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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of sowing date on infection of sugar beet by Polymyxa betae (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 41 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of sowing date on the infection of sugar-beet seedlings by Polymyxa betae was examined in a small-plot experiment on a naturally infested site. Seed was sown on seven occasions at weekly intervals from late March to early May. From each sowing, plant samples were taken at approximately weekly intervals over a period of 7 weeks. The extent of root infection by P. betae and the dry weight of plants was determined at each sampling date, and the progress of infection and rate of plant growth were examined against time and thermal time. Infection occurred sooner after sowing and the subsequent rate of fungal development was more rapid in late-sown than in early-sown plants. Early sowing allowed germination and growth of sugar beet at temperatures too low for fungal infection. The growth of late-sown plants appeared to be reduced by P. betae infection. The implications of these findings for the development of rhizomania disease are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1992.tb02332.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The expression of partial resistance to Erysiphe graminis in spring barley (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 32 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The development of powdery mildew on five barley varieties selected for partial resistance in the field and lacking identifiable, effective race-specific resistance factors was examined. Inoculation tests demonstrated that a reduction in the number of colonies was a major component of this resistance. Microscopic examination of segments from the fourth and fifth leaf revealed several stages at which colony development was arrested. The failure of individual penetrations to establish compatible colony growth was classified as being due either to hypersensitive or to non-hypersensitive resistance in host epidermal cells. Varying proportions of these two types of resistance mechanism were evident in all varieties examined, including the susceptible controls. In four resistant varieties, one or other mechanism predominated. The possibility of enhancing partial resistance by combining sources in which different mechanisms operate is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1983.tb01304.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rapid method of counting spores of fungal pathogens by infra-red reflectance analysis (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 31 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A method of counting freshly harvested spores of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei), yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and brown rust (P. hordei) of barley as well as brown rust (P. recondita) of wheat, using infra-red reflectance spectrophotometry was investigated. A Neotec 6350 Research Composition Analyser was used to scan spore samples on glass-fibre filter disks in the near infra-red region of the spectrum (1100–2500 nm) and the amount of energy reflected at 1400 different wavelengths recorded. Three wavelengths (1900, 2252 and 2308 nm) that together gave the best multiple correlation with spore populations counted on a haemocytometer slide were selected. Partial regression coefficients for each fungal species were derived by relating reflectance energy values to direct spore counts. Utilizing these and the energy reflected at the three selected wavelengths, it was possible to count spore samples with high precision. Correlations 〉0.9 between numbers estimated by the instrument and those obtained using a haemocytometer slide (within the range 0–30000 spores) were achieved with all the fungi examined. Application of the technique to smaller, fixed-filter instruments as a routine method of counting spores is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1982.tb01289.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to Polymyxa betae in wild Beta species (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Resistance to Polymyxa betae, the fungal vector of beet necrotic yellow vein virus, was studied in two wild beet species. Beta patellaris and B. procumbens. Plants grown in naturally infested soil or exposed to zoospore suspensions were examined in order to determine the stage in the life cycle of the fungus at which resistance was operating. Resting spores were never observed in the resistant species. Microscopic examination of stained transverse sections of fibrous roots taken at intervals after inoculation showed no evidence of even the earliest infection structures, the plasmodia; these were detected frequently in the epidermal cells of the susceptible Beta vulgaris. Use of the fluorescent stain DiOC6(3) to label zoospores showed that these were attracted to and attached themselves to the roots and root hairs of resistant species in the same way as to susceptible species. Maximum zoospore attachment was observed 1–6h after roots were exposed to zoospore suspensions. There was no obvious difference in the numbers attracted to resistant and susceptible hosts. Apparent infection of root hairs by encysted zoospores was observed in all three species. The resistance mechanism in the wild species must operate soon after this initial infection, possibly involving a hypersensitive response that prevents the subsequent development of plasmodia in epidermal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02781.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Polymyxa species by restriction analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 43 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A molecular method is described to aid identification of the obligate parasite Polymyxa and discriminate between species (P. betae and P. graminis) and isolates. DNA was extracted from zoospores, resting spores and roots infected with P. betae and P. graminis and compared with that from negative control plants that were not inoculated with Polymyxa but were grown at the same time under the same conditions. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rDNAs were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and digested with restriction enzymes to detect molecular differences between the species and isolates. There were differences between P. betae and P. graminis and two subgroups within P. graminis but so far this has not been correlated with any other biological property.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb01631.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The host range of Polymyxa betae in Britain (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 41 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The host range of Polymyxa betae on common arable weed species in Britain was determined by growing plants in naturally infested soil and examining their root systems for the presence of resting spores (cystosori). Of the 24 species tested, only Atriplex patula and Chenopodium album of the Chenopodiaceae, and Silene alba of the Caryophyllaceae, were found to be heavily infected. S. alba is a newly recorded host species for Polymyxa. The host specificity of isolates of P. betae from Beta vulgaris, C. album and A. patula was investigated by observing which of 11 test plants could be infected by the isolates obtained from this soil. Three main biotypes of P. betae appeared to be distinguishable: one which was able to infect all chenopodiaceous species; one which had a narrower host range; and one which was able to infect S. alba. The role of weed species in the epidemiology of rhizomania is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1992.tb02317.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infection of sugar beet by Polymyxa betae in relation to soil temperature (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 40 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of soil temperature on infection of sugar-beet roots by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa betae were investigated in controlled environments. Pre-germinated seeds were sown in pots of naturally infested soil and seedlings sampled at frequent intervals over a period of several weeks. Within the range 10-30°C, the optimum soil temperature for infection was c. 25°C; the time between sowing and the first detectable infection was shortest and the subsequent rate of infection most rapid at this temperature. No infection was observed over 80 days at 10°C.Both root and shoot dry weight were reduced on plants growing in infested soil at 15, 20 and 25 C compared with those growing in uninfested soil. In general, root growth was more severely affected than shoot growth and the effects were most pronounced at 20°C. These results were confirmed in a subsequent experiment in which P. betae-infected root material was used as the inoculum. In addition to its role as the vector of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (the cause of Rhizomania disease), the significance of P. betae as a plant pathogen in its own right is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1991.tb02375.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Components of partial resistance to Erysiphe graminis in spring barley (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 33 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The development of powdery mildew on seven spring barley varieties lacking effective major resistance factors was compared in a small-plot field trial. Differences were observed at later growth stages indicating partial resistance in some varieties. Latent period and sporulation capacity were examined on the fifth or sixth leaf of these varieties plus several known to be susceptible, using plants raised under spore-free conditions. Latent period was extended in most partially resistant varieties compared with susceptible controls, more so at 5°C than at 10°C. Cumulative total spore production per colony over the 16-day sporulation period differed markedly between varieties, the most resistant yielding one-third as many spores as the susceptible controls. There was evidence that these resistance components were correlated with each other and with previous estimates of infection frequency. The significance of this finding, in relation to selection for improved levels of partial resistance, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb00595.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inheritance of mechanisms of partial resistance to Erysiphe graminis in spring barley (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 36 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The response of epidermal cells to attempted penetration by Erysiphe graminis was examined in the fifth leaf of 13 barley lines selected for partial resistance. In leaf segments fixed and stained 72 h after inoculation cell reactions were classified as susceptible or as exhibiting non-hypersensitive or hypersensitive resistance. The proportion of cells with each type of reaction varied in a continuous manner among the lines and there were significant differences between lines in the levels of non-hypersensitive and hypersensitive resistance. Crosses were made between lines exhibiting high and low levels of each resistance mechanism. Fifty challenged epidermal cells per duplicate leaf segment were examined on 45-50 F2 plants derived from two such crosses. The frequency distribution of each of the three types of cell reaction in the fifth leaf was found to be continuous and, in general, normally distributed and in no case was there a significant difference between parent and progeny mean values, suggesting that the two resistance mechanisms were under the control of several genes showing predominantly additive gene action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1987.tb02178.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a recombinant antibody ELISA test for the detection of Polymyxa betae and its use in resistance screening (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An ELISA test was developed for the quantitative detection of the obligate parasite Polymyxa betae, the vector of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), in infected sugarbeet roots. The test used monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised to a recombinantly expressed glutathione-S-transferase (GST) from P. betae. A close correlation was found between the number of P. betae zoospores in serially diluted suspensions and absorbance values in the ELISA test. Time-course studies of plants grown in naturally infested soils in controlled environment tests demonstrated the value of the ELISA test in screening for P. betae resistance. In preliminary tests, P. betae-resistant accessions of the wild sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima), which might be used to restrict the transmission of BNYVV, were identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2003.00928.x
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