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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (4,594)
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  • Articles  (38,830)
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  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a symmetric nonrecursive filter can be improved by multiple use of the same filter. The method is based on an Amplitude Change Function (ACF). An approach to the design of nonrecursive filters using an ACF is discussed in this paper. The prototype filter chosen is a Recursive Running Sum (RRS) filter which does not require any multipliers for its implementation. The required filter specifications are met by multiple use of the RRS filters. The overall filter requires a much smaller number of multiplications and adders than the one designed using the conventional method. It is shown that this method provides reduced noise due to coefficient quantization and product quantization compared with the conventional design technique.
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  • 2
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 3-15 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes the large-sample accuracy properties of two nonlinear least-squares estimators (NLSE) of sine-wave parameters: the basic NLSE, which ignores the possible correlation of the noise, and the optimal NLSE, which, besides the sine-wave parameters, also estimates the noise correlation (appropriately parametrized). It is shown that these two NLS estimators have thesame accuracy in large samples. This result provides complete justification for preferring the computationally less expensive basic NLSE over the “optimal” NLSE. Both estimators are shown to achieve the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) as the sample size increases. A simple explicit expression for the CRB matrix is provided, which should be useful in studying the performance of sine-wave parameter estimators designed to work in the colored-noise case.
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  • 3
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 97-119 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Multidimensional lossless networks are of special interest for use as reference structures for multidimensional wave digital filters [l]–[3]. The starting point of the presented synthesis procedure for two-dimensional representatives of the networks mentioned is a scattering matrix description of the desired multiport. This given matrix is assumed to have those properties which have turned out to be necessary [9], [10] for any scattering matrix of a multidimensional lossless network. The method presented for the synthesis of 2-D reactancem-ports is based mainly on known properties of block-companion matrices and the factorization of a univariable rational matrix which is discrete para-Hermitian and nonnegative definite on the unit circle. The resulting network always contains only a minimal number of frequency-dependent building elements. No restrictions are made concerning the coefficients of the rational entries of the scattering matrix; they may be either real or complex, so as to include even complex networks which are of special interest for multi-dimensional wave digital filters [3].
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  • 4
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 145-162 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Examples are given concerning the range of applicability of recent representation results that provide a means of studying the input-output properties of nonlinear systems in terms of the familiar impulse-response concept, and which extend the concept of integral transformation to nonlinear maps. We show that such representations, which we call “g-” and “h-representations,” exist for important classes of systems governed by nonlinear integral equations. In particular, it is proved that a large class of maps that have Volterra series representations also have these representations.
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  • 5
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudorandom (or maximal length) sequences and arrays have been known for a long time, and have been reported by several authors. Pseudorandom volumes have also been mentioned. This paper presents a different type of sequence of arrays in which the arrays share many properties with the pseudorandom arrays of the literature, and the sequence (or group) of arrays has many properties in common with the pseudorandom sequences. It is proposed that this set of arrays be called a “pseudorandom sequence of arrays,” or PRSAs. Some interesting properties of the PRSA as well as its practical (hardware) implementation have been mentioned. It has also been shown that our result is a special case of the generalN(3)/D(3) case.
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  • 6
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 207-228 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For linear time-invariant discrete-time systems, an exponentially convergent recursive parameter identification scheme is derived requiring only that the regression vector be sufficiently exciting, that is the sum of the outer products of the regression vector is eventually positive definite. The algorithm produces a parameter estimate that converges to the batch-form (nonrecursive) least-squares estimate without requiring a persistent excitation. The rate of convergence can be selected as a design parameter. If the regression vector is persistently exciting, it is shown that a forgetting factor can be added to the formulation in such a way that the magnitude of the forgetting factor and the rate of exponential convergence can be set separately.
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  • 7
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 229-229 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 8
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 235-260 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The semistate theory of circuits and systems is reviewed with regard to its applications. Among these latter discussed are electronic circuit design and analysis, hysteresis, knot generation, neural networks, and constrained robot characterizations.
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  • 9
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Four notions of controllability for general (i.e., possibly nonregular) implicit linear discrete-time systems are considered. Relationships between them are studied. A Hautus-type characterization of all of these notions is also given.
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  • 10
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 299-312 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new concept of system equivalence which allows the establishment of a formal relation between singular and regular systems has been introduced. By applying this concept, an open-loop strategy for finite-time control of a given solvable singular system, which is simple for both computation and implementation, is developed. A strategy for finite-time output feedback control is considered for a continuous singular system. It is shown that provided the system is observable, a desired polynomial command for finite-time control can be determined from a finite sequence of output measurements sampled at discrete instants of time.
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  • 11
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 313-340 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the system-theoretic properties of two related classes of shift-invariant two-point boundary-value descriptor systems (TPBVDSs), namelydisplacement systems for which Green's function is shift-invariant, andstationary systems for which the input-output map is stationary. For such systems it is possible to obtain detailed characterizations of the properties of weak reachability and observability introduced in [16] and of minimality as well. An important difference, that has also been noted before in a different context [9], is that there is a certain level of nonuniqueness in minimal realizations. Another property that is studied in this paper is that of extendibility, i.e., the concept of considering a TPBVDS as being defined on a sequence of intervals of increasing length. Necessary and sufficient conditions for extendibility are given.
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  • 12
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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  • 13
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 421-426 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Scaling of filter variables is central to fixed-point implementation of digital filters. A simple method of scaling based on scaling constants of individual sections of a cascade digital filter is presented. The proposed method saves much computational labor in the implementation of higher-order digital filters. Maximal amplitude expressions of second-order filter transfer functions are also presented.
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  • 14
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the stability analysis of second-order direct-form digital filters with two magnitude truncation quantizers. Zero-input stability is proved for the parameter regions where no conclusion can be drawn using the methods previously suggested in the literature. The areas of the parameter plane in which only limit cycles of period 1 or 2 exist, are determined and related to the cycle amplitudes. Finally, a transition graph is suggested to study the convergence patterns of the filter output.
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  • 15
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 467-486 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The work of digital PLL is analysed. For this analysis a Markov model is used.
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  • 16
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 455-466 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The formulation of one-multiplier lattice structures of the Gray-Markel type forinfinite impulse response filters is reviewed. Several special cases of this formulation — including the well-known Gray-Markel normalized lattice—are presented as scaled polynomial versions of the two-multiplier lattice. A new adaptive algorithm is presented for updating the parameters of one-multiplier lattice structured recursive filters. The LMS-based algorithm requires fewer computations than earlier reported algorithms [1]–[4].
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  • 17
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 49-70 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of obtaining minimal-order representations of generalized state-space systems described by equations of the formE x(t)=A x(t)+B u(t),y(t)=C x(t)+D u(t) withE singular and det(sE−A)≠0. The underlying principle is that of removal of impulsive and exponential uncontrollable and unobservable modes. When this is followed by the removal of the remaining impulsive modes, we get a minimal-order generalized or standard state-space representation. Simple reduction procedures and numerical algorithms based on these principles are developed and illustrated by means of two numerical examples.
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  • 18
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 25-48 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider models for noncausal processes consisting of discrete-time descriptor dynamics and boundary conditions on the values of the process at the two ends of the interval on which the process is defined. We discuss the general solution and well-posedness of systems of this type and then apply the method of complementary processes to obtain a specification of the optimal smoother in terms of a boundary-value descriptor Hamiltonian system. We then study the implementation of the optimal smoother. Motivated by the Hamiltonian diagonalization results for nondescriptor systems, we show how the descriptor Hamiltonian dynamics can be transformed to two lower-order systems by the use of transformation matrices involving the solution of two generalized Riccati equations. We present several examples illustrating our results and the nature of the smoothing solution and also present equations for covariance analysis of boundary-value descriptor processes including the smoothing error.
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  • 19
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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  • 20
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 71-96 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The structure inherent to the centrosymmetric matrices is exploited to obtain factorization results leading to significant computational savings in many engineering applications. Several interesting properties of the matrices are discussed with a view toward algorithm computational complexity. It is shown that the multiplicative complexity involved in the process of principal component (eigen-value/eigenvector) extraction, and in the evaluation of the determinant and inverse of such matrices, can be reduced by nearly 75% by employing the results presented here. The theory presented hereunifies andgeneralizes previous computationally efficient results onseveral specialized generalized centrosymmetric matrices; for example, the class of symmetric centrosymmetric (or doubly symmetric) matrices is shown to be a special case of the class of centrosymmetric matrices, and since the results obtained here are applicable over the field of complex numbers, the factorization results available for centrosymmetric matrices are readilyextended to the complex field. The centrosymmetric matrices play an important role in a number of areas such as pattern recognition, antenna theory, mechanical and electrical systems, and quantum physics. Specific examples of pattern recognition feature selection, a uniform linear antenna array, vibration in structures, and the quantummechanical oscillator are discussed to demonstrate that the theory developed here has a wide range of applications. In addition, certain specialized cases of the centrosymmetric matrices have, in the past, proved their indisputable usefulness in the areas of communication theory, digital filters, linear systems, linear prediction, and speech analysis.
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  • 21
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The well-known Jury and Blanchard's stability test for discrete systems is with an array of (2n−3) rows of elements. Raible simplified Jury and Blanchard's array to (n+1) rows by introducing an additional element at the end of each row. Chen and Chan recently derived a Liapunov function through Schwarz' transform to prove the criterion directly and to produce a very compact form. The purpose of this paper is to explore the various singular cases by using the newly established Chen-Chan criterion. Some existing methods for studying singular cases are re-examined under the light shed by Chen and Chan. A by-product is to define and to determine the relative stability of discrete systems.
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  • 22
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 187-205 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new negative resistance oscillator model was proposed by Walker and Connelly. We investigate the mathematical properties of the associated nonlinear differential equation for a single-mode LCR network oscillator. In particular, we prove that under suitable conditions, small-amplitude stable limit-cycle oscillations can occur. The method of harmonic balance is used to calculate an analytic approximation to the limit-cycle parameters. Also, the general properties of trajectories in phase-space are presented. These predictions are compared with the results obtained by numerical integration of the differential equation.
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  • 23
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 163-185 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A general structure is presented for the block realization of two-dimensional infinite impulse response digital filters, which is based on the two-dimensional matrix convolution equations and the decomposition of their associated transfer function matrices. The proposed decomposition may be considered as an extension of the scalar decomposition technique, which has already been used for the realization of two-dimensional digital filters associated with two-variable polynomials. The decomposition structure is considered in two different forms, which correspond to the direct forms I and II. It is shown that if a given two-dimensional single-input, single-output filter is realizable, then realizable block decomposition structures may be always selected. The proposed approach is general and applies without any restriction for the block implementation of any two-dimensional filter. The resulting structures are characterized by high inherent parallelism, modularity, regularity, reconfigurability, local interconnections, and very high sampling and throughput rates. Thus they are well suited for VLSI implementation and implementation via multiprocessor systems and array processors, such as systolic and wavefront arrays.
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  • 24
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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  • 25
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 231-231 
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  • 26
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 233-234 
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  • 27
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 261-265 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the backward differentiation approximation to the solutions ofEx′+Fx =f can fail to converge even pointwise in an initial boundary layer. This paper shows that the approximations converge in a distributional sense even if the exact solution is also distributional.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 267-287 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a refined qualitative analysis of motions of a broad class of continuous time-varying nonlinear singular differential systems. These systems consist of a finite number of first-order differential equations that cannot be set into the normal form. Some novel qualitative concepts, convenient for the description of solutions of singular systems, are introduced and analyzed. These concepts involve some inherent properties of singular systems. General sufficient conditions for these concepts are derived in terms of the existence of a suitable Lyapunov function. Also, for the subclass of singular systems considered, the construction of a Lyapunov function candidate that can be effectively applied in the analysis is proposed. The results obtained generalize some known results in stability theory.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 341-355 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to make clear the fundamental importance of thefundamental matrix ϕ k in the analysis of linear discrete-time singular systems. We relateϕ k to the coefficientsR k of the adjoint matrix (zE-A)−1, find an autoregressive recursion for theϕ k , and give the solution of the singular semistate equation in terms ofϕ k . Also discussed are thesemistatetransition matrix and the singular systemTschirnhausen polynomials. We close by giving a stable numerical technique for the computation of the sequenceϕ k that is based on first taking the pencilzE-A to triangular form.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 357-373 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Impulsive solutions of linear homogeneous matrix differential equations are re-examined in the light of the theory of Jordan chains that correspond to infinite elementary divisors of the associated polynomial matrix. Infinite elementary divisors of general polynomial matrices are defined and their relation to the pole-zero structure of polynomial matrices at infinity is examined. It is shown that impulsive solutions are due to Jordan chains of a “dual” polynomial matrix that correspond to infinite elementary divisors that are associated with the orders of “zeros at infinity” of the original matrix.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 375-397 
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    Notes: Abstract Generalized linear systems are classified according to their algebraic structure and their regularizability and normalizability properties under generalized state feedback are investigated. New feedback invariants are introduced in terms of the input-space restriction pencil and the Plücker matrix of the system. It is shown that the classification of subspaces of the state space of generalized linear systems is reduced to an equivalent problem of classifying the subspacesV of the domain of an ordered pair (F, G), F, Gεℝm×n. The set of strict equivalence invariants of the restriction pencil (F, G)/V provides a complete, basis-free algebraic characterization and leads to the definition of notions of geometric invariance. The key geometric notions that emerge are those of (F, G)-, (G, F)-, complete-(F, G)-, partitioned(F, G)-, cyclic-, and semicyclic-invariant subspaces. A complete set of geometric algorithms leading to the computation of the above families is also given. The above families of invariant subspaces are characterized in terms of the invariants of (F, G)/V, and this provides the links with their dynamic characterization. These results provide an “open-loop” or “feedback-free” unifying treatment of spaces of generalized systems, which for the case of proper systems is reduced to the standard geometric theory results.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 401-419 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a set of fast prime factor decomposition algorithms (PFDAs) for a family of discrete trigonometric transforms of sizeN, whereN is a product of two relatively prime integers. Relevant equations for the PFDAs are derived. Computational procedures are presented followed by a specific example forN= 12. The input and output index mappings necessary for the algorithm are obtained and the computational complexity is briefly outlined.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 435-444 
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    Notes: Abstract In the studies of singular systems regularity is often presumed although it may not be satisfied in some real cases. Therefore, natural questions are: What is the difference between regularity and irregularity? How far can we go from regularity to irregularity in the studies of singular systems? This paper partially answers these questions. The results show that the concepts of reachability, controllability, and observability for regular systems can be easily extended to irregular cases. There is minor difference between regular and irregular singular systems. Thus the assumption of regularity is reasonable.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 445-453 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optimization method is proposed for the design of high-order all-pass delay equalizers for a prescribed group-delay characteristic by using the cascade form realization of digital filters. Unlike other methods, in the proposed method stability is guaranteed by imposing certain mild constraints on the filter coefficients so that the unconstrained optimization technique of Fletcher and Powell is used. To reduce the function minimization time, design values of the parameters of the delay equalizers, obtained by Bernhardt's simplified method, are used as the initial vector in the optimization technique of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed method for the design of optimal delay equalizers results in all classes of equalizers with real and complex poles and approximates the prescribed group delay more accurately.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 487-506 
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    Notes: Abstract Given the Volterra series representation of a single input, single output nonlinear system, we examine conditions on the Volterra kernels that determine if the system is in some sense equivalent to a linear system. The systems considered herein are known as “feedback linearizable” systems. Feedback linearizable systems are usually discussed in terms of their state-space representations. A key result relates the Volterra series description of a feedback linearizable system to its state-space description.
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 56-75 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: free radicals ; cataracts ; antioxidant vitamins ; vitamin C ; vitamin E ; β-carotene ; Katarakte ; antioxidative Vitamine ; Vitamin C und E ; Betakarotin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Augenlinse kann durch einfallendes Licht und Sauerstoff photooxidativ so geschädigt werden, daß eine Trübung bzw. ein Katarakt entsteht. Sauerstoffradikale schädigen nicht nur die Kristalline, spezialisierte Linsenproteine, die Aggregate bilden und präzipitieren, sondern sie greifen auch proteolytische Enzyme an, deren Funktion es wäre, die geschädigten Proteine zu eliminieren. Neben einem enzymatischen Abwehrsystem gegen Sauerstoffradikale, bestehend aus Superoxiddismutase, Katalase und Glutathionperoxidase, enthält die Linse die antioxidativen Vitamine C und E und evtl. Betakarotin. Tierversuche an verschiedenen Spezies haben sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo eine Schutzwirkung gegen lichtinduzierte Kataraktbildung aufgezeigt. Eine ähnliche Wirkung war gegen Zucker- und Steroidkatarakte nachweisbar. Epidemiologische Studien am Menschen haben gezeigt, daß Personen mit vergleichsweise höherer Einnahme bzw. höheren Blutkonzentrationen antioxidativer Vitamine ein vermindertes Risiko der Kataraktbildung haben. Diese positiven Befunde rechtfertigen die Durchführung breit angelegter Interventionsstudien mit antioxidativen Vitaminen am Menschen.
    Notes: Summary The ocular lens, which is continually exposed to light and ambient oxygen, is at high risk of photooxidative damage resulting in cataract. Oxygen free radicals appear to impair not only lens crystallins which will aggregate and precipitate forming opacities but also proteolytic enzymes whose function it would be to eliminate the damaged proteins. Apart from an enzymatic defense system consisting of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase against excited oxygen species the lens contains the antioxidant vitamins C, E and presumably β-carotene as another line of defense. In vitro and in vivo studies in different animal species have demonstrated a significant protective effect of vitamins C and E against light-induced cataract. Sugar and steroid cataracts were prevented as well. Epidemiological evidence in humans suggests that persons with comparatively higher intakes or blood concentrations of antioxidant vitamins are at a reduced risk of cataract development. These positive findings established by several research groups justify extensive intervention trials with antioxidant vitamins in humans using presenile cataract development as a model.
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  • 38
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 103-129 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: geeignete Spezies ; analoge Reaktionen ; optimale Standardisierung ; ethische Grundsätze ; spezifische Alternativen ; suitablespecies ; analogousreactions ; optimalstandardization ; ethicalprinciples ; specificalternatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experimental animals may serve as models for human beings, if analogies between animal and human functions exist. Therefore, the selection of species and strain plays an important role in the development of such models. Knowledge of the nutritional and physiological characteristics of a species is a prerequisite for the composition of complete diets. Often, preliminary work has to begin at the breeding farm in order to make use of such curative models possible. Only when the high requirements of standardization of experimental animals are met can clinical and subclinical symptoms be determined distinctly. By means of sensitive biochemical reactions, imbalances and interactions of nutritive and active ingredients, as well as successful substitutions, can be recorded. The study of absorption and metabolism of preparations is made possible by observing these reactions. However, negative influence on the results of analysis must be eliminated by correct selection of narcotics, and the proper excision and storage of organs. Because of its importance for the planning and evaluation of experiments, biometry is an integral part of every research project. The scientific information which must be gained from the whole experimental animal cannot be substituted by either isolated organs and cell cultures, or by means of computer simulation. A demanding effort, which includes biotechnological methods, is necessary to further reduce the number of experimental animals and, simultaneously, to enhance experimental evidence. In any case, all scientific aims must be in accordance with the ethical principles of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Versuchstiere können als Modell für den Menschen herangezogen werden, wenn Analogien zwischen tierischen und menschlichen Funktionen bestehen. Deshalb kommt der Wahl von Spezies und Stamm bei der Entwicklung solcher Modelle eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Kenntnis der ernährungsphysiologischen Besonderheiten einer Spezies ist die Voraussetzung für die Herstellung vollwertiger Diäten. Oft sind Vorleistungen bereits in der Zuchtstation zu erbringen, um kurative Modelle überhaupt erst anwenden zu können. Nur wenn die hohen Anforderungen an die Standardisierung des tierexperimentellen Teiles einer Untersuchung erfüllt sind, können klinische und subklinische Symptome eindeutig zugeordnet werden. Mit empfindlichen biochemischen Reaktionen lassen sich sowohl Imbalanzen und Interaktionen von Nähr- und Wirkstoffen sowie Substitutionserfolge erfassen. Ebenso können die Resorption und der Stoffwechsel von Präparaten verfolgt werden. Negative Auswirkungen auf das Analysenergebnis sind bereits bei der Wahl des Narkotikums, der Entnahme und Lagerung von Organproben auszuschließen. Wegen ihrer Bedeutung für die Planung und Auswertung stellt auch die Biometrie einen integrierenden Bestandteil eines jeden Forschungsprojektes dar. Die am Ganztier erzielte wissenschaftliche Information kann weder mit isolierten Organen und Zellkulturen, noch mit Hilfe simulierender Computersysteme erreicht werden. Große Anstrengungen, auch unter Einbeziehung biotechnologischer Methoden, sind erforderlich, um die Tierzahlen weiterhin zu reduzieren und gleichzeitig die Aussagekraft der Experimente zu erhöhen. In jedem Fall jedoch müssen die wissenschaftlichen Zielsetzungen mit den ethischen Anliegen des Tierschutzes in Einklang gebracht werden.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fettemulsion ; MCT ; LCT ; Lipoproteine ; Elimination ; fat emulsion ; triglycerides ; medium chain (MCT) triglycerides ; long chain (LCT) ; lipoprotein elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A fat emulsion containing 20% fat as medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and long chain triglycerides (LCT) (1∶1) was injected as a bolus in an amount of 0.2 g fat per kg body weight to six patients, three to five days after a serious injury. Triglyceride concentrations increased within two min in lipoprotein fractions d〈0.95 g/ml (Chylomicrons), d〈1.006 g/ml (VLDL), d〈1.063 g/ml (LDL) and d〈1.21 g/ml (HDL). Sixty minutes after injection triglyceride concentrations had again reached preexperimental values in all lipoprotein fractions. Cholesterol values did not change. According to the composition of the fat emulsion, linoleic acid content increased in triglycerides of all lipoprotein fractions, whereas octanoic and decanoic acid did so only in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (d〈1.006). Half-life values of elimination of octanoic acid (3.3 min) and decanoic acid (3.9 min) in triglycerides of lipoprotein fraction d〈1.006 were nearly half as short as that of long chain fatty acids (linoleic acid, 6.4 min; oleic acid, 6.5 min; palmitic acid, 7.5 min). Thus in contrast to LCT, MCT are only found in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (d〈1.006) and are also eliminated more rapidly.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Fettemulsion mit 20% Fett aus mittelkettigen Triglyceriden (MCT) und langkettigen Triglyceriden (LCT) (1∶1) wurde als Bolus in einer Menge von 0,2 g Fett pro kg Körpergewicht bei 6 Patienten 3–5 Tage nach einem schweren Unfall injiziert. Die Triglyceridkonzentrationen stiegen innerhalb von 2 Minuten in den Lipoproteinfraktionen d〈0,95 g/ml (Chylomikronen), d〈1,006 g/ ml (VLDL), d〈1,063 g/ml (LDL) und d〈1,21 g/ml (HDL) an. 60 Minuten nach der Injektion hatten die Triglyceridkonzentrationen bereits wieder in allen Lipoproteinfraktionen dsie Vorwerte erreicht. Die Cholesterinkonzentrationen änderten sich nicht. Entsprechend der Zusammensetzung der Fettemulsion nahm der Linolsäureanteil in den Triglyceriden aller Lipoproteinfraktionen zu, während Octansäure und Decansäure nur in den triglyceridreichen Lipoproteinen (d〈1,006) anstiegen. Die Halbwertszeiten der Elimination der Octansäure (3,3 min) und Decansäure (3,9 min) in den Triglyceriden der Lipoproteinfraktion d〈1,006 waren fast halb so kurz wie die der langkettigen Fettsäuren (Linolsäure, 6,4 min; Ölsäure, 6,5 min; Palmitinsäure, 7,5 min). Demzufolge findet man im Gegensatz zu den LCT die MCT nur in den triglyceridreichen Lipoproteinen (d〈1,006), und sie werden daraus auch rascher eliminiert.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: RBP secretion ; vitamin A ; carotenoids ; goat ; RBP-Sekretion ; Vitamin A ; Carotinoide ; Ziege
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sekretion von retinolbindendem Protein (RBP) ins Blut von Ziegen wurde nach unterschiedlicher Verabreichung von Vitamin A (Retinylacetat), Β-Carotin und einer Mischung von pflanzlichen Carotinoiden untersucht. Die Zufuhr dieser Verbindungen — entweder in einer einzelnen hohen Dosis oder in der gleichen Menge gleichmäßig auf 4 Tagesdosen verteilt — führte zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der RBP-Sekretion. Diese Sekretion erfolgte in zwei Phasen, von denen eine früh und eine später einsetzte.
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted on the secretion of retinol-binding protein (RBP) in blood of goats given different treatments of preformed vitamin A, Β-carotene and plant carotenoids. Administration of these sources either in a single massive dose or massive dose split into four equal doses, markedly increased the secretion of RBP in blood. The secretion of RBP in blood occurred at least in two phases, one at early periods and the other at later periods.
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  • 41
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 265-265 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 42
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 300-309 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: tobacco protein ; Arnes test ; micronucleus test ; chromosome aberration test ; SCE test ; Tabakprotein ; Ames-Test ; Mikrokerntest ; Chromosomenaberrationstest ; Schwesterstrangaustauschtest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Tabakprotein wurde im Ames-Test und in drei In-vivo-Tests auf Mutagenität geprüft. In den Salmonellenstämmen TA 98 und TA 100 bewirkten Methanolextrakte des Tabakproteins und der Urin von Ratten, die mit Tabakprotein gefüttert waren, erhöhte Revertantenzahlen, nicht aber Fäzesextrakte. Im Mikrokerntest wurden durchgehend schwach positive Effekte des Tabakproteins in Chinesischen Hamstern und zwei Mäuse-Inzuchtstämmen erzielt, desgleichen im Chromosomenaberrationstest und im SCE-Test an Chinesischen Hamstern. Die in den analytischen Angaben des Tabakproteins ausgewiesenen Substanzen Nikotin, Chlorogensäure und Rutin wurden einzeln im Chromosomenaberrationstest geprüft. Dabei wurde das Nikotin als der verantwortliche Faktor oder einer der verantwortlichen Faktoren für die schwach positiven Testergebnisse erkannt.
    Notes: Summary Tobacco protein was assayed for mutagenicity using the Ames test and three in vivo tests. In the Salmonella strains TA 98 and TA 100 methanolic extracts of the tobacco protein and urine of rats fed tobacco protein exhibited increased revertant numbers, but extracts of feces did not. Using the micronucleus test throughout, weak mutagenic effects after feeding the tobacco protein were detected in Chinese hamsters and two inbred strains of mice, and again in Chinese hamsters when the chromosome aberration test and the SCE test were applied. The analytical specifications of the tobacco protein listed nicotine, chlorogenic acid and rutin as components. These were examined separately in a chromosome aberration test, and nicotine was discovered to be the factor or a factor responsible for the weak positive test results.
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  • 43
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Tryptophanschädigung ; Tryptophangehalt im Brot ; Tryptophangehalt im Keks ; tryptophan degradation ; tryptophan content inbread ; tryptophan content incookie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The change of tryptophan contents in proteins of bread and cookies under technological processing conditions were investigated. Tryptophan contents in all cookie samples were noted to be significantly (p=0.05) reduced in relation to corresponding dough. The relative decreases are significantly correlated with fat content and the degree of unsaturation of fats in the dough of cookies (r=0.802 and r=0.777, p=0.01), independently of various physical parameters during different cookie samples' processing. Tryptophan decrease in proteins of bread during baking was not significant.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß des technologischen Herstellungsprozesses auf die Gehaltsveränderung von Tryptophan in Brot- und Kekseiweißen untersucht. Es wurde eine signifikante (p=0,05) Tryptophanabnahme bei dem Backen der verschiedenen Keksarten festgestellt. Diese Abnahme korreliert linear mit dem Lipidgehalt und dem Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren der entsprechenden Keksteige (r=0,802 bzw. r=0,777 bei p=0,01), unabhängig von bedeutenden Schwankungen der physikalischen Parameter im Produktionsprozeß der verschiedenen Keksarten. Bei Brot blieb der Tryptophangehalt während des Backens praktisch unverändert.
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  • 44
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 345-345 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 45
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 263-264 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 46
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 240-259 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Data analysis ; health status ; food pattern ; nutrition behavior ; research strategy ; Gesundheitsstatus ; Ernährungsverhalten ; Forschungsstrategie ; Datenanalyse ; Nahrungsmuster ; Ernährungsepidemiologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beziehungen zwischen Ernährungsfaktoren und Gesundheit in epidemiologischen Studien sind oft inkonsistent. Eine der möglichen Ursachen für diese Gegebenheit kann darin liegen, daß die Vielzahl der potentiellen Ernährungsdimensionen in der spezifischen Untersuchungssituation in unzulänglichem Maße berücksichtigt wurden. Solche Dimensionsbereiche sind vor allem die physiologische Individualität von Menschen, deren verschiedenen Lebensumwelten und die zahlreichen Interdependenzen zwischen Ernährungsvariablen. Diese Tatsachen sollten in ernährungsepidemiologischen Studien dadurch besser erfaßt werden, daß sowohl die Studienmodelle als auch die Datenanalysen entsprechend ausgerichtet werden. Anstelle von Untersuchungen an heterogenen Stichproben ist es ratsam, sich auf spezifische „Typen“ zu konzentrieren, wobei gemäß dem jeweiligen Studienziel solche „Typen“ aus den physiologischen Besonderheiten (z. B. Cholesterinempfindlichkeit), aus biologisch-konstitutionellen Faktoren (z. B. Körperbau-Typus), aus Lebensstil-Eigenschaften oder anderen Faktorenbereichen abgeleitet werden können. Die Variationsbreite der Ernährungsfaktoren geht über die üblicherweise verwendeten Nährstoffdimensionen hinaus, doch sie läßt sich durch integrierte Indizes — die „Nahrungsmuster“ — zusammenfassen. Zu solchen „Nahrungsmustern“ kann man auf verschiedene Weise kommen. Sie können aus Theorien abgeleitet werden und zu bestimmten Bewertungsrastern führen. Man kann sie aber auch mittels multivariater statistischer Analyse suchen. Die prinzipiellen Wege, die zu „Nahrungsmustern“ führen, werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Die hier vorgestellten und diskutierten Ideen leiten zu einem verbesserten Untersuchungsmodell für ernährungsepidemiologische Studien über. Die „Nahrungsmuster“ nehmen dabei eine wichtige Position ein. Man kann annehmen, daß durch diesen Untersuchungsansatz neue Erkenntnisse über die Beziehungen zwischen Ernährung und Gesundheit sichtbar werden, die helfen, den bisher noch diffusen Untersuchungsbereichen klare Konturen zu geben.
    Notes: Summary The relation between nutritional factors and health investigated in epidemiological studies are often inconsistent. One of the reasons for such findings can be the improper addressing of the multitude of nutritional dimensions in the specific study situation such as physiological individuality of human beings, different living conditions, or numerous interdependencies between nutritional variables. Epidemiological research in nutrition and health should recognize such facts and work with appropiate study models and adequate data analyses. Instead of investigating heterogenous populations it is advisable to concentrate on specific “types” of people. Under consideration of the study goals such “types” can be compiled according to physiological properties, e.g., cholesterol sensitivity, or biological-constitutional factors such as body build, life-style entities, or other factors. The variety of nutrition factors far beyond the commonly applied nutrient values can be expressed in integrated indices of “food patterns”. Such “food patterns” can be derived in many ways. They can be deduced from theories by using specific criteria, but also explored by modern multivariate statistical analyses. The ways leading to “food patterns” are discussed. The ideas presented and discussed in this paper lead to an improved model for research in the field of nutrition and health with integrated indices of “food patterns” as the critical point. It is assumed that using this approach will generate new insight in the relation of nutrition and health, a currently still diffuse research area.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietarycalcium ; dietarymagnesium ; dietaryphosphorus ; serumcholesterol ; livercholesterol ; fecalbile acids ; rats ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Phosphor ; Serumcholesterin ; Lebercholesterin ; Gallensäure im Kot ; Ratten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während 28 Tagen wurden an Ratten cholesterinfreie halbgereinigte Diäten, die verschiedene Konzentrationen von Calcium (0,13–0,75 g/100 g), Magnesium (0,02–0,04 g/100 g) oder Phosphor (0,2–0,8 g/100 g) enthielten, verabreicht. Die unterschiedlichen Mineralkonzentrationen hatten keinen Einfluß auf Serum- und Lebercholesterin oder die Ausscheidung von Gallensäuren im Kot.
    Notes: Summary Female rats were fed cholesterol-free, purified diets with different concentrations of calcium (0.13–0.75%, w/w), magnesium (0.02 or 0.04%) or phosphorus (0.2–0.8 %) as the only dietary variable. After 28 days, no effects of the minerals were found on liver cholesterol concentrations and rates of fecal excretion of bile acids.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Meerschweinchen ; Ascorbinsäure ; Adaption im Stoffwechsel ; Vitamin C ; guinea pigs ; adaptation inascorbic acid metabolism ; blood ; liver ; spleen ; adrenal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Substitution mit 5 mg/100 g Vitamin C im Futter stellt für Meerschweinchen anscheinend die untere Grenze dar, um ein Überleben zu ermöglichen. Sie scheinen keine Möglichkeit zu haben, den Stoffwechsel der Ascorbinsäure an diese niedrige Substitution zu adaptieren. Meerschweinchen, die über lange Zeit (6–8 Wochen) 20 mg/100 g oder 680 mg/100 g Vitamin C im Futter erhalten hatten, zeigen, nachdem der Vitamin-C-Gehalt im Futter drastisch verändert worden ist, bei den Ascorbinsäurespiegeln mehrerer Organe das für eine ablaufende Adaptation typische Überbzw. Unterschwingen.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs supplied with 5 mg/100 g vitamin in the food seem to be at the marginal substitution for a survival and show no ability to adapt the ascorbic acid metabolism to this low support. Guinea pigs longlastingly (6–8 weeks) supplied with 20 mg/100g or 680 mg/100g vitamin C in the food show the typical symptoms of an evolving adaptation by an overshooting in the course of the ascorbic acid levels in several organs after a switch to an extremely different vitamin C supply.
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  • 49
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 50
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Calciumversorgung ; Bioverfügbarkeit von Calcium ; Osteoporose ; osteoporosis ; osteoporosis ; pathogenesis of ; calcium supply ; nutritional aspects of osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Osteoporosis primarily affects women and is a bone disease of great socialmedical and economic importance. The pathogenesis is thought to be of multifactorial origin. The current work discusses nutritional aspects relative to osteoporosis. In this aspect, calcium supply seems to have the largest preventional importance. In contrast, food statistics and individual food records show that calcium intake of females is below the DGE's recommendation of 800 mg/daily. Furthermore, in view of skeletal integrity, calcium intake should be increased up to 1,500 mg/daily after menopause, because of endocrinological changes in calcium metabolism. Therefore, calcium intake on the whole is usually found to not be sufficient. The importance of further nutritional aspects for manifestation of osteoporosis are discussed. In some cases, influences on skeletal integrity are quite evident, whereas the literature has only infrequently drawn conclusions about the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Osteoporose ist eine Knochenerkrankung mit großer sozialmedizinischer und volkswirtschaftlicher Bedeutung, von der überwiegend Frauen betroffen sind. Die Pathogenese der Erkrankung ist multifaktoriell. Der derzeitige Kenntnisstand über die Bedeutung alimentärer Faktoren wird in diesem Zusammenhang dargestellt. Größte präventive Bedeutung besteht seitens der Ernährung in einer ausreichenden Calciumversorgung. Verzehrsstatistiken und individuelle Verzehrsprotokolle zeigen dagegen, daß die Versorgung mit Calcium beim weiblichen Geschlecht im Durchschnitt unter der Empfehlung der DGE von 800 mg/d liegt. Hinzu kommt, daß zur Aufrechterhaltung der Knochenhomöostase aufgrund endokriner Umstellungen im Calciumstoffwechsel empfohlen wird, nach der Menopause die Calciumaufnahme auf 1500 mg/d zu steigern. Die Versorgungslage mit Calcium ist somit insgesamt als sehr unzureichend anzusehen. Weitere ernährungsbedingte Faktoren mit Bedeutung für eine Osteoporosemanifestation werden diskutiert. In einigen Fällen ist hierdurch eine Beeinflussung der Knochenhomöostase durchaus denkbar, häufig ist das Datenmaterial allerdings noch zu unvollständig oder fehlt völlig, um Zusammenhänge zur Osteoporoseentstehung herstellen zu können.
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  • 51
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin A-Status ; polyhalogenierte aromatischeKohlenwasserstoffe ; Metabolismus ; polareRetinoide ; vitamin A status ; polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ; metabolism ; polar retinoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausreichende Vitamin-A-Speicher und -Gewebslevel werden durch ein Gleichgewicht von Nachfrage der Gewebe nach Vitamin A und der Vitamin-A-Aufnahme durch die Nahrung aufrechterhalten und durch viele Faktoren beeinflußt. Es ist hinreichend bekannt, daß polyhalogenierte aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PHAH) die Vitamin-A-Speicher der Leber erniedrigen. Neuere Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, daß die Erniedrigung der Vitamin-A-Leberspeicher von einem Anstieg des Vitamin-A-Gehaltes in Serum und Niere sowie von einer erhöhten Abgabe von Vitamin-A-Metaboliten in Urin und Fäzes begleitet sind. Die Untersuchung der Vitamin-A-Verteilung in verschiedenen Geweben zeigte, daß die Zufuhr von PHAH zu einem verstärkten Auftreten polarer Vitamin-A-Metaboliten führt. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß die PHAH Enzyme beeinflussen, die entscheidend für die Regulation von Vitamin-A-Speichern sowie der Aktivität von für den Vitamin-A-Stoffwechsel wichtigen Enzymen sind.
    Notes: Summary Adequate stores and adequate tissue levels of vitamin A are maintained by a balance of tissue demands and dietary intake of the vitamin and are modified by many factors, including xenobiotics. It is well established that exposure to polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) decreases hepatic content of vitamin A. Recent findings indicate that hepatic depletion of vitamin A is accompanied by an increase in serum and renal vitamin A content and enhanced excretion of vitamin A metabolites in urine and feces. Examination of tissue retinoid profiles reveals that PHAH exposure causes the generation of increased amounts of polar retinoids. It is very likely that PHAH affect enzymes crucial for regulation of vitamin A storage as well as enhance activities of specific enzymes in vitamin A metabolic pathway.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Stickstoffbilanz ; Proteinbedarf ; Krallenaffen ; Callitrichidae ; nitrogen balance ; protein requirement ; marmoset ; C allitrichidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An erwachsenen männlichen Weißbüscheläffchen (Callithrix jacchus) erfolgten Stickstoffbilanzmessungen bei Verfütterung von „halbsynthetischen“ und „synthetischen“ Diäten mit Proteingehalten von null bis sieben Prozent. Der tägliche Stickstoffverlust bei längerer proteinfreier Ernährung („Abnutzungsquote“) betrug 131±16 mg/kg Körpergewicht0,75. Eine N-Bilanz =±0 wurde mit der Zufuhr von 261 mg N/kg0,75 in Form hochwertiger Proteine erreicht. Sehr geringe Proteinaufnahme oder das Fehlen von Arginin und Histidin in einer Aminosäurenmischung führte zu Koprophagie. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Proteinbedarf erwachsener Krallenaffen dem des erwachsenen Menschen (auf der Basis des metabolischen Körpergewichts) sehr ähnlich ist. Etwa 6–7% Protein hoher Qualität, auf Trockensubstanz bezogen, genügen zur Vermeidung einer negativen Stickstoffbilanz.
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen balance studies were conducted in adult male marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using purified and semipurified diets with protein levels between 0% and 7%. Daily nitrogen loss in a state of prolonged protein free nutrition was 131±16 mg/kg body weight0.75. Zero nitrogen balance resulted from mean daily intake of 261 mg nitrogen/kg0.75 when high quality protein sources were used. Very low protein intake or the lack of arginine and histidine in an amino acid mixture induced coprophagy. It is concluded that the protein requirement of adult marmosets is very similar to the protein requirement of adult humans (based on metabolic body weight). About 6–7% high quality protein, based on dry matter, suffice to avoid a negative nitrogen balance in all individuals.
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  • 53
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 211-224 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Klinische Ernährungstherapie ; Aminosäurenlösungen,Aminogramme ; Key words ; Clinical nutrition ; amino acids, analytical interpretation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The high value of clinical nutrition as an important component in polypragmatic therapy of severely ill patients with increasing age and restricted compensatory capacity is today unquestioned. The areas of interest and applications have reached a high degree of complexity by many differentiations. The metabolic interrelations under pathological conditions influence especially the application of amino acids. By the enormously increased standards of analytical procedures and instruments huge amounts of data have been gathered but methods and tools for interpreting the complex analytical results have not been developed to the same degree. Considering physiological, pathological biochemical, and biophysical alterations, this review discusses application of amino acids, evaluation and interpretation procedures, as well as indications, contraindications, and effective monitoring. The important regulatory function of the liver in connection with the urea production rate, and the physiological pattern and concentrations of amino acids in plasma are both discussed in detail. Also discussed is the therapeutic advantage of determining total concentration and relative composition of the amino acid pool in plasma, especially in severely ill patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der hohe Stellenwert der klinischen Ernährungstherapie ist in der heutigen polypragmatischen Therapie schwerstkranker und zum Teil sehr alter Patienten mit eingeschränkter Kompensationsfähigkeit unbestritten. Das Einsatzfeld der klinischen Ernährungstherapie hat dadurch eine starke Differenzierung und einen hohen Komplizitätsgrad erreicht. Diese Wechselbeziehung des pathologischen Ablaufs im Stoffwechsel nach äußeren und inneren Belastungen und den einzelnen Substraten betrifft im hohen Maße die Anwendung von Aminosäuren. Durch die enorme Zunahme der analytischen Leistungsfähigkeit ist das Erkenntnismaterial im Bereich der Aminosäurenversorgung zwar stark angewachsen, aber die Interpretation des komplexen Zusammenhangs der Aminosäuren keineswegs in gleicher Weise verbessert worden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird auf dem grobskizzierten Hintergrund physiologischer und pathologischer Stoffwechselzusammenhänge der Einsatz von Aminosäuren dergestalt abgehandelt, daß über eine plausible Interpretation der komplexen analytischen Daten die Indikation, Kontraindikation und überwachung der Aminosäurenapplikation verständlich wird. Vor allem die Bedeutung der Regulation durch die Leber, der Zusammenhang mit der Harnstoffproduktionsrate sowie die differente Bedeutung der mikromolaren und relativen Aminosäurenmuster im Plasma werden so abgehandelt, daß sie für die Interpretation auch schwerkranker Zustände herangezogen werden können.
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  • 54
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Eisenmangel, Epidemiologie ; Eisenresorption ; Eisensubstitution ; Eisenintoxikation ; iron deficiency ; epidemiology ; iron absorption ; iron substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Iron is an essential trace element. In its heme-form as well as in its non heme-form it is a part of enzymes and hemoproteins. For a safe and adequate dietary intake 10–18 mg of iron are recommended daily. Frequently, this quantity is not available: approximately 20 % of the world population is iron-deficient. In this state the enteral transfer capacity for toxic metals, e.g., Cd and Pb, is increased and the adaptation to physical strain as well as the immunological responses are depressed. Alterations of body iron-stores are almost exclusively balanced by adequate adaptation of the enteral iron-transfer capacity. The mechanism of this adaptation process can neither be satisfactorily explained by the “mucosal block hypothesis”, nor by the “mucosal transferrin hypothesis”. When the time-course of iron storage and its relation to intestinal iron transfer was investigated after i.v. iron administration to iron-deficient rats, the results indicated that the process of adaptation is located in the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal iron loading is decreased in iron deficiency, whereas the iron transfer into the organism is increased. Further investigation is necessary to find out by which mechanism the iron manages to bypass existing mucosal storage capacity in this situation. The geographical distribution of iron deficiency is influenced by a variety of local factors. Still, the paramount causes of iron-deficiency are unbalanced iron losses and the lack of bioavailable iron in the diet. The bioavailability of non heme iron is influenced by the composition of the diet. The effect of promotors of iron absorption, such as meat, amino acids, polycarbonic acids and ascorbate is opposed by the influence of inhibitors, such as bran, soyaproducts, vegetables and egg-dishes. Iron losses are mainly due to blood losses. Thus, the wide distribution of hockworm diseases in tropical areas contributes significantly to the endemic iron-deficiency in these regions. A more physiological loss of iron is caused by menstruation and pregnancy. In small infants the iron-demand of the organism is increased by rapid growth, which in turn increases the intestinal iron transfer. An increased iron-demand can be balanced by an iron-supplemented diet or by pharmaceutical iron compounds. Acute intoxications can be caused by an overdose of such preparations. The pathophysiology and symptoms of acute iron intoxication are summarized. Their frequency has markedly decreased since “childproof” packaging has been introduced for iron-preparations. To meet the increased iron demand of young children, commercial infant formulas are frequently fortified with iron, preferentially with heme-iron. Inlight of the wide distribution of iron-deficiency a general iron fortification of staple food items is discussed controversially.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eisen zählt zu den essentiellen Spurenelementen. Es ist in seiner Häm- und Non-Häm-Form Bestandteil von Hämproteinen und Enzymen. Für eine ausreichende und sichere Versorgung des Organismus werden 10 mg bis 18 mg Eisen in der täglichen Diät empfohlen. Diese Menge wird erheblich häufiger unterals überschritten: Ca. 20 % der Weltbevölkerung haben einen Eisenmangel, der sich u.a. in einer gesteigerten enteralen Resorptionsfähigkeit für Cd und Pb äußert sowie in einer Einschränkung der physischen Leistungsfähigkeit und der Infektabwehr. Veränderungen im Körpereisenstatus werden fast ausschließlich durch Anpassung der enteralen Eisenresorption bedarfsgerecht ausgeglichen. Der Mechanismus dieser Anpassung kann weder durch „Mucosa-Block-Hypothese“ noch durch die „Mucosal-Transferrin“-Hypothese befriedigend erklärt werden. Kinetische Untersuchungen an eisenarmen Ratten über die Speicherung parenteral gegebenen Eisens und die Auswirkungen dieser Gabe auf die Eisenresorption deuten jedoch auf einen lokalen Adaptationsprozeß in der intestinalen Mukosa. Dabei ist die Beladung der Mukosa mit angebotenem Eisen im Eisenmangel herabgesetzt, der Transfer dagegen erhöht. Wie das Eisen in diesem Zustand an den vorhandenen Speicherkapazitäten der Mukosa vorbeigeleitet wird, bedarf weiterer Klärung. Die geographische Verteilung des Eisenmangels unterliegt einer Reihe lokaler Einflüsse. Hauptursachen des Eisenmangels sind der Mangel an bioverfügbarem Eisen in der Nahrung und unausgeglichene Eisenverluste. Die Bioverfügbarkeit von Non-Häm-Eisen in der Nahrung wird durch die Zusammensetzung der Diät beeinflußt. Resorptionsfördernde Komponenten wie Fleisch, Aminosäuren, Polycarbonsäuren und Ascorbat saldieren sich in der Wirkung mit Hemmstoffen der Eisenresorption wie z.B. Kleie und Sojaprodukte, Gemüse und Eispeisen. Eisenverluste sind in erster Linie Blutverluste, wobei der in den Tropen verbreitete Befall mit Hakenwürmern starken Anteil an dem dort endemischen Eisenmangel hat. Andere, eher physiologische Eisenverluste entstehen durch Menstruation und Schwangerschaft. Während des raschen Wachstums im Säuglingsalter entsteht ebenfalls ein stark erhöhter Eisenbedarf, der zu gesteigertem Eisentransfer führt. Erhöhter Eisenbedarf kann durch medikamentöse Eisensubstitution oder durch adäquate Ernährung gedeckt werden. Eisenmedikamente können jedoch bei nicht bestimmungsgemäßem Gebrauch zu akuten Intoxikationen führen, deren Bild detailliert beschrieben wird. Die Inzidenz solcher Vergiftungen ist seit Einführung „kindersicherer“ Verpackungen für Eisenpräparate stark zurückgegangen. Zur Deckung des durch Wachstum erhöhten Eisenbedarfs wird kommerzielle Säuglingsbeikost häufig mit Eisen fortifiziert, wobei Häm-Eisen die größeren Vorzüge bietet. Eine allgemeine Fortifikation von Grundnahrungsmitteln mit Eisen ist jedoch trotz der weiten Verbreitung des Eisenmangels stark umstritten.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: guinea pigs ; adaptation ofhepatic microsomal proteins andcytochromes P-450 and b5 to differentvitamin C supplies ; Meerschweinchen, mikrosomales Protein ; Cytochrome P-450 und b5 ; Vitamin-C-Substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Meerschweinchen, die über lange Zeit (6–8 Wochen) 680 mg/ 100 g Vitamin C im Futter erhalten hatten und dann 10 Wochen lang substituiert wurden mit 5 mg/100 g, konnten in der Leber nicht die Gehalte an mikrosomalem Cytochrom P-450 aufrechterhalten 20 mg/100 g, zeigten in der Leber das für eine Adaptation typische Unterschwingen bei dem Gehalt an mikrosomalem Cytochrom P-450.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs longlastingly (6–8 weeks) supplied with 680 mg/100 g vitamin in the food and for ten weeks thereafter exposed to: 5 mg/100 g: show no ability to maintain the amounts of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 20 mg/100 g: show the typical symptom of an evolving adaptation by an overshoot of the amounts of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Summary A promising field of laser utilization is the modification of cell behaviour. Acting on cell biological functions it might be possible to use them to improve medical therapies. This possibility suggests investigation of dosimetry guidelines employing different wavelenghts, power and exposure durations for future potential use of lasers in medicine. In this line of investigation, structural organization and viability of fibroblast has been studied, thus observing that the cell number remains unaltered by low density laser irradiation. Nevertheless, results observed in metabolism variation suggest that, with appropiate irradiation-protocol an efficient modality for enhancement or modulation of cell activity can be found, and thereafter used for therapeutical pourposes.
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  • 57
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 95-103 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Summary Response of rabbit ear blood vessels and defects on the pig skin to Argon and CO2 lasers, (1 to 4 Watts and 0,1 to 0,2 sec pulses), were analysed. Examining lesion depth and its diameter, it was seen, using both lasers, that when power and time exposure increased, lesion depth increased as well, At the same time, when power was increased and the time of irradiation was constant, the diameter of the lesion remained approximately the same. Histologically, by using Argon laser at 1'5 W, there is no evidence of skin lesion but vessel coagulation occurs. On the other hand, more power (3 to 4 W) produces skin destruction. CO2 laser at 1'5 W causes skin destruction while 3 W penetrates deeper, cutting all tissues and producing vessel-wall fragmentation and haemorrhage. In contrast to CO2 laser, which definitly stops blood circulation by cutting the vessels, Argon laser entails many recurrences and vessels re-start circulation; a fact which is not desirable in cutaneous vascular disorders treatment.
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  • 58
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 213-213 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Until now there are no national safety regulations for the medical use of lasers in the Netherlands. However, a committee of experts from hospitals, Health Council of the Netherlands, TNO Medical Technology Unit and industry is preparing recommendations. Their work is based on MPE values and special measurements that are performed to assess divergence and intensity distribution of laser beams, as well as optical and thermal properties of materials that are used in the clinical setting. The final intention of the committee is to advise government and hospitals on technical, environmental and administrative measures for the safety of the various medical laser applications.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Accident prevention regulations, e.g. VBG 93 “Laser Radiation”, are a national particularity in the FRG. The regulations issued by the injuries insurance institutes are binding upon employers and employees. The apparatus and equipment safety law makes the VBG 93 obligatory also for manufacturers and importers. National and international standards are referred to in relevant context in the VBG 93. The VBG 93 is also used by the governmental authorities for the protection of labour. The medical apparatus decree has to be observed also for medical application. Some important aspects of the VBG 93 will be described in detail.
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  • 61
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 329-340 
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    Notes: Abstract In general “Dose” by itself as an amount of energy is not a relevant parameter for the description of penetration by non-ionizing (laser) radiation. But dosimetry should not only include the measurements of relevant parameters and its relatioships to tissue effects but also include all possibilities of measurements and relationships which help to control the biological result on tissue by irraditation with non-ionizing laser radiation.
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  • 62
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 361-365 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the Author presents the guidelines of laser therapy in the Lisbon Institute of Ophthalmology, with spetial referance to the laser parameters, the ocular pathology imposing laser therapy and the necessary conditions for safety of the patient and of the doctor, operating with laser.
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  • 63
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 41-61 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A review is presented of Raman spectroscopic applications in the study of laser-tissue interactions. The basic definitions of Raman spectroscopy are given with emphasis to those concepts and techniques which are relevant to biomedical material characterization. Representative problems from current literature will be discussed, like atherosclerosis of human vessels, eye lens aging, formation and diagnosis of cataracts.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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    Notes: Abstract Three different lasers were compared under the same conditions for their effectiveness at producing photodynamic damage to normal colon following sensitization with aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanine (AlSPc). One laser was an argon ion pumped continuous wave (CW) dye laser and the other two were pulsed at 10 kHz (copper vapour laser pumped dye laser, and 5 Hz (flashlamp pumped dye laser). The CW and 10 kHz laser were equally effective at producing damage. The 5 Hz laser failed to produce a photodynamic effect, although occasionally caused a photomechanical effect when the laser fibre was placed touching the colonic mucosa. Quantitative analysis suggests that the high energy pulses of the flashlamp pumped dye laser saturate AlSPc, so very little of the available energy can be used to produce a photodynamic effect, in contrast to the two other lasers which do not produce saturation conditions.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: YAG Laser/Electrodiathermy ; Pulmonary tissue
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An anatomo-pathological study was undertaken to evaluate the early effects of high and low powered non-contact mode of YAG laser on pulmonary tissue and to compare these effects with those resulting from electro-diathermy. In 40 patients with bronchial carcinoma, thoracotomy was carried out using conventional surgical methods, the part of the lung destined to be excised was then exposed to: Non-contact YAG laser of high or low power (Group A, n=15); cutting/ or coagulation electro-diathermy (Group B,n=15); and mixed (blend) cutting and coagulation electro-diathermy (Group C,n=10). The results indicated that high power non-contact YAG laser is capable of incising the pulmonary parenchyma without bleeding or air leak, only the larger and sub-segmental vessels and bronchial branches needed suturing. This was not the case for electro-diathermy, either in its cutting or blend form. The low power laser was capable of sealing off the superficial bleeding vessels and contracting the alveolar sacs, thus preventing bleeding and air leak. Only the superficial bleeding could be stopped by coagulation diathermy which had no effect in preventing air leak from the parenchyma. Microscopically, apart from evaporation, laser produced charring and coagulative necrosis in the remaining exposed tissue. No evaporation of tissue occurred with electro-diathermy (either in its cutting, blend or coagulation mode). Only a very limited charring and coagulative necrosis was present in the remaining tissues exposed to coagulation electro-diathermy.
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  • 66
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Nd-YAG laser ; Open lung surgery
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We report on nineteen patients who successfully underwent open lung performance with a Nd-YAG laser in the period December 1987 to August 1988. Reasons for laser operations were lung metastases (twelve cases), lung fibrosis (five patients), one lung cyst and one tuberculoma. We used the Nd-YAG laser in non-contact mode, with focus hand-piece spot size of 1.5 mm, a continual 1064 nm wavelength and a power output 90 W. In these nineteen cases we performed 35 laser photoablations of lung tissue. All patients healed without any serious complications. The major advantage of Nd-YAG laser beam in open lung surgery is in the rapid sealing effect of small airways and of blood vessels up to 3 mm. The Nd-YAG laser seems to be very suitable for operations in lung periphery.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 65-65 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 71-72 
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Cholesteatoma ; Haematoporphyrin ; Photo-dynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous project on haematoporphyrin (HP) uptake by experimentally induced cholesteatoma of the rabbit, it was shown that HP concentration was remarkably high in the cholesteatoma, with a peak at three hours after intravenous administration of the drug. On the basis of these results an attempt was made to destroy the matrix of cholesteatoma by means of photodynamic therapy. Cholesteatomas were induced bilaterally in the ears of eight rabbits which were divided into two groups, according to the interval between HP administration (5 mg/kg body weight) and irradiation. The irradiation was carried out with light at 600–680 nm, filtered from the emission a quartz halogen lamp (dose rate 300 mW cm−2; total dose 120 J cm−2). The first group was submitted to photodynamic therapy after three hours and the second after twelve hours. In both groups half the rabbits were sacrificed at 24 h and half at 48 h post-irradiation. Histological studies showed significant vascular lesions, necrosis of the wall of the cholesteatoma, interstitial extravasation of blood, and oedema in a high percentage of the animals. The lesions were much greater in animals sacrificed at 48 h after photodynamic therapy.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 137-138 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 151-154 
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    Notes: Abstract The treatments of 250 patients with the CO2 laser is described. The procedures were performed under local anaesthesia with minimal instrumentation apart from the laser. Operations were rapid and relatively bloodless, and excellent cosmetic and functional results were obtained. In the post-operative period there was minimal oedema and no significant bleeding. Post-operative pain was also minimal allowing patients to resume their normal diet on the first post-operative day and to return to work. The experience gained with this first group of patients suggests that ideal cases for treatment by this modality include leukoplakia, haemangiomas, epulis and prosthesis fibromas. The CO2 laser is now being used to a lesser extent on in-patients and on those with malignant lesions.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Autofluorescence ; Laser-induced fluorescence ; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; Atherosclerosis ; Tissue diagnostics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract We have investigated laser-induced fluorescence frompost mortem human arteries in order to find spectroscopic properties allowing discrimination between normal and atherosclerotic vessel wall. A pulsed nitrogen laser emitting light at a wavelength of 337.1 nm was used as an excitation source. The fluorescence spectrum from 370 to 700 nm was captured and analysed by an optical multichannel analyser. Dimensionless contrast functions were formed by using characteristic spectral features at 390, 415, 480, 580 and 600 nm. All samples were investigated in scans across a region where normal as well as diseased vessel wall appeared. The types of plaque were histopathologically divided into four groups, of which three could be singled out using one or more of our spectroscopic criteria. We also investigated the different layers of the normal and diseased vessel wall in order to determine the various contributions to the fluorescence signal. Furthermore, plasma emission spectra were recorded while ablating the normal as well as the diseased vessel wall with an excimer laser, emitting radiation at 308 nm, thus detecting the change in spectral characteristics during the ablation process down into deeper layers.
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  • 73
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 203-204 
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  • 74
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Gastrointestinal tumour ; Advanced lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the study, 120 patients with advanced gastrointestinal tumours were treated by PDT; 5 mg/kg of HpD was intravenously given 48–72 h prior to PDT. The light source was an argon dye laser with an output beam of 630 nm. The irradiation time varied from 15–25 min with a power of 100–350 mW cm−2. The entire tumour was irradiated with a light dose of 100–250 J cm−2. Of the 120 patients, 20 had cancer of esophagus, 72 had cancer of the gastric cardia, 18 had cancer of the stomach and 10 had cancer of the rectum. Eighty-eight patients (73.3%) had a response to PDT. Twelve patients with CR were followed up for one to five years, two patients died during the two years after PDT.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 285-287 
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Low-level laser irradiation ; Peripheral nerve injury ; Single effect of 632.8, 660, 830, 880 and 950 nm wavelengths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty rats underwent a crush injury to their sciatic nerve, followed immediately by a single low-power coherent or non-coherent irradiation administered transcutaneously on the projection of an injured peripheral nerve. Five wavelengths were tested: 632.8, 660, 830, 880 and 950 nm. The electrical activities of the crushed nerve, immediately after irradiation and on the following first, third and seventh day post-crush, were compared to the precrush activity. The results indicate that energy at the wavelength of 632.8 nm (CW He-Ne laser), delivered transcutaneously (10 J cm−2 at each point) along the projections of the nerve, prevents the drop in the functional nerve activity as measured by the combined action potential (AP) after crush injury. Other wavelengths were either less effective (660 nm) or totally ineffective under the same conditions. The beneficial effects were temporary and lasted only one day after injury and the single irradiation session.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 199-202 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 211-220 
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Argon laser ; Port-wine stains ; Transcutaneous microscopy
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    Notes: Abstract Sixty-two consecutive patients presenting with facial port-wine stains were examined by transcutaneous microscopy prior to argon laser treatment. The capillary morphology was classified and the late outcome was independently examined and scored. It was found that capillary appearances do have some value in predicting a favourable response and in predicting scarring.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Argon laser, Photodynamic therapy ; Cancer
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of continuous-wave argon laser radiation on the growth of solid Ehrlich carcinoma was studied in mice. To enhance the tumour sensitivity to laser radiation, compounds of a porphyrin series were given to animals prior to the laser treatment. Out of 14 substances tested, tetraphenylporphyn-sulphonate and its palladium complex had the most pronounced photosensitizing activity comparable with that of haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). Metallic complexes of tetraphenylporphyn and protoporphyrin were less active. It is concluded that porphyrins are promising sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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  • 82
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 289-290 
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Haematoporphyrin ; Argon dye laser ; Early stage esophageal cancer ; Head and neck cancer ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Adenocarcinoma
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    Notes: Abstract This is the report of a pilot study in which the technique of photodynamic therapy (PDT)—in which malignant tissues are destroyed by light after being previously photosensitized by haematoporphyrin or its derivative—was performed using a high power argon-dye laser system which operated at 630±5 nm and optical fibres with either a microlens or a diffusing tip. A total of thirty-seven patients were utilized for this study, including twenty-five patients affected by esophageal carcinoma, five by recurrences of head and neck cancer, four by gastric cancer and three by lung cancer. Among the sixteen cases with superficial or localized cancer of the esophagus, complete and partial responses were observed in seven and six patients, respectively. In advanced and recurring cancers less satisfactory results were obtained. Thus, PDT seems to be useful in cases of small superficial cancers, either primary or recurrent after previous treatments.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 83-89 
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    Notes: Summary Standardized operations including incisions and ablations were carried out on pigthroats immediately prior to evaluation of the depths of thermal damage zones measured with a unit of 30 mikrons. The following parameters were applied on the tissue: 1) Continuous versus single pulse mode. 2) equal energy impacts with variation of time and power density. 3) super pulse versus non super pulse. In the 1st series the tissue damage for all tissues examined were significantly lower in the single pulse mode than in the continuous mode. In the 2nd series the pooled material showed a significance in favour of short impacts with high power density although the total energy required for a single operation was up to 40% higher in the high power/short time series. The 3rd series showed no significance in differences between super pulse and nonsuper pulse damage when applying the same average output on the laryngeal tissues involved.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 105-109 
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    Notes: Abstract The possibility of the potential as well as the safety of an optical fibre delivery system for laser medical applications is reviewed. Fibre directional couplers and connectors are suggested to be developed in view of this power laser application. Finally a special fibre probe radiating a corolla shaped beam for laser angioplasty is briefly described.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 119-127 
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    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of two modified fiber tips, the metal laser probe and the rounded sapphire contact probe, were examined in vitro and in vivo with respect to some of the risks of laser angioplasty. Both probes have an atraumatic, blunt shape. The laser beam profile of the sapphire contact probe looses its focussing properties in water. In vitro, we found a large temperature gradient from the front to the rim of the probe. Ablative temperatures were reached at the tip whereas the temperature of the metal connector near the rim of the sapphire crystal rose only 30 °C in blood when 15 W Nd-YAG was applied for 1 s. In contrast, the metal laser probe reached temperatures over 500 °C in an in vitro tissue/blood environment when 10 W was applied for 5 s. The metal probe ablated both in the forward and the radial direction. In a rabbit model there was a large variation in temperature of the metal in vivo (70 – 320 °C). The highest temperatures were associated with acute complications. However, in spite of transmural coagulation necrosis the artery wall remained functionally intact during a follow up period of up to 56 days.
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  • 87
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 177-179 
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    Notes: Abstract Following a brief historical introduction the current status of Medical Laser Safety legislation and practise in the United Kingdom is outlined. Manufacturing and Administrative measures are specified both for public hospitals and private clinics
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 139-141 
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    Notes: Abstract The following is a report on a CO2 laser-respiration-triggering with its application in the larynx causing a reduction in the smoke load of the patient. From the result observed — an impro — ved suction capability and a reduced smoke-intensity in the ex —pired respiratory gas — it would appear that this method were suitable for practical application.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 381-384 
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    Notes: Abstract Although Laser technology has been around in Greece for quite some time, the medical and surgical application of Lasers has only recently started. However, the future seems to be promising due to the existence of advanced Laser Institutes, especially in Crete, the recent creation of the “Greek Medical Laser Society”, the increasing number of well trained physician, in the field of Laser and the expected close cooperation of all of the above.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 63-82 
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    Notes: Abstract Our theoretical assessment of laser balloon angioplasty (LBA) begins with a solution of the popular P1 (diffusion) approximation to the radiative transport equation to map the optical field in an axisymmetric, finite annulus surrounding an infinitely long hollow cylindrical vessel. The inner surface is irradiated by diffuse light at 1.06 μm and delivered by a spiral segment of fiberoptic positioned centrally inside an inflated balloon. The present model considers only a single layer of optically homogenous arterial wall because the hollow is presumbly filled with a non-absorbing and non-scattering fluid. The cylindrical enclosure collects reflected light and redirects it back onto the inner surface. Our model accounts for this ‘integrating’ behavior, unique to enclosures. Absorption of the laser light then raises tissue temperature. The resultant transient and spatial temperature distribution is calculated with an implicit Finite Difference algorithm based on the heat conduction equation. Multiple concentric layers, each with different thermal properties from the other, are considered. However, changes in optical and thermal properties with temperature, and thermal phase transitions have been omitted in the present model. Finally, the Arrhenius rate process integral is applied for damage calculations. The temperature patterns of three delivery dose patterns — constant 22.5W (20s), ramp sequences of 40W(5s)-30W(5s)-10W(10s), and 35W(5s)-25W(5s)-15W(10s) — suggest that the second ramp dose may be most efficacious because it generates the longest temperature ‘plateau’ at the intimal-medial junction. Simulations of a hot metallic probe have a consistently higher surface damage than that obtained by LBA of equivalent energy output.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 129-138 
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    Notes: Abstract Transmitting 308 nm excimer laser radiation via quartz fibers allows one to perform several surgical procedures inside the eye and on the cornea. A special application tip has been developed for each procedure. 308 nm radiation may damage the lens and the retina of the eye. UV absorbing drugs have been successfully used in in-vitro experiments to reduce the UV exposure of intraocular structures sensitive to 308 nm radiation.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 155-158 
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    Notes: Abstract Fibre optic systems, micromanipulator optics and articulated arms are described with particular emphasis on safety,limitations and areas of likely failure.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 165-175 
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    Notes: Abstract Following several research programs in the 1960's aimed at studying the adverse biological effects of lasers and other optical radiation sources, laser occupational exposure limits were set and general safety standards were developed. Today, the experience from laser accidents and the development of new lasers and new applications have altered the format of the exposure limits and the safety procedures. It is critically important to distinguish between different biological injury mechanisms. The biological effects of ultraviolet radiation upon the skin and eye are additive over a period of at least one workday, and require different safety procedures. The scattered UV irradiance from excimer lasers may be quite hazardous, depending upon wavelength and action spectra. Since laser technology is young, the exposure of an individual in natural sunlight must be studied to evaluate the potential for chronic effects. The safety measures necessary in the use of lasers depend upon a hazard evaluation. The appropriate control measures and alternate means of enclosure, baffling, and operational control measures are presented. Present laser safety standards are explained briefly. Eye protective techniques and eyewear are considered for a variety of sources. The optical properties of enclosure materials are also discussed.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 201-204 
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    Notes: Abstract The Danish National Regulations are worked out by The Ministry of Labour. The regulations are not expressed in a clear form and guidelines for laser use in medical treatment rest more or less on the interpretation of legal and ethical regulations for medical personnel applicable in other areas. These regulations will be presented. Common Laser regulations for the EEC in cooperation with the ELA are suggested.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 229-234 
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    Notes: Abstract A short survey on the development of the Laser Safety Regulations and Standards in the GDR is given. The last step is the adaptation of the IEC 325 document as the basis of national Laser Safety Standards. This basis is completed by guide-lines covering the general national requirement as well as special regulations for safe use of lasers in medical practise.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 253-259 
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    Notes: Abstract In France, the safety problems resulting from the therapeutic use of Laser are controled by two Standards NFC 74-311 and 312 These one are analysed. On the other hand an User's Guide which will be in the next edition as as appendice of the NFC 74-312 Standard is presently under consideration by the French committe. This one is analysed.
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  • 97
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    Notes: Abstract Thermal lasers are used in many specialties. Clinical use of lasers is complicated by variations in tissue characteristics or hazards such as movement. Pionners in this field, relying on experimental work, have mastered the therapeutic use of lasers. Nevertheless, teaching such poorly defined technique has proved to be very difficult. To widespread the use of lasers, it is necessary to work in new directions. The goal is to give the practitioner a real medical tool, which should be cheap, easy and safe to use.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 351-358 
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    Notes: Abstract Presently, ELT is used 1) for the palliation of symptoms related to advanced cancer and 2) for the cure of benign tumors, vascular lesions, and early cancers in high surgical risk patients. The clinical use of new laser applications such as lithotripsy, hyperthermia, fluorescence, and tissue welding will parallel the development of new technologies in laser sources, optic fibers, and endoscopes.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 375-379 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 397-399 
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    Notes: Abstract Our Laser Platform reaches more than 9 years of surgical experience, using the CO2 and the Nd:YAG lasers in a multidisciplinary way. By the end of September 1988, 2609 surgical laser procedures have been performed. Bronchoscopic and GI endoscopic laser procedures are not included in this data. Since 3 years, the laser sessions of the annual French Surgical Association Congress are under our responsability. This paper relates the previous laser workshops programs and details the forthcoming workshop on Lasers in Proctology.
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