over the whole farm and 42% in cut swards. This latter result may be attributed to the relatively high level of fertilizer N applied to these swards (131 kg ha−1) compared to the mean application rate over the whole farm of only 29 kg N ha−1 and 93 kg ha−1 applied to the inbye land.Output data calculated as utilized metabolizable energy (UME) per unit area for the whole farm and separately for hill and inbye components showed that although only 21% of the farm area was inbye land almost half the annual total metabolizable energy requirements of stock had to be met by grazing inbye. The capacity of herbage to meet stock energy demands was much lower on the hill with supplementary feed having to be provided over the winter.Calculated output from inbye land was 39 GJ ha−1 compared to 7 GJ ha−1 from the hill and 15 GJ ha−1 from the whole farm. UME output of the whole farm was negatively correlated with farm size (r=−0 55) and positively correlated with stocking rate (r = 0 89), applied N level (r = 0 63)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01674.x
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    An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Forage-harvested crops of perennial ryegrass (200 g DM kg−1) and red clover (163 g DM kg−1) were inoculated with cultures of Streptococcus durans str. 1024, Lactobacillus acidophilus sir. 2356 and Lactobacillus plantarum str. 6, and 1:1 mixtures of the Streptococcus and each of the lactobacilli, at rates of 106 and 106 (g fresh weight)−1 and ensiled in laboratory silos for up to 128 d. The possible influence of these bacteria on fermentation was examined in relation to formic acid at rates of application of 0 and 2.3 g(kg fresh weight)−1, None of the cultures or culture mixtures, either at the low or high rate of application, had any notable influence on microbial development, the rate of acidification or promotion of the homolactic fermentation; they tended to exacerbate loss of insoluble nitrogen and deamination. All silages were well-preserved with no butyric acid being detected, in spite of pH increase during storage. Only formic acid had any consistent and desirable effect on preservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01676.x
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  • 25
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    Book reviews (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Grass: its Production and Utilization Edited by W. Holmes Fream's Agriculture Edited by C. R. W. Spedding
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01684.x
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  • 26
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    Variability of the in vitro digestibility of standard herbage samples (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The results or estimations of in vitro digestibility of three standard herbage samples, analysed weekly over about 48 weeks per year, have been examined using time-series methods of Box and Jenkins to separate seasonal and non-seasonal trends. The study includes data from March 1971 to February 1981. The dominant feature of variability is the seasonal component with a cycle of 52 weeks; no other significant cycles of longer periods were detected. The model of Box and Jenkins (1976) was found to be the most appropriate in describing the three series. A decrease in the in vitro digestibility of the low standard, which is 10 years old, occurred over the last year or so, although the reasons for this apparent storage effect are unknown.
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  • 27
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    The antimicrobial spectra of some salts of organic acids and glutaraldehyde in respect to their potential as silage additives (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Salts of formic, acetic and propionic acids and glutaraldehyde were subjected to an assay with representatives of the major groups of silage micro-organisms at pH 4·0, 4·5, 5·0 and 6·0. The antimicrobial spectra of the salts suggested that they are most effective against the least desirable components of the bacterial flora of silage, coliforms, Clostridia and bacilli, and would create conditions for a desirable fermentation in practice. In many instances the activity of the salts was better than the corresponding free acid and it was postulated that, if supplemented with acid, aerobic stability of silage might also be improved. Glutaraldehyde, whilst being less selective as an antimicrobial agent, possesses properties which would encourage a lactic-acid fermentation in silage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01664.x
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  • 28
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    The influence of the epidermis on the drying rates of red clover leaf petioles and stems and of Italian ryegrass stems at low water contents (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Previous results with red clover (Trifolium pratense) leaflets, leaf petioles and stems indicated that the epidermis continued to impose a barrier to water loss at low water contents. Further experiments with red clover leaf petioles and stems suggest that cuticular wax is the epidermal component concerned and that treatments which remove or merely modify this will also increase drying rate. However, when treatments to reduce epidermal resistance were applied to pseudostems and flowering stems of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) the initial increase in drying rate produced was not sustained at low water contents. The pseudostems consisted of three layers of leaf material rolled one within the other and the true flowering stems were surrounded by one leaf sheath. Their pattern of response to treatments suggested that these affected only the outer sheath, which produced an initial acceleration in drying rate, but that this was not sustained after the outer sheath was dry because the lower untreated layers dried in a similar way to untreated controls.The results suggest the possibility of devising practical treatments to increase drying rate at low water contents with crops containing a high proportion of leaf or stem not surrounded by leaf sheath. Devising such treatments for crops with a high proportion of grass pseudostem or flowering stem surrounded by leaf sheath will be considerably more difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01666.x
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  • 29
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    An analysis of the uninterrupted growth of white clover swards receiving either biologically fixed nitrogen or nitrate in solution (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: White clover swards were grown in a freely ventilated glasshouse during August and September 1979. The uninterrupted growth of these swards, which were grown in Perlite with either nitrate or biologically fixed nitrogen, was studied from 5 weeks after sowing until peak dry weights of the live sward components occurred. The dry weight of leaf laminae, petioles, stolons, roots, nodules and dead material was determined weekly together with live leaf numbers and leaf lamina area. The pattern of dry matter accumulation of the yield components of the swards (live leaf laminae plus petioles) was characterized by an initial period of more or less exponential growth up to 6 weeks from sowing dominated by leaf lamina development. This was followed by a linear phase, when petiole weight increased rapidly and a final slowing down period terminated by peak yields of live DM 12 weeks after sowing.The weight of stolons, roots and nodules increased slowly during the period dominated by leaf lamina growth compared with the rapid increase thereafter, which resulted in a two- to three-fold increase in the weight of stolons, roots and nodules by the time the weights peaked. It is assumed that after the leaf area index of the sward had reached a plateau there was a limit to the assimilate supply to the sward components at a stage when they were all apparently competing for photosynthates. There was a progressive slowing down in the rate of dry matter accumu-
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01700.x
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    Silage and milk production: a comparison between concentrates containing different amounts of protected protein as supplements for silage of high digestibility (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Grass silage made in late May from S24 perennial ryegrass was offered ad libitum to eight Ayshire cows in a 16-week feeding experiment. The silage had a DM concentration of 244 g kg−1, contained 163 g crude protein (kg DM)−1 with a ruminal degradability of 0.77 and had an in vitro DOMD concentration of 678 g kg−1. In addition, four concentrates each containing 167 g soya-bean meal kg−1 were consumed at a mean daily rate of 6.43 kg DM per cow. The soya-bean meal was either untreated, or ‘protected’ by formalin and mixed in the following proportions, 100:0; 66:34; 34:66; and 0:100 respectively, in the four concentrates. The daily intakes of silage DM were not significantly different on the four treatments and averaged 90 kg DM per cow, giving a mean total daily DM intake of 32.4 g kg−1 live weight. The milk yields were not significantly different on the four treatments and averaged 23.9 kg −1 The treatments had small and non-significant effects on milk composition and live weight. It is concluded that with a high-digestibility, well-preserved grass silage of satisfactory protein content the inclusion of ‘protected’ protein in the supplementary concentrate had no beneficial effects on milk production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01669.x
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    Some effects of fertilizer and frequency of defoliation on the botanical composition and yield of permanent grassland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Small plots of permanent pasture containing 50%Agrostis capillaris-Festuca rubra were defoliated frequently or infrequently during the growing seasons in 1978–80 and fertilized with 133, 125 and 125 kg N, P2O5 and K2O respectively ha−1 a −1 or not fertilized during 1978–81. Yields of herbage were assessed during 1979–80 and botanical composition assessed on three occasions in 1978, once in April 1979 and once in 1982.Fertilizer application increased annual dry matter (DM) harvested from frequently cut plots by 40%, 53% and 65% in 1978, 1979 and 1980 respectively, and on infrequently cut plots it doubled hay DM harvested in 1978 and increased total DM harvested by 126% and 186% in 1979 and 1980 respectively. Infrequent cutting and fertilizer both decreased the proportion of A. capillaris but only fertilizer decreased the proportion of F. rubra. Fertilizer greatly increased the proportion of Holcus lanatus especially where plots had been cut frequently and of Alopecurus pratensis where they had been cut infrequently. It decreased the proportion of Luzula campestris. Infrequent cutting, especially with fertilizer, discouraged Cerastium fontanum ssp. glabrescens and Trifolium repens but encouraged Rumex acetosa.
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  • 32
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    Set stocking, rotational grazing and forward rotational grazing by sheep on western Oregon hill pastures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Data on sheep live weights, herbage standing crop and herbage quality are presented from a 3-year grazing management study comparing set stocking, four-paddock rotational grazing and four-paddock forward rotational grazing systems. In both rotational grazing and forward rotational grazing systems, sheep were sequentially moved from one paddock to the next every 5 days. Lambs were weaned at 12–15 weeks of age in the forward rotationally grazed system and from then on grazed one paddock ahead of the ewes. Herbage mass was consistently greater on the rotationally grazed system than on the set-stocked system, averaging 38.4% more herbage in 1978. 32.8% more in 1979 and 52.7% more in 1980. No differences were observed in ewe live weights at the end of the grazing year between the rotationally grazed and the set stocked systems. Live weights of rotationally grazed lambs were superior to set-stocked lambs only when herbage allowance was low; otherwise no difference existed between these two systems. The forward rotationally grazed lambs generally had lower liveweights than did the rotationally grazed lambs, perhaps due to weaning stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01704.x
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  • 33
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    Further development and use of an automatic recording system in sheep grazing studies (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Comparisons between some aspects of grazing and ruminating behaviour by sheep recorded automatically and by manual observation are reported.Behaviour was recorded manually and automatically on four swards with surface heights of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm. The automatic recording method gave significantly higher biting rates (78 v 67 ± 2·4 bites min−1) than manual recording. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. For recordings during ruminating there was no significant difference between the two recording methods.As sward surface height increased biting rate decreased by 4·6 (± 0.65) and 2·9 (± 0·87) bites min−1 cm−1, and masticating rate increased by 4·5 (± 1·13) and 3·7 (± 0·95) chews min−1 cm−1 for the manual and automatic recording methods respectively.It is concluded that the automatic recording system gives higher rates for jaw movements during grazing than manual recording but there is little difference between the two methods for activities recorded during ruminating.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01706.x
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  • 34
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    Growth rate, senescence and photosynthesis of ryegrass swards cut to maintain a range of values for leaf area index (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment was carried out in which simulated swards of ryegrass (cv. S23) were grown in boxes. In the first instance the swards were cut at weekly intervals to maintain five levels of leaf area index (LAI) from LAI 1 to 4–5 in simulation of continuous grazing. Measurements were made of growth, senescence and net growth rate and of net canopy photosynthesis at constant irradiance. The results showed that the swards adapted to the defoliation regimes mainly by changes in tiller population density and pseudostem length. When the swards had equilibrated to the cutting regime growth rate increased with LAI but, since tiller density and the partitioning of growth between herbage harvested and that lost by sensecence also changed with LAI, net growth rate was constant over the LAI range 2–4·5. Maximum weight of herbage harvested was obtained between LAI 2 and 3.After 10 weeks of weekly cutting all the swards were cut back to LAI 1 and allowed to regrow. Growth rate showed almost no response to the previous culling treatments. The relationship of net canopy photosynthesis to LAI was linear for the frequently defoliated swards and curvilinear for regrowing swards. The reasons for this difference were examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01709.x
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    Effects of defoliation intensity on white clover seedling growth (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: White clover seedlings were defoliated when either two, four or six leaves had opened. There were four defoliation treatments, involving removal of younger laminae, older laminae, all laminae or all laminae and petioles, plus a control (no defoliation).Leaf removal reduced area of subsequently emerging leaves when measured as they became fully opened, though some compensatory expansion occurred after this. Petiole length was also reduced considerably. The magnitude of these effects varied according to severity of the treatment: removal or older laminae had little effect, removal of younger laminae had a similar effect to removing all laminae, but the effect was considerably increased by removing petioles in addition to laminae. The youngest plants showed the greatest reductions in leaf size following leaf removal. Defoliation had little effect on the rate of development of subsequent leaves.The most severe defoliation treatments reduced plant dry matter but younger seedlings appeared to have a capacity for recovery equal to or greater than that of older seedlings.It is concluded that white clover seedlings have a considerable ability to recover from leaf removal, especially if only laminae of old leaves are removed, but the growth reduction following removal of petioles as well as laminae appears to be especially severe.
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    A comparison of methods of establishing swedes following an early silage cut (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were carried out over three seasons in which swedes were sown by precision drilling after ploughing and conventional cultivation or by direct drilling with two types of drill at two row widths with and without shallow cultivation. The swedes were sown in June or early July following a first silage cut and sward desiccation with paraquat. Precision drilling with inter-row cultivation and singling gave a uniform weed-free stand and had the highest mean yield of over 8 t DM ha−1 Where hoeing was omitted yields were reduced due to weed competition. Yields following direct drilling were lower than with precision drilling due to uneven plant establishment, weed competition and grass regrowth. A shallow rotavation prior to direct drilling improved uniformity and yields and reduced grass regrowth. Direct drilling produced high numbers of small roots. The highest root yields were associated with sowing in early June and harvesting in December or January. Overall yields from the silage cut plus direct drilled swedes and silage cut plus precision drilled swedes were 12 and 13 t DM ha−1respectively compared with about 14 t DM ha−1expected from a grass sward.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01688.x
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  • 37
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    Orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass with applied nitrogen and in mixtures with legumes (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Botanical composition of swards can markedly affect their productivity, forage quality, and acceptance by animals. The objective of this research was to determine the amounts of dry matter (DM) and N harvested in the different botanical components of swards where perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were sown alone and fertilized with N, or sown in mixture with legumes.Broadcast sowings were made on conventionally prepared seedbeds in August 1979 and May 1980 on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). When seeded alone, orchardgrass cv. Pennlate and perennial ryegrass cv. Reveille received rates of N ranging from 0 to 448 kg ha−1 a−1. The grasses were also grown in mixtures with alfalfa cv. Arc, red clover cv. Arlington, or birdsfoot trefoil cv. Viking. The same legumes were sown alone. Four legume seed rates were used in both the pure legume and mixed stands.Legume DM harvests were greater in mixtures with perennial ryegrass than in legume-orchard-grass swards. An exception occurred in the first year as birdsfoot trefoil harvested DM was lower in trefoil-ryegrass swards than in trefoil orchardgrass mixtures, probably owing to vigorous competition from ryegrass in the seedling stage. As legume seed rates were increased, both the legume and grass components of mixed swards produced more DM and N. Grass DM and N harvested in orchardgrass mixtures exceeded those of ryegrass mixtures for the 3-year period.Sward weediness, most prevalent in pure legume stands planted at low seed rates, was sharply reduced by including either grass with the legumes. Volunteer legumes contributed to DM harvested only when the grasses were sown alone and not fertilized with N.Species differences in crude protein (CP) concentration were significant. Birdsfoot trefoil had the highest CP of the legumes, averaging 241 g (kg DM)−1. Alfalfa and red clover averaged 219 and 208 g CP (kg DM)−1 respectively. Perennial ryegrass herbage had a higher CP concentration than that of orchardgrass in both pure and mixed swards. Grass CP increased significantly in response to fertilizer N and to higher legume seed rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01691.x
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  • 38
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    The reproducibility of in vivo estimates of digestibility and voluntary digestible organic matter intake of grass varieties by sheep (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four cocksfoot varieties were harvested at three different growth stages and offered ad libitum to yearling Clun wethers in three 24-d feeding trials indoors over a 4-month period. A further cocksfoot variety conserved in bulk was offered concurrently as a control feed.The concentration of digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and voluntary intake were measured in each feeding period. There was no significant change in the measured DOMD values between the different feeding periods. Voluntary intake of digestible organic matter (DOMI) increased over the 4-month period for all four varieties and for the control feed. The increase in intake was greatest for the most digestible material, i.e. first-cut harvests. Differences in DOMI were statistically significant between feeding periods for all varieties but the differences could be eliminated by correcting intakes with values from the control feed. It is concluded that comparisons of grass varieties involving intake measurements must either be made in the same feeding period or a control feed included and results corrected according to the control response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01670.x
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  • 39
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    Sward composition and output on grassland farms (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Records of grassland productivity were kept for 2 years on 136 lowland dairy farms and 131 lowland beef farms. The grassland on each farm was classified according to the proportion of sown (preferred) species. The farms were then ranked on this basis and divided into quarters:On dairy farms the lowest quarter had 31% sown species and utilized metabolizable energy (UME) output from grass of 40.8 GJ ha−1, whereas the highest quarter had 70% sown species and UME output of 45.6 GJ ha−1. Dairy farmers in the lowest quarter used least fertilizer N and differences in output were no greater than would be expected from differences in N input. On beef farms the lowest quarter had 28% sown species and UME output of 32.3 GJ ha−1, and the highest quarter had 63% sown species and UME output of 45.9 GJ ha−1On these farms differences in fertilizer N could not completely account for differences in output.It is concluded that on beef farms botanical composition of grassland is a good indicator of its productivity but is not necessarily a prime cause of differences in output. On dairy farms there is little evidence of a direct benefit resulting from a high proportion of sown species. On such farms the need for deliberate manipulation of the botanical composition of grassland by reseeding or chemical means is questioned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01671.x
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  • 40
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    An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Twenty-one strains of lactic acid bacteria were subjected to a range of tests based on established criteria to ascertain their suitability for use as inoculants for silage. The tests included a monitor of their growth in the presence of representatives of the microflora of forage crops with which they might have to compete for substrate, and their ability to effect rapid acidification and achieve a low pH in conditions which simulate low and high ensiling potential. In addition, their ability to produce acid from sugars and their action against organic acids found in forage crops, together with their tolerance of acid, elevated temperatures and conditions of low moisture availability (e.g. in wilted material) and possible proteolytic and amylolytic activities were examined. None or these cultures satisfied all of these criteria. However, three strains (Streptococcus durans str. 1024, Lactobacillus acidophilus, str. 2356 and Lactobacillus plantarum str. 6) had a greater potential than the others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01675.x
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  • 41
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    Silage and milk production: a comparison between unwilted and wilted grass silages (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three grass silages made in sunny weather in early July from second-harvest perennial ryegrass were compared in a 16-week feeding experiment with twelve Ayrshire cows. The silages were either unwilted or wilted with and without conditioning, and had mean dry matter (DM) concentrations of 201, 261 and 272 g kg−1, and in vitro DOMD concentrations of 650, 669 and 672 g kg−1 DM respectively. All the silages had formic acid (‘Add-F’) applied at a rate of 2.6 litres t−1 and were offered ad libitum plus 6 kg concentrates per cow per d. The daily intakes of silage DM were 905 kg per cow on the unwilted treatment and 9.86 and 9.65 kg on the wilted treatments with and without conditioning respectively. Daily milk yields were 171, 17.6 and 17.4 kg per cow on the unwilted, and wilted with and without conditioning treatments respectively and were not significantly different. Fat concentrations in the milk were not affected significantly by treatment, whereas the crude protein and solids-not-fat concentrations were significantly higher on the wilted than on the unwilted treatment. The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for lactation was 6–7% lower with the wilted than with the unwilted silages and it is concluded that the unwilted silage was superior to the wilted silages as a feed for dairy cows.
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  • 42
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    Productivity of red clover grown alone and with companion grasses; further studies (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three diploid—Sabtoron, Violetta and Essex—and three tetraploid—Hungaropoly, Teroba and Red Head—red clover cultivars were sown alone and with each of three companion grasses—timothy (S48), tall fescue (S170) and perennial ryegrass (S24). The productivity and persistence of the red clover cultivars were compared. Results obtained over the first four harvest years were presented in an earlier paper (McBratney, 1981) and this paper presents results from the fifth and sixth (final) harvest years.The low yield obtained in the fifth and sixth year from Essex under each seeding treatment indicated a deterioration in its persistency or vigour or both. In the fifth year the remaining two diploids, Sabtoron and Violetta, were as highly productive and persistent as the three tetraploids but in the sixth year the decrease in productivity was greater in the diploids than in the tetraploids. In the fifth year Teroba, the highest yielder, produced 9 8 t total DM ha−1 over all seeding treatments of which 73% was clover DM; in the sixth year Teroba was again highest yielding, producing 9.3 t ha−l with 67% clover content. Tall fescue was the most consistent companion grass in the mixed swards, in the sixth year contributing 53% grass DM to the total 8 8 t DM harvested ha−1.The trial demonstrates the potential of a number of red clover cultivars grown either pure or with a suitable perennial grass to achieve and maintain a high output of herbage of good quality over a period of 6 years without any application of fertilizer N. The practical agricultural implications of using red clover are discussed.
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  • 43
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    The distribution of opaline silica bodies in the leaf sheaths of two perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in their susceptibility to attack by dipterous stem-borers (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Leaf sheaths of two cultivars of perennial ryegrass were prepared by chemical oxidation so that the silica bodies in the tissues could be studied. The cultivar Fortis, which is relatively resistant to stem-borer attack, contained many-intercostal silica bodies in the leaf sheath but the more susceptible cultivar S24 contained few. If the pattern of silica bodies affects levels of stem-borer infestation, it may be possible to breed for this characteristic.
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  • 44
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    Effect of pH and added ammonium hydroxide on in vitro digestibility of roughages of different origin treated with sodium hydroxide and ammonia (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ammonia and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) have been used to improve the dry matter (DM) digestibility of roughages or to conserve them. These treatments have had incidental effects on pH alone or both the pH and nitrogen contents of the roughages. in the present study, the effects of pH and NH4OH on the in vitro dry-matter digestibility (IVDMD) of eight roughages—four legumes and four grasses—were investigated. The pH levels of approximately 5, 7, 9 and 12 were achieved by adding appropriate amounts of NH4OH or NaOH and H2SO4. Nitrogen levels of approximately 20, 30, 40 and 50 g kg−1 on a DM basis were obtained by adding NH4OH. Results of a multiple regression showed that increasing the pH caused a linear increment in IVDMD and that the added NH4OH reduced the increment of IVDMD. The effects of both pH and N on IVDMD were found to be specific to the individual roughage; the response of grasses to both pH and NH3 was greater than that of legumes
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  • 45
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    The future of sainfoin in British agriculture: an economic assessment (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In view of the revived interest in sainfoin, an economic assessment of the prospects for an expansion of its area in Britain has been attempted. It is estimated that potentially it could be grown on 950 × 103 ha of the agricultural area of England and Wales, though it is unlikely in the near future that it would exceed 20 × 103 ha, even if economic conditions were favourable. Comparison of the energy and protein yields of sainfoin, red clover and lucerne under conservation management indicates that one of the attractions of sainfoin is its high protein content. However, an assessment of the costs of production and utilization of sainfoin indicate that, for it to be a more widely used legume, sustainable dry matter (DM) yields would need to be increased by 35% to about 11.5 × 103 kg DM ha−1. At the same time, although growing sainfoin as a mixture with grass appears to improve the economic attractiveness of the crop, silage production costs (kg DM)−1 are still about 15% lower on pure grass swards. However, trials in the UK, Canada and Rumania have shown that, compared to current UK levels, sainfoin yields can be significantly increased.
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  • 46
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    Photosynthetic rate and carbon balance of grazed ryegrass pastures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relationship between net canopy photosynthesis (Pnc) measured at 400 J m−2 s-1 and leaf area index (LAI) was determined on ryegrass-dominant swards over a range of her bage masses in five grazing experiments. In three experiments the swards were continuously stocked either by sheep or by cattle to maintain a number of herbage heights and hence LAI values. In two experiments the swards were intermittently grazed with 21 -d regrowth intervals. On the continuously stocked swards measurements were made over nine periods each of 7 to 21 d in length. On the intermittently grazed swards measurements were made over six periods while the herbage was being grazed down from a high to a low LAI and over three periods during the regrowth phase.On all the swards where measurements were made while grazing was in progress, the relation of Pnc to LAI was linear. The photosynthetic rate was greater on the continuously grazed than on the intermittently grazed swards up to LAI 35 and in two experiments to LAI 5. The relationship of Pnc to LAI of swards in the regrowth phase was predominantly curvilinear and such that over much of the LAI range they had a greater photosynthetic potential than the same swards being grazed down from high to low mass. Daily rates of CO2 uptake and growth in the field were calculated for one continuously stocked experiment. Both were linearly related to LAI in the range LAI 2–4·5. The agronomic implications of the results are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01668.x
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  • 47
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    PERSISTENCE OF PHOSPHINE GAS IN FUMIGATED IRAQI DATES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Phosphine gas (PH3) is a widely used fumigant for stored fruits and grains. Previous studies indicated that all residues of this gas are eliminated by normal aeration but the exact time has never been determined.The objective of this work was to determine the time required for desorption of phosphine from fumigated dates relative to aeration time and temperature. Flame photometric detection by gas chromatography was used for the detection of sorbed phosphine.Results indicate that the initial residue level of PH3 falls rapidly within 24 h after fumigation but residues persist for at least nine days. Higher residue levels were found in dates stored at low temperatures (4°C) than at 28°C. It is recommend that fumigated dates be marketed after longer periods of aeration, especially those aerated at temperatures of 4°C or less.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00486.x
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  • 48
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    HEAT STABILITY OF STAPHYLOCOAGULASE MEASURED BY A CAPILLARY TUBE METHOD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Staphylocoagulase is highly heat resistant. Inactivation profiles of crude staphylocoagulase at 80, 100 and 121°C showed that total inactivation occurred after heating for 5 h,2 h and 30 min, respectively. Heat treated coagulase has the ability to reactivate when placed at 25°C for 24 hrs similar to previous observations on staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. Staphylocoagulase could be recovered from beef broth and chicken broth before or after heating at 80°C for 5 min. Coagulase activities were measured by a quantitative capillary tube method.
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  • 49
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    INHIBITION OF Staphylococcus Aureus IN A MODEL AGARMEAT SYSTEM BY MONOLAURIN: A RESEARCH NOTE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A sterile agar-meat was acidified with lactic acid and seeded with Staphylococcus aureus. Monolaurin (Lauricidin®), which is a GRAS emulsifier, caused both static and cidal effects on S. aureus 196E. When compared to potassium sorbate, Lauricidin® was slightly more active. The combination of sorbic acid and Lauricidin® (Lauribic™) gave a greater inhibitory effect than either of the substances alone. Inhibitory effects were greater on “anaerobic” than “aerobic” growth. These results indicate that monoglyceride emulsifiers like Lauricidin® alone or in combinations with other preservatives can be used in foods to create environments which are hostile to microorganisms.
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  • 50
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    INTERVENTION AS THE RATIONAL APPROACH TO CONTROL DISEASES OF MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY TRANSMITTED BY FOODS. An actualization of the tale of the frog and the grouse—after Lafontaine (1621–1695). (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Even advanced countries suffer from infectious diseases spread by food animal origin. The underlying mechanism of this morbidity is known and is important to design measures to reduce the incidence via intervention sensu Wilson (1955).The classical defense lines which rely on high-level hygiene in the slaughter-house and during food preparation are insufficient to control these food transmitted enteric infections. Consequently, a third line of defense, processing for safety, is required here as it was in the dairy and the egg product industries. At least two effective modes of processing for safety of raw food animal origin are available to erect this third line of defense. These includ radicidation and lactic acid decontamination. The two procedures lead to marked reward in terms of control of infection, while they are both fully safe.It is the duty of Public Health bacteriologists to advise regulatory agenci and consumers in applying one or both of these measures for improved healt protection.The health profession cannot possibly hope to achieve this goal without recruiting the assistance of experts in human behavior and more particular in factors determining selection and rejection of foods by consumers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00606.x
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  • 51
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    PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBODY AGAINST STERIGMATOCYSTIN (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conjugation of sterigmatocystin (ST) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved by converting ST to its hemiacetal followed by a reductive alkylation method under conditions similar to those for the preparation of afla B2a-BSA conjugate. Useful antibody was obtained from rabbits 6 weeks after they were immunized with BSA-ST conjugate. Antibody titers reached maxima (1:51,200) 10–12 weeks after immunization. ELISA analysis revealed that the dehydro-ST is about 16 times less reactive with the antibody than is ST. The antibody practically has no cross reaction with aflatoxins B1, B2a, G1, G2, and M1, and 6-0-methyl-ST.
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  • 52
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    NEUTRALIZATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LAURICIDIN BY TWEENS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antimicrobial activities of Lauricidin (glycerol monolaurate) and its formulations Lauricidin Plus F, and Lauricidin 812 were neutralized by Tweens 20 and 80. The quantitative relationship depended on the formulation of Lauricidin, the test organism and the concentration of the Tweens. In general Tween 20 and Tween 80 were similar in their abilities to neutralize the antimicrobial properties of Lauricidin. In most cases, (74% of the observations) 3.0% Tweens completely neutralized Lauricidin and its formulations.The effects of the Tweens on Lauricidin and Lauricidin Plus F were also studied quantitatively. In the presence of Lauricidin and Tweens, no inhibition was noticed and in most cases, the viable count was similar to the control. Lauricidin Plus F was much more potent than Lauricidin in inhibiting the organisms tested and the restoration of growth in the presence of the Tweens was not complete. The viable counts in the presence of Lauricidin Plus F and the Tweens were about two or more log cycles lower than the control.
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  • 53
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    ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND OTHER IONS IN FOODS: A REVIEW (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Salt or sodium chloride (NaCl) is a common ingredient in many processed foods, and especially in cured meats. In addition to flavoring and functional contributions, NaCl is believed to play an important antimicrobial role in these products. The antimicrobial activity of NaCl is reviewed in light of currrent calls for a reduction of Na+ in the human diet due to health reasons, and the possible replacement of NaCl in processed foods with chloride salts of other ions (i.e. KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2). Factors interacting with NaCl and complicating the nature of the preservative system in processed foods are examined; recent work with alternative chloride salts is summarized; complex solute-water activity interactions are highlighted; and, several important factors are considered in relation to the antimicrobial effects of NaCl and the possibility of its replacement with other chloride salts.
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  • 54
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    EFFECT OF POTASSIUM SORBATE ON THE MICROBIOLOGY OF VACUUM-PACKED POULTRY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Treatment of vacuum-packed poultry pieces and muscle fillets with potassium sorbate decreased the rate of microbial development and increased shelf life when the substrates were stored at chill temperatures. Microbial growth on sorbate treated breast fillets was totally inhibited for up to 35 days at 2°C. The effect of sorbate was temperature dependent and completely negated by severe temperature abuse (storage at 12°C). Increased storage temperature also resulted in a greater proportion of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the spoilage association. At each storage temperature where significant growth occurred, the effect of sorbate was to reduce the proportion of enteric organisms and increase the proportion of lactic acid bacteria in the spoilage association.
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  • 55
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    SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF FREEZE-STRESSED Campylobacter jejuni CELLS IN SELECTIVE MEDIA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Freezing and thawing of Campylobacter jejuni inflicted sublethal injury among survivors. About 95% or more of the survivors lost viability within 2 h of microaerobic incubation at 42°C in brucella broth containing a Campylobacter-selective antibiotic supplement of vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B, cephalothin and amphotericin. The remaining viable cells were able to multiply under these incubation conditions. The stressed cells were adversely affected by incubation at 42°C andpolymyxin B. A method consisting of incubating suspected samples microaerobically in brucella broth, supplemented with nutrients (succinate + cysteine) and antibiotics (vancomycin, trimethoprim, cephalothin and amphotericin) at 37°C for the initial 6 h and then adding polymyxin B and shifting the temperature to 42°C up to 24 h could improve detection of C. jejuni from frozen foods.
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  • 56
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    ENTEROTOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS BY PROGENY OF REPAIRED HEAT-INJURED CELLS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By using a method which permitted the selection of repaired cells from a population of heat-injured and noninjured cells of Staphylococcus aureus 196E, we were able to determine that the progeny of repaired cells retained the ability to produce enterotoxin A (SEA). There were large variations in the amount of SEA produced by the progeny of individual colony forming units (CFU) before and after heating. The average amount of SEA produced by the progeny of noninjured and repaired staphylococci were similar and not significantly different.
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  • 57
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    ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME FOOD FLAVORING COMPOUNDS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Of 21 food flavoring compounds tested against 39–40 organisms, 10 were ineffective at 1,000 ppm or 10 mM either at pH 6 or 8 and by either surface plating or in broth. The 11 effective compounds were d- and l-carvone, diacetyl, ethyl vanillin, eugenol, maltol, menthol, phenylacetic acid, phenylacetal-dehyde, 2,3-pentanedione and vanillin; with diacetyl and eugenol being the most effective. All were more effective at pH 6 than at pH 8. With the exception of maltol and phenylacetic acid, each was generally more effective against fungi than bacteria with the lactic acid bacteria being the most resistant. At pH 5.5 and 5°C, diacetyl was inhibitory to Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. geniculata at 〈 10 ppm. The findings suggest that compounds used in acid foods, ostensibly as flavoring agents, may exert antimicrobial effects when considered in context with all parameters of growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00609.x
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    CONTAMINATION AND DECONTAMINATION OF POULTRY CARCASS NECK TISSUE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Water absorption and changes in surface microtopography are major determinants of contamination of the underside of neck tissue. Salmonella cells adhere firmly to this tissue but cannot be effectively removed because of the major contribution of physical entrapment to the overall level of contamination. Heat and/or sorbate treatments can bring the bacteriological quality of neck tissue to that of the rest of the carcass but removal of this tissue is the most effective means of decontamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00605.x
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    AN ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF A RICE GROWING COMMUNITY AND ASSOCIATED CANCER RISK (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study to assess possible exposure to carcinogenic metabolites (aflatoxins) from a mold Aspergillus flavus has been conducted in a rice producing area of Brazoria County, Texas. One hundred samples of unmilled rice were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for the amount of aflatoxin produced by the mold during rice growth and storage. Two well water samples and two rice elevator dust samples were also checked for possible aflatoxin content. The cancer mortality rates (gastrointestinal and urinary tracts cancers) in the rice-growing and nonrice-growing areas of the same county were compared.No aflatoxin was detected by TLC methods in rice, rice dusts or water samples. When extracts of rice dusts were checked for mutagenesis by the Ames Salmonella assay as a supplement to the TLC analysis, the results suggested that these dusts might have contained mutagenic material. This observation notwithstanding, we found no evidence that the rice produced in the studied part of the Gulf Coast had a problem of aflatoxin contamination. Also, cancer mortality rates for two major organ systems were not found to differ for rice-producing and nonrice-producing areas of rural Brazoria County.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00607.x
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  • 60
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    INDIRECT ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOODS: PHOSPHATES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This review supplements the review by Hargreaves et al. (1972). Phosphate selection in the U.S. continues to be based upon achieving specific functional objectives other than microbial control. Current federal regulations limit the addition of phosphates to those levels which will achieve functionality. One notable exception is shelf stable pasteurized process cheese, cheese food, and cheese spreads. Adding relatively high levels of phosphates for emulsification coincidentally provides microbiological stability; however, the minimum levels for stability remain uncertain.It is becoming increasingly evident that phosphates, under certain conditions, have potential value for enhancing the microbial safety and stability of foods. Certain phosphates or mixtures of phosphates are clearly more effective than others. Through future research, it should be possible to further exploit the potential value of phosphates. This review offers direction for such research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00476.x
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    SIGNIFICANCE OF STAPHYLOCOAGULASE IN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY: A REVIEW (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Staphylocoagulase is an important enzyme for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus. It is also commonly related to pathogenicity of the organism. This review discusses the history of staphylocoagulase, its importance in the identification of staphylococci, its relationship with other important enzymes of staphylococci, and its role in food microbiology and food safety. Chemical properties, synthesis, mechanism of enzymatic activities, factors influencing detection, methods of detection, possible occurrence of the enzyme in foods, and its heat stability are also reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00484.x
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  • 62
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    EFFECT OF SPICES ON CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni AT THREE TEMPERATURES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was conducted on the effects of oregano, sage and ground cloves on the growth of Campylobacter jejuni. Each spice was added individually to a liquid growth medium at levels of 0.1–1%. C. jejuni was added to the spice-broth mixture and incubated at 4°C, 25°C or 42°C. Colony forming units were determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. At 42°C and a level of 0.5% spice, cloves inhibited the growth of this organism at 16h. However, in the presence of either oregano or sage, an apparent reduction in colony forming units was noted. The presence of sage caused a greater reduction in colony forming units than did oregano. However, incubation beyond 16 h at 42°C, cell growth was noted in all three spice-broth mixtures. In the presence of either sage or oregano, a 〉 3-log decrease in colony forming units of C. jeiuni was observed when the spice-broth mixture was incubated at 25°C.A 〈 1-log reduction in colony forming units of C. jejuni in the presence of any of the three spices was revealed at 4°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00485.x
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  • 63
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    ABILITY OF VARIOUS CARBON SOURCES TO INDUCE AND SUPPORT AFLATOXIN SYNTHESIS BY ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of a wide variety of carbon sources to induce and support aflatoxin synthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus was examined using mycelia pregrown in a peptone-mineral salts medium that does not support aflatoxin synthesis. Sugars and derivatives of sugars supported widely varying amounts of aflatoxin production. Amino acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates except aspartate and malate, respectively, did not appear to support de novo aflatoxin synthesis. Embden-Meyerhoff pathway intermediates prior to, but not after, 3-phosphoglycerate supported aflatoxin synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00488.x
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  • 64
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    THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOODS: A REVIEW (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Phenolic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and monotertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are hindered phenols with antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants appears to depend on the presence of a hydroxyl group on the molecule, the lipid solubility of the compound and the degree of steric hindrance. The use of phenolic antioxidants in food products is regulated by federal agencies. In general, these compounds are permitted in concentrations up to 200 ppm, based on the fat or oil content of the food product. Certain food products have special regulations. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants has been studied in meat and its products, poultry and its products, milk and its products, seafood, rice, applesauce and food ingredients.The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants is modified by at least 10 factors such as microbial species/strain, stressed microorganisms, type and concentration of phenolic antioxidants, concentration of microbial challenge, combination of phenolic antioxidants, combination of phenolic antioxidants with other antimicrobials, combination of phenolic antioxidants with temperature and food additives, food components, carriers of phenolic antioxidants and the mode of addition of phenolic antioxidants.The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants in foods has been examined against growth and by-products of bacteria (gram positive and negative, spore and nonspore formers, spoilage and pathogenic), molds and yeasts. The concentration of phenolic antioxidants that had antimicrobial activity in food products was in the range of 30–10,000 ppm.The mechanism of inhibition by phenolic antioxidants has been found to affect the function and composition of the cellular membrane, the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and lipid, and the function of the mitochondrion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00479.x
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    ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF SPICES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 6 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is a renewed interest in the antimicrobial properties of spices. In vitro activities of several ground spices, their water and alcohol extracts, and their essential oils have been demonstrated in culture media. Studies in the last decade confirm growth inhibition of gram positive and gram negative food borne bacteria, yeast and mold by garlic, onion, cinnamon, cloves, thyme, sage and other spices. Effects in foods are limited to observations in pickles, bread, rice, and meat products. In general, higher spice levels are required to effect inhibition in foods than in culture media. Fat, protein, and water contents in foods affect microbial resistance as does salt content. Very few studies report on the effect of spices on spores, and on microbial inhibition in conjunction with preservatives and food processes. Of the recognized antimicrobial components in spices, the majority are phenol compounds with a molecular weight of 150 to 160 containing a hydroxyl group. Eugenol, carvacrol and thymol have been identified as the major antimicrobial compounds in cloves, cinnamon, sage and oregano.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00477.x
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    Book reviews (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articles: Introduction to Plant Virology, by L. Bos. Collins Shorter Guide to the Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Garden Plants, by Stefan Buczacki & Keith Harris. Phytophthora: its Biology, Taxonomy, Ecology and Pathology, edited by D. C. Erwin, S. Bartnicki-Garcia and P. H. Tsao.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb00599.x
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    Inventaire phytoécologique des adventices de la betterave sucrière dans le Gharb (Maroc) (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Nous avons réalisé un inventaire phytoécologique de 122 stations sur les parcelles de betterave à sucre dans la région du Gharb (Maroc Occidental). Deux cent cinquante-six espèces adventices ont été recensées, appartenant à quarante-cinq familles botaniques, 80% des taxons environ étant des thérophytes, L'analyse différentielle de Czekanowski a permis de dégager quatre groupements phytosociologiques. Des groupes écologiques différentiels ont été distingués selon les caractères édapho-climatiques (texture fine du sol, pH, calcaire total, pluviosité).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Control of Avena fatua L. and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. with mixtures of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and four herbicides for control of A. fatua (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Control of Avena fatua (L.) (wild oat) with diclofop methyl applied at 0·7 kg ha−1 at the two-leaf stage and difenzoquat at 0·84 kg ha−1 at the four-leaf stage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions was good and not affected when either of these herbicides was mixed with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid as the monoethanolamine salt at 0·14, 0·20 or 0·30 kg ha−1. In the glasshouse, mixtures containing 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at rates as high as 0·6 kg ha−1 also did not affect control of A. fatua. When barban at 0·35 kg ha−1, or flamprop methyl at 0·56 kg ha−1 was mixed with similar rates of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and applied at the two-leaf and four-leaf stage of A. fatua respectively, a reduction in control of A. fatua (antagonism) occurred under both field and glasshouse conditions. The herbicides for control of A. fatua did not influence the fresh weight suppression of C. arvense shoots obtained in the glasshouse with 3,6-dichloropico-colinic acid at 0·3 kg ha−1. Early tolerance of wheat (cv. Neepawa) was acceptable with all mixtures. Wheat yields with diclofop methyl or difenzoquat alone or in mixture with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid were increased over the yields from the A. fatua-infested control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00567.x
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    A laboratory assay to determine the sensitivity of Rhynchosporium secalis to the fungicide triadimenol (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Thirty single-spore isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis were assayed in vitro to assess relative sensitivities to the fungicide triadimenol. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 μg/ml. Isolates collected in 1981 from winter barley crops treated with triadimenol + tuberidazole, triadimefon, or prochloraz were as sensitive as those from untreated crops, and four isolates collected prior to the widespread use of these fungicides were not especially sensitive. All isolates tested in the greenhouse on winter and spring barley were controlled by Baytan (triadimenol and fuberidazole).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The spread oi Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in mixtures of barley varieties (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A model is proposed of mechanisms which might affect the progress of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in mixtures of barley varieties. Results obtained from two field trials indicate that the efffect of mixtures may be panitioned into three categoriesof the influence of the reduced density of the susceptible plants, the barrier effect of the resistant plants, and the induced resistance due to the non-virulent pathogen biotypes. In the early stages of plant growth the lower density of susceptible plants accounted for most of the reduction in pathogen development in mixtures. As the epidemic progressed, the barrier and induced resistance effects increased in importance and the total mixture effect was at a maximum mid-way through epidemic development. Towards the end of the trials the overall mixture effect declined though the influence of induced resistance was at its maximum. The reasons for these changes and their implications for the use of host varietal mixtures in disease control are discussed.Mixtures also protected the crop against a pathogen other than the target organism.
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    Comparison of cuprous oxide and metalaxyl with mixtures of these fungicides for thecontrol of Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted using small-scale, detached pod evaluation methods to compare the likely effectiveness in controlling black pod of cuprous oxide-metalaxyl mixtures with these fungicides alone at approximately equivalent cost doses. All fungicide treatments were about equally effective and persistent except when rain fell soon afterspraying. Treatments containing cuprous oxide then gave very poor control of artificialinoculations with Phytophthora palmivora zoospores. Further laboratory' scale tests confirmed that cuprous oxide was readily leached by washing before the deposit completely dried whereas metalaxyl was very rapidly adsorbed on to ihe pods. A black pod control strategy is proposed using metalaxyi during critical wet periods and cuprous oxide for the rest of the year to reduce the possibility of metalaxyl resistance becoming apractical problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb00591.x
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    Components of partial resistance to Erysiphe graminis in spring barley (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The development of powdery mildew on seven spring barley varieties lacking effective major resistance factors was compared in a small-plot field trial. Differences were observed at later growth stages indicating partial resistance in some varieties. Latent period and sporulation capacity were examined on the fifth or sixth leaf of these varieties plus several known to be susceptible, using plants raised under spore-free conditions. Latent period was extended in most partially resistant varieties compared with susceptible controls, more so at 5°C than at 10°C. Cumulative total spore production per colony over the 16-day sporulation period differed markedly between varieties, the most resistant yielding one-third as many spores as the susceptible controls. There was evidence that these resistance components were correlated with each other and with previous estimates of infection frequency. The significance of this finding, in relation to selection for improved levels of partial resistance, is discussed.
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    Septoria cucurbitacearum on courgettes—a new British record (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb00598.x
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    Influence of metolachlor and the metolachlor protectant CGA 43089 on the biosynthesis of epicuticular waxes on the primary leaves of Sorghum bicolor Moench (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Epicuticular wax synthesis by the primary leaf of Sorghum bicolor seedlings is inhibited when the germinating seeds are treated with 5 ppm metolachlor before germination. The composition of the free and esterified primary alcohols plus free and esterified fatty acids and aldehydes have been analysed. The predominant alcohol (75%) had 32 carbons while the 28- and 30-carbon homologues accounted for 78% of the fatty acids. Treatment of the germinating seeds with metolachlor strongly inhibited formation of the C28, C30 and C32 alcohols. Synthesis of C30 and C32 fatty acids was decreased while that of the C26 homologues was somewhat elevated. Simultaneous treatment of the germinating seed with metolachlor and the herbicide protectant CGA 43089 (α-[cyanomethoximino]-benzacetonitrile) resulted in normal wax synthesis. The results lead to the conclusion that the protectant prevents metolachlor from inhibiting synthesis of the dominating C28 to C30 chain-length constituents of the sorghum epicuticular wax.
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    Changes in the incidence of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) infestation of grassland over a 4-year period in NE Scotland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A roadside survey of 4749 fields in eight areas of NE Scotland was conducted annually from 1979 to 1982. The proportion of grass fields infested with ragwort remained steady at 18–19% from 1979 to 1981 but fell to 13·5% in 1982. This fall resulted from fewer fields becoming newly infested and from more fields that had remained in grass ceasing to be infested. The proportion of infested fields remaining in grass that showed a reduction of two or more points on a 0–5 logarithmic scale of ragwort density (a possible indication of the frequency of control measures) was 24·0% in 1979–1980, 21·7% in 1980–1981 and 36·3% in 1981–1982.The incidence of ragwort infestation was consistently higher in some areas than in others and was not related to the proportion of arable crops. The change in incidence of infestation varied greatly between different areas, as did the proportion of infested fields whose score on the 0–5 scale fell by two or more points. In 1979–1980 and 1980–1981 this proportion had to exceed 22% to effect a net decrease in the incidence of infestation in an area, but in 1981–1982 no relationship was evident between these two measures of change. The incidence of infestation in all areas increased with increasing sward age but one area (Moray and Nairn) had a much higher proportion of young grass infested than any of the others. Over 99% of ragwort infestations consisted of Senecio jacobaea, infestations of S. aquatints Huds. being rare.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00606.x
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    Time of onset of competition and effects of various fractions of an Avena fatua L. population on spring barley (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The growth and competition of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) emerging at different times, and the time of onset of competition by them were studied using natural populations in spring barley. In one experiment in 1972, wild oats emerging in the 0–0⋅5, 0⋅5–2⋅5, 2⋅5–4 crop leaf stages at densities of 54, 46, 15 m −2 respectively were allowed to compete all season with the crcp. These gave rise to 82, 17 and l% of all seed shed and caused 16%, and two non-significant yield losses respectively. In two other experiments in 1973, nearly all the wild oats that caused yield losses had emerged by the crop 2˙45 leaf stage. Where wild oats emerging up to the crop 2⋅5 leaf stage were removed, the later ones did not compensate by making extra growth. In one of these experiments in which densities of crop and weed were 416 and 414 m 2, and in the other where they were 295 and 294 m 2 respectively, grain yield losses were significant if the wild oats remained in the crop until the crop had 2⋅5–4⋅5 leaves and 4⋅5–6⋅5 leaves respectively. In a third experiment in 1973 with initial densities of 464 wild oats and 336 barley plants m −2, and where a top dressing of nitrogen was given at the crop 3–4 leaf stage, unlike the other two experiments in 1973 where all nitrogen was applied at sowing, no yield losses resulted unless the wild oats remained in the crop until after the crop 6 leaf stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00592.x
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    A simple bioassay for photosystem-II inhibitors in water using in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A simple bioassay is described in which the increase of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence of unialgal continuous, cultures is related to the concentration of photosynthetic inhibitors by a hyperbolic function. Concentrations of the herbicide terbutryne detected by the bioassay in an aquarium microcosm were generally within 2 μg 1−1 of estimates by gas chromatography. A multispecies bioassay approach is proposed, which combines high sensitivity with a wide operating range of concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00597.x
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  • 78
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    Pathogenicity of fungi and bacteria from the Sudan to water hyacinth (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Studies were made in the Sudan for microorganisms pathogenic to water hyacinth (Etchhornia crassipes Solms) for biological control purposes. Many fungi and bacteria were isolated from plant parts showing disease symptoms. Pathogenicity tests revealed that only five out of the twenty-five fungal and bacterial isolates were damaging to the weed plant. These included Acremonium zonatum, Drechslera specifera and Fusarium equiseti. Phoma sorghina and a bacterium Bacillus sp. are reported for the first time as potential pathogens of water hyacinth. Pathogenic isolates were also found to produce toxic metabolites in liquid cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb01559.x
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  • 79
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    Buried seeds in arable soils in Scotland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil from arable areas in Scotland was examined macroscopically for seeds. In terms of the percentage of sites at which they were recorded, Chenopodium album L. (33%), Poa annua L. (22%), Polygonum aviculare L. (41%), Polygonum persicaria L. (39%), Spergula arvensis L. (42%) and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (44%) were the most common species found. They accounted for 78% of the seeds recovered. There were eighty different species found over the 5 years of the survey. Estimated total weed populations (m−2) ranged from nil to 170000 with an average of 16000 m−2 in the top 20 cm of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb01563.x
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  • 80
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    Soil persistence studies with bromoxynil, propanil and [14C]dicamba in herbicidal mixtures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The persistence of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), [14C]dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic-7-14C acid) and propanil [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propionamide] at rates equivalent to 1 kg ha−1, were studied under laboratory conditions in a clay loam, a heavy clay and a sandy loam at 85% of field capacity and at 20±1°C, both singly and in the presence of herbicides normally applied with these chemicals as tank-mix or split-mix components.The degradation of bromoxynil was rapid with over 90% breakdown occurring within a week in the heavy clay and sandy-loam soils, while in the clay-loam approximately 80% of the bromoxynil had broken down after 7 days. In all three soils degradation was unaffected by the presence of asulam, diclofop-methyl, flamprop-methyl, MCPA, metribuzin or propanil.Propanil underwent rapid degradation in all soil treatments, with over 95% of the applied propanil being dissipated within 7 days. There were no noticeable effects on propanil degradation resulting from applications of asulam, barban, bromoxynil, dicamba, MCPA, MCPB, metribuzin or 2,4-D.The breakdown of [14C]dicamba in a particular soil was unaffected by being applied alone or in the presence of diclofop-methyl, flampropmethyl, MCPA, metribuzin, propanil or 2,4-D. The times for 50% of the applied dicamba to be degraded were approximately 16 days in both the clay loam and sandy loam, and about 50 days in the heavy clay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb01566.x
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  • 81
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    Response of three winter wheat cultivars to difenzoquat (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The response to difenzoquat of the three winter wheat cultivars, Hobbit, Maris Huntsman and Score is compared. In an experiment in which plants with three to four leaves were sprayed with 0, 1, 2 and 4 kg ai ha−1 difenzoquat Maris Huntsman was most tolerant while Score appeared least tolerant. Difenzoquat reduced the main shoot height and lamina length, and increased tiller number. At the high doses the main shoot was often killed, particularly in Hobbit and Score, which showed stunting and tillering with the 1-kg dose. DNA synthesis, monitored by 14C-thymidine incorporation in excised meristematic segments, and 14C-difenzoquat penetration and translocation were compared in the three cultivars. 1 × 10−4m difenzoquat inhibited DNA synthesis by 7·9, 29·3 and 45·5% in Maris Huntsman, Score and Hobbit respectively. This is likely to contribute to the different responses of Maris Huntsman and Hobbit as 14C-difenzoquat penetration and translocation were similar. However, there was a greater accumulation of 14C activity in the apical meristem of Score, which is likely to contribute to the greater susceptibility of this cultivar, as is the greater inhibition of DNA synthesis and higher level of spray retention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00585.x
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  • 82
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    Factors affecting the development of populations of Oxalis pes-caprae L. (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: As the control of Oxalis pes-caprae L. is dependent upon treatment after the parent bulb has become exhausted and before the new bulbs have formed, experiments were conducted to test the uniformity of development of plants and to determine if adequate control could be expected from a single herbicide application. Inherent differences were observed in the time of emergence, and further differences could be induced by increasing the depth of planting or withholding water. Competition between plants was shown to retard the development of late-emerging plants.The physical removal of parts of the plant before bulb exhaustion had limited effect on bulb production, but reduced bulb weights and numbers when carried out after bulb exhaustion. Although not all parts of the plant were replaced by regrowth, no major changes in overall development were noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00591.x
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  • 83
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    Selectivity factors relative to asulam for Senecio jacobaea L. control in Medicago sativa L. II. Metabolism (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Metabolism of 14C asulam applied with surfactant was studied in Senecio Jacobaea L. and Medicago saliva L. Plants were harvested 48, 96 and 144 h after treatment and extracted with acetone. The aqueous residue of the acetone extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate and the 14C activity in the ethyl-acetate phase, the aqueous phase and the plant residue was determined. A significant amount of 14C activity was not extracted by acetone from either species. This amount increased with time in M. sativa but remained relatively constant in S. jacobaea. More 14C activity was found in the aqueous phase than in the ethyl-acetate phase in M. sativa while the reverse was true in S. jacobaea. Significantly lower amounts of free asulam were identified in M. sativa than in S. jacnbaea. Still, results of these and previous studies on retention, uptake and translocation do not completely account for differences in sensitivity found in greenhouse and field applications. Other possible explanations for selectivity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00575.x
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  • 84
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    Role of temperature in regulating timing of germination in soil seed reserves of Lamium purpureum L. (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fresh seeds of Lamium purpureum L. were dormant at maturity, and when buried and exposed to natural seasonal temperature changes they exhibited an annual dormancy/non-dormancy cycle. During burial in summer, fresh seeds and those that had been buried for 1 year afterripened and thus were non-dormant by September and October; light was required for germination. During autumn and winter seeds re-entered dormancy, and during the following summer they became non-dormant again. Dormant seeds afterripened when buried and stored over a range of temperatures, becoming conditionally dormant at low (5, 15/6°C) and non-dormant at high (20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C) temperatures. Conditionally dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5, 15/6 and 20/10°C, while non-dormant seeds germinated to high percentages additionally at 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C. Low temperatures caused non-dormant seeds to re-enter dormancy, while high temperatures caused a sharp decline in germination only at 30/15 and 5°C. The temperature responses of L. purpureum seeds are compared to those of L. amplexicaule L.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00596.x
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  • 85
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    Weed competition and control in sugarcane (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Losses of about 40% in cane yields due to natural stands of weeds were found in experiments conducted in sugarcane var. Co 527 in the year of planting at Guneid Sugarcane Research Station, Sudan. Weed competition lowered millable stalks per metre row by 32%, stalk height by 24%, stalk thickness by 15% and number of nodes per stalk by 14%. Tillering was the growth phase most affected by weed competition.Cane yields were increased as number of hand weedings increased, but four weedings were not markedly better than three. The average yield (67·04 t ha−1) obtained from four weedings was not significantly (P= 0·05) better than that of three weedings carried out at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after cane planting.Juice analysis components were also affected by weeds and a 15% reduction in sucrose recovery was recorded. Reductions in the other components were only 4–7%.Atrazine and diuron (3·3 kg ha−1), metribuzin (2·4 kg ha−1) and metribuzin (1·3 kg ha−1) in tank mixture with diuron (1·5 kg ha−1) gave excellent residual weed control of the dominant weed species, Ipomoea cordofana Choisy., Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb., Corchorus fascicularis Lam., Ocimum basilicum L. and Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz., for most of the first growing season. Excellent control of weeds achieved by the herbicide treatments resulted in comparable yields to frequently-weeded cane. These herbicides were not phytotoxic to sugarcane var. Co 527.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb01558.x
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    Influence of particle size and type of formulation on phytotoxicity and persistence of atrazine (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The initial and residual activities of wettable powder formulations of atrazine comprising different particle sizes were investigated in field and glasshouse experiments. A flowable formulation was also compared with these. Oats were used as the test species for the glasshouse studies while in field trials effects on control of broadleaf weeds in maize were studied. No marked differences were noted in the activity of wettable powders of different particle sizes in the glasshouse as pre-emergence applications. As a post-emergence treatment the fine particle size was more phytotoxic than the coarse material, especially when a wetting agent was added to the spray solution. In the field trials, no appreciable differences in weed control or crop tolerance could be established regardless of the time or rate of application. The flowable formulation was less active than the wettable powders in some glasshouse experiments but no such trend was apparent in field trials. Bioassays showed that the residual activity of the flowable formulation was lower than wettable powder formulations in both glasshouse and field studies but no consistent differences were noted in the persistence of the three forms of wettable powders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb01562.x
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  • 87
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    Weed interference in maize, cowpea and maize/cowpea intercrop in a subhumid tropical environment. II. Early growth and nutrient content of crops and weeds (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Early growth and nutrient content of crops and weeds from weed-free and weedy no-tillage maize (Zea mays L, cv. TZB), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. cv. VITA-5) and maize/cowpea intercrop at populations of 40000, 50000 and 30000 + 40000 plants ha−1 grown on a loamysand Oxic Ustropept in a subhumid tropical location were monitored in the early and late 1979 cropping seasons. In the first 6 weeks of growth in the early season, cropping pattern had no effect on weed growth; weeds did not suppress crop growth significantly until 5–6 weeks after sowing and total crop dry weights were not affected by cropping pattern. Three weeks after sowing, weeds from weedy crop plots had taken up two to four times as much nutrient (N, P, K, Ca + Mg) as was taken up by corresponding weed-free crops. In the late season, weed dry weight 6 weeks after sowing was depressed in the intercrop compared to monocultures and dry-matter production of the intercrop was higher than those of monocultures. The resource use index (RUI), defined as the amount of an environmental resource used by a weed-free crop divided by the combined amount of the same resource used by the corresponding weedy crop and the associated weeds, increased with age of crop and was higher for the intercrop than the monocultures only in the late season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb01565.x
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  • 88
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    A mathematical modelling approach to the study of the economics of controlling Rumex obtusifolius in grassland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Synthesizing data from several sources, a simplified mathematical model of dock (Rumex obtusifolius) reproduction, growth and competition with grass has been constructed. Using the model, an attempt has been made to study the short- and long-term economic implications of controlling dock infestation in a grassland conservation system by use of the herbicide asulam. The sensitivity of the results has been tested in respect of assumptions about the efficacy of asulam in controlling docks and the economic values attached to grass and dock dry-matter production. However, given the large number of assumptions necessitated by the limited availability of data and in the absence of any means of validating the model, extreme care is needed in interpreting the results. Nonetheless, while the model cannot be used to derive practical recommendations it can and does provide some useful insights into herbicide control of docks. However, confident economic predictions of the value of controlling docks in grassland await further experimental work on the population dynamics of docks, the factors influencing the effectiveness of herbicides and the nutritive value of docks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00587.x
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  • 89
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    Action de l'atrazine, du chlortoluron et du MCPA sur les teneurs en pyruvate, oxalacétate, cétoglutarate, glutamate et glutamine dans les feuilles et les racines de concombre (Cucumis sativus) (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Des doses létales d'atrazine, de chlortoluron et de MCPA ont été administrées à des plantules de concombre (Cucumis sativus) de 17 jours croissant sur solution nutritive. La composition en acides cétoniques, glutamate et glutamine a été déterminée dans les feuilles et les racines après des délais de 1 à 4 jours.Deux jours après l'application d'herbicides inhibiteurs de photosynthèse, les teneurs en cétoglutarate, oxaloacétate, pyruvate, glutamate et glutamine des feuilles sont respectivement de 11 à 20%; 30 à 54%; 43 à 50%; 101 à 112% et 49 à 65% par rapport aux témoins. Après 4 jours, elles sont de 16 à 22%; 31 à 56%; 26 à 42%; 71 à 75% et 180 à 205%. Dans les racines, le glutamate diminue dans la même proportion que le cétoglutarate tandis que la glutamine augmente les deux premiers jours et diminue la quatrième jour. Le traitement au MCPA ne modifie pas la concentration en cétoglutarate des feuilles mais l'augmente de 300 à 800% dans les racines.L'analyse simultanée du cétoglutarate et du glutamate permet de caractériser la nature du traitement herbicide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00590.x
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  • 90
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    Effects of application method on the performance of some soil-applied herbicides. I. Glasshouse experiments (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Chlortoluron, propyzamide, terbutryne and nitrofen were applied to the soil in pots with a rotary atomizer at 301 ha−1, with a conventional hydraulic nozzle at 400 1 ha−1 at several doses, or as discrete 2-μl drops applied with a microsyringe at 2-cm spacings. The test plants were Alopecurus myosuroides, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album, Avena fatua, perennial ryegrass and radish. Chlortoluron, propyzamide and terbutryne had the same activities following the rotary atomizer or conventional spray application but the rotary atomizer application of nitrofen was less effective against A. fatua than the conventional spray treatment. Chlortoluron, propyzamide and terbutryne showed appreciable activity applied as drops 2 cm apart at rates equivalent to 2 kg ai ha−1, on plants growing equidistant from the drops, but nitrofen showed no activity under these circumstances.The activity of chlortoluron was investigated at different soil moisture contents; it was more active when applied to moist soil than to dry soil which was not wetted for at least 10 h. Application method did not affect this response
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00576.x
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  • 91
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    Growth and patterns of resource allocation in Eupatorium odoratum L. in the secondary successional environments following slash and burn agriculture (Jhum) (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Eupatorium odoratum L. (Asteraceae), an abundant early successional perennial weed, were studied in seral stages after slash and burn. Increment in individual biomass and nutrient uptake declined with increasing time after fallow. A higher proportion of the available resources was allocated to the supporting organs but a lower proportion to the photosynthetic organ in the older fields compared to recently fallowed fields. The allocation of biomass to reproduction, and also nutrient content, decreased during seral development. However, cost of reproduction to the plants (considered as the proportion of increment in biomass or nutrient uptake during the current growing season) was much higher in the older fields than the younger ones. Growth was adversely affected by low nutrient availability in soil in the recently fallowed fields but the allocation pattern remained unaffected. Biomass was not allocated in the same manner as nutrients. A higher proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus compared to that of biomass and potassium was devoted to reproduction in all the fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00580.x
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  • 92
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    Absorption and translocation of 14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid in Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted in a growth cabinet to investigate the absorption and translocation of 14C-3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid by Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, creeping thistle), a sensitive species. Applications were made, either to the middle four leaves of 12-cm-tall vegetative plants grown under low (40%) and/or high (〉95%) relative humidity (r.h.), or to four upper or lower leaves of 30-cm-tall flowering plants grown under low r.h. Following application to vegetative plants, absorption and translocation of 14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was rapid and was approximately doubled by high r.h. High r.h. increased the amount of radioactivity retained by the treated leaves or translocated to the shoots but did not affect greatly the amount retained in the roots. The herbicide was highly mobile, with over half of that absorbed, translocated out of the treated leaves after two days. The apex accumulated most of the radioactivity, while approximately 8% was recovered from the roots. The absorption and translocation patterns were similar to those reported in the literature for picloram in C. arvense. Absorption of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was greater in vegetative than in flowering C. arvense plants, and placement of herbicide on lower leaves tended to decrease the amount of radioactivity recovered from shoot apex and increase the amount recovered from the roots. Approximately 15% of the applied radioactivity could not be recovered from treated plants by 2 days after treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00566.x
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    Growth of Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Agrostis gigantea Roth. at different light intensities (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Agrostis gigantea Roth. raised from rhizomes both responded to reduced light intensity by increased stem length, while the number of aerial shoots was reduced. The weight of the aerial parts was not influenced by a 50% reduction of the daylight intensity, but a further reduction of light caused a significant decrease in weight. The production of new rhizomes was more influenced by shading than were the aerial shoots. The consequence was an increase in the shoot/rhizome ratio.The food reserve per bud measured as inter-node weight in E. repens and A. gigantea was reduced only with intensive shading, and the vitality of the rhizomes appeared independent of light intensity.Intensive shading in early as compared to late summer caused a reduction in the number and weight of aerial shoots, but not in the weight of new rhizomes. Light intensities equal to those found in a spring wheat crop allowed more E. repens growth than light intensities equal to those in a spring oat crop. E. repens raised from seeds and grown at light intensities equal to those found in a cereal crop, showed insignificant rhizome production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00570.x
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    Dégradation catalytique du propyzamide déposé sur bentonite (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: La dégradation du propyzamide a étéétudiée après dépôt sur diverses bentonites homioniques. Les meilleures activités sont obtenues avec les bentonite Ag + et Cu++ qui provoquent la dégradation du propyzamide selon un processus en deux étapes. La présence d'humidité provoque l'apparition d'un processus secondaire compétitif.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00564.x
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    The influence of water solubility on the movement and degradation of simazine in a fallow soil (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The movement and degradation of simazine in the field during winter and summer were measured and compared with simulations using a simple model. The model only simulated simazine behaviour closely when water solubility was taken into account. Relationships between water solubility, melting point, soil adsorption and octan-1-ol/water partition coefficient indicate that, at agricultural rates of application, water solubility will only have an important influence on behaviour for relatively polar chemicals with high melting points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00569.x
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  • 96
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    Interaction of three lucerne cultivars and eleven English isolates of stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), ‘lucerne race’ (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In pots, 11 English isolates of lucerne race of stem nematode induced hypertrophy in the shoot apices of young lucerne seedlings of the cultivars Europe, Sverre and Vertus. All but one isolate multiplied freely in the shoots of susceptible Europe plants and all isolates multiplied freely in the shoots of supposedly resistant Sverre plants. Some plants of both cultivars appeared resistant cut in the resistant cultivar Vertus, some plants were susceptible to several isolates. There were at least two pathotypes among the 11 nematode isolates used. In selecting for resistance to lucerne s;em nematode, several nematode isolates should be used and the inoculated plants should be grown to maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb00584.x
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) rhizome fragments of different length from various depths in the soil (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The regenerative response of the rhizomes of Achillea millefolium L. to fragmentation and burial was studied in field experiments on three different soils. The percentage of buds producing shoots (estimated from surviving rhizome fragments) from 4 cm (1·6 nodes), 8 cm (3·8 nodes) and 16 cm (6·7 nodes) rhizome fragments was 63, 44 and 32 respectively averaged over all soils and depths of 5, 10 and 15 cm. The depth at which 50% of the fragments failed to produce an emerged shoot (LD50 depth) was 9·3, 12·4 and 17·9 cm for 4-, 8- and 16-cm fragments respectively averaged over all soils. No fragments survived on the soil surface. The time of emergence of the first shoots was delayed and the rate of emergence and ultimate shoot population reduced with increasing depth of burial. Dry-matter production by aerial shoots and new rhizomes decreased linearly with depth of burial of the rhizome fragments. Soil type had no effect on the regeneration of the fragments. The significance of the results for the control of A. millefolium is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00605.x
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    European Weed Research Society Sustaining Members (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00609.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature during burial on dormant and non-dormant seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. and ecological implications (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Spring-produced seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. were dormant at maturity in May and after-ripened when buried and stored over a range of temperatures, becoming conditionally dormant at low (5, 15/6 and 20/10°C) and non-dormant at high (25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C) temperatures. Conditionally dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5 and 15/6°C, and non-dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5, 15/6, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C. Seeds that became conditionally dormant at 5°C afterripened completely (i.e. became non-dormant) after transfer to 30/15°C. Buried seeds that became non-dormant in a non-temperature-controlled glasshouse during summer were still non-dormant after 12 weeks of storage at 30/15°C, while those stored at 5°C for 12 weeks had entered conditional dormancy. Thus, low temperatures cause reversal of the afterripening that takes place at high temperatures, but not that which takes place both at low and at high temperatures. Low winter temperatures cause dormant autumn-produced seeds and non-dormant seeds in the soil seed pool to become conditionally dormant. The ecological consequences of these responses to temperature are discussed in relation to the timing of seed germination in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00595.x
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residualwirkung von Chlortriazin-Herbiziden im Boden an drei rumänischen Standorten. II. Prognose möglicher Folgekulturen bei Atrazinrükständen im Boden (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 24 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Von drei Versuchsstationen in Rumänien, die unterschiedliche Klima- und Bodeneigenschaften aufweisen, wurden 1982 120 Tage nach Applikation von 3 kg Atrazin ha−1 in Mais (Zea mays L.) Proben aus 0–10 cm Bodentiefe auf ihre Gesamtrückstände und pflanzenverfügbaren Anteile mit einer Wasserextraktions- und Biotestmethode untersucht. An einem Standort wurden zudem die gleichen Bestimmungen 3,5 Jahren nach Anwendung von 100 kg AS ha−1 durchgeführt.In Abhängigkeit von der unterschiedlichen Atrazinverlustrate und der prozentualen Verfügbarkeit bei den drei Standorten konnten 30–120 μg 1−1 Boden an potentiell pflanzenverfügbarem Atrazin ermittelt werden.In Langzeit-Biotesten in Hydroponik wurde die Aktivität dieser Konzentrationen auf die für Rumänien wichtigsten Folgekulturen nach Maisanbau—Sonnenblume, Winterweizen, Sojabohne und Lein—überprüft. Die ED50- Werte und die Einteilung der Wirkung in fünf Aktivitätskategorien erfolgte mit der Probit-Analyse, wobei die Sonnenblume mit 22 μg 1−1 die höchste und die Sojabohne mit 78 μg 1−1 die niedrigste Empfindlichkeit zeigte.Mit Hilfe der ermittelten Verfügbarkeitswerte kann für jeden Standort anhand einer Verträglichkeitsliste abgelesen werden, ob und wie stark Atrazin-Rückstände mögliche Nachbaukulturen zu schädigen vermögen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00599.x
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