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  • Articles  (208)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (208)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • 1985-1989  (208)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (208)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Material characteristics in the analysis of heated steel beams (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Beam fire tests are expensive and complicated. They may be replaced by calculations of the heated beam deflection by means of the method presented in this paper. The following material characteristics in the analysis of the deflection of beams during fire may be taken as fundamental: the steel creep characteristic at elevated temperatures, the modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of thermal expansion. According to the yield hinge theory, the yield stress is the criterion of failure of steel beams in fire. On the other hand, in the analysis of the deflection of the heated steel beams the influence of the yield stress is very small. The influence of the respective material characteristics on the heated steel beam's destruction is shown in this paper.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140305
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  • 2
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    Letters to the editor (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140307
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  • 3
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    News (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140308
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  • 4
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140401
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  • 5
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    The integration of the objectives of fire safety into the process of architectural design (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Architects designing a building are faced with a series of objectives which they must satisfy. Among these are those of fire safety, and the evidence of past fires indicates that both the design of a building the design processes behind it influence the building's eventual fire safety. Research into the factors in the architectural design process which influence the successful integration of fire safety objectives with the more general objectives of architectural design is described and the findings outlined. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that the education, attitudes and sources of advice of the architects are important, as is their relationship with the statutory authorities. Recommendations based on the research are made which could lead to a better integration of the objectives of fire safety into the process of architectural design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of aluminium oxide trihydrate particle size on the combustion of polydimethylsiloxane (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The regularities of thermal degradation of Al(OH)3 powders and the compositions of polydimethylsiloxane and fire retardant with different particle sizes (from 2 μm to 45 μm) were studied by the use of dynamic thermogravimetry (TG), mass spectrometry (MS) and high-temperature pyrolysis. It was shown that the size of the flame-retardant particles influences the physico-mechanical characteristics and combustion of polymeric compositions based on polydimethylsiloxane. The filling of polymer with fine flame retardants improves the tensile properties of vulcanizates but the flame retardance is reduced markedly. The time of free combustion and the length of the burnt parts are increased, the oxygen index and time of ignition delay are decreased while the flame temperature near the surface of the burning sample rises.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140402
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  • 7
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    Correlation between the hot plate ignition test and other laboratory-scale flammability tests on rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The hot plate ignition test was conducted on ten different conveyor rubber belts with fabric skeletons. In this test, a 25 × 25 mm2 belt sample was placed on a stainless steel plate in an electric furnace and heated. The ‘ignition temperature’ was determined on each sample in almost the same way as proposed in Canada. The test results were compared with those from other laboratory-scale flammability tests (i.e. the small-scale flame tests, the Oxygen Index test and the laboratory-scale gallery test). The calculated results of both sample and rank correlation coefficients imply that the ‘10 signition temperature’ in this hot plate ignition test has a correlation with the results from both the Oxygen Index test and the laboratory-scale gallery test, but that it has very little or no correlation with those from the small-scale flame tests. On the other hand, it is found that the ‘60 s ignition temperature’ in this test has a far better correlation both with the results from the small-scale flame tests and with the time to ignition in the laboratory-scale gallery test than the ‘10 s ignition temperature’.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140407
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140101
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  • 9
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    A decision logic for trading between fire safety measures (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Based on statistical data and Delphi input, a logic has been worked out which is capable of offering quantitative support for decisions concerning the equivalence of various fire safety alternatives. Examples of the use of the logic are presented and some conclusions drawn as to the relative merits of various fire safety measures.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140102
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  • 10
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    The role of insurance in ‘code-writing’Translation Arranged by Fire Research Station, United Kingdom. Paper Presented at Interflam '88, 4th International Fire Conference, 22-24 march 1988, Cambridge, UK. (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper outlines how European research, concepts and regulations relating to fire protection are absorbed into Swiss Codes. Switzerland's procedures and conceptual thinking are also considered, particularly in relation to steel structures.1, 2
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140103
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  • 11
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    Smoke generation from polypropylene in different thermal environments (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper examines the effect of different thermal regimes on the production of smoke from a variety of injection-moulded polypropylene samples. The tests were performed in a Stanton Redcroft BS 6401 smoke chamber. The results indicate that, of the thermal regimes examined, the radiant heat source alone produced the smoke with the greatest optical density, particularly after long exposure times, while the addition of an inorganic salt to the polypropylene produced a reduction in optical density. The different thermal regimes produced different effects depending on the additives used in the preparation of the polypropylene samples.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140104
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  • 12
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    Response time of platinum resistance thermometers in flowing gases (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The determination of the time of response of industrial temperature sensors both during service and in various environments is of importance. Recent effort has been directed at this problem solution. The present paper is concerned with the determination of the response time using available procedures recently developed. A rig was constructed to test the procedures. The results appear to provide confidence in the use of these procedures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140106
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  • 13
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    An investigation of inorganic tin flame retardants which suppress smoke and carbon monoxide emission from burning brominated polyester resins (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In view of the current demand for novel, non-toxic, flame- and smoke- suppressant systems for synthetic polymers, certain inorganic tin compounds have been evaluated as fire retardants in a series of commercial brominated polyester resin formulations. The results obtained clearly show that zinc hydroxystannate (ZnSn(OH)6) and zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) impart beneficial properties to the polyesters in terms of flame retardancy and smoke/carbon monoxide suppression, and the improvements in performance are, in general, superior to those exhibited by tin (IV) oxide or antimony (III) oxide. The surface area and degree of dispersion of the fire-retardant additive has been shown to have a marked effect on its efficiency and, in this connection, colloidal tin (IV) oxide is found to exhibit significantly improved flame-retardant properties compared to powdered SnO2. Simultaneous thermal analyses (TG/DTG/DTA) and related mechanistic experiments have shown that tin additives markedly increase the amount of char formed during combustion, whereas Sb2O3, a vapour-phase flame retardant, has little effect on char formation. The zinc stannates also appear to exhibit a significant vapour-phase activity, and this may account for their flame-retardant superiority to SnO2 itself.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140105
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  • 14
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    News (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 37-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140107
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  • 15
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140201
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  • 16
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    Effect of fire-retardant additives on the time-resolved processes of polymer combustion (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 39-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of various inorganic and organic additives on various time-resolved processes (e.g. degradation, ignition, burning rate and quenching) in the combustion of polystyrene has been examined. They are found to impart favourable as well as unfavourable effects on various combustion steps, the important implication being the selection of fire-retardant additives for the specific hazards encountered in end use.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140202
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  • 17
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    A small-scale flame test for fire-resistance evaluation of rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Small-scale flame tests were conducted on samples of six different rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons for use in Japanese coal mines. Each sample was claimed to be ‘flame-resistant’ under the test condition prescribed in JIS K 6324-1977, but results show that there are problems in this kind of test. Every sample tested sustains flame continuously when the flame exposure time exceeds a certain value or ‘ignition time’. In addition, flame duration seems to depend on the flame-resistance of the fabric skeleton as well as on flame exposure time.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140205
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  • 18
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    Feasibility study to demonstrate the potential of smoke hoods in simulated aircraft fire atmospheres: Development of the fire model (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 43-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The subject of this paper is the development of a fire model producing smoke similar to that which could be anticipated from a burning passenger aircraft in the period before flashover. The simulated aircraft fire smoke was used to test filter and oxygen-donating smoke hoods as part of the Accident Investigation Branch research programme initiated after the Boeing 737 fire at Manchester in 1985. A relatively simple approach was adopted in which materials used in passenger aircrafts cabins were burned in an enclosed room. The smoke hood exposure tests were then carried out in the same room. The fire model permitted the smoke hoods to be tested for 5-min periods with an atmosphere approximating to that required and for longer periods with atmospheres with reduced concentrations of the more polar gases. Analytical procedures enabled both challenge atmospheres and filter penetration to be assessed. The evaluation of smoke hoods by Rapra Technology and British Coal demonstrated that filter smoke hoods were capable of providing protection (providing there was sufficient oxygen to sustain life), that carbon dioxide did not cause debilitation and that the heat produced by the oxidation of carbon monoxide was dissipated. Oxygen-donating systems were also capable of providing protection for the duration of their oxygen supply but it was necessary to prevent the build-up of carbon dioxide. Other important factors, such as the effectiveness of smoke hood to head seals and the effect of hood donning on aircraft evacuation times, have not been examined in this paper.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140203
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  • 19
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    Ammoniumphosphate - Decabromobiphenyl oxide synergistic effect in treatment of polyester/cotton blend (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Polyester/cotton blend (87.5:12.5%) was treated with various concentrations of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP)-Decabromobiphenyl oxide (DBBO) mixture. The flammability of the resulting systems was determined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and simultaneous thermal analysis (TA) methods. Evaluation of the results was achieved by plotting the variation of the LOI with the percentage of ammonium phosphate---DBBO mixtures at constant total additive loadings on triangular diagrams. The activity of the inorganic salt as a flame retardant was found to be synergistically enhanced by the addition of the DBBO. The maximum interaction between the two additives occurred at bromine-phosphorus atomic ratio of about 3:1. This corresponds to the stoichiometric ratio for the formation of phosphorus tribromide, PBr3, a species which most probably interacts with the acidic products resulting from the thermal decomposition of the polyester and thus changes their nature so that they become no longer capable of recombination with the other decomposition fragments to produce flammable gases.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140204
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  • 20
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    Letters to the editor (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 73-76 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140206
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  • 21
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    News (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 77-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140207
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  • 22
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140301
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  • 23
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    Problems in a drum friction test for fire-resistance evaluation of rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A drum friction test was conducted on four different ‘flame-resistant’ and one ‘non-flame-resistant’ rubber conveyor belts with a fabric skeleton manufactured in Japan. These test results were compared with those obtained from the other flammability tests, i.e. a small-scale flame test, an oxygen index test and a laboratory-scale gallery test, and both sample and rank correlation coefficients were calculated. As a result, the authors have concluded that fire resistance of belting materials themselves could not be adequately assessed by the results from the drum friction test, which could have some significance only when other combustible materials exist near the drive pulleys or idlers of belt conveyors.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140302
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  • 24
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    An examination of piloted ignition characteristics of cellulosic materials using the ISO ignitability test (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The ISO Ignitability Test apparatus is used to determine the times to ignition for cellulosic materials under an incident radiative flux within the range 1--5 kW/m2. A linear relationship is determined between time to ignition and incident flux, and a means of using these results to classify building materials is proposed, based upon an empirical flux-time product.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140304
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  • 25
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    On the thermal ignition of combustible materials (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 87-96 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Formulas are derived for the time to achieve the ignition temperature as a function of the incident heat flux and the various thermophysical material parameters for thermally thick, thermally thin and thermally intermediate solid combustibles. Predictions are compared with recent experimental data for various natural wood species and wood products, and to previous data for wood and thermoplastics. The correlations are excellent when (1) the physical parameters used as the axes of the plots are chosen consistent with those of the theoretical formulas and (2) the experiments and the materials do not violate any of the restrictions imposed by the theory. From these plots it is easy to estimate the minimum heat flux for ignition, which is of great importance both in practice and for making theoretical predictions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140303
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  • 26
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    Defining the thermal environment in fire tests (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 133-138 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The ability of engineered systems to withstand a fire environment is usually demonstrated by test. Iterative design and experimentation historically has been used to develop these engineered systems. To optimize the engineered system, in instances where the cost of the prototype is high, the process of iterative redesign and testing may be infeasible. Consequently, in such instances it is desirable to predict the thermal performance of the engineered system analytically. In order to predict the thermal performance of the engineered system the thermal insult the test environment provides to a test unit must be quantified. To quantify the thermal insult, both temperature and heat flux measurements are necessary. However, as will be discussed, one of the major difficulties associated with conducting any type of fire test is making accurate measurements in both the fire and on the test unit. This paper discusses a number of measurement techniques. Due to the potential for errors in the measurements, the uncertainty in the measured parameters is emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140403
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    Fire-Resistant joints in gypsum wallboard (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In situations where joint failure in the protective gypsum membrane is critical to the fire resistance of the system, wallboard manufacturers recommend application of two layers of wallboard with joints in the face layer staggered with joints in the backerboard. Unfortunately, the additional weight load that a second layer of wallboard imposes on the building assembly renders the technique impractical in some situations. Two examples are wallboard ceilings attached directly to wood joist or wood truss floor systems or suspended by hanger wire to steel furring channels below these floor systems. Small-scale laboratory tests demonstrated that the installation of steel ‘Tee’ strips in the finished joint between adjacent gypsum wallboard panels significantly increased the resistance of the joint to passage of fire and hot gases. Use of these strips in the construction of gypsum wallboard protected building systems should provide a significant increase in the fire resistance of the entire assembly without greatly increasing the weight load imposed upon the assembly.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Experimental observations of the effect of pressure and buoyancy on cellulose co-current smoldering (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental study has been performed to determine the potential effect of buoyancy on the rate of propagation of a co-current smolder reaction through a porous solid fuel, and the range of flow velocities where buoyancy effects are significant. In the co-current smolder reaction, the fuel and oxidizer enter the reaction zone from the same direction. In the present experiments this is accomplished by initiating the reaction at the top of the fuel bed, α-cellulose packed at a void fraction 0.85, so that the smolder wave propagates downward opposing an upward forced flow of air. Since in a stratified density field, buoyancy is proportional to the product of gravity and density difference, buoyancy can be controlled by varying either the gravity vector or the gas density. In this study the latter method is followed, varying gas density through the ambient pressure at which the experiments are performed. The smolder velocity is measured for air flow rates varying from 0.2 to 6 gm-2s-1 at constant ambient pressures of 0.6, 0.8 and 1 atm. The results show that for flow rates larger than 1 gm-2s-1 the smolder velocity increases linearly with the air flow rate but is independent of pressure. The reaction peak temperature is weakly dependent on flow rate and independent of pressure. For the present experimental conditions the effect of buoyancy is only observed at very low air flow rates. The mechanisms by which it affects the smolder process appears to be by altering the transport of air to the reaction zone from upstream and downstream of the reaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Letter to the editor (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 163-164 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140408
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    Classification of reaction-to-fire of decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL) (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 151-157 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL) are used in many applications where their reaction-to-fire is of particular interest. They form finishes of walls and ceilings in buildings, ships and vehicles. Due to the different specifications and regulations in these fields, different grades of this largely standardized material have been tested worldwide with similar results. As a consequence, German and French building regulations state decorative high-pressure laminates to be generally admissible on a minimum level without individual testing. This survey indicates their generic suitability in other fields, e.g. to have ‘low flame-spread characteristics’ according to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea.
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    News (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 165-165 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The use of the ISO/TC92 test for ignitability assessment (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The ignitability of solids, including fire-retardant-containing polystyrene, is reported using results of a small-scale thermal radiation exposure test (a modified ISO ignitability test procedure). Additional information is provided from the results of exposure to convective heating and from oxygen index determinations. The use of a permanent sample mask and smaller samples than described in the ISO procedure proved convenient. The ISO procedure was found useful for determining the response of ignition time to changes in radiant flux. Good agreement was found with the analysis of Quintiere and Harkleroad for most samples but not with polystyrene, with and without halogen fire retardant. The increase in ignition resistance with fire retardant concentration suggested by the oxygen index is not always consistent with the ignition delay times under radiative or convective assault.
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    Effects of additives on fire properties of polyethylene (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 7-18 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Low-density polyethylene, with and without an antimony-bromine synergistic fire retardant or aluminium hydroxide, was subjected to standard fire tests and to experiments which determined the smoke and harmful fumes emitted on overheating. Both additives improved most fire properties but the fire retardant increased the smoke generated by intense radiant heat. The onset of smoke, flammable gas, carbon monoxide and acids was generally delayed by the additives. The total amounts and maximum values of these volatiles were lessened. Sample weight and form affect the results of these experiments. Observations during heating show that the additives reduce spreading of the melt, thus reducing the surface area available for oxidation.
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    Effect of environmental conditions on smoke propagation (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper examines the influence of oxygen and environmental temperature on the generation of smoke from burning polystyrene sheet. The experimentation was performed using a Stanton Redcroft HFTA linked to a Stanton Redcroft FTB Smoke Box. The results showed that different forms of smoke were formed depending upon the environmental conditions. For example, in oxygen-enriched atmospheres and at elevated environmental temperatures, as in spacecraft fires, large smoke particles were formed with a lower level of obscuration. This phenomenon was accompanied by higher rates of burn and high fire temperatures. At lower oxygen contents, as in real-life fire conditions, close to the Critical Oxygen Index, finer smoke particles were formed which gave a higher level of obscuration. The time to maximum obscuration was comparatively long.
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    Announcement (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 41-41 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120108
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    Fundamental aspects of polymer flammability. IOP Short Meetings Series No. 4, 180 pp. Price £25. IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, UK, 1987 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 41-41 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120107
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    An analysis of the potential economic impact on society due to the compliance with the fire service order. (Northern Ireland) 1985Reproduced with permission from Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 5, No. 1 (K. Ewart, J. Shields and G. Silcock), published by E. & F. N. Spon. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 35-39 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The article outlines the analysis of data collected by questionnaire, inspection and detailed surveys of a selection of boarding houses in Northern Ireland. A statistical model is developed which enables a cost of compliance to be estimated for boarding houses having more than six bedspaces. Comparisons are also made regarding cost with previous studies in England and Wales for similar boarding houses/small hotels. Finally the cost of compliance for these houses and other buildings is given with an estimate of the impact of this cost on the building industry and the public at large in Northern Ireland.
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120201
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    News (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 42-42 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120109
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    The combustion of cigarette paper (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Studies have been carried out of the thermal decomposition and combustion of cigarette paper with heating rates and final temperatures similar to those encountered during the smoking of cigarettes. Measurements have been made in particular of the amounts of carbon monoxide formed from the paper, both on its own and when it forms part of a cigarette. The extent of formation of char from cigarette paper decreases as the heating rate is increased, but carbon monoxide yields pass through a maximum at a heating rate of ca 60° s-1, due to the competing effects of temperature on the several different mechanisms by which carbon monoxide is produced. Measurements on cigarette papers impregnated with a wide range of inorganic and organic salts show that all the additives used tend to decrease carbon monoxide yields at low heating rates but to increase them quite sharply at very high ones. With cigarettes containing impregnated papers the concentration of carbon monoxide is increased in both the mainstream and sidestream smoke. Possible reasons for the behaviour observed with the various individual salts are discussed. Certainly, on the assumption that the results obtained with cigarettes are a good reflection of those on paper alone it seems unlikely that treatment of cigarette paper can ever reduce the amounts of carbon monoxide formed under cigarette smoking conditions, for all additives affect char formation in such a way that there is an overall increase in carbon monoxide yields.
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    Evolution of toxic gases from burning polymeric materials in a small-scale box model (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Various polymeric materials were combusted in a small-scale box model equipped with an air supply system to determine the evolution of toxic gases and evaluate the toxicity of the environment containing these gases. There were cases where concentrations of HCN, acrolein and formaldehyde were higher in terms of potential toxicity than that of CO. Overall experimental results indicate that small-scale experiments are useful in evaluating combustion toxicity of materials.
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    Breaking of window glass close to fire (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 61-69 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A heat conduction equation with linerized radiation cooling boundary conditions is used to calculate the thermal field in a long-strip window pane heated by thermal radiation (fire), except on narrow strips along edges built into the frame. This temperature field is used to calculate a quasi-static thermal stress field in the pane in the first-order planar stress approximation. Derived analytic equations of stresses are presented graphically. Thermal stresses build up at the edges in a narrow strip of a few times the pane thickness. In cool spots of the order of 100 K lower than the average temperature, stress build-up can cause a microcrack to become a fast-propagating fracture.
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    News (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 87-88 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    One-dimensional mathematical modelling of enclosure fire dynamics (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 51-60 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a one-dimensional mathematical model of enclosure fire dynamics. The model is based on the fundamental equations of mass, momentum and energy and uses the top hat velocity and temperature profiles for the movement of plume gases. A computational algorithm is also developed to solve the set of transient model partial differential equations. In addition, the explicit equations have been derived for computing the steady state velocity and temperature profiles. These derivations are based on the assumption that the plume width follows the relationship given by Eqn (12). Further, these relationships help to identify a dimensionless parameter, Frs, known as source Froude number, which has a significant effect on the behaviour of the plume gases. It may be noted that this assumption is only applicable for the case of Frs = 1. The plume behaviour is studied with reference to three cases of source Froude numbers, i.e. Frs 〈 1, Frs = 1, Frs 〉 1.
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120301
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    Flame spread properties of forest products. Comparison and validation of prescribed Australian and North American flame spread test methods (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 71-85 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Nineteen forest products in sawn board and panel form (including three fire retardant treated) have been tested to AS1530.3 - Test For Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials and ASTM E84 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. These tests are used in the building codes to regulate the flame spread properties of all combustible building materials in Australia and interior finsihes in North America, respectively. A correlation was established between Time to Ignition (AS1530.3) and Flame Spread Index (ASTM E84) for the forest products that had not been fire retardant treated. Room fire testing of eight of the forest products validaded Time to Ignition (AS1530.3) and Flame Spread Index (ASTM E84) as reliable test criteria for regulating the use of combustible materials.
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    News (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. ii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120302
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    INTERFLAM '88. A review of the 4th international fire conference (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120303
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    Estimation of flash point (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A general correlation has been obtained for estimation of closed-cup flash point of organic compounds from their normal boiling points. Estimated flash points are within a deviation of about 10% of reported values. However, separate correlations have been obtained and recommended for acids and alcohols for estimation of flash points for more accurate results.
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    Iron-containing compounds as flame retarding/smoke-suppressing additives for PVC (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 109-113 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The incorporation of a range of iron-containing inorganic and organometallic compounds into a semi-rigid PVC formulation has been investigated. Limiting Oxygen Index and Smoke Density data were obtained across a wide range of formulations and the effects of the compounds on flammability and smoke generation are discussed. Iron-containing inorganic compounds appear to have little effect on the flammability of semi-rigid PVC but several of the organoiron compounds and iron oxides markedly reduce smoke formation.
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    Estimation of the magnitude and spatial distribution of combustible materials in urban areas. A case study of the San Jose area, California (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 95-108 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a methodology for estimating the magnitude and spatial distribution of urban fuel loadings using San Jose, California, as a case study. The study was undertaken to provide basic inputs into the modeling of large urban fires ignited by nuclear explosions, which has important implications for studies of the global climatic effects of nuclear war, or the so-called ‘nuclear winter’ phenomenon. The methodology is based on the measurement of the numbers and sizes of different building occupancy types from aerial photographs for approximately 6000 1000-ft (304.8-m) grid cells covering the study area. These measurements were combined with literature-derived average fuel loadings for each building type to yield the total fuel loading per cell. The total fuel loading thus calculated is approximately 4558.56 × 106 kg, yielding an average of 8.4 kg m-2 (1.7 lb ft-2) for the built-up area of the city and 9.4 kg m-2 (1.9 lb ft-2) if unoccupied cells (i.e. cells containing no fuel) within the built-up area are excluded. These figures are lower than previously published average values, due to the low-density character of San Jose and the exclusion of certain components of total fuel loading by the methodology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120304
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    Hot-surface ignition temperatures of dust layers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Minimum dust layer ignition temperatures on a hot surface were determined for several dusts, using a test procedure recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. The dusts included coal, three oil shales, lycopodium spores, corn starch, grain and brass powder. For a few of the dusts the effects of particle size and layer thickness on the minimum ignition temperatures were examined. Test results were repeatable and reliable for the fuels, the lycopodium and the brass powder. The minimum hot-surface ignition temperatures of 12.7-mm thick layers of these dusts ranged from 160°C for brass to 290°C for 20-gal ton-1 oil shale. Flaming combustion was observed only with the brass powder. The minimum ignition temperatures decreased with thicker layers and with smaller particle sizes. Some difficulties were encountered with the corn starch and grain dusts. During heating, the starch charred and expanded; the grain dust swelled and distorted. The test was found acceptable for the purpose of determining the minimum layer ignition temperature of a variety of dusts. To prevent fire hazards due to smoldering or flaming dust layers the temperatures of surfaces on which combustible dusts accumulate should be lower than the minimum hot-surface ignition temperatures of the dusts.
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    Flammability of plastics 1: Ignition temperatures (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 141-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120309
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    Reply. Flammability of plastics 1: Ignition temperatures (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 142-142 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120310
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120401
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    Correlations between four radiant panel tests used to classify the fire behaviour of floor coverings in the EC (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Tests related to reaction to fire of materials are different from one country to another in the EC, as are test-based classifications. There is no valid equivalence between the classifications of materials. We examine another approach, which is to propose acceptance of materials for a specific application on the basis of the results recorded in tests performed in another country through correlation between data recorded in tests. This new approach is applied here to four tests using radiant panels for floor covering classifications in Belgium, France. West Germany and Italy. This report is based on the results recorded on fifteen materials in the four tests. The conclusion is that the researched correlation is good.
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    Correlation of flashpoint with molecular connectivity (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 159-162 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A correlation has been obtained for the estimation of the closed-cup flashpoint of hydrocarbons from their molecular connectivity indices. Estimated flashpoints are within a deviation of about 7.7% of reported values. A brief description of the calculation of the molecular connectivity index is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120404
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    Rates of heat and smoke release of wood in an ohio state university calorimeterThis article was written and prepared by US Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright. The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Particleboard, Douglas fir plywood and red oak were tested for heat and smoke release rates under different heat flux levels, piloted and unpiloted conditions, and vertical and horizontal orientations in an Ohio State University calorimeter. The chamber was instrumented to obtain heat release data by both the standard thermal and oxygen consumption methods simultaneously. Heat and smoke release data obtained by both methods are reported. The heat release rates by the thermal method are consistently lower than those by the oxygen consumption method. Variability in results is consistently lower using the oxygen consumption method. The heats of combustion calculated by oxygen consumption are close to those calculated from measurements with the oxygen bomb. The heat release rates measured on particleboard using the standard thermal method are in agreement with measurements on the same material in other Ohio State University calorimeters.
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    The effect of ammonium sulphate - decabromobiphenyl oxide on the flammability of polyester/cotton blend (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A 87.5:12.5 polyester/cotton blended fabric was treated with various concentrations of ammonium sulphate and decabromobiphenyl oxide (DBBO) as well as mixtures of the two additives. The flammability of the resulting systems was determined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) method and their thermal decomposition by thermogravimetry. Ammonium sulphate was particularly less effective as a flame retardant than the DBBO. Decabromobiphenyl oxide acts in the gas phase to retard the flammability of the polyester while the inorganic salt acts in the condensed phase to decrease that of the cotton. A mechanism for the interaction of ammonium sulphate with cotton was suggested. When a mixture of the two additives containing a high percentage of the bromo-compound was used a significant increase in the LOI values was observed compared to one having the same total loading but containing a higher percentage of ammonium sulphate. This may be attributed to the stabilizing effect of the released ammonia on the intermediate species formed after the liberation of the bromine radicals from the DBBO.
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    Theoretical estimation of critical fire load close to an unprotected steel member (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theoretical model is set up to estimate critical fire loads close to unprotected steel members in large rooms. The members are assumed to have a critical temperature calculated from external loads. A constant fraction of the energy of the fire load is assumed to be absorbed by steel during burning. Rapid overall and zone burning with constant velocity are shown to yield the same critical fire load. Therefore it is concluded that these loads also give conservative estimates for the critical load in a real fire, the development of which lies between these two extremes. A general form of calculation is given. For rough estimates, 5% mass of the fire load as compared to the steel mass could be allowed.
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    Letter to the editor (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 173-173 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120407
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130101
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    Oxygen index and minimum limiting rates of polymer combustion (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 169-172 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The influence of the initial temperature and thermal loss upon the oxygen index and burning rates of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS) and polyoxymethylene (POM) has been studied. It has been shown that the temperature profiles in the proximity of the burning surface are identical under the critical conditions for each of the polymers. Direct measurements of flame-polymer heat flows have shown that with an increase in initial temperature from 25° up to 200°C the heat flow decreases approximately by a factor of 2. An analogous situation is also observed with change in the thermal loss value in the condensed phase. These data are confirmed by linear pyrolysis experiments. In all experiments under critical conditions the oxygen concentration indicates the constant mass decomposition rate for each polymer. With a decrease in the outlet velocity of the combustibles below this value, which is specific to each polymer, extinction occurs.
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    System approach to fire safety - do we have the tools yet? (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 13-17 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130103
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    Fire safety review: Fire research perspective on the programs of the center for fire research, national bureau of standards, U.S.A. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Fire safety aspects in public transport - road, rail, air (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 18-25 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    The influence of flame retardants on the degradation and burning of synthetic polymers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    The transition from smouldering to flaming combustion (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 37-44 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130106
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    Deterministic properties of turbulent flames and implications for fire growth (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 45-52 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Fire and life threat (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 53-60 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130108
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    The taunton sleeping-car fire and its effect on design (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 71-75 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130110
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    Bradford city football stadium fire (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 84-89 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130112
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    To endanger the life of another (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 76-83 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130111
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    Characteristics of smoke in different thermal regimes (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 61-68 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper examines the smoke emission and properties of polypropylene and flame retarded polypropylene injection moulded plaques. The prepared samples were irradiated in a Stanton Redcroft NBS type smoke box with an incident radiant energy of 2.5 W/cm2. Nucleating agents were also introduced to increase the particle size of the smoke produced. The conclusions reached from this work on the emission of smoke in a non-flaming mode were that as the flame retardant additive content was increased, the optical density decreased, thus extending the time for escape. The emission of smoke from these polymers subjected to other radiant sources and in a flaming and non-flaming mode is being investigated further.
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    Feasibility study to demonstrate the potential of smoke hoods in simulated aircraft fire atmospheres (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 90-97 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Studies of smoke and toxic gases an italian viewpoint (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 116-121 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130116
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    Fire casualty experience (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Summary of the national bureau of standards' analysis of the dupont plaza hotel fireThis paper is based on testimony presented by Jack E. Snell before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology; Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology, on Hotel Fire Safety [1]. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 98-105 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130114
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    Role of small scale toxicity testing in hazard control (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 122-129 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130117
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    The role and application of standard tests (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130119
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    The contribution of materials to fire gas toxicity. A critical review of methods of assessment (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 130-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130118
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    Fire detection - the opportunities offered by new generation fire detection and alarm systems (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 148-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130120
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    Structural fire protection in Japan (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 179-186 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130124
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    Smoke control - problems and solutions (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 164-171 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130122
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    Means of escape - 1988. How close are we to modelling egress from buildings in fire? (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 156-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: During the last twenty years a number design methods for calculating the movement of people in buildings have been developed. This presentation briefly reviews some of these modelling efforts. Furthermore, it discusses some aspects of the pedestrian movement and addresses an egress model based on the data provided by Predtechenskii and Milinski. This model is applicable to the evacuation of multi-storey buildings via staircases and predicts the flow movement in terms of time with regard to the building's layout and the interdependencies between adjacent egress way on this model, written in GWBasic language for any IBM-compatible personal computer. The program is built up as a dialogue between the user and the computer, where the escape route configurations (the width and the length of each section) as well as the number of the persons are put gradually during the course of the computation. The program enables the user to change the dimensions of the building's means of escape and the occupant load easily and work out the influence of the variation on the complete circulation system. Recently, the program also calculates the flow movement under decreased visibility conditions on smoke filled escape routes based on japanese measurements about the walking speed of pedestrians in fire smoke.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130121
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    Reducing risk (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 172-178 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130123
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    Conflict between fire & security measures (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 194-196 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130126
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    Acceptability and approval of fire safety measures a fire prevention officer's view (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130127
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    Certification procedures (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130128
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    Calculation of critical fire load from cables close to an unprotected steel column (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130125
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    Legislation on fire safety; limits and achievements (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 209-212 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130129
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    Communication of research to users (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 283-290 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130140
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    Evolution of flammability limits of gas pyrolysates-air mixtures from various materials at elevated temperature (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 293-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130141
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    Mixing rules of physical and chemical aspects of the effectiveness of halon flame extinguishants (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 295-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130142
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    The effect of inert substrates on the thermal decomposition of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate flame retardant (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 297-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130143
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    Photo electric analogue sensors and detectors with a difference (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 299-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130144
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    Mathematical modelling of enclosure fire dynamics - one dimensional model (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 301-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130145
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    The behaviour of same extinguishant powders under different experimental conditions (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 303-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130146
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    Practical applications of fire research to innovation in building design (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130130
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