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  • Drosophila  (266)
  • Springer  (266)
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (150)
  • 1980-1984  (116)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and conservation of the foldback transposable element inDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1989), S. 220-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Foldback element ; Transposable element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Foldback elements are a family of transposable elements described inDrosophila melanogaster. The members of this dispersed repetitive family have terminal inverted repeats that sometimes flank a central region. The inverted repeats of all the family members are homologous. The study of the distribution and conservation of the foldback elements in differentDrosophila species shows that this distribution is different from that of the hybrid dysgenesis systems (PM and IR). Sequences homologous to foldback elements were observed by Southern blots and in situ hybridization in all species of themelanogaster subgroup and in some species of themontium andtakahashii subgroups. The element was probably already present before the radiation of these subgroups. No evidence of horizontal transmission of the foldback element could be observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102479
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two different sets of cis elements regulate scute to establish two different sensory patterns (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Campaniform sensilla ; Drosophila ; Achaete-scute complex ; Cis regulatory sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analysed the role of the achaete-scute gene complex in the development of the pattern of campaniform sensilla on the wing blade of Drosophila. We show that the complete pattern results from the superimposition of two independent subpatterns, one of which depends on the achaete gene and the other on scute. The scute subpattern comprises several clusters of sensilla, most of which seem to require the presence of control regions located upstream of the transcribed region. This is in contrast with the pattern of scute-dependent bristles, most of which depends on control elements located downstream of the transcribed region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375909
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern triplications following genetic ablation on the wing ofDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell communication ; Pattern formation ; Cell differentiation ; trans-regulatory genes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects ofpolyhomeotic (ph) mutants in imaginal cells have been studied in a clonal analysis. Clones of cells, homozygous forph, sort-out after a few divisions, probably as a consequence of modified cell affinities. The dorso-ventral margin of the wing has special characteristics that retard this phenomenon. The formation and exclusion of a clone of 8–16 cells affect the polarity of the wild-type neighbour cells and can provoke pattern triplications. The results suggest that a defect in intercellular communication prevents the wild-type cells from maintaining coordinated positional information. The cells react by regenerative growth, and reorganize into a new pattern. The pleiotropic phenotypes ofph mutants are explained according to a common hypothesis aboutph + function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447741
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proximal-distal pattern formation inDrosophila: graded requirement forDistal-less gene activity during limb development (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 157-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Distal less ; Limb development ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of all of the adult limbs inDrosophila depends upon the activity of theDistal-less gene. We report here the phenotypic characterization of a number of hypomorphicDistal-less alleles which indicates that there is a graded requirement forDistal-less activity in the developing limbs. Previous analysis of genetically mosaic animals indicated that cells in the early primordia of the limb imaginal dises possess a graded proximal-distal positional information which depends on the presence of theDistal-less gene for its expression. Taken together these data suggest thatDistal-less may directly encode the graded positional information that is required to organise the proximal-distal axis of the developing limbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438941
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follicle cell development is partly independent of germ-line cell differentiation in Drosophila oogenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Follicle cells ; Egg shell ; Ovarian tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental potential of the cells of the somatic follicular epithelium (follicle cells) was studied in mutants in which the differentiation of the germ-line cells is blocked at different stages of oogenesis. In two mutants, sn 36a and kelch, nurse cell regression does not occur, yet the follicle cells around the small oocyte continue their normal developmental program and produce an egg shell with micropylar cone and often deformed operculum and respiratory appendages. Neither the influx of nurse cell cytoplasm into the oocyte nor the few follicle cells covering the nurse cells are apparently required for the formation of the egg shell. In the tumor mutant benign gonial cell neoplasm (bgcn) the follicle cells can also differentiate to some extent although the germ-line cells remain morphologically undifferentiated. Vitelline membrane material was synthesized by the follicle cells in some bgcn chambers and in rare cases a columnar epithelium, which resembled morphologically that of wild-type stage-9 follicles, formed around the follicle's posterior end. The normal polarity of the follicular epithelium that is characteristic for mid-vitellogenic stages may, therefore, be established in the absence of morphologically differentiating germ-line cells. However, the tumorous germ-line cells do not constitute a homogeneous cell population since in about 30% of the analyzed follicles a cell cluster at or near the posterior pole can be identified by virtue of its high number of concanavalin A binding sites. This molecular marker reveals an anteroposterior polarity of the tumorous chambers. In follicles mutant for both bgcn and the polarity gene dicephalic the cluster of concanavalin A-stained germ-line cells shifts to more anterior positions in the follicle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375904
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of microbial floras on the distributions of five domestic Drosophila species across fruit resources (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Microbial associations ; Resource partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distributions of five Drosophila species and four components of the microflora have been compared across a total of 48 traps baited with four different fruit and vegetable substrates in two domestic compost heaps in Canberra (Australia). Large and consistent differences are found, both among the Drosophila and among the microbial classes, in their distributions across traps baited with different substrates. Moreover the distribution of each Drosophila species shows a unique set of strong associations with the microbial distributions. Thus the distributions of both D. simulans and D. melanogaster are found to be strongly negatively correlated with the abundance of bacteria while D. simulans is also strongly positively correlated with the titre of fermenter yeasts. D. immigrans is strongly positively correlated both with bacteria and with non-fermenter yeasts. D. hydei is positively correlated with nonfermentery yeasts and D. busckii is negatively correlated with fermenter yeasts. Moulds are the only microbial class not consistently associated with the distribution of any of the Drosophila species. The correlations with the other microbial classes are sufficient to explain the majority of the abundance differences of the Drosophila species among the trap types. It is therefore proposed that the clear partitioning of the fruit resources by the Drosophila is due to their differing primary interactions with the microflora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378745
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lanthanum mimicks the trp photoreceptor mutant of Drosophila in the blowfly Calliphora (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1989), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Blowfly ; Drosophila ; Photoreceptor ; Lanthanum ; trp mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of lanthanum on the light response of blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) photoreceptors was studied. The electrophysiological behaviour of the photoreceptors in the presence of La can be summarized as follows: 1. Upon long stimulation the photoreceptors responded with a ‘transient receptor potential’, i.e. the cells depolarized at the onset of the stimulus and then repolarized to (or below) the resting potential. This effect was dependent on stimulus intensity and occurred only at high intensities. During illumination membrane noise was reduced. 2. The light-induced changes in membrane potential were paralleled by changes in membrane resistance. 3. The time course of the receptor response was slowed down. 4. Light adaptation led to an increase in response latency. 5. The recovery of the receptor response after light adaptation was slowed down. 6. The sensitivity of the receptor cells measured by the response to short light stimuli was reduced. In summary, the electrophysiological behaviour of Calliphora photoreceptors in the presence of La was very similar to that of the photoreceptors of the trp (transient receptor potential) mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. This result suggests that La and trp mutation affect the same cellular processes in the photoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193462
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food preferences and nematode parasitism in mycophagousDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Ecological research 4 (1989), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Annual life cycle ; Drosophila ; Fungus preference ; Nematode parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food preferences and nematode parasitism were studied in natural populations of mycophagousDrosophila in and near Sapporo, northern Japan. Species which preferred fresh mushrooms showed species-specific responses toPleurotus mushrooms:D. pirka bred only onPleurotus cornucopiae, D. trivitata onP. cornucopiae andP. ostreatus, D. trilineata on these twoPleurotus mushrooms and some other mushrooms, whileD. sexvittata bred on a wide variety of mushrooms but seldom onPleurotus mushrooms. Species which preferred decayed mushrooms (D. quadrivittata, D. histrioides, D. testacea and species of thequinaria species-group) showed host preferences different from those of the above species. The rate of parasitism by nematodes was generally higher in species which prefer decayed mushrooms than in species which prefer fresh mushrooms. Among species which prefer fresh mushrooms, onlyD. trilineata was parasitized frequently by nematodes. It was not clear what factors determine the rate of parasitism in these mycophagousDrosophila. D. pirka, D. trivittata andD. trilineata passed through three or four generations per year and entered reproductive diapause in early September in and near Sapporo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347153
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two nearby sites bind zen protein independently (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 90 (1989), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: zerknullt gene ; homeobox protein ; Drosophila ; filter binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The region upstream from the zerknullt (zen) gene contains three sites that specifically bind the zen protein product of the gene. Evidence for these binding sites was obtained by the filter binding technique and the DNase footprinting technique. The filter binding technique was used to scan various segments of DNA for the presence of possible specific binding sites. Segments that were selectively retained by the filter binding technique invariably contained one or more specific binding sites according to the DNase footprinting technique. Two of the zen protein binding sites were spaced only 30 base pairs apart. These sites could be separated without any loss in their specific binding properties. It is concluded that these two sites function independently in the binding of zen protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225218
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of glue proteins in theDrosophila nasuta subgroup (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ; glue proteins ; glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of protein fractions from total salivary glands and from glue plugs were compared in seven members of theDrosophila nasuta subgroup by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The glue protein patterns are member specific concerning the numbers and the electrophoretic mobilities of major and minor glue protein fractions. However, the major fractions of all subgroup members could be grouped into five SDS-PAGE domains according to the homologies of their electrophoretic mobilities, prominence of Coomassie blue staining, and PAS reaction. In all subgroup members, major fractions are involved in posttranslational modifications into larger protein molecules of the final glue. Quantitative estimations of the glue proteins inD. n. nasuta andD. n. albomicans reveal that they constitute between 55 and 60% of the total salivary gland proteins, whereas inD. melanogaster and inD. hydei the fraction is only 32 and 35%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553628
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of glue proteins in theDrosophila nasuta subgroup (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ; glue proteins ; glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of protein fractions from total salivary glands and from glue plugs were compared in seven members of theDrosophila nasuta subgroup by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The glue protein patterns are member specific concerning the numbers and the electrophoretic mobilities of major and minor glue protein fractions. However, the major fractions of all subgroup members could be grouped into five SDS-PAGE domains according to the homologies of their electrophoretic mobilities, prominence of Coomassie blue staining, and PAS reaction. In all subgroup members, major fractions are involved in posttranslational modifications into larger protein molecules of the final glue. Quantitative estimations of the glue proteins inD. n. nasuta andD. n. albomicans reveal that they constitute between 55 and 60% of the total salivary gland proteins, whereas inD. melanogaster and inD. hydei the fraction is only 32 and 35%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02396148
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid enzyme kinetic assays of individualDrosophila and comparisons of field-caughtD. melanogaster andD. simulans (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 263-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; kinetic plate reader ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Techniques for performing numerous enzyme kinetic assays with minimum time and effort would be valuable to studies of the evolutionary genetics of metabolic control and the quantitative genetics of determinants of kinetic parameters. Microtiter plate readers have been used for a variety of repetitious analytical techniques, and instruments are available that can take repetitive readings with sufficient speed to perform kinetic assays. The ability of these instruments to assay rapidly the kinetic properties of small samples makes them potentially useful for a number of problems in population genetics. While the ability to handle large numbers of samples is very attractive, the small sample volumes and optical imprecision of microtiter plates result in some sacrifice in accuracy. This paper presents methods for performing kinetic assays on individual field-caughtDrosophila, quantifies the precision of these methods, and characterizes differences amongDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans from samples caught in California and Pennsylvania. Comparisons between field-caught and laboratory rearedD. melanogaster show that most of the characters are very similar, with the exception of αGPDH, which has a threefold higher mean activity among field-caught flies. The phenotypic correlations are presented with a brief discussion of their relevance to assessing the evolution of metabolic control of these enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554162
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thealdox-2 locus ofDrosophila melanogaster also affects sulfite oxidase and molybdenum metabolism (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 99-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldox-2 ; molybdoenzymes ; sulfite oxidase ; molybdenum ; tungsten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutation at thealdox-2 locus inDrosophila melanogaster affects the specific activities of four molybdoenzymes differentially during development. Sulfite oxidase activity is normal during late larval and pupal stages but is reduced during early adult stages inaldox-2 organisms. There was complete concordance among the effects ofaldox-2 on sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and pyridoxal oxidase, when 38 stocks were analyzed which were derived from single recombination events betweenc andpx, markers which flankaldox-2. Several different biochemical analyses indicate that the active molybdoenzymes present in thealdox-2 strain are normal with respect to size, shape,pH-activity profile,K m , and molecular weight. Significant differences were found between thealdox-2 strain and the OR control strain in their responses to dietary Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4. The mutant strain is much more resistant to the effects of dietary Na2WO4 and much more responsive to the administration of Na2MoO4 than the OR control strain when these effects are quantitated by measurements of molybdoenzyme specific activities. This evidence suggests that thealdox-2 + gene product has a molybdenum binding site which can also bind tungsten and that this site is altered in the mutant strain. The hypothesis presented explains the observed effects of thealdox-2 mutation and relates them to the other mutations reported in this gene-enzyme system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563021
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution analysis of locomotor activity rhythms indisconnected, a visual-system mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 529-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; circadian clock ; ultradian oscillations ; disconnected mutant ; visual system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Free-running locomotor activity and eclosion rhythms ofDrosophila melanogaster, mutant at thedisconnected (disco) locus, are substantially different from the wild-type phenotype. Initial periodogram analysis revealed little or no rhythmicity (Dushayet al., 1989). We have reanalyzed the locomotor activity data using high-resolution signal analysis (maximum-entropy spectral analysis, or MESA). These analyses, corroborated by autocorrelograms, uncovered significant residual circadian rhythmicity and strong ultradian rhythms in most of the animals tested. In this regard thedisco mutants are much like flies expressing mutant alleles of theperiod gene, as well as wild-type flies reared throughout life in constant darkness. We hypothesize that light normally triggers the coupling of multiple ultradian oscillators into a functional circadian clock and that this process is disrupted indisco flies as a result of the neural lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066252
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of rate of inbreeding on inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Inbreeding depression ; Drosophila ; Natural selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This experiment was designed to study the relationship between rate of inbreeding and observed inbreeding depression of larval viability, adult fecundity and cold shock mortality in Drosophila melanogaster. Rates of inbreeding used were full-sib mating and closed lines of N=4 and N=20. Eight generations of mating in the N=20 lines, three generations in the N=4 lines and one generation of full-sib mating were synchronised to simultaneously produce individuals with an expected level of inbreeding coefficient (F) of approximately 0.25. Inbreeding depression for the three traits was significant at F=0.25. N=20 lines showed significantly less inbreeding depression than full-sib mated lines for larval viability at approximately the same level of F. A similar trend was observed for fecundity. No effect of rate of inbreeding depression was found for cold shock mortality, but this trait was measured with less precision than the other two. Natural selection acting on loci influencing larval viability and fecundity during the process of inbreeding could explain these results. Selection is expected to be more effective with slow rates of inbreeding because there are more generations and greater opportunity for selection to act before F=0.25 is reached. Selection intensities seem to have been different in the three traits measured. Selection was most intense for larval viability, less intense for fecundity and, perhaps, negligible at loci influencing cold shock mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292326
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis in crosses between lines of Drosophila melanogaster selected for adaptation to different environments (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Selection ; Drosophila ; Genotype x environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments were designed to examine whether heterosis would occur in crosses of Drosophila melanogaster populations adapted to 18 °C or 28 °C environments. Crosses were examined in parental environments, an intermediate environment (23 °C) and a mixed environment (alternating 18°/28°C). Parental populations did not show divergence for larval viability, cold shock or high temperature mortalities when tested in a common environment. However, the 28 °C population was less fecund than the 18 °C population, but had higher larval competitive ability and higher adult longevity. Heterosis for viability, cold shock mortality and high temperature mortality occurred in crosses between a population adapted to 18 °C and another adapted to 28 °C, but not in crosses between two populations adapted to the same temperature. The results suggest that, in the absence of drift, heterosis is expected in crosses between lines or populations with different histories of selection but not between lines with the same selection histories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266195
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vestigal mutants of Drosophila melanogaster live better in the presence of aminopterin: Increased level of dihydrofolate reductase in a mutant (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Vestigial ; Dihydrofolate reductase ; Aminopterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vestigial (vg) mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are characterized by atrophied wings. In this paper we show that: (1) aminopterin an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase induce nicks in the wings of wild-type flies and phenocopies of the vg mutant phenotype when vg/+ and vg B/+ flies are reared on these substances (vgB is a deficiency of the vg locus). Only thymidine and thymidylate can rescue the flies from the effect of aminopterin. We propose that the vg phenotype is due to a decrease in the dTMP pool in the wings. (2) Mutant vg strains yield more offspring on medium containing aminopterin than on normal medium. The resistance of vg larvae to the inhibitor seems specific to the gene. This is the first case of aminopterin resistance in living eucaryotes. In contrast sensitivity of the vg larvae to FUdR is observed. (3) An increase in the activity and amount of DHFR is observed in mutant strains as compared with the wild-type flies. Our data suggest that the vg + gene is a regulatory gene acting on the DHFR gene or a structural gene involved in the same metabolic pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332412
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulatory elements involved in the tissue-specific expression of the yellow gene of Drosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 118-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Regulation ; yellow gene ; Germline transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have assessed the DNA sequence requirements for the correct spatial pattern and phenotypic expression of y in the late embryo/larvae. The wild-type larval phenotype requires both the regions between-294 bp and-92 bp and a portion of the intron; the sequence element(s) located within the intron can act in a position independent manner to effect the wild-type larval phenotype. The larval expression pattern was examined by tissue experiments in situ and by staining germline transformants derived from various y/lacZ fusion constructs. The larval expression of y is restricted to the mouthparts, microsetae and anal plates. While the-495 bp to+194 bp region alone cannot effect a wild-type larval expression pattern, this region in conjunction with the intron appears to be sufficient to drive β-gal expression in an essentially wild-type pattern. Our data further suggest that the-294 bp to-92 bp region contains elements which specify the larval pattern and that the element(s) in the intron normally act to enhance the level of expression necessary for the wild-type larval phenotype. We also present a phenotypic analysis of the adult cuticle structures of germline transformants derived from a variety of deletion and rearrangement constructs of the y gene. This analysis has revealed several new features associated with the regulation of y expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330574
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Search for Drosophila genes encoding a conserved domain present in the achaete-scute complex and myc proteins (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; achaete-scute complex ; myc ; Protein domains ; Genomic search
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several genes of the achaete-scute complex (ASC) of Drosophila melanogaster encode a 60 amino acids long conserved domain which shares a significant homology with a region of the vertebrate myc proteins. Based on these results, the existence of a family of Drosophila genes that would share both this conserved domain and the neurogenic function of the AS-C has been postulated. To test this proposal, we have searched a D. melanogaster genomic library with a probe that encodes the conserved domain. Only under very low stringency hybridization conditions, clones not belonging to the AS-C cross-hybridized with the probe. Those that gave the strongest signals were characterized. Sequencing of the cross-hybridizing regions showed that they had no significant homology with the conserved domain, the sequence similarity extending at the most for 37 nucleotides. Although our results do not conclusively disprove the existence of a family of AS-C-like genes, they indicate that the conservation of the domain would be lower than that found for shared motifs in other families of Drosophila developmental genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339729
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  • 20
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    The genetic basis of adaptation to selection for longevity inDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Genetic elements ; isozymes ; life span ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of electrophoretic loci shows that at least four differences exist in isozymes of long- and short-lived populations ofD. melanogaster, descended by selection from a common ancestral stock. Adults of longlived populations differ in gene dosage of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), NAD malate dehydrogenase (MHD), NADP malic enzyme (ME) and by additional mobility variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Larvae, however, differ only by variants of G6PD. The differences in these enzymes, considered together with the greater flight endurance that long-lived populations have shown elsewhere, suggest that increased glycogen synthesis plays a significant role in the improved life span of selected populations. Adaptation to selection for increased life span may, therefore, derive from an improved ability to use dietary sucrose in the media provided. The distribution of electrophoretic loci agrees with the results of a study indicating the position of genetic elements contributing to life span.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02147929
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    Evolution of developmental homeostasis inDrosophila mojavensis (1989)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 189-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Developmental homeostasis ; life history traits ; Drosophila ; breeding site variation ; cactus ; Sonoran desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Variation in life histories among populations of cactophilicDrosophila mojavensis has been hypothesized to be a by-product of a shift to one of two alternate host plants. When cultured on the ancestral and a secondary host cactus, a Baja population expressed shorter development times and smaller thorax sizes than a mainland population, but viability did not differ. Comparisons with all reciprocal F1 and F2 crosses between populations revealed that genetic differences in development time and thorax size were largely additive. Homeostasis in these life history traits was population specific, except for viability. Homeostasis in development time was greater in the Baja population than in the other crosses, suggesting dominance for decreased homeostasis in the mainland population. Underdominance in viability homeostasis of the F1 hybrids suggested some incompatibility between populations. Homeostasis in thorax size was greater in females than in males and differed among parental populations. Maintenance of heritable differences and genetic variation for homeostasis in these traits suggested a role for cactus-specific differences in environmental uncertainty caused by variation in breeding site duration and abundance in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270720
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    Mobile elements and transposition events in the cut locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Chromosomal walking ; Cut locus ; Drosophila ; Unstable mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned from the Oregon R strain of Drosophila melanogaster a 240 kb segment of DNA that contains the cut (ct) locus, and characterized the region for the presence of repetitive elements. Within this region at least five copies of the suffix element were detected, as well as several putatively novel mobile elements. A number of mutations obtained from the unstable ct MR2 strain and its derivatives were mapped within the cut locus. Comparison between parental and daughter strains indicates that frequently two or more independent transposition events involving the cut locus occur simultaneously within a single germ cell, thus providing a molecular basis for the transposition explosion phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261183
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    Molecular cloning and transcript mapping of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase dhod locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 397-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pyrimidine biosynthesis ; Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; Molecular mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The dhod locus encodes dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzymatic step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This locus was cloned previously by a chromosome walk in cytogenetic region 85A. The location of dhod within 85A DNA has been determined by mapping two rearrangement mutations to a small DNA region. A nearly full-length cDNA clone of the dhod transcript was isolated and partially sequenced, to confirm its identity. The cDNA clone was also used to map the transcribed DNA. A 1.5 kb dhod RNA is described which is most abundant in embryos and displays minor length heterogeneity in pupae and adults. The developmental expression of this transcript is discussed relative to the expression of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity and other genes of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259612
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    Genetic characterization of the mei-41 locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 190-199 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mutagen sensitivity ; Recombination ; Gene structure ; Drosophila ; mei-41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutagen-sensitive mutant mus(1)104 D1 of Drosophila melanogaster maps to a position on the X chromosome very close to the meiotic mutant mei-41 D5 . Both mutants have been characterized as mutagen-sensitive and defective in post-replication repair. In the present report we show by complementation studies that mus(1)104 and mus(1)103 are allelic with mei-41. In addition, two reported alleles of mus(1)104 lie between the mei-41 alleles A10 and D5. The size of the mei-41 locus is estimated to be about 0.1 centimorgans (cM). Because several alleles of mei-41 have been shown to reduce recombination and increase meiotic chromosome loss and nondisjunction, mus(1)104 D1 females were examined for defects in meiosis. Although there was no evidence for reduced recombination on the second chromosome in homozygous mus(1)104 D1 females, heterozygous mus(1)104 D1 /mei-41 〉D5 and mus(1)104 D1 /deficiency females showed reduced levels of recombination. However, there was no evidence of an increase in nondijunction in these females.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339717
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    Cloning and analysis of fs(1) Ya, a maternal effect gene required for the initiation of Drosophila embryogenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 257-265 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect ; Syngamy ; Embryonic development ; Molecular cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The maternal effect locus fs(1) Ya is required for the fusion of the apposed sperm and egg pronuclei (syngamy) following fertilization in Drosophila. It is tightly linked to another complementation group, fs(1) Yb, needed for both oogenesis and embryogenesis. We have isolated a set of overlapping cloned sequences in the 3B4-6 region of the X chromosome encompassing the fs(1) Ya-fs(1) Yb region. A single 2.4 kb maternal transcript is encoded with-in this region, and an 8.5 kb DNA fragment that contains this transcript complements both fs(1) Ya and fs(1) Yb mutations. Northern and in situ hybridization analyses show that the maternal transcript is only present in nurse cells and oocytes beginning in previtellogenic stages, and is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of 0–2 h syncytial embryos. The transcript is not detected in later stages of embryonic development. This expression pattern correlates closely with the genetic and developmental characteristics expected of the fs(1) Ya gene product.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339726
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    An abundant testis RNA species shows sequence similarity to Y chromosomal and other genomic sites in Drosophila hydei (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 469-477 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Y chromosome ; Repetitive DNA ; Testis RNA ; Transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA clone bank was constructed from testis poly(A)+ RNA of Drosophila hydei and screened for clones which hybridize to Y chromosomal DNA sequences. The insert of clone cDhT14 hybridizes to a family of repeated DNA sequences with members distributed within the Y chromosome and elsewhere in the genome. This type of sequence has earlier been described as the Y-associated class of DNA. Southern blot analysis of DNA from different wild-type strains of D. hydei suggests that members of the T14 family of repeated DNA sequences are parts of a family of transposable elements. The genomic localization of the T14 family of repeated DNA sequences was revealed by in situ hybridization to metaphase and polytene chromosomes, and to transcripts of Y chromosomal lampbrush loops. Approximately 10–15 members (20%–30%) of the T14 sequence family reside in 8.3 kb PstI restriction fragments. A genomic clone of one of these DNA fragments, DhT14-8.3, hybridizes to transcripts on the Y chromosomal lampbrush loop “cones”, and in conventional in situ hybridization experments to region 12D/13A of the X chromosome and to region 112 of chromosome 5. The cDNA clone cDhT14 represents a part of an abundant testis RNA species of 5.0 kb. This RNA is also present in ovaries and in 0–3 h, 3–6 h and 6–12 h embryos, but less abundantly than in testes. Both the Y chromosomal site of the 8.3 kb PstI fragments and sites elsewhere in the genome are actively transcribed. At least one of the latter genomic sites is transcribed into the 5.0 kb RNA species. This poly(A)+ RNA is present in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes as shown by transcript in situ hybridization. The potential function of transcripts from Y chromosomal lampbrush loops is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427045
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    Theamylase gene-enzyme system of fishes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 237-242 
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    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Amylase ; Mosquitofish ; Rat ; Drosophila ; Structure ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amylases from the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki, Pisces: Poeciliidae) and rat were purified and compared withDrosophila amylases in terms of structure and function. At the structural level, amino acid compositions of the three amylases were compared. At the functional level, amylase activities were compared on various substrates and in the presence of inhibitors. While the amylases from all three organisms had properties typical of alpha-amylases, both structural and functional differences were observed. Using resemblance coefficients of distance and similarity from numerical taxonomy, it was determined that the amylases from the rat andDrosophila were more similar to each other than either was to amylase from the mosquitofish, and that structural differences between the amylases did not reflect functional differences, i.e. there was no correlation between amylase structural and functional distances.
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    Ecological aspects of cactus triterpene glycosides I. Their effect on fitness components ofDrosophila mojavensis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 663-676 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; triterpene glycosides ; cactus ; fitness components ; host-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pentacyclic triterpene glycosides extracted from agria and organ pipe cacti on three fitness parameters of the cactophilic fruit fly,Drosophila mojavensis were tested. Triterpene glycosides from organ pipe increased development time and reduced larval viability while those from agria produced smaller adults (reduced fecundity). In addition, the microbial communities in the organ pipe saponin media were less dense than those in the media to which agria saponins had been added. The role of cactus triterpene glycosides in the ecology of thisDrosophila species is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014709
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    Effects of early adult experience on host selection in insects: Some experimental and theoretical results (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host preference ; habitat selection ; experience ; learning ; Drosophila ; host races ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with Drosophila melanogasterrevealed that when flies encounter a particular food type soon after emergence, the probability of their subsequently being attracted to such a resource is increased. In this experiment, the length of time flies experienced their postemergence environments was under the control of the flies themselves. The experiment thus realistically mimicked one form of experiential effect that may be important in nature. A theoretical model is developed which shows that enhanced adult preferences for the types of resources fed on as larvae can substantially increase the degree of host-based genetic subdivision within a polyphagous population.
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    Male mating activity and genetic aspects in imaginal diapause of Drosophila triauraria (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: imaginal diapause ; male mating activity ; genetics ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles de D. triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Dipt. Drosophilidae) sont connues pour présenter une diapause reproductrice aux photophases courtes. Les mâles eux aussi ont révélé une activité sexuelle réduite aux photophases courtes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont entrés comme les femelles en diapause reproductive. Les photophases critiques pour l'induction de la diapause des mâles et des femelles n'ont pas présenté de différences. Les diapause des mâles et des femelles s'achèvent même sous courtes photophases, mais la diapause mâle était quelque peu plus faible que la diapause femelle. La photophase critique et le taux de diapause ont varié en fonction de l'origine géographique dans l'espèce actuelle. Lors de croisements entre lignées diapausantes et non-diapausantes, la photophase critique et la durée de la diapause ont été héritées quantitativement. A partir de ces expériences et d'expériences précédentes de croisements (Kimura, 1983), quelques modèles de méchnisme d'induction de la diapause de cette espèce sont proposés.
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae) of which females were known to enter reproductive diapause at short daylengths, males also showed reduced mating activity at short daylengths, i.e., males as well as females entered reproductive diapause. The critical daylength for diapause induction did not differ between females and males. Both male and female diapause ended even under short daylengths, but the male diapause was somewhat weaker than the female diapause. The critical daylength and the diapause rate varied geographically in this species. In the cross between diapausing and non-diapausing strains, the critical daylength and the diapause duration inherited in a quantitative manner. On the basis of the present and previous crossing experiments, some models are proposed on the mechanism of diapause induction of this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186719
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    Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism inDrosophila: Enzyme kinetics of product inhibition (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1988), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; Enzyme kinetics ; Product inhibition ; Microevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Because natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster are polymorphic for different allozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and becauseD. melanogaster is more tolerant to the toxic effects of ethanol than its sibling speciesD. simulans, information regarding the sensitivities of the different forms of ADH to the products of ethanol degradation are of ecological importance. ADH-F, ADH-S, ADH-71k ofD. melanogaster and the ADH ofD. simulans were inhibited by NADH, but the inhibition was relieved by NAD+. The order of sensitivity of NADH was ADH-F〈ADH-71k, ADH-S〈ADH-simulans with ADH-F being about four times less sensitive than theD. melanogaster enzymes and 12 times less sensitive than theD. simulans enzyme. Acetaldehyde inhibited the ethanolto-acetaldehyde activity of the ADHs, but at low acetaldehyde concentrations ethanol and NAD+ reduced the inhibition. ADH-71k and ADH-F were more subject to the inhibitory action of acetaldehyde than ADH-S and ADH-simulans, with ADH-71k being seven times more sensitive than ADH-S. The pattern of product inhibition of ADH-71k suggests a rapid equilibrium random mechanism for ethanol oxidation. Thus, although the ADH variants only differ by a few amino acids, these differences exert a far larger impact on their intrinsic properties than previously thought. How differences in product inhibition may be of significance in the evolution of the ADHs is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143506
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    Appendage morphogenesis in Drosophila: a developmental study of the rotund (rn) gene (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Morphogenesis ; Appendages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotype of rotund (rn) null alleles is described, and compared to wild type. The mutants are expressed zygotically and cause position specific defects in certain imaginal discs (antenna, legs, wing, haltere and proboscis) and their corresponding adult derivatives. In the discs, specific folds are absent in rn mutants compared to wild type. Clonal analysis shows that the rn + gene is partially autonomous in its expression in cells destined to form certain distal parts of the adult appendages. The results are consistent with the idea that the rn + gene is required for normal morphogenesis of specific distal parts of the adult appendages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376037
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    The type and location of homeotic transformations in the tumorous-head mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 40-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homeosis ; Tumorous-head ; Bithorax-complex mutant ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transformations of tumorous-head Drosophila melanogaster were examined in order to investigate whether head structures were replaced by specific abdominal structures. Heads selected for the presence of genital structures were analyzed in detail. Female abnormalities included any combination of vaginal teeth, vulvar papillae, sensilla trichodea, abdominal tergites 6 (T6), 7 (T7), 8 (T8) and anal plate. Anal plate was observed in the prefrons and rostral membrane, while all other genital structures were intimately associated with modified shingle cuticle. Male abnormalities included transformation of antennal structures to penis, clasper teeth, lateral plate, anal plate and eye to T6. The distribution of each type of homeotic structure was confined to general regions of the eye-antenna, with no precise dividing lines between them. However, the spatial sequence of homeotic structures in the eye-antenna was generally the same as the sequence of the same structures in the posterior abdomen.
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    Two groups of interrelated genes regulate early neurogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 457-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Neurogenic genes ; Achaetescute complex ; Daughterless ; Genetic interactions ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster the neuroblasts separate from epidermoblasts to give rise to the neural primordium. This process is under the control of several genes. The group of the so-called neurogenic genes is required for epidermal development; other genes, comprising those of the achaete-scute complex and daughterless, are required for neural development. We have studied the relationships between both groups of genes in two different ways. We have analyzed the phenotype of double-mutant embryos and our results show that the neural hyperplasia caused by neurogenic mutations can be partially prevented if a mutation in one of the other genes is present in the same genome. Only the neural cells that do not require the function of a particular gene of the achaete-scute complex in the wild-type seem to develop to a neural fate in the double mutant embryos. At least some of the genetic interactions affect the transcriptional level, as shown by in situ hybridization, since the territories of transcription of the achaetescute genes are expanded in neurogenic mutants. All cells of the neurogenic region of the double mutants apparently initiate neural development. However, during later development some of these cells switch their fate either to epidermogenesis or to cell death and this leads to the final phenotype of the double mutants. We discuss these results with respect to the events of early neurogenesis.
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    Induced neuroma formation and target muscle perturbation in the giant fiber pathway of the Drosophila temperature-sensitive mutant shibire (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; shibire ; Neuronal development ; Muscle ; Giant fiber pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-sensitive mutation shibire (shi) in Drosophila melanogaster is thought to disrupt membrane recycling processes, including endocytotic vesicle pinch-off. This mutation can perturb the development of nerves and muscles of the adult escape response. After exposure to a heat pulse (6 h at 30° C) at 20 h of pupal development, adults have abnormal flight muscles. Wing depressor muscles (DLM) are reduced in number from the normal six to one or two fibers, and are composed of enlarged fibers that appear to represent fiber fusion; large spaces devoid of muscle fibers suggested fiber deletion. The normal five motor axons are present in the peripheral nerve PDMN near the ganglion. However, while some motor axons pass dorsally to the extant fibers, other motor axons lacking end targets pass into an abnormal posterior branch and terminate in a neuroma, i.e., a tangle of axons and glia without muscle target tissue. Hemisynapses are common in axons of the proximal PDMN and within the neuroma, but they are rarely seen in control (no heat pulse) shi or wild-type flies. All surviving muscle fibers are innervated; no muscle tissue exists without innervation. Fibrillar fine structure and neuromuscular synapses appear normal. Fused fibers have dual innervation, suggesting correct and specific matching of target tissue and motor axons. Motor axons lacking target fibers do not innervate erroneous targets but instead terminate in the neuroma. These results suggest developmental constraints and rules, which may contribute to the orderly, stereotyped development in the normal flight system. The nature of the anomalies inducible in the flight motor system in shi flies implies that membrane recycling events at about 20 h of pupal development are critical to the formation of the normal adult nerve-muscle pattern for DLM flight muscles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398989
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    Reversible commitment of neural and epidermal progenitor cells during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell interactions ; Cell commitment ; Neurogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-cell interactions are involved in mediating developmental fate. An example is the decision of the neuroectodermal cells of Drosophila to develop as neural or epidermal progenitors, where cellular interactions participate in the process of acquisition of either cell fate. The results of heterochronic cell transplantations we describe here suggest that both neuroblasts and epidermoblasts are not irreversibly committed to a particular developmental fate. Rather, they retain the ability to interact with neighbouring cells and, under our experimental conditions, are capable of switching their fate during a relatively long period of time, i.e. until the end of embryonic stage 11.
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    Genetic interaction between homoeotic Sex combs reduced and Regulator of bithorax (or trithorax) genes of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic genes ; Segment differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Regulator of bithorax (Rg-bx)−, or trithorax (trx)− lethal larvae occasionally show a homoeotic transformation of the dorsal prothorax to mesothoracic structures. This transformation suggests a reduced activity of the Sex combs reduced (Scr) gene on the basis of gene dosage studies, as well as enhanced expression of the phenotypes of the weak Scr − alleles in Rg-bx − larvae. Morphological observations of adult flies doubly heterozygous for Rg-bx and Scr mutations also suggest the enhancement of an aspect of Scr adult phenotypes. I conclude that the Rg-bx + gene function is required for the optimal expression of the Scr gene in larval and imaginai cells.
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    Expression of a reporter gene resembles that of its neighbour: an insertion in the hairy gene of Drosophila (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 507-512 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Reporter gene ; hairy ; Segmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random insertions of a promotor fused to a reporter gene, such as Lac-Z, reveal regulatory sequences that confer temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression in eukaryotes. These patterns may reflect the activity of a neighbouring gene and thus lead to the isolation of new genes essential for normal development. Here, we demonstrate that this hypothesis is true for an insertion into the well characterized segmentation gene, hairy, in Drosophila. The insertion is homozygous lethal and fails to complement other hairy alleles, giving the phenotype described for hairy mutations. The insertion is located at 66D on the polytene chromosome map, is within 300–600 bp 5′ to the first hairy exon, and is orientated in the same sense (5′-3′) as the hairy transcription unit. Expression of β-galactosidase (β-gal), deriving from the insertion, follows closely the spatio-temporal patterns of expression of hairy gene product during embryogenesis. In addition, other sites of β-galactosidase expression are shown in the third larval instar stage and in the adult ovary. The results show that some insertions, giving restricted patterns of reporter gene expression, will reflect the temporo-spatial activity of a nearby gene.
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    Abnormal ovarian morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster after injection of embryos with conditioned media from the Daudi cell line (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 370-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Injection of embryo ; Daudi conditioned medium ; Rudimentary ovaries ; Mean number of ovarioles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster embryos were injected before the blastoderm stage with conditioned media from several male Burkitt's lymphoma human cell lines and the Daudi cell line. Such injections do not have any effect on the male genital apparatus or on the female tract. The Daudi conditioned medium modifies the ovarian morphogenesis of the flies and the rudimentary ovaries obtained look like nymphal gonads. Moreover, they have a drastically reduced number of germ cells. The ovaries that looked functional contain numerous necrotic germ cells and the mean number of ovarioles per fly is significantly smaller than that of the controls. The abnormalities observed resemble the results of experimental and genetic lack of germ cells. They disappear at very high dilution (1×10−6).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375958
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    Electrically mediated protein movement inDrosophila follicles (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Electrical polarity ; Ovarian follicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Distribution of rhodamine-conjugated lysozyme injected into the sixteen-cell syncytium comprising the germ-line portion of theDrosophila follicle is shown to be affected by charge. Positive molecules are able to migrate through intercellular bridges from the oocyte to the nurse cells, but are unable to migrate detectably from nurse cells to the oocyte. Their negatively charged counterparts can move from the nurse cells to the oocyte, but are unable to traverse the intercellular bridges in the counter direction. This charge-dependent movement of molecules is accompanied by an electrical potential difference, focused across the nurse cell-oocyte bridges, which makes the nurse cells negatively charged to the oocyte. The addition of insect hemolymph to the physiological salt solution in which the experiments were performed resulted in only a small increase in the transmembrane resistance, but enhanced the potential difference between oocyte and nurse cells from 0.2±0.3 (SE) mV (nurse cells negative) to 2.3±0.45 (SE) mV (nurse cells negative).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439430
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    Maternal and zygotic requirement for thepolyhomeotic complex genetic locus inDrosophila (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homeosis ; Epidermal development ; Embryology ; Clonal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complex genetic locuspolyhomeotic (ph) is a member of thePolycomb (Pc)-group of genes and as such is required for the normal expression of ANT-C and BX-C genes. It also has probably other functions since amorphicph alleles display a cell death phenotype in the ventral epidermis of 12-h-old embryos. Here it is shown that lethal alleles ofph (amorph and strong hypomorph) show transformation of most of their segments towards AB8. Theph + product is required autonomously in imaginal cells. The total lack ofph + function prevents viability of the cuticular derivatives of these cells.ph has a strong maternal effect on segmental identity and epidermal development that can not be rescued by one paternally supplied dose ofph + in the zygote. These phenotypes differ substantially from those of previously describedPc-group genes. AmongPc-group genes,ph seems to be the only one that is strongly required both maternally and zygotically for normal embryonic development.
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    The reinforcement-extinction process of selector gene activity: a positive feed-back loop and cell-cell interactions in Ultrabithorax patterning (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 424-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ultrabithorax ; Development ; Regulation ; Protein distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Most viable alleles of homeotic genes cause partial transformations within given lineages in a topographically specific fashion. We study this phenomenon as a way to understand the normal mechanisms involved in the spatial regulation of homeotic gene expression. To this end we have investigated the distribution of Ultrabithorax (Ubx) proteins in imaginai discs mutant for hypomorphic and neomorphic alleles of Ubx and alleles of trans-acting genes. We find that the morphological discontinuities observed in the adult transformations are caused by corresponding new patterns of the Ubx proteins in the imaginai anlagen. These novel patterns of Ubx proteins are understood as a consequence of a process of reinforcement-extinction of Ubx expression. The evidence suggesting that this process results from a positive feed-back loop and cell-cell interactions is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398994
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    Mutational dissection of gene expression in the abdominal region of the bithorax complex of Drosophila in imaginal tissue (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Bithorax complex ; Drosophila ; Abdominal-B mutations ; Genetic mosaics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotypic effects in imaginal hypodermal tissue of a number of Abdominal-B mutations of the bithorax complex are described. Evidence is given from complementation analysis that the phenotypic heterogeneity in both the spatial limits and the nature of the homeotic transformations produced is not an arbitrary classification of allelic differences that we find. We have used genetic mosaic analysis to support the interpretation that the Abdominal-B genetic unit can exist in a number of alternative functional states of expression during development and that individual Abdominal-B mutations may abolish some states whilst leaving others unaffected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427916
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    Genetic analysis of viable and lethalfused mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Segment polarity gene ; Maternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fused is a segmentation gene belonging to the segment-polarity class. Mutations at thefused locus are known to display pleiotropic effects, causing zygotically determined anomalies of ovaries and of some adult cuticular structures, and maternally determined embryonic segmentation defects. In order to determine the amorphic phenotype offused and to study the genetical basis of its pleiotropy, newfused alleles (18 viable and 11 lethal) were isolated. The phenotype of these mutants and of others already known are described, taking into account zygotic and maternal effects. The main results provided by this analysis are as follows. Firstly, allfused alleles show the whole complex fused phenotype, and a good correlation is observed between the strength of the wing and segmentation defects, suggesting that a single function is involved in both processes. Secondly, all embryonic and larval lethals carry deficiencies which allow us to localizefused between the 17C4 and 17D2 bands of the X-chromosome. Thirdly, the 24 viable and 2 pupal lethals examined behave as point mutants, as shown cytologically or by Southern blot analysis. However, only one of them, the pupal lethalfu mH63 was proven to carry a nullfused allele, since it displays in germ-line clones a strong maternal phenotype and a very low zygotic rescue, similar to those of the small deficiencyDf(1)fu z4. The phenotype of the amorphic mutant indicates that zygotic ezpression offused is required for normal metamorphosis, while maternal expression is necessary for a normal segmentation pattern, since a complete loss offused expression during oogenesis cannot be compensated zygotically.
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    Developmental analysis of fs(1)gastrulation defective, a dorsal-group gene of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 75-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect mutation ; Pattern formation ; Gastrulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gastrulation defective (gd) locus is a maternally expressed gene in Drosophila required for normal differentiation of structures along the embryonic dorso-ventral axis. Cuticular defects of the offspring from females with different combinations of gd alleles comprised a phenotypic continuum. Complementation among several alleles produced normal offspring while progressively more severe mutations produced a graded loss of structures from ventral, and then lateral, blastoderm cells. The most severely affected embryos consisted entirely of structures derived from dorsal blastoderm cells. Histological examination of staged siblings from selected allelic combinations showed that internal tissues were similarly affected. The tissues observed in amorphic embryos support new, more dorsal, assignments of fate map positions for blastoderm precursors of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus, hindgut and ventral nerve cord. The loss of ventral and lateral structures did not occur through cell death and appeared to involve a change in blastoderm cell fate. A direct effect of the mutations on blastoderm cell determination, however, was insufficient to explain the development of the dorsalized embryos. Intermediate phenotypes suggested that cell interactions or movements associated with morphogenesis are required for the determination of some cell fates in the dorsoventral axis. Thus, the developmental fate of all blastoderm cells may not be fixed at the time of blastoderm formation.
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    Dominant maternal interactions with Drosophila segmentation genes (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: X-Chromosome Loci ; Dominant maternal effect ; Segmentation genes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A systematic search for X chromosome loci showing a dominant maternal interaction with the segmentation genes Krüppel, hunchback, knirps and hairy was performed using deficiencies spanning 65% of the X chromosome. No interaction with the knirps gene was observed, but five regions of the X chromosome showed a maternal dominant interaction with the Krüppel gene. Two of these regions also show a maternal dominant interaction with either hunchback (region 10A7–10A8) or hairy (region 10E1–10F3). In all of these interactions dead embryos were observed which showed the same defects as embryos homozygous for the segmentation gene tested. These results suggest that a complex repartition of maternal products necessary for subsequent segmentation may occur in the Drosophila egg.
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    The vectoring of cactophilic yeasts by Drosophila (1988)
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    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 400-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Vectoring ; Drosophila ; Cactophilic yeasts ; Dispersal ; Community structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At two locations in the Sonoran Desert, yeasts were sampled from species of Drosophila, the flies' cactus hosts, and other neighboring sources of cactophilic yeasts to determine the relation between the yeasts vectored by the fly and the yeasts found in their breeding sites. D. mojavensis, D. nigrospiracula, and D. mettleri vectored yeast assemblages significantly more similar to the yeast species found on the rot from which the flies were collected than to the yeasts found on other rots from the flies host cactus or other rotting cactus at the same site. Rots with Drosophila had fewer yeast species than those without flies, suggesting that flies were associated with younger rots. Rots with flies and the Drosophila also had more yeast species with the capability to produce ethyl acetate than rots without flies. The results support the contention that cactophilic Drosophila feed on a subset of the yeasts available in an area, and may act to maintain differences among the yeast communities found on different species of cactus.
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    Interaction between a picornavirus and a wild population ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 516-520 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Picornavirus ; Fertility ; Embryonic and larvo-pupal death rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila C virus (DCV) has a considerable impact on ovarian morphogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster host populations. This virus also affects the developmental time and the fresh weight of infected females. In order to investigate the hypothesis that DCV may play a role in the dynamics ofDrosophila populations, the fertility and embryonic and larvo-pupal death rates of a host population and that of five DCV-free populations were determined. A comparison of two populations, one of them DCV-free, the other infected, suggested that the fertility of the DCV-infected flies was higher than that of uninfected flies, despite a greater larvo-pupal death rate. Fertility of the infected flies was greater among the infected population than for the DCV-free populations. The DCV-free populations originated from five different localities. The virus clearly does have an impact on the biotic potential of its host population. This paper reports for the first time a positive interaction between a viral population and a host population as it increases certain parameters of host population dynamics.
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    Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial arginine kinases inDrosophila: Evidence for a single gene (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; arginine kinase ; mitochondria ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of arginine kinase have been identified inDrosophila melanogaster. On the basis of their immunological similarity, parallel dosage responses, and cosegregation of electrophoretic mobility differences, it is concluded that both isozymes are the product of a single gene. The consequences of this in relation to the regulation and evolution of this unusual gene-enzyme system are discussed. It is inferred that the origin of the phosphagen shuttle must predate the divergence of invertebrates and vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555494
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    Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 783-803 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dipeptidase activities ; genetic variation ; activity modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An examination ofDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations revealed genetic variation for dipeptidase-A (DIP-A) and dipeptidase-B (DIP-B) activities within sets of lines that differed from one another only in the second or the third chromosome. Analyses of diallel crosses indicate that both activities are inherited additively, and coordinate control of expression is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the two activities. Electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies failed to detect structural differences among lines with different levels of DIP-A activity. No characteristic level of activity could be associated with any DIP-A allozyme. Mapping experiments revealed the presence of activity modifiers that are in tight linkage with the structural gene, as well as those that manifest their effects from a distance. The maximum genetic distance between a high-activity effect on DIP-A and the structural gene was determined to be 0.029 map unit. These results are in accordance with the prevalence of activity modifiers for various enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster.
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    Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase inDrosophila melanogaster: A gene for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase I ; genetic mapping ; allozymes ; null alleles ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine synthetase I isozyme (GSI) inDrosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis. Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.
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    Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 783-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dipeptidase activities ; genetic variation ; activity modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An examination ofDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations revealed genetic variation for dipeptidase-A (DIP-A) and dipeptidase-B (DIP-B) activities within sets of lines that differed from one another only in the second or the third chromosome. Analyses of diallel crosses indicate that both activities are inherited additively, and coordinate control of expression is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the two activities. Electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies failed to detect structural differences among lines with different levels of DIP-A activity. No characteristic level of activity could be associated with any DIP-A allozyme. Mapping experiments revealed the presence of activity modifiers that are in tight linkage with the structural gene, as well as those that manifest their effects from a distance. The maximum genetic distance between a high-activity effect on DIP-A and the structural gene was determined to be 0.029 map unit. These results are in accordance with the prevalence of activity modifiers for various enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster.
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    Glue proteins inDrosophila nasuta (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 527-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glue proteins ; glycosylation ; Chromosomal linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval glue protein fractions ofDrosophila nasuta nasuta were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven major and at least four minor glue protein fractions were recognized. Six of the major fractions are glycosylated. They migrate as three prominent doublets (〉100, 43, and 30/28 kd). The synthesis of traceable amounts of these major fractions begins already during the second as well as during the early stages of the third larval instar. The 43-kd and the 30/28-kd fractions are coded by X-chromosomal genes. They are probably clustered within the huge puff of division 10, which is the most prominent X-chromosomal puff in the polytene chromosomes of the third larval instar. Complex posttranslational modification of all but one major glue protein fraction (14 kd) leads to the formation of about 15 different protein fractions in the final glue product. The amount of glue protein produced byD. n. nasuta larvae (in relation to the total saliva proteins) is nearly twice the amount produced byD. melanogaster larvae (ca. 55 and 32%, respectively).
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    Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase inDrosophila melanogaster: A gene for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase I ; genetic mapping ; allozymes ; null alleles ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine synthetase I isozyme (GSI) inDrosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis. Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.
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    Purification and properties of theDrosophila zen protein (1988)
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 79 (1988), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: zerknullt gene ; homeobox protein ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The zen protein is encoded by the zerknullt gene required for normal early development inDrosophila. Like many regulatory proteins of this type, zen contains a 60 amino acid homeobox sequence. We have purified the zen protein and studied its solution behavior and its interaction with DNA. The zen protein exists as a monomer in solution with a molecular weight of about 40000. It binds specifically to a site about 900 bases upstream from thezen gene. Within this binding site DNase protection experiments indicate that binding is confined to two regions approximately 11 and 14 bases in length that are separated by about 30 base pairs. The protein concentration dependence of the binding curve suggests that protein binding is non cooperative.
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    Glue proteins inDrosophila nasuta (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 527-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glue proteins ; glycosylation ; Chromosomal linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval glue protein fractions ofDrosophila nasuta nasuta were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven major and at least four minor glue protein fractions were recognized. Six of the major fractions are glycosylated. They migrate as three prominent doublets (〉100, 43, and 30/28 kd). The synthesis of traceable amounts of these major fractions begins already during the second as well as during the early stages of the third larval instar. The 43-kd and the 30/28-kd fractions are coded by X-chromosomal genes. They are probably clustered within the huge puff of division 10, which is the most prominent X-chromosomal puff in the polytene chromosomes of the third larval instar. Complex posttranslational modification of all but one major glue protein fraction (14 kd) leads to the formation of about 15 different protein fractions in the final glue product. The amount of glue protein produced byD. n. nasuta larvae (in relation to the total saliva proteins) is nearly twice the amount produced byD. melanogaster larvae (ca. 55 and 32%, respectively).
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    Behavior, stress, and variability (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 293-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: stress ; domestication ; extreme environments ; human evolution ; mice ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variability of behavioral traits under optimal and stressful environments is considered with examples fromDrosophila, rodents, and our own species. In agreement with direct fitness and life history traits, behavioral traits show a maximization of preexisting andde novo variation under stress. In order to understand evolutionary change,it appears necessary to emphasize those traits showing interactions with habitats under conditions of environmental stress; this can be shown at the behavioral level especially for domestication and adaptation to novel habitats.
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    Genetic variability of sexual behavior in a natural population ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 389-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; sexual behavior ; assortative mating ; polymorphism ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Although many experiments on laboratory stocks ofDrosophila have suggested that mate choice is a major feature of sexual selection in this organism, few attempts have been made to measure its extent in wild populations. In this study, a crossing design was used to obtain a set of 13 genetically identical independent lines representative of genotypes from an African population ofDrosophila melanogaster. They were tested for variation in sexual behavior using dyadic tests. Significant variation in orientation and vibration latencies was found for males, and in mating speed and copulation duration for both sexes. No evidence of assortative mating, either positive or negative, was found. The absence of a correlation in mating speed between males and females sharing the same genotype leads us to doubt the applicability of the notion of “male eagerness” and “female reluctancy” inDrosophila and the importance of “vigor” as a factor in mating speed. The absence of mate choice in natural populations ofDrosophila seems to us the most likely hypothesis on the basis of both theory and empirical evidence.
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    Spectral analysis ofDrosophila courtship songs:D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and their interspecific hybrid (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 675-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: reproductive behavior ; pulse song ; sine song ; acoustic spectrum ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Digital signal processing methods have revealed spectral components inDrosophila melanogaster's andD. simulans' male courtship songs that had gone undetected in previous studies. We found that a bout of courtship hum (“sine song”) inD. simulans typically consists of a narrowband fundamental frequency, accompanied by second and third harmonics that can comprise a major fraction of the power in the signal. The pulse song spectra consisted of single broad-band peaks of highly variable frequencies, which, nevertheless, are characteristically different in these two species. Genetic elements of the newly discovered song components were examined by analysis of theD. melanogaster/D. simulans hybrid. Such males were found to be intermediate in production of sine song harmonics as well as in other parameters of courtship song, except for sine song and intrapulse frequency bandwidths, for which there may be dominant factors inD. simulans.
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    Components of fitness in a compound chromosome strain of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 468-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Compound chromosomes ; Fitness ; Drosophila ; Assortative mating ; Pest control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relative net fitness of a compound chromosome strain of Drosophila melanogaster was about 0.05, compared with the chromosomally normal strain from which it was derived. Based on meiotic considerations alone, the expected relative fitness was about 0.25. There were no significant differences in fertility between the compound and normal strains; the compound strain produced about 28% as many offspring as the normal strain and developed faster than the normal strain in two replicates, and slower in one replicate. The low relative fitness of the compound strain was apparently due to assortative mating, in which normal females discriminated strongly against compound males. Implications for pest control projects are dicussed.
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    The expression of β1 and β3 tubulin genes of Drosophila melanogaster is spatially regulated during embryogenesis (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 8-16 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: β tubulin genes ; Drosophila ; Mesoderm ; Neural system ; Oogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila β tubulins are encoded by a small gene family and the four members of this family are differentially expressed. mRNAs transcribed from two of these genes, namely the β1 and β3 tubulin genes, are abundant during embryogenesis. While the β1 tubulin gene is constitutively expressed during development, β3 mRNA is restricted to two distinct phases: mid embryogenesis and metamorphosis. The transcription initiation sites are identical in both these stages and comparison of presumptive promoter regions reveals no extensive homologies between the genes. In situ localization shows β1 tubulin mRNA to be maternally expressed in the nurse cells of the egg chambers and evenly distributed during early embryogenesis. In contrast, during later stages of embryogenesis β1 tubulin transcripts are predominantly expressed in neural derivatives. The β3 tubulin gene expression is also spatially regulated, β3 mRNA being restricted to the mesoderm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338387
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    Molybdoenzymes in Drosophila. IV. Further characterization of the cinnamon phenotype (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Molybdoenzymes ; cinnamon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations at the cin gene display drastically lowered levels of the molybdoenzymes, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (AO), and lack pyridoxal oxidase (PO) and sulfite oxidase (SO) activities. Certain mutations at cin also display varying degrees of female sterility, which is maternally affected. Here we characterize five new cin alleles with respect to the molybdoenzyme activities as well as the molybdenum cofactor, commonly required for molybdoenzyme activity. In complementing cin heterozygotes we find that, in addition to the previously reported unusually high levels of XDH and AO activities, there are unusually elevated levels of SO activity, as well as complementation for PO activity. The levels of immunologically crossreacting material in such heterozygotes indicate that the elevated levels of molybdoenzyme activities cannot be due to increases in the number of enzyme molecules. Measurements of the level of molybdenum cofactor activity normally present in XDH, AO, PO, and SO point to the possibility that a larger fraction of the enzyme molecules are active in these heterozygotes. The possible role of SO with respect to cinnamon's female sterility is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339623
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    Suppressible P-element alleles of the vestigial locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 370-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cytotype ; Drosophila ; Gene expression ; P-element ; Vestigial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of P-element insertion mutations at one site in the vestigial (vg) locus was tested for cytotype dependent effects on vg expression. The mutant phenotypes for four P-element vg alleles were suppressed when the alleles were stabilized in the P-cytotype. The suppression was observed whenever repressor-producing P-elements were present in the genome. Genetic and molecular analysis indicated that the suppression is not due to excision or other irreversible alterations of the inserts. The results are consistent with a model in which somatic P-element repressor binding to the ends of P-element inserts can modify the effects of these inserts on target gene expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334709
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    Retention of autonomous replicating plasmids in cultured Drosophila cells (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 359-363 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Autonomous replication ; Drosophila ; Plasmid retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six kinds of autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) derived from Drosophila or tobacco were inserted into the vector pDSV, constructed with pSV2-gpt and the copia long terminal repeat (LTR). The resulting ARS-containing plasmids, pDSV-ARSs, were transfected into the cultured Drosophila cells of GM1 S1cl1. Most of the plasmids remained for about 2 weeks and some for about 1 month in these cells. The retention time of the plasmid was not directly correlated with autonomously replicating activity of ARSs detected in the yeast. Two plasmids, one carrying ARS of Drosophila nuclear DNA and the other carrying tobacco DNA, showed the longest retention time in transformed cells and replication was confirmed in these cells. Some of these long lived plasmids were recovered, however, as modified forms. Other plasmids had disappeared 1 month after transfection. Two months following transfection, none of plasmids were recovered but they were detected in nuclear DNA as the integrated form. The integration patterns in all the cells transformed by different kinds of ARS-containing plasmids were similar to each other, and to the distribution pattern of copia LTR in the genome. These results suggest that copia LTR sequences contained in the pDSV-ARSs may participate in the integration process of these plasmids into Drosophila DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339603
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    Molecular studies on interspersed repetitive and unique sequences in the region of the complementation group uncoordinated on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Uncoordinated gene ; Repetitive DNA ; Type 1 insertion sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The technique of chromosome walking was used to isolate approximately 60 kb of DNA from the region containing the complementation group uncoordinated of Drosophila melanogaster, located in that part of the X chromosome which spans the euchromatin-heterochromatin junction. The cloned DNA can be divided into two distinct regions. The first contains sequences that are low copy number or unique and are largely conserved between strains. The second region is characterized by units repeated in tandem arrays and is polymorphic within, and between, strains. Each repetitive unit is separated by a member of an abundant sequence family, part of which is homologous to the ribosomal type 1 insertion sequence of D. melanogaster. The molecular organization of the cloned DNA was compared with that of sequences isolated from regions of intercalary heterochromatin and also with genes which have been characterized from more conventional euchromatic regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333399
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    Myofibril form and function: New insights from the molecular genetic approach (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 145 (1988), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Myofibril assembly ; Contractile proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349349
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    Identification of cytoplasmically transferred mitochondrial DNA in female germlines of Drosophila and its propagation in the progeny (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; Restriction-site heteroplasmy ; Transmission genetics ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The composition of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was analyzed in single female flies that developed from fertilized Drosophila melanogaster eggs, into which germ plasm of D. simulans had been introduced. HpaII cleavage patterns showed that all 12 individual female flies examined had developed from eggs in which 37%–71% of the total mtDNA was D. simulans mtDNA (Ds mtDNA) and the rest was D. melanogaster mtDNA (Dm mtDNA). The stability of this heteroplasmic state in these isofemale lines was monitored for seven generations at both individual and population levels. Results showed that the heteroplasmy of Dm and Ds mtDNAs was stably transmitted for at least three generations at the population level, but showed stochastic segregation at the individual level. After 4–6 generations, all individuals lost Ds mtDNA. The mechanisms of preferential loss of Ds mtDNA and of transmission of heteroplasmic mtDNA to descendants are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425689
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    Identification and germline transformation of the ribosomal protein rp21 gene of Drosophila: Complementation analysis with the Minute QIII locus reveals nonidentity (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 354-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Minute ; Ribosomal protein ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Minute loci represent a class of about 50 different Drosophila genes that appear to be functionally related. These genes may code for components of the protein synthetic apparatus. While one Minute locus has been recently shown to code for a ribosomal protein, it is not yet known whether any of the other Minute loci also code for ribosomal proteins. We have addressed this question by a combined molecular and genetic approach. In this report, a cloned DNA encoding the ribosomal protein rp21 is partially characterized. The rp21 gene maps to the same region (region 80 of chromosome 3L) as the temperature-sensitive Minute QIII gene. Using P-element mediated transformation, the rp21 gene was transformed into the germline of Drosophila. RNA blot experiments revealed that the transformed gene is expressed in transgenic flies. However, genetic complementation analysis indicated that the QIII locus and the rp21 gene are not identical. Implications of these findings for the relationship between Minutes and ribosomal protein genes are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339602
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    A qualitative analysis of some life-history correlates of longevity inDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 2 (1988), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Drosophila ; longevity ; mate tolerance ; body size ; flight ; life history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three likely traits were examined for their possible connection with increased life span in strains ofDrosophila melanogaster selected for longevity. First, pairing with males caused a substantial reduction in survival of females from the short-lived control strain but, long-lived females were relatively unaffected. A significant component of the improvement in selected females is, therefore, increased tolerance to the presence of mates. Females only slightly affected male survival in either long- or short-lived populations. Selected strains survive substantially better than controls independently of any effect of mate presence. The (dry) weight of whole flies is equivalent in long- and short-lived populations. Variation in body size does not appear to contribute significantly to extended longevity here. A third character, the duration of tethered flight, was found to be from three to five times greater in long-lived populations than controls. This suggests the existence of a common physiological basis of longevity to which multiple components contribute in adaptive improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071591
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    Egg-laying strategy under natural conditions of Leptopilina boulardi, a hymenopteran parasitoid of Drosophila spp (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; field egg laying strategy ; functional response ; switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le concept de réponse optimale d'un parasite vis-à-vis de l'hôte le plus favorable pour son développement demeure surtout théorique et n'a pu être vérifié que dans les conditions de laboratoire. Nous avons montré que Drosophila melanogaster s'avère être, par rapport à D. simulans, l'hôte le plus favorable pour le développement du cynipide parasite Leptopilina boulardi. Une étude sur le terrain a démontré que ce parasite présente une réponse fonctionnelle densité dépendante vis-à-vis de D. melanogaster et non vis-à-vis de D. simulans, avec un effet de bascule. D'autre part, il s'avère que ce parasite exploite beaucoup mieux son hôte, en évitant le superparasitisme, ceci étant démontré au laboratoire et dans la nature. Enfin, il apparaît qu'il est capable d'allonger sa période de ponte lorsque cet hôte est rare, ce qui ne se produit pas avec D. simulans.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis of optimal host species selection predicts that when a parasitoid has the choice between two host species, it will choose the species thay gives the best survival chances for its progeny. We confirmed this hypothesis by laboratory experiments with Leptopilina boulardi Barb. et al., a cynipid parasitoid which prefers Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (the host species most suitable for parasitoid survival) above D. simulans Sturt. As far as fitness parameters are concerned, the fertility of L. boulardi is higher with D. melanogaster; the egg laying can be spread out over a long period when this host is relatively scarce. This does not occur with D. simulans in which parasitic oviposition stops soon when this host is not abundant. Investigations of this foraging strategy were done under more complex natural conditions. We found that L. boulardi has a type III functional response with D. melanogaster only; furthermore, it seems that a switching effect may exist with this host. Parasitoid females appear to distribute their eggs more regularly on D. melanogaster, thus avoiding superparasitism. This seems to be independent of the relative frequency of this host. However, superparasitism of D. simulans did occur more frequently when this host was scarce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301752
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    Analysis of morphogenetic movements in the development of the notum anlage of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 372-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Morphogenesis ; Drosophila ; Growth ; Imaginal disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparison of the morphogenetic maps of the notum anlage of Drosophila melanogaster derived from the gynandromorph data and mosaics induced by somatic crossing-over during the first instar larval stage revealed that practically no major morphogenetic movements occur in the development of the anlage between the blastoderm and first instar larval stages and the adult stage. By comparing the morphogenetic map derived from gynandromorphs and the fate map derived from data on the transplantation of fragments of the mature wing imaginal disc, it was observed that no major morphogenetic movements occur in the notum anlage between the stages of the allocation of the disc and the mature disc. The results are consistent with the observations of other authors concerning the larval development of eye-antenna, wing and leg discs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375774
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    Antibodies recognizing 20-hydroxyecdysone-dependent cell surface antigens during morphogenesis in Drosophila (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 434-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Cell Surface ; 20-Hydroxyecdysone ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies (anti-P116 and anti-P93) specific for two different hormone-dependent cell surface glycoproteins (P116 and P93) from Drosophila S3 cells have been produced. Anti-P116 and anti-P93 each immunoprecipitate substantially more of P116 and P93, respectively, from extracts of iodinated hormone-treated S3 cells compared to controls. Both antigens are present in control and 20-hydroxyecdysone treated imaginal discs, although apparent increases in antigen content are associated with hormone treatment. Immunofluorescent staining of whole discs with anti-P116 and anti-P93 reveals increased amounts of both antigens at the surface of hormone-treated discs compared to controls. Both antibodies were used to characterize the expression of their respective antigens during embryonic development, and both antibodies were found to recognize in embryos a third developmentally-regulated antigen with a relative mobility of approximately 220000. Our results indicate, at least in the case of P116 and P93, that 20-hydroxyecdysone-dependent cell surface antigens in imaginal discs may be regulated both by increasing the amounts of constitutively present proteins, and possibly through biochemical modifications, altering the localization of these proteins from a cytoplasmic to a cell surface domain.
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    Morphological differentiation of the embryonic peripheral neurons in Drosophila (1987)
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Drosophila ; Neuronal differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stereotyped segmental and dorso-ventral organization of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila embryos allows the identification of all the neurons in the body wall. Distinct classes of neurons are distinguishable according to their location, the targets they innervate, the particular shape of their dendrites and their cell size. Those neurons innervating external sensory structures (es) and chordotonal organs (ch) have single dendrites and have been previously described (Ghysen et al. 1986; Dambly-Chaudiere and Ghysen 1986; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein 1985). We describe here the identity and morphological features of three other classes of neurons in the body segments which have multiple dendrites (md neurons): 1) neurons that give rise to elaborate dendritic arborisations (da neurons); 2) neurons that have bipolar dendrites (bd neurons); 3) neurons that arborize around particular tracheal branches (td neurons). The thoracic hemisegment (T2 and T3) contains 13 da, one bd, one td, 21 es and four ch neurons; the abdominal hemisegment (A1 to A7) contains 14 da, three bd, three td, 15 es and eight ch neurons. The arrangement of the segmented peripheral neurons is highly invariant and provides a favorable assay system for the genetic analysis of neurodevelopment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402027
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    Alterations in the cell surface proteins of Drosophila during morphogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal disc ; Evagination ; Surface peptides ; Radiolabeling ; Hormone depending ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Unevaginated and evaginated Drosophila imaginal discs were surface-labeled with 125I. Relative labeling was greater in eleven peptides and lower in three peptides of evaginated discs compared to unevaginated discs. These results are compared to the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HOE) on metabolic labeling of membrane proteins fractionated from imaginal discs, and on cell surface labeling of a hormone-responsive Drosophila tissue culture line. A group of 35S-methionine labeled membrane fraction peptides whose metabolic labeling is 20-HOE dependent have isoelectric points and apparent molecular weights very similar to those of a group of proteins only labeled in iodinated evaginated discs, supporting the conclusion that these are hormone-dependent, cell surface proteins (Rickoll and Fristrom 1983). Based upon two-dimensional gel electrophoretic and immunological criteria three of the proteins showing increased labeling in evaginated discs are related to three proteins induced by 20-HOE in tissue culture cells. Two different subsets of radiolabeled peptides were observed in the imaginal discs based upon detergent solubility. Some of the proteins which are soluble in NP-40 plus urea but insoluble in NP-40 alone may be localized in the basal lamina of the imaginal discs, a structure which labels heavily with 125I and is lacking in tissue culture cells. In discs, the majority of hormone-dependent changes in radiolabeled peptides were seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 and urea with a sulfhydryl reducing agent, while in tissue culture cells, the majority of differences is seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 only. We speculate that these proteins may be involved in similar processes, e.g., cell rearrangement, that occur during both disc morphogenesis and 20-HOE induced aggregation in tissue culture cells.
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    Photoreactivation of UV damage in culturedDrosophila cells (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 445-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cell survival ; photoreactivation ; insect cell ; Drosophila ; colony formation ; DNA repair ; ultraviolet radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell survival and photoreactivation of 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) light damage in a wild typeDrosophila cell line was assayed by colony formation in liquid medium. Fo, Fq, and extrapolation number for the exponential portion of survival curves are 21 J/m2, 3.6 J/m2, and 1.5 for non-photoreactivated cells and 110 J/m2, 11.2 J/m2, and 1.3 for those exposed to photoreactivating light. Maximal photoreactivation occurs at the 100 J/m2 region of the curve. At 10 and 50% survival, 75–80% of the UV damage was photoreactivable.
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    The cell biology of Drosophila wing metamorphosis in vitro (1987)
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Wing imaginal disc ; Tissue culture ; Metamorphosis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the metamorphosis of the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila during culture in vitro in the continuous presence of 20-hydroxy ecdysone (0.1 μg/ ml). We find that the sequence of cellular changes in the wing blade during culture closely match those occurring in situ, involving two periods at which the dorsal and ventral surfaces are joined only by cell processes containing trans-alar microtubule arrays. Good pupal and imaginal cuticle secretion is found in this system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376314
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    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 222-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mesodermal cell lineages ; Cell transplantations ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe the results of cell transplantation experiments performed to investigate mesodermal lineages in Drosophila melanogaster, particularly the lineages of the somatic muscles, the visceral muscles and the fat body. Cells to be transplanted were labelled by injecting a mixture of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescein-dextran (FITC) in wild-type embryos at the syncytial blastoderm stage. For transplantation cells were removed from the ventral furrow, 8–12 min after the start of gastrulation, and individually transplanted into homotopic or heterotopic locations of unlabelled wild-type hosts of the same age. HRP labelling in the resulting cell clones was demonstrated histochemically in the fully developed embryo; histotypes could be distinguished without ambiguity. Mesodermal cells were already found to be committed to mesodermal fates at the time of transplantation. They developed only into mesodermal derivatives and did not integrate in non-mesodermal organs upon heterotopical transplantation. No evidence was found for commitment to any particular mesodermal organ at the time of transplantation. The majority of somatic muscle clones contributed cells to only one segment. However, clones were not infrequently distributed through two or even three segments. Clones of fat body cells were generally restricted to a small region. However, cells of clones of visceral musculature were widely distributed. With respect to the proliferative abilities of transplanted cells the clones were difficult to interpret due to the syncytial character of the somatic musculature and the fact that the organization of the other organs is poorly understood. Evidence from histological observations of developing normal embryos indicates only three mitoses for mesodermal cells. Clones larger than seven cells were not found when embryos were fixed previous to germ-band shortening; larger clones were found in the fat body and visceral musculature after fixing the embryos at the end of organogenesis. Quantitative considerations suggest that a few mesodermal cells might perform more than three mitoses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376346
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    Ether-induced segmentation disturbances in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 511-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Segmentation defects, ether-induced ; Drosophila ; Phenocopies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila embryos, exposed to ether between 1 and 4 h after oviposition, develop defects ranging from the complete lack of segmentation to isolated gaps in single segments. Between these extremes are varying extents of incomplete and abnormal segmentation. On the basis of both their temporal and spatial characteristics, five major phenotype classes may be distinguished: headless — unsegmented or incompletely segmented anteriorly; gap — interruptions of segmentation not obviously periodic; alternating segment gaps — interruptions with double segment periodicities; fused segments; and short segments — truncations with single segment periodicities. Many defects resemble known mutant phenotypes. The disturbances in segmentation are predominantly global and frequently accompanied by alterations in segment specification, such that the segments obtained show no resemblance to the normal homologues. These features, together with the distinctive spatiotemporal characteristics of the defects, all point to segmentation as a dynamic process. The regular spacing of the segments and the fact that the entire range of defects is inducible by ether are further consistent with the hypothesis that at least part of the segmentation process may consist of physicochemical reactions coordinated over the whole body. The relationship between our data and data from genetic and other analyses are briefly discussed.
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    Fine structure of flight muscles in different Notch mutants of Drosophila melanogaster reared at different temperatures (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 12-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Drosophila ; Mitochondria ; Temperature sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the indirect flight muscles was studied by electron microscopy in the following Notch locus mutants of Drosophila melanogaster reared at 18° C or 29° C for 6 days after eclosion: Ax 16172/Ax16172, Ax28/ Ax28, l(1)Nts1/l(1)Nts1,l(1)Nts1/Y and in wild-type controls. The flies were raised up to eclosion at 25° C or 18° C. It was observed that the l(1)Nts1 flies gradually became flightless within a few days if reared at 29° C as adults, and gross changes in the fine structure of the flight muscles were also observed in flies of this genotype. Peripheral myofilaments of myofibrils were disarranged and the mitochondria diminutive. At 18° C the flight muscles remained normal. In all of the Abruptex (Ax) combinations the flight muscles remained similar to the wild-type controls at both 18° C and 29° C, i.e. they were normal. The results suggest that the Notch gene is active in adult flies in addition to its activity during embryonic, larval and pupal stages, and is directly or indirectly involved in the adult development of the muscle tissue.
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    Autosomal control of lampbrush-loop formation during spermatogenesis in Drosophila hydei by a gene also affecting somatic sex determination (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Spermatogenesis ; Y chromosome ; Lampbrush loops ; Sex determination ; Maternal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Y chromosome of Drosophila hydei carries information that is necessary for the development of the spermatozoa. In primary spermatocytes Y chromosomal genes become active: five of the male fertility factors form giant lampbrush loops. Our prior work indicated interactions between the Y chromosomal genes and autosomal loci. It is of interest to identify loci regulating the activity of the Y chromosomal genes. We, therefore, screened a total of about 14,000 chromosomes (X, 2, 3 and 4) for mutations that interfere with the expression of the lampbrush loops. Two mutations with substantial effects on the loop morphology were recovered. One of them, a recessive male sterile mutation (ms (3) 5) on chromosome 3, is described in this paper. Its homozygous state results in a complete absence of all Y chromosomal lampbrush loops at 26° C; at 18° C the loops are formed. Temperature shifts with homozygous males indicate that the function early during the spermatogonial stage is crucial for the development of lampbrush loops in the primary spermatocyte. Meiosis is entirely absent in the male, but normal in females. Females homozygous for ms (3) 5 display a maternal effect, which reduces the viability and fertility of homozygous daughters and produces sons with signs of intersexuality. Linkage studies indicated that the effect on the male germ line and the maternal effects cannot be separated and may hence be induced by a single gene.
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    Haemocytes accumulate collagen transcripts during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Collagen ; Haemocytes ; Basement membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report a direct examination of the expression of one collagen gene (DCg1) during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis, based on data from in situ hybridization. The transcripts of this gene, thought to encode a basement membrane type IV collagen, are mainly accumulated during ecdysis in wandering haemocytes. Our results demonstrate that haemocytes contribute to extracellular matrix deposition and seem to perform a fibroblastic function during Drosophila development.
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    Brista: a gene involved in the specification and differentiation of distal cephalic and thoracic structures in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 124-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoetic ; Mutational analysis ; Transformation ; Distal disc structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene Brista has been identified in chromosome 2R, in the region 60D11-E4, in which mutations cause homoeotic transformation of distal antennal structures to distal leg derivatives, and in which certain alleles also lead to upsets in the formation of distal elements of the legs. This gene is haploinsufficient for the homoeotic phenotype. Several putative null and two hypomorphic alleles have been recovered. The effects of exposure to the non-permissive temperature of a temperature-sensitive allele are cummulative and depend upon the length of the exposure during the period of antennal cell proliferation. It is suggested that this gene contributes to the stability of the state of determination in distal domain of the antennal and leg discs, and its relationship to other genes with similar mutant phenotype is discussed.
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    Segmental organisation of the tail region in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 141-157 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Blastoderm fate-map ; Tail segmentation ; Larval cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The segmental organisation of the tail region in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster, which is defined here as the epidermal region posterior to the boundary between abdominal segments A7 and A8, has been investigated by means of ultraviolet (UV) laser fate-mapping and phenotypic analysis of embryonic mutants that alter the segmental pattern of the larval cuticle. Wild-type embryos were irradiated in the presumptive tail region with a UV- laser microbeam of 20 μm diameter at the blastoderm stage. The ensuing defects were scored in the cuticle pattern of the tail region of the first-instar larva, which is described in detail in this paper. The spatial distribution of defect frequencies was used to construct a blastoderm fate-map of the cuticle structures of the larval tail region. The segmental origin of the larval tail structures was inferred from the phenotypic analysis of segmentation and homoeotic mutants, which revealed pattern repetition throughout the embryonic tail region corresponding to four segment anlagen, A8 to A11, and a non-segmental telson. These data enabled the transformation of the blastoderm fate-map of cuticle structures into a map of tail segment anlagen. The tail anlage occupies about 10% of the egg length (EL), bounded by segment A7 anteriorly at 20% EL and by the proctodaeum posteriorly at 10% EL, as measured from the posterior pole. The anlagen of segments A8 and A9 appear to be narrow dorso-ventral strips of blastoderm cells similar to the anlagen of the trunk segments, whereas the anlagen of A10 and A11 are smaller and produce fewer pattern elements. The telson is represented in the cuticle by the tuft which derives from a very dorsal posterior position. The antero-posterior axis of the entire tail anlage appears curved upward posteriorly. Differences in the mode of development between tail and trunk segments are discussed, as are similarities of larval and imaginal tail development in Drosophila. Comparison with tail development in other insects suggests that, during evolution, the transition from semi-long-germ to long-germ development modified the organisation of the tail region without affecting its primary subdivision into metameric units.
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    The influence of segmental compartmentalisation on the development of the larval peripheral nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 101-112 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Peripheral nervous system ; Compartments ; Segmentation mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The peripheral nervous system of embryos homozygous for prd, ftz, en and bxd was examined for defects and transformations in the segment-specific pattern of sensilla and peripheral nerves. This analysis permitted me to assign a distinct subset of sensilla to any of the three genetically and morphologically defined compartments s, a and p of each segment. In the wild-type embryonic segments, sensory axons deriving from sensilla of different compartments form a part of the common peripheral nerves. In the composite segments of prd and ftz mutant embryos, subsets of sensilla of two neighbouring segments are combined. Nevertheless, the axons of sensilla of different segmental identity are able to fasciculate and to form afferent nerves, which connect in an apparently normal fashion to the central nervous system. It is concluded that in the Drosophila embryo compartmental and segmental identity of sensory organs has no influence on the trajectories of sensory axons.
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    Injection of wild-type cytoplasm and poly(A)+ RNA provokes phenotype rescue in spätzle mutant Drosophila embryos (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 78-82 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Dorsalizing mutant ; Phenotypic rescue ; Poly(A)+ RNA ; Cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary spätzle (spz), a maternal effect gene of Drosophila, is involved in the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis during embryogenesis. Eggs from females lacking the spz gene product develop into completely dorsalized embryos, i.e. the ventral and lateral pattern elements fail to develop. Upon injection of either cytoplasm or poly(A)+ RNA from early wild-type embryos, spz embryos develop lateral pattern elements represented by Filzkörper and in the case of injected cytoplasm additional ventral pattern elements represented by ventral setae. Wild-type cytoplasm retains the rescuing activity longer than the poly(A)+ RNA fraction does, and cytoplasm is always more effective in provoking the rescue than poly(A)+ RNA. Mosaic females containing spz germ cells surrounded by spz + tissues were generated by pole cell transplantations; a mutant genotype in the germ cells is sufficient to produce all aspects of the spz mutant phenotype, suggesting that the maternal source of spz gene product is the germ line.
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    Residual influences on fecundity in drosophilid species (1987)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 213-215 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; reproductive behavior ; oviposition ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A residual influence of males and females on oviposition has been examined in 7 drosophilids. There was evidence for oviposition deterrence inDrosophila funebris, with males as well as females producing the inhibitory effect. In contrast, male residues stimulated oviposition inZaprionus tuberculatus. Male residues also stimulated oviposition and appeared to serve as an aggregation cue inD. melanogaster.
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    Effect of hyperthermia upon gamma-ray induced crossing-over in an excision repair deficient maleDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 931-933 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hyperthermia ; gamma ray ; crossing-over ; Drosophila ; repair mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hyperthermia of 1 h at 38°C did increase gamma-ray induced crossing-over in meiotic cells of male larvae and adults. However, there was considerably less effect of the heat treatment upon radiation induced crossing-over (a chromosome breakage event) in an excision repair mutanty mei-9 a.
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    Sensitivity to larval density in populations of Drosophila mojavensis: Influences of host plant variation on components of fitness (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 375-381 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polymorphism ; Stenocereus ; Host-plant-shift ; Developmental homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosomally polymorphic populations of Drosophila mojavensis from Baja California feed and breed on agria cactus, Stenocereus gummosus; whereas, monomorphic Arizona populations are associated exclusively with organ pipe cactus, S. thurberi. The effects of this host plant shift in expanding the kinds of feeding and breeding sites were assessed by manipulating larval density and recording differences in egg to adult development time and viability, and adult thorax size in both populations on artificially rotted substrates of both cactus species. Older agria rots increased development time but had no effect on viability. Organ pipe rots were qualitatively poorer substrates than agria rots for both monomorphic and polymorphic populations of D. mojavensis, especially at higher larval densities causing longer egg to adult development times, lower viabilities, and smaller thorax sizes than agria. The Baja population expressed shorter development times, higher viabilities, and smaller thorax sizes than the Arizona population on both cactus substrates. No evidence for cactus host race formation was found. The Baja population was less sensitive to increasing larval densities for all fitness characters studied on both cactus substrates indicating greater developmental homeostasis than in the monomorphic Arizona population. These data support the hypothesized central-marginal population structure within this species coincident with the distribution of host plants and lend insight into the process of adaptive divergence at different life history stages caused by host plant shifts.
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    Molecular consequences of two formaldehyde-induced mutations in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene ofDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 621-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mutagenesis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; formaldehyde ; Drosophila ; deletions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adh fn23 andAdh fn24 are two formaldehyde-induced, homozygous-viable, alcohol dehydrogenase-null mutants that bear lesions in the gene tht codes for the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) ofDrosophila melanogaster. Adh fn23 contains a 34-base pair deletion in the C-terminal coding region of the alcohol dehydrogenase structural gene. By immunological and molecular analysis, we show that the deletion shifts the translation reading frame and results in a prematurely truncated polypeptide product (10 amino acids shorter than wild type) that cross-reacts with antibody raised against ADH. The steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA present in this mutant is close (97%) to that in the wild type, but the steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein is 50% lower. Moreover, the rate of alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis inAdh fn23 flies is reduced to 60% of that found in the wild type. Hence both the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation of alcohol dehydrogenase are affected. In contrast,Adh fn24 which contains an 11-base pair deletion in the N-terminal coding region of the ADH gene, synthesizes no immunodetectable protein, and the amount of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA is less than half that of wild-type flies. As withAdh fn23, the deletion inAdh fn24 results in a change in the reading frame. UnlikeAdh fn23, however, nucleic acid sequence data indicate that polypeptide chain elongation can proceed for a considerable distance (over 130 amino acids) beyond the deletion. Based upon antigenic binding-site predictions, the resultant aberrant protein (projected 195 amino acids in length) would share few antigenic sites with the alcohol dehydrogenase from the wild type, which may account for the lack of immunoprecipitable material in this mutant. The contrasting effects these two deletions have on theDrosophila ADH mRNA levels and ADH protein levels are discussed.
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    Significance of saguaro cactus alkaloids in ecology ofDrosophila mettleri, a soil-breeding, cactophilic drosophilid (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2069-2081 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; D. mojavensis ; D. nigrospiracula ; D. mettleri ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; cactus ; alkaloids ; viability ; development ; longevity ; host-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila mettleri is a soil-breeding, cactophilic drosophilid which lives in the Sonoran Desert. Several chemical constituents of cacti in this region have been identified as having major roles in insect-host plant relationships involvingDrosophila. For example, isoquinoline alkaloids, which are present in senita cactus, have been shown to be toxic to seven of the nine species tested. The two tolerant species areD. pachea, the normal resident, andD. mettleri. Necroses of senita cacti are often used as feeding substrates byD. mettleri adults, but this species has never been reared from senita rots. Soil, which have been soaked by juice from saguaro and cardón rots, are the typical breeding substrates of this species. The tissues of both of these cacti also contain alkaloids, chemically related to those in senita, but at much lower concentrations. Alkaloid concentration in saguaro-soaked soil was found to be 1.4–27 times the average concentration in fresh tissue. Alkaloids were extracted from saguaro tissue and used in tests of larva-to-adult viability, developmental rate, and adult longevity. Elevated concentrations of saguaro alkaloids had no significant effect on the longevity ofD. mettleri, but significantly reduced the longevity ofD. nigrospiracula andD. mojavensis, two nonsoil breeding cactophilic species. Viability and developmental rates of all three species were affected, but the effect onD. nigrospiracula was comparatively greater. It is argued that the adaptations that allowD. mettleri to utilize the saguaro soil niche also convey tolerance to alkaloids present in senita tissue. The ability to utilize senita necroses as feeding substrates represents an ecological advantage to D. mettleri, in that the density of potential feeding sites is increased as compared to species which are more specific in their host-plant relationships.
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    Mating ability in laboratory-adapted and field-derivedDrosophila melanogaster: The stress of domestication (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 541-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating ability ; sexual selection ; fitness ; stress ; domestication ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Mating ability differences between flies of different alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genotypes have been assessed in the temperature range 15 to 29°C for laboratory-adapted and field-derivedDrosophila melanogaster. Significant differences amongAdh genotypes were detected principally for the laboratory-adapted strains due to departures from random mating associated with heterozygote superiority at the relatively extreme temperature of 29°C, although mating ability differences could not be attributed directly to theAdh locus. The difference between the laboratory and the field populations can be explained by the effects of genetic back-ground manifested in the form of fitness differences, being enhanced for the laboratory-adapted flies as a consequence of the stress of laboratory culture. In contrast with larval survival and development time, laboratory and field flies do not differe appreciably in their overall abilities to obtain mates, which indicates that mating ability is a direct fitness character not greatly affected by laboratory culture. It follows that direct fitness traits are the least amenable to change under domestication.
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    The dynamics of sexual selection and its pleiotropic effects (1987)
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 559-569 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Since Darwin's formulation of the theory of sexual selection a number of population biologists have developed models that explore the genetic consequences of his theory. In all these models it is assumed that two forces act to counterbalance the runaway process of sexual selection. That is, female preference for a certain male character tends to select for extreme forms of that character until natural selection exerts its forces to maintain the optimum male phenotype that is able to survive in its environment. In this paper, an alternative explanation for the origin of secondary sexual characters is proposed. It is suggested that polymorphism in secondary sexual characters may be maintained not as a direct result of selection for these characters but by being either linked to or as pleiotropic effects of some other feature of the mate recognition pattern. While there are no genetic data to support these observations inDrosophila at this time, there appears to be compelling evidence that mating success is not wholly dependent on the presence of these characters.
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    Mechanism of suppression inDrosophila: Regulation of tryptophan oxygenase by thesu(s) + allele (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 359-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; vermilion ; tryptophan oxygenase ; suppression ; epigenetic suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The suppressor gene,su(s)2, inDrosophila melanogaster restores the production of red and brown eye pigments for some purple and vermilion mutant alleles, respectively. We showed previously that the product of thesu(s)+ allele caused inhibition of the sepiapterin synthase A produced by the purple mutant but did not affect the wild-type enzyme. Suppression was accomplished by removingsu(s)+ from the genome. We now report that the tryptophan oxygenase, produced by suppressible vermilion alleles, is also inhibited by extracts fromsu(s)+ flies. The inhibition of the vermilion enzyme can be reduced or eliminated, respectively, by prior storage of the extract at 4 or −20°C or by boiling, whereas the wild-type enzyme is not affected by extracts ofsu(s)+ flies. Also, when the suppressible vermilion strain is raised on certain diets, brown eye pigment production occurs. This epigenetic suppression was reduced by the presence of an extra copy ofsu(s)+ in the genome. These data support a posttranslational mechanism for regulation of enzyme activity in which the activity of the mutant enzyme is reduced by the product of thesu(s)+ allele. How thesu(s)+ gene product can distinguish between the normal and the mutant forms of these two enzymes is discussed, along with other mechanisms for suppression that are currently under investigation.
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    The contribution of sexual behavior to Darwinian fitness (1987)
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 597-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; sexual isolation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The idea that sexual selection is responsible for most of the characters, morphological, physiological, and behavioral, that are observed as subserving the efficiency of the reproductive act as an important monitor of fitness is developed. As a corollary, sexual isolation is downgraded, being considered a relatively unimportant secondary process for which the term “mechanism” is singularly inappropriate. The reproductive isolation frequently observed between allopatric species appears to me to be mostly an incidental out come of the fine tuning of the intrapopulational efficiency of the process of sexual reproduction. Two points are stressed: first, sexual selection is a powerful means of serving fitness; and second, hybridization poses little threat to the integrity or future well-being of a species.
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    Puromycin enhances 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced protein synthesis in wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 12 (1987), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: Drosophila ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; puromycin ; protein synthesis ; cycloheximide ; imaginal wing disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cycloheximide and puromycin on 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced protein synthesis in wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied by one-dimensional and two-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis. It is found that puromycin, but not cycloheximide, when applied simultaneously with the hormone enhanced the hormone-induced synthesis of the ‘early’ and ‘late’ proteins. However, when puromycin was applied after hormone treatment, only the ‘late’ proteins were induced. The possible implication of these observations is discussed.
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    On the specificity of antisense RNA to arrestin vitro translation of mRNA coding forDrosophila hsp 23 (1987)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: antisense RNA ; hsp 23 ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The specificity of action of antisense RNA for one ofDrosophila low molecular weight heat shock proteins (hsp 23) was tested at the translational level using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free system. T7 polymerase-driven transcripts of hsp 23 in the antisense orientation were mixed with mRNA from heat-shocked cells under various stringency conditions prior to translationin vitro. Although the four small hsps show considerable sequence homology in their coding sequences, antisense hsp 23 RNA was shown to specifically inhibit hsp 23 mRNA translation under both high (formamide, 45°C and low stringency (37°C conditions. This suggests that the 5′ leader and the ribosome binding region of mRNA are of prime importance in the specificity of action of antisense RNA at the translational level.
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    Studies on transvection at the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 557-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Bithorax ; Transvection ; cis interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the influence of some mutations in the bithorax complex on the observed synapsis dependent phenotype of the genotypes Cbx 1Ubx1/+ and bx 34e/Ubx1. The effect of these mutations is similar to that introduced by disruption of pairing or by the z a mutation. Among the bx mutations, we find that bx 8 behaves differently from most other bx mutations in its influence on the synapsis dependent phenotype. This observation induced us to map the position of bx 8 with respect to other bx mutations; we find that it maps between bx 34e and bx 3. We show how some of the observations reported here can be fitted into a model of activation of the bithorax complex proposed by one of us.
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    Isolation of autosomal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster without setting up lines (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 226-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Autosomes ; Mutagenesis ; Compound chromosomes ; Temperature-sensitive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are being used increasingly for studying different biological mechanisms. However, most attempts to identify new mutations have been restricted to the X-chromosome. It has been very difficult to identify new loci on the autosomes, as recessive mutations have to be made homozygous by setting up independent cultures for each mutagenized chromosome. We introduce a mutagenesis scheme which does not require setting up independent cultures. It uses meiotic recombination in compound autosomes to make recessive mutations homozygous and allows the screening of tens of thousands of mutagenized chromosomes with relatively little effort. In a pilot experiment, we tested about 33,300 chromosomes for temperature-sensitive paralytic mutations. We obtained 62 independent paralytic mutations and a large number of other mutations. Eight out of 25 of the paralytic mutations are on the autosomes. This method makes autosomes, which constitute about 80% of the Drosophila genome, more accessible for mutational analysis of various biological mechanisms.
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    Protein synthesis patterns following stage-specific heat shock in early Drosophila embryo (1987)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 407-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Embryogenesis ; Heat shock ; protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Very short heat shocks are administered to carefully staged early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster, and the effects on protein synthesis pattern investigated. A shock as short as 2 min will induce the heat shock response (reduction of normal protein synthesis, increased synthesis of the heat shock proteins) in syncytial blastoderm or later stages. Thus the initial events of the heat shock response must occur within 2 min, and not reverse upon rapid return to 22° C. A low level of synthesis of the 70 kDa heat shock protein is sometimes visible in unshocked animals, but may be induced by the labeling procedure. Survival following a short shock is not strictly correlated with a high level of heat shock response. Pre-blastoderm embryos do not produce significant heat shock protein, but survive a 2 min 43°C heat shock better than do heat shock response competent blastoderm embryos. The protein synthesis pattern prior to the blastoderm stage is very stable, possibly enhancing survival following a short shock. Shocks of 3 min or longer are more detrimental to pre-blastoderm embryos than to later stages, confirming the role of the heat shock response in survival following a longer shock. Stage-specific developmental defects (phenocopies) may be induced by heat shock at the blastoderm or later stages. Induction of these defects may require disruption of the normal protein synthesis pattern. Use of very short heat shocks to induce the heat shock response will be valuable in identifying the precise time at which a specific defect can be induced.
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    Overlapping transcription units in Drosophila: Sequence and structure of the Cs gene (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 209 (1987), S. 290-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gene structure ; Mutation ; 3′ processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Cs gene lies between the functionally and evolutionarily related dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) and l(2) amd loci of Drosophila. The Cs and Ddc genes overlap at their 3′ ends, implying that the transcription termination signals of these genes are polar, since each gene's primary transcript contains the complement of the other gene's transcription termination signals. The mature transcripts of the Cs and Ddc genes are complementary for a short distance and the primary transcripts may be complementary over thousands of base pairs. Despite intensive mutagenesis in this region, no mutations affecting the Cs transcript have been recovered although over 90 alleles of the two flanking genes (Ddc and l(2) amd) have been identified. Unlike the flanking Ddc and l(2) amd genes, the structure of the Cs gene and the temporal and tissue specificity of Cs expression are inconsistent with any structural or functional relatedness to the Ddc gene family. The internal structure of the Cs transcript is unlike that of most protein coding genes; it contains several open reading frames which are not situated favorably for efficient translation of the Cs message. This unusual internal structure may be the basis of the observed mutational silence of the Cs locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329656
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