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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 5-17 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: adverse selection ; coalition proof ; insurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We reexamine the canonical adverse selection insurance economy first studied by Rothschild and Stiglitz [1976]. We define blocking in a way that takes private information into account and define a coalition-proof correspondence as a mapping from coalitions to allocations with the property that allocations are in the correspondence, if and only if, they are not blocked by any other allocations in the correspondence for any subcoalition. We prove that the Miyazaki allocation—the Pareto-optimal allocation (possibly cross-subsidized) most preferred by low-risk agents—is coalition-proof.
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  • 2
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: self-insurance ; self-protection ; comparative statics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Consider an agent facing a risky distribution of losses who can change this distribution by exerting some effort. Should he exert more effort when he becomes more risk-averse? For instance, should we expect more risk-averse drivers to drive more cautiously? In this article, we give sufficient conditions under which the answer is positive, using results presented in Jewitt (1989). We first extend the standard models of self-insurance and self-protection and show that the comparative statics depends only on the effect of effort on the net loss. We then present conditions for the continuous case with applications.
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  • 3
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 29-54 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance ; auditing ; risk aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We provide a characterization of an optimal insurance contract (coverage schedule and audit policy) when the monitoring procedure is random. When the policyholder exhibits constant absolute risk aversion, the optimal contract involves a positive indemnity payment with a deductible when the magnitude of damages exceeds a threshold. In such a case, marginal damages are fully covered if the claim is verified. Otherwise, there is an additional deductible that disappears when the damages become infinitely large. Under decreasing absolute risk aversion, providing a positive indemnity payment for small claims with a nonmonotonic coverage schedule may be optimal.
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  • 4
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 55-68 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance regulation ; information ; insolvency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract There have been major changes in the way European insurance markets are regulated, and there is still considerable debate about what the form and scope of regulation should be. This article examines the arguments for solvency regulation when consumers are fully informed of the insurer's insolvency risk. It is shown firms always provide enough capital to ensure solvency, unless there are restrictions on the composition of their asset portfolios. The conclusion holds even when competition means that only normal profits can be earned. This suggests that the role of regulation in insurance markets should be confined to providing consumers with information about the default risk of insurers.
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  • 5
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 69-96 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance futures ; futures derivatives ; claims processes ; reinsurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a valuation model of futures contracts and derivatives on such contracts, when the underlying delivery value is an insurance index, which follows a stochastic process containing jumps of random claim sizes at random time points of accident occurrence. Applications are made on insurance futures and spreads, a relatively new class of instruments for risk management launched by the Chicago Board of Trade in 1993, anticipated to start in Europe and perhaps also in other parts of the world in the future. The article treats the problem of pricing catastrophe risk, which is priced in the model and not treated as unsystematic risk. Several closed pricing formulas are derived, both for futures contracts and for futures derivatives, such as caps, call options, and spreads. The framework is that of partial equilibrium theory under uncertainty.
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  • 6
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: risk classification ; adverse selection ; moral hazard ; Poisson-gamma model ; bonus-malus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We present in this article some questions related to risk classification. These are discussed depending on the information used—either data on conditional characteristics or also including data on claim histories or on endogenous insurance demand by the agents.
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  • 7
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 97-114 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: adverse selection ; moral hazard ; automobile insurance contracts ; risk of accident ; econometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Insurance has for a long time been perceived as a way of transferring responsibility from insured agents to insurers and thus as potentially influencing insured agents' behavior. Two particular opportunistic behaviors have been analyzed. First, the theory of adverse selection predicts that high-risk agents are likely to demand more insurance than are low-risk agents. Second, the theory of moral hazard predicts that the wider the insurance coverage, the less agents will try to prevent accidents. Both theories thus conclude that agents who are totally insured should have a higher probability of accident than those with only partial insurance, ceteris paribus. Nevertheless, one of the aims of insurance rating systems is to control for these opportunistic behaviors. In this article, we use individual data to see if the French automobile insurance rating system has achieved this aim. We do this using a two-step maximum-likelihood method. First, we compute a probit model to estimate the probability of taking out comprehensive versus third-party insurance. We then calculate the generalized residual, which is included as an independent variable in a negative binomial model estimating the probability of having an accident. The coefficient of this variable is argued to represent adverse selection and ex-ante moral-hazard behavior.
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  • 8
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 173-192 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: distribution systems ; price dispersion ; consumer search behavior ; long-run equilibrium ; uninformed consumers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We attempt to explain the coexistence of two distribution systems when consumers are poorly informed about price distribution. The interaction of price dispersion and consumer search behavior is shown to affect the choice of marketing systems. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the coexistence as a long-run equilibrium. The market may observe the coexistence of the two agency systems regardless of the relative efficiency of agency types, or the domination by the less efficient agency system offering higher average price.
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  • 9
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 159-171 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: crop insurance ; yield options contracts ; incomplete markets ; systemic risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article focuses on the design of a crop insurance contract when the indemnity is based on the aggregate yield of a surrounding geographical area. Coinsurance under a critical yield often provides an efficient sharing of systemic risk. Under a linear relationship between individual yield and aggregate yield, the optimal form depends on the individual beta coefficient, which measures the sensitivity of individual yield to aggregate yield. The optimal hedging position of the producer on the yield options market is to buy put options or call options depending upon whether his beta coefficient is positive or negative.
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  • 10
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 139-158 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: self-selection ; screening ; information asymmetry ; insurance markets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A major characteristic of insurance markets is information asymmetry that may lead to phenomena such as adverse selection and moral hazard. Another aspect of markets with asymmetric information is self-selection, which refers to the pattern of choices that individuals with different personal characteristics make when facing a menu of contracts or options. To combat problems of asymmetric information, insurance firms can use screening. That is, they can offer the clients a menu of choices and infer their characteristics from their choices. This article reports the results of several studies that examined the degree to which people behave according to the notions of self-selection and screening. Subjects played the role of either insurance buyers or sellers. The results of these studies provide partial support for the hypothesis that subjects use self-selection and screening in insurance markets. Our study also points at the importance of learning in experimental studies. In one-stage experiments where subjects did not get feedback, screening was not detected. When multistage experiments were conducted, and the subjects learned from experience and were also taught the relevant theories, their decisions were more aligned with screening.
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  • 11
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 24 (1999), S. 193-207 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: corporate insurance ; business insurance ; agency problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Existing literature argues that corporate insurance is purchased because the insurance company produces risk management information for publicly held corporations. In this article, we address a fundamental question as to why other financial intermediaries cannot perform the same information production function as the insurance company. We argue that when the risk manager of the firm performs multiple tasks and needs consulting and investigation services from an outside agent for efficient risk management, the optimal contract with the agent has to be in the form of an insurance contract. Other types of contracts, such as flat-fee contracts, cannot be optimal. Therefore, the insurance company is ideally suited to provides these services.
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  • 12
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 13
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 5-8 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 14
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 9-34 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Arbitrage – Interest rates – Term structure ; Schlüsselwörter: Arbitrage – Zinssätze – Zinsstruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die Arbeit stellt eine leicht verallgemeinerte Fassung des bekannten Zinsstrukturmodells von Ho und Lee vor. Das ursprüngliche Modell wird auf der Basis der Methode des stochastischen Diskontierens rekonstruiert; der Grenzübergang zu stetiger Zeit wird mit vergleichbaren Resultaten zu Heath, Jarrow und Morton untersucht. Im Gegensatz zur verbreiteten Literatur verwendet der vorliegende Ansatz die empirischen statt der risikoneutralisierenden Wahrscheinlichkeiten. Infolgedessen spielt die Risikoaversion des Marktes eine besondere Rolle für den Zinsprozess.
    Notes: Abstract. The paper gives a slightly generalised version of the well–known Ho–Lee–model of the term structure of interest rates. The Ho–Lee–model is reconstructed by the method of stochastic discounting; continuous time limits are considered which are parallel to the work of Heath, Jarrow and Morton. In contrast to the existing literature the model makes explicit use of the empirical rather than the risk–neutralized probabilities. Consequently, the market's risk aversion plays a specific role in the resulting interest rate process.
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  • 15
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 16
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 123-146 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words:Portfolio optimisation – Continuous trading – Option pricing – Complete markets – trading constraints ; Schlüsselwörter: Portefeuilleoptimierung – Zeitstetiger Handel – Optionsbewertung – Vollständige Märkte – Handelsbeschränkungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Wir präsentieren einen Erwartungsnutzenansatz zur optimalen Steuerung eines aus Optionen bestehenden Portefeuilles. Die Kombination des Replikationsansatzes der klassischen Optionsbewertungstheorie mit dem Martingalansatz zur Portefeuilleoptimierung führt zu expliziten Lösungen des Optionsportefeuilleproblems. Wesentliche Lösungseigenschaften werden anhand von Beispielen erhellt. Wir benutzen diese Lösungsmethode zur Bestimmung einer optimalen Portefeuille- und Konsumstrategie eines Investors, der verpflichtet ist, eine vorgegebene Aktienposition bis zum Planungshorizont zu halten.
    Notes: Abstract. We present an expected utility maximisation framework for optimally controlling a portfolio of options. By combining the replication approach to option pricing with ideas of the martingale approach to (stock) portfolio optimisation we arrive at an explicit solution of the option portfolio problem. Its characteristics are illustrated by some specific examples. As an application, we calculate an optimal option and consumption strategy for an investor who is obliged to hold a stock position until the time horizon.
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  • 17
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Insiderhandel – Asymmetrische Information – Marktliquidität – Noise ; Key words: Insider trading – Asymmetric Information – Market liquidity – Noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. This paper focuses on insider trading and its effect on market liquidity and information efficiency. The insider follows an intertemporal trading strategy. We start with the model of Kyle 1985. This model is extended to the case that the date at which insider information becomes public is uncertain. The analysis yields plausible results: When the probability of an earlier publication date increases, the insider trades more and the price reflects more information. Interestingly enough, the market liquidity decreases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Wirkungen des Insiderhandels auf die Liquidität und Informationseffizienz von Finanzmärkten. Im Vordergrund steht die intertemporale Handelsstrategie eines monopolistischen Insiders. Ausgangspunkt ist ein grundlegendes Modell von Kyle 1985. Es wird um den Aspekt erweitert, daß der Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung der Insiderinformation nicht mehr sicher ist und die Insiderinformation in einem frühen oder einem späten Zeitpunkt veröffentlicht werden könnte. Die Analyse weist plausible Ergebnisse nach: Je wahrscheinlicher der frühe Veröffentlichungszeitpunkt ist, desto intensiver handelt der Insider und desto mehr spiegelt der Kurs die Insiderinformation wider. Gleichzeitig sinkt aber die Marktliquidität. Der komparativ-statische Vergleich zeigt also, daß sich Handelsintensität des Insiders und Marktliquidität in unterschiedliche Richtungen verändern können.
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  • 18
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 147-181 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Optionsbewertung – Barrier-Optionen – Numerische Bewertungsverfahren – Binomialmodell – Trinomialmodell ; Key words: Option pricing – Barrier options – Numerical procedures – Binomial model – Trinomial model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. This paper investigates the pricing of discrete knock-out options with tree methods. As is well known, the naive application of the binomial model can result in erroneous prices, even if the number of time steps is large. We develop a correction technique for the binomial and trinomial model which is applicable to a wide range of barrier options. The results of our simulations show that, using this technique, a small number of time steps suffices to obtain accurate option prices. According to the accuracy and speed criteria the modified tree method turns out to be superior to a commonly used version of the trinomial model serving as our benchmark (e.g. Tian, 1997).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Diese Arbeit behandelt die Bewertung diskreter Knock-Out-Optionen mit Hilfe von Baumverfahren. Die naive Anwendung der Baumverfahren kann bekanntermaß en zu erheblichen Bewertungsfehlern führen. In Anlehnung an einen Vorschlag von Derman et al. (1995) für kontinuierliche Knock-Out-Optionen entwickeln wir für den diskreten Fall ein erweitertes Korrekturverfahren, das sowohl auf das Binomial- als auch das Trinomialmodell anwendbar ist und sich durch eine große Flexibilität auszeichnet. Die Ergebnisse der abschließenden Simulation zeigen, daß die hier vorgestellten Modelle schon bei geringer Baumtiefe sehr genaue Optionspreise liefern.
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  • 19
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 205-238 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Genetische Programmierung – Implizite Volatilität – Optionsbewertung – Heuristik ; Key words: Genetic programming – Implied volatility – Option valuation – Heuristic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. In established option valuation models all parameters except for the volatility can be observed from market data. The volatility can be calculated either from historical data (historical volatility) or implicitly by using the current option price in the valuation model (implied volatility). However, calculating the exact implied volatility manually is error–prone and spreadsheet implementations are cumbersome. Therefore analytical approximations are applied more often for determining the implied volatility. In this paper we derive analytical approximations for calculating the implied volatility using the genetic programming approach. Applying our approximations to experimental data sets we can show that the geneticly determined formulas outperform other formulas presented in the literature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Ein Vorteil bei den heute etablierten Ansätzen zur Bewertung von Optionen ist darin zu sehen, daß im Bewertungszeitpunkt mit Ausnahme der Volatilität des Basisobjekts alle Parameter direkt am Markt beobachtet werden können. Die Volatilität wird entweder auf der Basis historischer Daten geschätzt (historische Volatilität) oder über die relevante Bewertungsgleichung bestimmt, indem der zuletzt am Markt beobachtete Optionspreis in die Bewertungsgleichung eingesetzt und daraus die Volatilität errechnet wird (implizite Volatilität). Die exakte Ermittlung der impliziten Volatilität kann jedoch bei umfangreichen Datensätzen mit unangenehmen Voraussetzungen verbunden sein (z.B. Programmierkenntisse), sodaß häufig analytische Approximationen eingesetzt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden analytische Approximationen zur Bestimmung der impliziten Volatilität ermittelt, wobei als in diesem Zusammenhang neues methodisches Werkzeug die Genetische Programmierung zum Einsatz kommt. Auf der Basis umfangreicher Datensätze und einer systematischen Analyse wird gezeigt, daß die genetisch bestimmten Näherungsformeln alternative, in der Literatur vorgestellte Approximationsformeln dominieren und zu signifikanten Verbesserungen bei der approximativen Bestimmung der impliziten Volatilität führen.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Value-at-Risk – Value-at-Risk-Limit – Quadratwurzel-T-Regel ; Key words: Value-at-Risk – Value-at-Risk-Limit – Square root of time rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Value-at-Risk limits shall be used for allocating capital within financial institutions. Commonly the management decides on an annual basis about the amount of capital a stock trader can loose with a prespecified probability within the year. Since the holding period for trading business is much shorter (we assume a day), the annual limit is transformed into a daily VaR limit by the “square root of time” rule. In particular, we explore three different Value-at-Risk-Limits. The first limit is called “fixed limit” The trader has the same limit each day the year. The second limit is called “stop loss limit” because realized losses during the year reduce trader's daily limit. Third, the “dynamic limit” differs from the “stop loss limit” in that realized profits can increase the daily limit. We show in a simulation study for real german stock returns from 1974–1995 that the “fixed limit” outperforms the “stop loss limit”. It yields slightly higher profits combined with a smaller standard deviation. Under the “dynamic limit” a trader can earn higher annual profits, but the standard deviation and the probability of losses increase as well. The frequency of violations of the annual VaR limit is much smaller than the expected probability. This shows that the application of the “square root of time” rule leads to an overestimation of risk on an annual basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Ein Value-at-Risk-Limit wird als DM-Betrag gekennzeichnet, der von den tatsächlichen Handelsverlusten innerhalb einer bestimmten Zeitdauer nur mit geringer Wahrscheinlichkeit überschritten werden darf. Da der Bankvorstand i.d.R. Jahres-Value-at-Risk-Limite beschließt, im Handelsbereich die Geschäfte aber für einen kurzfristigen – unterstellt wird ein eintägiger – Planungshorizont abgeschlossen werden, ist zu klären, wie Jahreslimite in Tageslimite umgerechnet und während des Jahres realisierte Gewinne und Verluste auf die Limite angerechnet werden können. Auf der Grundlage des Umrechnungsverfahrens nach der Quadratwurzel-T-Formel lassen sich drei Verfahren für die Ermittlung des Tageslimits unterscheiden: 1. Realisierte Gewinne und Verluste werden nicht angerechnet (starres Limit). 2. Bei Verlusteintritt vermindert sich das Tageslimit für die Restperiode, realisierte Gewinne machen Kürzungen rückgängig (Verlustbegrenzungslimit). 3. Tageslimite werden um Gewinne und Verluste angepaßt, wodurch eine Erweiterung des Handlungsspielraumes möglich ist (dynamisches Limit). Die drei Limite werden in einem Simulationsmodell gegeneinander abgewogen, wobei unterstellt wird, ein Händler handle nur eine einzige Aktie und antizipiere in 55% der Fälle die Kursrichtung. Die Simulationsergebnisse sind bei den unterstellten Renditeprozessen (geometrisch Brownsche Bewegung und reale Renditen von 77 deutschen Aktien für die Zeit vom 01.01.1974 bis 31.12.1995) weitgehend identisch. Das dynamische Limit produziert deutlich höhere durchschnittliche Ergebnisse als das starre Limit und das Verlustbegrenzungslimit. Überschreitungen des Jahreslimits treten nur beim starren Verfahren auf, die Häufigkeit ist allerdings wesentlich geringer als die zulässige Wahrscheinlichkeit von 1%.
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  • 21
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 331-359 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Inventory – Multi-echelon – Divergent – Allocation – Random lead times ; Schlüsselwörter: Lagerhaltung – Mehrstufig – Divergierend – Allokation – Unsichere Wiederbeschaffungszeiten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die Arbeit behandelt das Problem des Bestandsmanagements in mehrstufigen, divergierenden Lagerhaltungssystemen mit stochastischen Wiederbeschaffungszeiten. Die Steuerung erfolgt mittels einer systemweiten Bestellgrenzenregel bei periodischer Kontrolle. Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Bestellgrenzen und Allokationsparametern zur Einhaltung vorgegebener ( $\beta$ -) Servicegrade konstruiert. Ausführliche numerische Untersuchungen zeigen die zufriedenstellende Genauigkeit der heuristischen Vorgehensweise. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, daß die Variabilität der Wiederbeschaffungszeiten einen erheblichen Einfluß auf die erforderlichen Bestände haben kann und nicht vernachlässigt werden darf. Außerdem zeigt sich, daß die Korrelationsstruktur in den Wiederbeschaffungszeiten ebenfalls von erheblicher Bedeutung sein kann.
    Notes: Abstract. This paper deals with integral inventory control in multi-echelon divergent systems with stochastic lead times. The policy considered is an echelon stock, periodic review, order-up-to (R, S) policy. A computational method is derived to obtain the order-up-to level and the allocation fractions required to achieve given target fill rates. Extensive numerical experimentation shows that the accuracy of our approximate method is satisfactory. Further we show that variation in the lead times may have a significant effect on the stock levels required to achieve given target fill rates, hence this variation may not be ignored. Also, it appears that the correlation structure in the lead times may have a significant impact as well.
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  • 22
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 419-427 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 23
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 477-492 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Flow-shop-scheduling – Machine repetition – Overlapping processing times ; Schlüsselwörter: Flow-Shop-Reihenfolgeplanung – Maschinenwiederholung – Offene Produktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem 2-Maschinen-Reihenfolgeproblem mit offener Produktion und Maschinenwiederholung. Obwohl die Struktur des untersuchten Problems vergleichsweise einfach erscheint, gehört es doch in die Klasse der NP-vollständigen Probleme. Unter Anwendung des seit Johnson wohlbekannten Konzepts der dominierenden Bearbeitungszeiten bzw. dominierten Maschinen werden Bedingungen abgeleitet, die zykluszeitminimale Reihenfolgen in polynomialer Zeit zu ermitteln gestatten. Damit wird nicht nur eine optimale Lösung für das untersuchte Problem vorgelegt, sondern darüber hinaus werden einige bekannte Aussagen von Johnson auf komplexere Produktionsumgebungen erweitert.
    Notes: Abstract. This paper is concerned with a two-machine sequencing problem with overlapping processing times and machine repetition. Though its structure appears comparatively simple the problem under consideration belongs to the class of NP-complete problems. Based on the (well-known) concept of dominating processing times / dominated machines conditions are identified which permit the construction of solutions minimising the maximum flow-time within polynomial time. Besides providing a solution to the investigated problem this paper also extends some famous results by Johnson to more complex production environments.
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  • 24
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 493-502 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Multiplikator-Rundungsmethoden – Nachbildung von Aktienindizes – Portfoliobildung ; Key words: Multiplier rounding methods – Full replication of stock indices – Portfolio selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary. For full replication of a stock index one has to multiply the weights of the index with the desired index multiple in order to receive the corresponding share volumes. If rounding of the theoretical values is done the usual way, the desired replication result is missed to an extent greater than necessary. This paper presents an easy-to-implement algorithm based on a multiplicator rounding method which is suited to cope with the problem. As an application it is shown how this algorithm can be utilized to solve the rounding problem arising from full replication of the German Stock Index (DAX). Trading restrictions of the German Xetra system are also considered. The algorithm often cuts down the replication error and thus also the tracking error to a small fraction of the value achieved by ordinary rounding.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Um einen Aktienindex exakt nachzubilden, muß man die Gewichtungsfaktoren des Indexes mit dem gewünschten Index-Vielfachen multiplizieren und erhält so die Anzahlen der jeweils zu haltenden Aktien. Rundet man diese Anzahlen auf herkömmliche Art, so weicht man vom gewünschten Nachbildungsergebnis häufig weiter als nötig ab. In dieser Arbeit wird ein leicht zu implementierender Algorithmus vorgestellt, der dieses Problem auf Basis einer Multiplikator-Rundungsmethode löst. Als konkretes Anwendungsbeispiel wird gezeigt, wie man dieses Verfahren beim Nachbilden des Deutschen Aktien-Indexes (DAX) anwenden kann. Dabei finden auch im Xetra-Handel übliche Stückzahlrestriktionen Berücksichtigung. Der Algorithmus reduziert den Nachbildungsfehler und damit auch den daraus resultierenden Tracking-Error auf einen Bruchteil des Wertes, den man bei herkömmlicher Rundung erhält.
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    OR spectrum 21 (1999), S. 503-523 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Mischungsoptimierung – Lineare Optimierung – Goal-Programming – Anwendungen – Fleischverarbeitende Industrie ; Key words: Blending problems – Linear programming – Goal programming – Applications – Meat processing industry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. A traditional OR technique (linear programming) has been joined with modern information technology in order to develop a planning system for sausage blending. This system, which is used on the shop floor by a non-specialist of OR, has not only contributed significantly to cost reduction but also to quality improvement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Fallstudie aus der fleischverarbeitenden Industrie wird gezeigt, wie sich traditionelle Methoden des Operations Research, nämlich Standardansätze der Mischungsoptimierung, unter Verwendung moderner Informationstechniken so aufbereiten lassen, da{ß} sie auch von einem nicht mit OR-Methoden vertrauten Benutzer eingesetzt werden können. Die entwickelte Software erweist sich dabei gegenüber dem herkömmlichen Planungsansatz nicht nur im Hinblick auf Kostenaspekte als überlegen. Sie führt im praktischen Einsatz auch zu einer Verstetigung der Produktqualität und zu einer Verringerung der Arbeitsbelastung des Sachbearbeiters.
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    Papers in regional science 78 (1999), S. 21-45 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Keywords: JEL classification: C52, R10, R12, R14, R39 ; Key words:New economic geography, spatial statistics, spatial modeling, methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Krugman states that “Regional science is not a unified subject. It is best described as a collection of tools.” Unfortunately such a perspective fails to fully acknowledge theoretical dimensions of the accompanying refocusing on geographic expressions of economic linkages, such as those highlighted in spatial externalities specifications. Such promulgated aspects of the spatial economic landscape relate to map pattern, and certainly the spatial statistics and spatial econometrics theory that accompanies it, as well as the underlying substantive theory garnered from a variety of sources. The principal implication is other than “loose- jointed, do-the-best-you-can theorizing”.
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    Papers in regional science 78 (1999), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Papers in regional science 78 (1999), S. 117-118 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Papers in regional science 78 (1999), S. 157-177 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Keywords: JEL classification: R1, R12 ; Key words:Central place theory, choice rules, generalised Voronoi diagrams, market areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Although a variety of modifications of classical central place theory has been proposed, one area that remains unexplored is the effect of relaxing the nearest centre assumption for the purchase of a specified basket of goods within a given hierarchical level. This article examines the effect of such a relaxation on central place market areas by using higher-order Voronoi diagrams. When used to model market areas, higher-order Voronoi diagrams can be interpreted as overlapping and probabilistic regions. These diagrams construct market areas based on the assumption that consumers choose from a set of $k (k = 1, 2, \ldots, n)$ nearest centres of the same hierarchical level. If consumers are assumed to be indifferent between the k centres, the appropriate market areas are given by the order-k Voronoi diagram. In this case, it is shown that sales potentials are consistent with those that result when the nearest centre assumption is in effect. If consumers are assumed to have a preference for nearer centres, market areas are defined by the ordered, order-k Voronoi diagram. This situation generates sales potentials which can vary between centres.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 61-76 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Autocorrelation ; Dynamic cusum ; Structural change ; JEL classifications: C12 ; C22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The dynamic CUSUM test for structural change proposed by Krämer, Ploberger and Alt (1988) is investigated when the errors are serially correlated in a linear dynamic model. We show that the dynamic CUSUM test can be modified to allow for serial correlation in the disturbance using the same procedure as in Kao and Ross (1995), and that the modified dynamic CUSUM test retains its asymptotic significance levels. Monte Carlo results suggest that the empirical size of the dynamic CUSUM test is highly distorted while the empirical size of the modified dynamic CUSUM test is fairly robust to the change on the degree of autocorrelation. We also find that the power of the modified test essentially depends on the angle between the mean regressors and the structural shift.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 101-119 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Time distance ; S-distance ; transition economies ; EU ; Slovenia ; depression ; recovery ; JEL classifications: C10 ; N10 ; O10 ; O52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The time distance methodology used offers a new perspective to the problem, an additional statistical measure, and a presentation tool for policy analysis and debate readily understood by policy makers, media and general public. Disparity between the analysed transition economies and EU countries is considerably smaller for other indicators than for GDP per capita. Compared with Ireland, Portugal and Greece Slovenia was in 1995 in 13 cases behind (but time lag of Slovenia never exceeded 10 years) and in 13 cases ahead of them. Sicherl (1997a) discusses application of S-distance to time series regressions, models, forecasting and monitoring.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 135-153 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Non-linear trend ; impulse response ; JEL classification: C22
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper explores the empirical properties of a non-linear stochastic trend model which can be viewed as an intermediate case between a linear and a log-linear trend model. I assess the small sample distribution of the ML estimator by Monte Carlo simulations and use it to model some typical macroeconomic time series. The non-linear trend model turns out to be an important tool which warrants further analysis. I also compute impulse response functions and compare them with those obtained from a conventional linear model.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 155-172 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Linear trends; stochastic cointegration; misspecified regression; stable real money demand ; JEL classification: C22 ; E41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. If an economic relationship is superimposed by a linear time trend, the regression without detrending is misspecified. The estimators of such a regression do not converge to the true parameter values. First, the asymptotic limit arising from such misspecified regressions is characterized. Second, we observe with data before 1975 a significant time trend but no cointegrating relation between real money (M1), income and a long-term interest rate. The price level as a significant omitted variable is considered as an economic explanation for this feature. We find a price elasiticity larger than one. Third, with data after the breakdown of Bretton Woods (and the beginning of monetary targeting by the Bundesbank), real money, income and the interest rate alone are cointegrated. The long-run estimates seem to be fairly stable with data after the German union provided a step dummy accounts for a break in the mean.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Conditional models ; congruence ; corroboration ; encompassing ; feedback ; feedforward ; Lucas critique ; rational expectations ; refutation ; statistical inference ; JEL classifications: C52 ; E13
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Even though pieces of empirical evidence individually may corroborate an economic theory, their joint existence may refute that same theory. Testing of rational expectations models provides a concrete illustration of this principle. Surprisingly, empirical refutation of a rational expectations model may occur without having to estimate that model, and the refutation may be for a large class of expectations-based models and not just for a particular model specification. Narrow money demand in the United Kingdom illustrates such refutation. The general proposition concerning corroboration and refutation strongly favors the building of empirical models that are consistent with all available evidence.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 45-59 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Stock returns ; volatility models ; temporal aggregation ; JEL classifications: C32 ; G15
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper models the main stock index of the Vienna Stock Exchange with daily data from 1986 to 1992. We find that returns are nonnormal and show linear and nonliner dependence. On that basis we compare the fit of alternative specifications of Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) to the Markov-Switching approach. The models are evaluated with diagnostic tests on the standardized residuals. We consider evidence for deterministic structures and for infinite variance. Our main result is that a parsimonious model from the GARCH – class can generate the statistical properties of daily returns. The behavior of the two types of models with respect to temporal aggregation is found to differ significantly.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 77-99 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Money demand ; Fisher effect ; interest rate spread ; German monetary policy ; Johansen procedure ; JEL classifications: E41 ; E43 ; C32 ; C51 ; C52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This study presents a multivariate analysis of the stability of long-run relationships between variables that influence the conduct and transmission process of the German monetary policy. The initial VAR comprises the variables real money M3, real GNP, the inflation rate, a long-term and a weighted short-term interest rate. A multivariate approach has been chosen, as this allows for more than one cointegration relationship and to test restrictions on the cointegration space. In contrast to most other studies on German monetary policy, three stable and economically plausible cointegration relationships are obtained simultaneously within the framework of the Johansen procedure: a money demand relationship, a long-run Fisher effect and a long-run relationship between the short- and the long-term interest rate. It is apparent that the structural break of German reunification can be modelled incorporating dummy variables in the model.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Foreign aid ; India ; JEL classifications: H2 ; O1 ; F35
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. We examine how the source of foreign aid affects the composition of the recipient government's spending. Does the source of aid – bilateral or multilateral – influence recipient policy-makers' choice between development and nondevelopment expenditure? We depart from previous literature by introducing strong asymmetries in policy-makers' preferences. With the financial constraints set by foreign aid and domestic revenues, this formalization allows us to model and estimate the fiscal behavior of government policy-makers in the presence of foreign aid.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Inequality ; consumption ; inflation ; unemployment ; JEL classifications: D31 ; D12 ; E32
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Using Consumer Expenditure Survey data, we obtain summary measures of the distributions of income and consumption for each quarter between 1980 and 1994. We find that the trends in the distribution of income and consumption and the response of these trends to changes in inflation and unemployment were similar during this period. We find that unemployment does not significantly affect the inequality measures and that inflation has a progressive effect, i.e., that a decrease in inflation is associated with an increase in inequality. Finally, we find that the relationship between inequality and macroeconomic variables during the 1990s may be similar to the relationship that existed prior to 1980.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 183-209 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Present value model ; excessive current account deficits ; JEL classifications: F32 ; F47
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper investigates whether the sequence of current account deficits experienced in Greece over the 1950–1995 period have been excessive. The degree of excessiveness is gauged by comparing the actual current account series to an optimal current account measure derived from an intertemporal model of current account determination. The findings indicate that optimal consumption smoothing did not take place over the sample period suggesting that the existing restrictions to the free flow of capital were binding. More importantly the stock of net foreign liabilities was found to have been set on an unsustainable path following the 1989/90 balance of payments crisis yet there is clear evidence that this tendency has been gradually reversed during the last couple of years.
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  • 41
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    Keywords: Key words: Endogenous switching ; discrete dependent variables ; two-stage estimators ; Monte-Carlo simulations ; farm women's off-farm work participation ; JEL classification: C35 ; Q12 ; J22
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The performances of alternative two-stage estimators for the endogenous switching regression model with discrete dependent variables are compared, with regard to their usefulness as starting values for maximum likelihood estimation. This is especially important in the presence of large correlation coefficients, in which case maximum likelihood procedures have difficulties to converge. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that an estimator that corrects for conditional heteroskedasticity of the residuals is superior in almost all instances, and especially when maximum likelihood is problematic. This result is also obtained in an empirical example in which off-farm work participation equations of farm women are conditional on farm work participation status.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 271-301 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Forecasting ; periodic models ; seasonality ; unit roots ; JEL Classification: C22 ; C52 ; C53
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper provides a comparison of alternative univariate time series models that are advocated for the analysis of seasonal data. Consumption and income series from (West-) Germany, United Kingdom, Japan and Sweden are investigated. The performance of competing models in forecasting is used to assess the adequacy of a specific model. To account for nonstationarity first and annual differences of the series are investigated. In addition, time series models assuming periodic integration are evaluated. To describe the stationary dynamics (standard) time invariant parametrizations are compared with periodic time series models conditioning the data generating process on the season. Periodic models improve the in-sample fit considerably but in most cases under study this model class involves a loss in ex-ante forecasting relative to nonperiodic models. Inference on unit-roots indicates that the nonstationary characteristics of consumption and income data may differ. For German and Swedish data forecasting exercises yield a unique recommendation of unit roots in consumption and income data which is an important (initial) result for multivariate analysis. Time series models assuming periodic integration are parsimonious to specify but often involve correlated one-step-ahead forecast errors.
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    Keywords: Key words: Goal programming/constrained regression ; bootstrapping ; translog cost-function ; Berndt and Wood ; JEL classification: C14 ; C61 ; D24
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper demonstrates how Goal Programming/Constrained Regression can be used for cross-checking results from standard econometric models as well as a stand alone methodology in empirical production analysis. For illustration, we re-examine Berndt and Wood's (BW) seminal study of the U.S. manufacturing industry. Whereas energy and capital were found to be complements in BW's study, we found them to be substitutes.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 389-402 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Twin deficits ; cointegration ; Granger causality ; developed vs. developing countries ; JEL classifications: E62
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This study attempts to determine the causal relationship between budget and current account deficits as well as the direction of such causality. A selected sample of some developed and developing countries with annual time series data is used and cointegration techniques are applied to bring evidence regarding this important issue. Our results do not support any long-run relationship between the two deficits for developed countries while the data for developing countries do not reject such a relationship. However, our results suggest a causal relationship between the two deficits for most of the sample countries.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 373-388 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Kalman filter ; NAIRU ; Okun's law ; Phillips curve ; potential output ; structural time-series models ; unobserved-components models ; JEL classification: C32 ; E32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper proposes a new approach for estimating potential output and the NAIRU. The methodology models these key unobservable economic variables as latent stochastic trends within a trivariate system of observables comprising information on unemployment, GDP, and inflation. Identification is achieved through the use of a standard version of Okun's law and a Phillips curve. The performance of the procedure is investigated using Swedish quarterly data covering the time period 1970:1–1996:3.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 415-426 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Adaptive expectations ; cointegration ; hyperinflation ; inflation tax ; money demand ; rational expectations ; unit root ; JEL classifications: E41 ; C32 ; C12
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper estimates the Cagan type demand for money function for Turkish economy during the period 1986:1–1995:3 and tests whether Cagan's specification fits the Turkish data using an econometric technique assuming that forecasting errors are stationary. This paper also tests the hypothesis that monetary policy was implemented in aiming to maximize the inflation tax revenue. Finally, the Cagan model is estimated with the additional assumption of rational expectations for Turkey for the considered period.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 641-654 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Moral hazard and grant design, tax efficiency ; JEL classifications: H29, H77
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper attempts to measure pure tax efficiency of fifteen major Indian states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) for the period 1980–81 to 1992–93 in a manner that allows this efficiency to vary both across time as well as across states. It is discovered that there is a moral hazard problem in the design of central grants in that higher grants by the central government to the state governments reduce efficiency of tax collection by these states. The less poor states are more efficient in tax collection. The rankings of states by tax efficiency for the various years do not converge. An index of aggregate tax efficiency is calculated and it appears that this index has been stagnating. It is argued that the weight placed on tax effort in the formula determining central grants to state governments should be increased to improve tax efficiency of state governments.
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Public discount rate, optimal public capital, Japanese economy ; JEL classifications: D24, H43, H54
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to empirically assess the optimality of the level of public capital in Japan. We use a methodological approach based on Burgess's (1988) procedure for calculating the public discount rate. This approach involves estimating a production function, but does not necessarily require utility function estimation. The results indicate that, although the Japanese economy experienced a public capital deficiency over the period 1960–1982, public capital moved toward optimal levels throughout the period.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 711-717 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Public capital, sensitivity analysis, DOLS ; JEL classifications: H54, H41, E23, E25, C32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. We undertake a sensitivity analysis of the productivity of public capital under the aggregate production function approach. Several proxies are used for the private inputs and for public capital, several dummy variables are included to adjust for energy price shocks, newly revised data is studied, and Stock and Watson's dynamic OLS estimator is used. Our main results are that the productivity of public capital depends critically on the proxies used, the effects are typically smaller than the early estimates, and omitting the oil price shocks introduces significant upward bias in the measured productivity of public capital.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 621-640 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Underground economy, latent variables, tax avoidance, tax evasion, tax-gap ; JEL classifications: C32, C51, E32, E41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper develops and estimates a structural, latent variable, model for the hidden economy in New Zealand, and a separate currency-demand model. The estimated latent variable model is used to generate an historical time-series index of hidden economic activity, which is calibrated via the information from the currency-demand model. Special attention is paid to data non-stationarity, and to diagnostic testing. Over the period 1968 to 1994, the size of the hidden economy is found to vary between 6.8% and 11.3% of measured GDP. This, in turn, implies that the total tax-gap is of the order of 6.4% to 10.2% of total tax liability in that country. Of course, not all of this foregone revenue would be recoverable, as not all of the activity in the underground economy is responsive to changes in taxation or other policies.
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 655-666 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Causality, tax reforms, government growth ; JEL classifications: C50, H10, B40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes alternative approaches to measuring the effects of structural tax changes on government growth. It first reviews traditional time series approaches that attempt to disentangle the causal relationships between taxes and spending. It explains why these methods are incapable of uncovering the true causal links because of problems of observational equivalence and why institutional data can assist in making this determination. It then presents the methods and results from two alternative approaches and studies that analyze the effects of changes in tax structures on government growth. Both methods rely on econometric and institutional analysis.
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    Papers in regional science 78 (1999), S. 243-263 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Keywords: JEL classification: R41 ; Key words:Logistics cost, consumer demand, retail establishment density, terminal, demand-supply interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This article develops models to formulate the optimal density of retail establishments by considering interactions between logistics cost and consumer demand. Commodities are assumed to be distributed from a depot directly or through single intermediate terminal to many retail establishments. Average logistic cost per item, consumer demand, and the interrelationship between them are analyzed. The optimal density of retail establishments and local terminals are determined by minimizing average logistic cost, or maximizing total supply subject to the demand-supply equality. The envelope curves for the optimal configuration strategies corresponding to different values of total market area and terminal cost are derived.
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    Papers in regional science 78 (1999), S. 297-318 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Keywords: JEL classification: R11 ; Key words:Information sector, specialization, city types
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The national economy is split into four broad sectors. The observed variation in long-term growth among sectors leads to a shift in the composition of aggregate demand. I test Henderson's propositions, namely that secular shifts in the composition of national demand lead to changes in the numbers and sizes of different types of urban places. The numbers and sizes of places specialized in the information sector has increased while the numbers and sizes of places specialized in manufacturing has decreased or has not changed. Metropolitan population growth and per capita earnings growth are enhanced by specialization in the information sector.
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    Journal of market-focused management 3 (1999), S. 223-255 
    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: Relationship marketing ; consumer behavior ; social dilemmas
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this article a Social Dilemmas approach is taken toward relationship marketing, and consumer and seller behavior. This approach offers several advantages. It explicitly takes into account the dilemma that results from the differences in interests between consumers and sellers, as well as their interdependency and tendency toward opportunistic behavior. It focuses simultaneously on the two parties in dynamic interaction. It therefore provides a more generic and encompassing perspective than the common consumer behavior perspective, or the one-sided emphasis in marketing on seller activities. In contrast to a non-marketing (or selling) orientation of sellers, both transaction and relationship marketing seek a cooperative ‘win-win’ solution to the consumer-seller dilemma. This requiresboth parties to compromise and cooperate and refrain from non-cooperation. Cooperative and non-cooperative consumer and seller behaviors are described. In addition, the SD-approach suggests some factors that influence interactions, transactions and relationships between consumers and sellers and may stimulate cooperation in real-life commercial dilemma situations. Some implications for marketing and consumer behavior theory and research, and marketing practice are discussed.
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    Journal of market-focused management 3 (1999), S. 295-311 
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    Keywords: Hedonic consumption ; segmentation ; latent class analysis
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract While the broad and growing sector of leisure, culture and entertainment is rapidly adapting to marketing, little is known about segmentation in this field. The sector has customer and transaction databases of very good quality, but usage-based segmentation in this new field poses new problems, as hedonic consumption goods are importantly different from other consumption goods. The type of consumer choice behavior suggested in the literature demands a segmentation of category purchase incidence identified transaction data based on Latent Class Analysis. We illustrate such an approach to a library transaction database. The article concludes with a reflection on the results and suggests further directions for research.
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    Journal of market-focused management 3 (1999), S. 313-331 
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    Keywords: Database marketing ; branding ; FMCG ; customer based marketing
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Brand manufacturers in the fast moving consumer goods industry are under pressure. Due to increased retailer concentration, access to scanner technology, eroding brand loyalty, an increasing number of price promotions and increasing market share of private labels, power is more and more shifting towards retailers. DBM can be an alternative for brand manufacturers in building brands and gaining more knowledge about the customer. In this paper data of 91 Dutch brand manufacturers are used to find the factors that influence the adoption of database marketing (DBM). A distinction between tactical DBM and strategic DBM is made. Tactical DBM has a short-term focus and a transactional approach. Strategic DBM has a long term focus aiming at enhancing brand loyalty, brand awareness and brand associations. Our results show that DBM is relatively undeveloped in the Dutch FMCG-industry. 29% of all respondents adopted DBM. When it is used, it is mainly used tactically. It is also found that DBM adoption is influenced by top management support, the size of the brand portfolio and the adoption of DBM by a competitor.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 143-159 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recently, marketers have increased their research budgets and used many methods to capture the “voice of the customer”. Yet surveys, which are used regularly in marketing research, are still tainted by nonresponse rates despite efforts to reduce them. We study overnight delivery (OD) as a survey method for reducing nonresponse. Precontact, a commonly used survey practice, is also considered. Three primary results emerge: (1) overall, OD increases response rates, but increases response times; (2) similarly, precontact increases response rates, although it generates increased response times; and (3) OD combined with precontact provides the greatest rate of response.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 77-92 
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    Keywords: market orientation ; implementation
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Most research on market orientation has dealt with assessing how market orientation behaviour is related to business performance. This work has established an intense market-oriented activity as significantly and positively related to business performance under most circumstances. In a maturing field of research and practice the question on how to design programs for building market orientation is about to be answered. This branch looks deeper into the nature of market orientation and into designing and managing the increase of market orientation. However, the question on why marketing and related activities still seem to attract relatively few resources is not answered by supplying another checklist or package of facilitators. Based on published conceptual writings and empirical studies this article makes an account of what the intra-organizational barriers may be to increased market-oriented activity. A framework of six generic domains is suggested: Organizational structure, human resource management, market-oriented activity competence, psychological climate, managers' personality characteristics, and individually held beliefs. A model is suggested interrelating the domains.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 125-142 
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    Keywords: market orientation ; scale invariance ; generic strategies
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a scheme for investigating scale invariance for the market orientation construct across different countries by examining the psychometric properties of the operationalisation of market orientation (Narver and Slater, 1990). We investigate the measurement of market orientation in two countries (Australia and Zimbabwe—one being an example of a developed economy, the other of a developing economy). We then proceed to test the relationship between market orientation and Porter's (1980) generic strategies. The results suggest that the psychometric properties of the market orientation construct differ in important respects across countries. However, tests for convergent, predictive and discriminant validity using the generic strategies are fully supported for Zimbabwe while for Australia they are supported mutatis mutandis.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 187-203 
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    Keywords: offer segmentation ; target selection ; direct marketing
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The optimization of direct mail activities generally focuses separately on the issues of target selection and the selection of the strongest offer. In this paper we propose a combination strategy of the two practices through a response model which makes target selection specific to an offer. This combination strategy promises significantly higher profits than does the typical two-stage strategy.
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    Journal of market-focused management 3 (1999), S. 257-274 
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    Keywords: Lifetime value (LTV) ; customer-based marketing ; LTV definition
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to gain insight into the use of the Lifetime Value (LTV) concept when focusing on relationships with customers.This requires a discussion of both the status quo of LTV and customer-based marketing. As a result of these discussions we conclude that proper use of LTV to support building and maintaining relationships with customers requires a further refinement of the LTV concept. We identify five aspects where current use of LTV is inappropriate for customer-based marketing. Furthermore, we define a model for computing LTV which meets the requirements stipulated by relational strategies. Based on literature study and empirical research we explore the consequences of the improved LTV model for marketing management decisions. We also describe the interaction data that should be available in the customer database.
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    Keywords: Mokken scale analysis ; characteristic set ; generic need ; ownership patterns ; RFM-variables
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this study it is shown that clusters of products can be found through the application of exploratory Mokken Scale Analysis to ownership patterns of products offered by a financial services provider. Found clusters contain products that are often owned in combination, in order to satisfy all the facets of a so-called generic need. In this paper it is proposed that RFM-variables specific for such clusters are more useful for the purpose of predicting the response to a mailing than generalized RFM-variables.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 5-16 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Given the benefits of a market orientation, why do so many organizations fail to become market-driven? One reason is confusion over what it means to be market-driven. Some organizations have become “customer compelled ” and try to respond to whatever their customers say they want, without exercising any discipline. Others argue that it is sometimes best to “ignore the customer.” This latter view finds listening to customers deficient as a guide to action. This is a misconception based on three false dichotomies: (1) that you can either lead or follow customers, (2) that you can't stay close to both current and potential customers, and (3) that a technology push can't be balanced with a market pull.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 17-41 
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    Keywords: customer orientation ; market orientation ; performance ; systems-based approach
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Market orientation has received substantial academic and practitioner interest over the last decade. However, previous research has not addressed the issue how a company's management systems can be designed in a market-oriented way. Starting from a systems-based perspective of management, the authors develop and validate a scale measuring the extent of market orientation of a business organization's management systems including the organization system, the information system, the planning system, the controlling system, and the human resource management system. Empirical results reveal a substantial positive impact of market-oriented management on market performance which in turn leads to financial performance.
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    Keywords: relationship marketing ; segmentation ; information theory ; customer service
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract An important concern for service businesses is how to develop an appropriate segmentation and relationship marketing strategy that is tied to the value contribution of the customer base. This article presents a case study of the relationship marketing strategy for a division of a leading, worldwide financial services provider. The case firm segments customers into three tiers, using a framework similar to the one established by Berry and Parasuraman. Potential revenue from the customer is the primary segmentation variable used to assign customers to one of the three tiers, while the customer service response is tailored for each tier based upon customer information capabilities and needs. Although information is normally thought of as a supplemental service, rather than a core service, this case study shows how information is central to providing effective customer service and is a key to relationship marketing. The study also demonstrates how social and structural bonds can be used to refocus a customer's thinking from a cost perspective to a value perspective.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 231-257 
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    Keywords: market orientation ; performance ; environment ; turbulence
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Although there is widespread evidence of links between market orientation and company performance, there is debate over whether the market environment moderates the market orientation-performance relationship. Until now empirical evidence has been limited to the USA, UK and Ghana. This study is based on a large multi-industry sample of firms from New Zealand, a more turbulent country-economy. The results show that although environment can have a direct (and often negative) effect on performance, it can also have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between market orientation and performance. This suggests that more market-oriented firms may actually thrive in more turbulent environments.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 259-278 
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    Keywords: resource based theory of the firm ; marketing capabilities ; competitive positioning
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The resource based theory of the firm (RBV) is briefly reviewed together with its recent application in the marketing literature. Significant contributions by Webster (1992) and Day (1994) are identified and an integration of the two presented as a hierarchical model of marketing capabilities. Three research propositions concerning the relationships between marketing capabilities and performance are developed and tested empirically in the transition economies of central and eastern Europe. In line with expectations from the theory of the RBV, higher order marketing capabilities are seen to be more important than operational capabilities in explaining superior competitive performance. The overall model is shown to be a helpful conceptualization of marketing capabilities and a number of issues for further research are identified.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 295-308 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated effects of learning orientation or market orientation on innovation-driven organizational performance. While these studies have enhanced our understanding of innovation processes in the firm, they have been unable to determine the relative contribution of learning orientation and market orientation to innovation. The integration of these two fundamental strategic orientations in this research enables such an assessment. The model in this research also measures the degree to which market orientation and learning orientation influence organizational performance, independent of their effect on product innovation. The most notable finding is the potential preeminence of learning orientation over market orientation. The implications are of critical importance to marketers because they provide insights into the type of organizational culture that is associated with high levels of performance.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 341-370 
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    Keywords: trust ; loyalty ; branding
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Brands are important in the consumer market. They are the interface between consumers and the company, and consumers may develop loyalty to brands. This study proposes that trust in a brand is important and is a key factor in the development of brand loyalty. Factors hypothesized to influence trust in a brand include a number of brand characteristics, company characteristics and consumer-brand characteristics. Respondents representing a broad spectrum of Singapore consumers were surveyed. The findings reveal that brand characteristics are relatively more important in their effects on a consumer's trust in a brand. The results also show that trust in a brand is positively related to brand loyalty. Marketers should, therefore, take careful consideration of brand factors in the development of trust in a brand.
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    Journal of market-focused management 3 (1999), S. 333-352 
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    Keywords: Relationship marketing ; complaining behavior ; friendly complaints ; justice theory
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The relational approach is often presented as a strategy to retain customers, but it may also be an appropriate approach to encourage customers to complain, as a review of literature shows. Using information contained in complaints and giving the right answers (distributive, procedural and interactional) to such complaints is essential. Relational marketing may also be used to induce customers (but not all of them) to complain about the attributes of certain products/services. This article focuses on these issues and should stimulate further research in this new field.
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    Journal of market-focused management 3 (1999), S. 353-368 
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    Keywords: Mass customization ; postponement ; strategy ; implementation
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Mass customization is presented as one of the ways to deal with the increasingly demanding and turbulent environments. Achieving mass customization requires the development of multidimensional strategic capabilities. In an evolutionary process these capabilities can be developed. In this paper the capabilities required to realize mass customization are made explicit and postponement is presented as an operational method to move towards a mass customization strategy. Results of an exploratory survey (among 101 companies) are presented to assess the trend towards mass customization based on the development of the necessary strategic capabilities and the application of postponement.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 43-76 
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    Keywords: marketing paradigm ; new marketing ; customer-based marketing ; customer focus ; relationship marketing
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in both marketing theory and marketing practice make it necessary to formulate a new marketing paradigm. This paradigm consists of three elements: (1) a concept, which is the core of the paradigm, (2) a set of activities, and (3) a domain. The customer concept is the new marketing concept. It is a management orientation which maintains that firms establish relationships with selected individual target customers with whom superior customer values are designed, offered, redefined and realized in close cooperation with other partners in the marketing system such as suppliers and intermediaries, in order to realize long-term profits through customer satisfaction, partner- and employee satisfaction. The new marketing activities include decisions with regard to the firm's stated vision, objective(s), strategy, organizational structure, culture, information system, marketing instruments, business processes and human resource management. The new marketing domain encompasses the broader interpretation of marketing as the central concept in the behavior of the firm. The customer concept implies a reorientation of marketing to one that places the customer in a pivotal role.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 103-124 
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    Keywords: constituent orientation ; market orientation ; organization learning ; Norwegian utilities industry ; effect of deregulation ; business culture
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper expands the scope of a market orientation from downstream markets to most of the major constituents of the firm. In so doing this paper addresses four questions: 1) Can constituent market orientation be measured based on modifications of the theory, concepts and measurement scales developed by Kohli and Jaworski (1990, 1993)? 2) What are the antecedents for a constituent market orientation? Are they similar across constituents? 3) What are the consequences of constituent market orientations? Which are unique for a constituent? Which stem from the sum of orientations towards all constituents? 4) What are the historic and situational moderators of orientations and consequences?
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 205-229 
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    Keywords: internal structure ; network analysis ; network organization ; project work ; teams
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We present ten propositions to explore an ideal type of network organizations with emphasis on internal structure relating properties to organizational structure and processes. Network organizations are flat, flexible structures, with high reachability and high information access enabling learning. Based on an exploratory case study we use network analysis and find that this organization has the properties of a network organization. The employees participate in several networks, work is done in project groups that are initiated and organized by the employees. Oligarchy or hierarchy are not distinct features of the organization; the flexibility of the structures is demonstrated by showing that the members change network position in project networks over time. Tenure, the most important integrating mechanism, influences centrality measures, skill levels, and the ability to propose and organize projects.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 289-294 
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    Keywords: marketing ; management ; design ; electronic commerce ; retailing ; psychology ; consumer behavior
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this volume, we explore cross-disciplinary contributions to marketing knowledge. Examples are drawn from four related areas: a) management; b) art & design; c) electronic commerce & retailing; and d) psychology & consumer behavior. Traditionally, retailing and consumer behavior may be treated as sub-areas of marketing, rather than being viewed as disciplines in their own right. Here, the opposite view is adopted. In general, there is a focus on identifying knowledge that originates in other disciplines and then flows to marketing. Future studies may want to examine knowledge flows that occur in the opposite direction.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 309-318 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The fields of marketing and design share many common interests. In particular, marketers incorporate aesthetics to enhance the visual appeal of products and services in an effort to communicate more effectively with consumers. This essay serves to deconstruct the culture of design by emphasizing design process over a set of principles. Visual principles have limited use when applied outside the context of designing. The author, therefore, delves deeper into design and offers a set of tools that provide access and insight into the inner workings of design. These tools are intended to assist marketers in their effort to participate in design rather than spectate.
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    Journal of market-focused management 4 (1999), S. 319-339 
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    Keywords: internet ; retailing ; communication
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We propose a model that links factors affecting the growth of retailing on the Internet (the Net). Specifically, we examine the roles of the following factors: product-related (risk, efforts, and information intensity); medium-related (interactivity, variety of channels, logical capability, and underlying communication model); consumer-related (preference for home-based shopping, technical orientation, and access to the Net); firm-related (information intensity and expertise in direct marketing), and environment-related (critical mass of consumers and retailers online). We examine how at each stage of the consumption process, Net-based retailing affects value delivery to consumers. Managerial implications of the model are discussed.
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    Annals of operations research 85 (1999), S. 103-127 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers bounding techniques within multistage stochastic programmingand their computational issues. First, a brief overview of bound‐based approximations isprovided within the context of two‐stage stochastic programs. Then, a new methodology forapproximating multistage stochastic programs is developed using a process called non‐anticipativityaggregation. The method advocates relaxing nonanticipativity requirementsof the decisions up to a certain second‐order aggregation to compute lower bounds. Then,this relaxation is refined progressively towards solving the stochastic program. Preliminarycomputational results are presented.
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    Annals of operations research 85 (1999), S. 1-19 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A model of multistage stochastic programming over a scenario tree is developed, in whichthe evolution of information states, as represented by the nodes of a scenario tree, is supplementedby a dynamical system of state vectors controlled by recourse decisions. A dualproblem is obtained in which multipliers associated with the primal dynamics are pricevectors that are propagated backward in time through a dual dynamical system involvingconditional expectation. A format of Fenchel duality is employed in order to have immediatespecialization not only to linear programming but also to extended linear‐quadratic programming.The resulting optimality conditions support schemes of decomposition in which aseparate optimization problem is solved at each node of the scenario tree.
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    Annals of operations research 85 (1999), S. 267-284 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Portfolio replication is a powerful tool that has proven in practice its applicability toenterprise‐wide risk problems such as static hedging in complete and incomplete marketsand markets that gap; strategic asset and capital allocation; benchmark tracking; design ofsynthetic products; and portfolio compression. In this paper, we revise the basic principlesbehind this methodology, currently used by financial institutions worldwide, and presentseveral practical examples of its application. We further show how inverse problems infinance can be naturally formulated in this framework. In contrast to mean‐variance optimization,the scenario approach allows for general non-normal, discrete and subjectivedistributions, as well as for the accurate modeling of the full range of nonlinear instruments,such as options. It also provides an intuitive, operational framework for explaining basicfinancial theory.
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    Annals of operations research 85 (1999), S. 0-0 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 105-115 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Preprocessing plays a crucial role in solving combinatorial optimization problems. Itcan be realized through reduction tests which allow one to determine in advance the valuesthat a set of variables will take in the optimal solution, thus reducing the size of an instance.Reduction tests can be summarily classified in two main families: those based on reducedcosts and those based on logical implications. The first rely on reduced costs of the LinearProgramming problem associated to continuous relaxation. The second are based on thespecial features of the problem and on combinatorial techniques. In this paper, some effectivereduction tests for the p‐median problem are proposed, showing their impact on the size ofthe instances and on model formulation. Finally, some work perspectives to embed reductiontests into solution algorithms for the p‐median problem are pointed out.
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 117-140 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we consider a problem relevant to the telecommunications industry. In atwo‐level concentrator access network, each terminal has to be connected to a first‐levelconcentrator, which in turn must be connected to a second‐level concentrator. If no extracomplicating constraints are taken into account, the problem, translated into the language ofdiscrete location theory, amounts to an extension to two levels of facilities of the simpleplant location problem (SPLP). A straightforward formulation can be used, but we proposea more complicated model involving more variables and constraints. We show that the linearprogramming relaxations of both formulations have the same optimal values. However, thesecond formulation can be tightened by using a family of polyhedral cuts that define facetsof the convex hull of integer solutions. We develop a Lagrangian relaxation method tocompute lower bounds on the optimal value of the linear programming formulations andfeasible solutions of the integer programming model. A simulated annealing algorithm isalso designed to improve upon some of the upper bounds returned by the Lagrangian relaxationalgorithm. Experiments show the effectiveness of the formulation incorporating poly‐hedralcuts and of an approach combining a Lagrangian relaxation method and a simulatedannealing algorithm.
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 23-38 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a novel approach for solving combinatorial optimisation problemscalled Simulated Jumping. It is based on ideas from spin‐glasses, simulated annealing andself‐organisation. We start from a low temperature, and the system is then subjected to arapid heating and cooling process (a shaking process). This process is controlled by thesystem's energy in a self‐organised manner. The heating and cooling process will continuouslymelt and freeze local regions: this process pushes the system out of local minimaand hence minimises the energy function. Application of the Simulated Jumping method tothe Quadratic Assignment and Asymmetric Travelling Salesman problems gives promisingresults.
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 271-294 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Capacitated Minimal Spanning Tree Problem (CMSTP) is to find a minimal spanningtree with an additional cardinality constraint on the size of the subtrees off of a given rootnode. This problem is closely related to the design of centralized networks where one wantsto link, with minimum cost, several terminals to a given root node (typically, a concentratoror a computer center). In this paper, we present a new extended and compact formulationfor the CMSTP. This formulation is a “hop‐indexed” single‐commodity flow model andgeneralizes a well‐known single‐commodity flow model. We introduce a new set of validinequalities, denoted by “hop ordering” inequalities, which are not redundant for the LPrelaxation of the new formulation. We present a new cutting plane method for the CMSTPwith the new formulation as the initial model and using constraint generation for adding“hop‐ordering” constraints and generalized subtour elimination constraints to the currentLP model. We present computational results from a set of tests with 40 and 80 nodes whichcompare our lower bounds with the bounds given by other known methods. The main contributionof our proposed method is to considerably close previously known gaps for testswhich have been classified as hard ones, namely tightly capacitated tests with the root in thecorner of the grid of points.
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 321-345 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Steiner tree problem in graphs is to determine a minimum cost subgraph of a givengraph spanning a set of specified vertices. In certain telecommunication networks, additionalconstraints such as, e.g., reliability constraints, have to be observed. Assume that a certainreliability is associated with each arc of the network, measuring the probability that therespective arc is operational. In case there has to be a guarantee that each message sent froma root vertex to a specified vertex reaches its destination with a certain probability, so‐calledhop constraints may be used to model the respective generalization. In this paper, we discussthe Steiner tree problem with hop constraints, i.e., a generalization of Steiner's problem ingraphs where the number of arcs (hops) between a root node and any of the specified verticesis limited. A mathematical programming formulation is provided and extended to handleproblem instances of moderate size. As the Steiner tree problem with hop constraints is NP‐hard,a simple heuristic is developed and an exchange procedure based on the tabu searchmetastrategy is applied to improve given solutions. Numerical results are discussed for anumber of problem instances derived from, e.g., well‐known benchmark instances of Steiner'sproblem in graphs.
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 39-51 
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    Notes: Abstract In formulating a combinatorial optimisation problem (COP) using Discrete or IntegerProgramming (IP) modelling techniques, the modeller is restricted to use only certain predefineddiscrete variables and sets which are linked by sets of linear equality and inequalityconstraints. Definition of many COPs includes restrictions in which the use of disequality(DI) constraints in their mathematical representation is inevitable. To represent this type ofconstraint a number of binary variables and extra constraints are usually introduced, whichlead to an increase in the size of the model in terms of variables and constraints. In thispaper, we introduce a new class of discrete variables which enables the modeller to representDI constraints more efficiently in the mathematical formulation of a combinatorial optimisationproblem. We have also introduced a new branching scheme to the conventional simplexbased Branch and Bound (B & B) algorithm in order to deal with this type of variables. Tostudy the effect of these variables, we modelled and solved a set of five classic problems,first using conventional MP variables and second, exploiting the new proposed variables,and compared the results. The empirical results show a promising improvement on theperformance of the B & B algorithm. The contribution of this paper is (1) the introduction ofa new class of discrete variables which can help to build smaller models, and (2) newbranching schemes on these variables that can improve the B & B performance.
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 441-453 
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    Notes: Abstract A computational study for the Job Shop Scheduling Problem is presented. Thereby,emphasis is put on the structure of the search space as it appears for local search. A statisticalanalysis of the search space reveals the impact of inherent properties of the problem onlocal search based heuristics.
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 507-526 
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate the problems of minimizing the maximum absolute lateness and range oflateness under generalized due dates on a single machine. In contrast to the traditional duedate cases, we show that these problems are unary NP‐hard. Furthermore, we present simpleapproximation algorithms for these problems, and show that they achieve the performanceratios of n for the problem of minimizing the maximum absolute lateness and of [ n/2 ] forthe problem of minimizing the range of lateness, where [ x ] is the smallest integer no lessthan x.
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  • 90
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 53-62 
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    Notes: Abstract An approach to the sensitivity analysis for discrete optimization problems with perturbedobjective function is presented. The problem is stated in the following general form:minΣe∈Y c(e) : Y ∈ F, where c = (c(e), e ∈ E) is a vector of weights for some finite set E,and F ⫅ 2E is a given family of feasible subsets. It is assumed that the set of feasiblesolutions F is fixed, but the coefficients of the vector c may vary. The main problem consideredin this paper concerns the following question: How does the maximum relative errorof a given feasible solution depend on inaccuracies of the problem data? Two particularperturbations of the vector c are considered:(i) it is assumed that c is in a closed ball with radius δ≥0 and center c o≥0 or(ii) the relative deviation of c(e) from the value co(e) is not greater than δ for any e ∈ E, i.e.,|c(e) ‐ co(e)| ≤δ co(e), e ∈ E.For a given feasible solution X ∈ F , two functions of the parameter δ are introduced: thesensitivity function s(X, δ) and the accuracy function a(X, δ). The values of s(X, δ) anda(X, δ) are equal to the maximum relative error of the solution X when the perturbations ofproblem data are of the type (i) or (ii), respectively. Some general, but computationallyinefficient formulae for calculating these functions are derived and their properties arestudied. It is shown that s(X, δ) and a(X, δ) are nondecreasing, convex functions with alimited number of breakpoints. A practically efficient method of calculating upper and lowerenvelopes for the accuracy function is presented. This method is based on the notion of k‐bestsolutions of the problem. It gives an interval to which the maximum relative error ofthe solution X must belong when the coefficients of vector c are given with accuracy δ. Theapproach is illustrated with an example of the symmetric traveling salesman problem.
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  • 91
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    Notes: Abstract We report on the use of a morphing procedure in a simulated annealing (SA) heuristicdeveloped for set‐covering problems (SCPs). Morphing enables the replacement of columnsin solution with similar but more effective columns (morphs). We developed this procedureto solve minimum cardinality set‐covering problems (MCSCPs) containing columns whichexhibit high degrees of coverage correlation, and weighted set‐covering problems (WSCPs)that exhibit high degrees of both cost correlation and coverage correlation. Such correlationstructures are contained in a wide variety of real‐world problems including many scheduling,design, and location applications. In a large computational study, we found that the morphingprocedure does not degrade the performance of an SA heuristic for SCPs with low degreesof cost and coverage correlation (given a reasonable amount of computation time), and thatit improves the performance of an SA heuristic for problems with high degrees of suchcorrelations.
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  • 92
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    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 91-103 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the uncapacitated facility location problem is considered. A tabu searchalgorithm for solving this problem is proposed. The algorithm is tested on some standardtest problems taken from literature and its performance is compared with the known optimalsolutions. Computational results show that the proposed algorithm produces optimal solutionsfor all test problems, and that it is very efficient in terms of time compared to existingalgorithms in the literature.
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  • 93
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 103-116 
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    Notes: Abstract We study a discrete-time (s, S) perishable inventory model with geometric inter‐demand times and batch demands. With a zero lead time and allowing backlogs, we can construct a multi‐dimensional Markov chain to model the inventory‐level process and obtain a closed‐formcost function. Numerical computation for the discrete‐time models is quite manageable. Our numerical results reveal some good properties of the cost function. By comparing our results with results from the corresponding continuous‐time models, we may also conclude that discrete‐time models may be used to approximate their continuous‐time counterparts effectively.
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 117-126 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper applies fuzzy criterion decision processes to inventory systems with several types of partial backorders, such as (i) the unfulfilled demand is completely backordered, (ii) the unfulfilled demand is completely lost, (iii) a fixed fraction of unfulfilled demand is backordered, and (iv) a stochastic portion of unfulfilled demand is backordered. We will formulate different dynamic fuzzy criterion models and show that the optimal inventory control for all these cases is characterized by a bounded critical number policy.
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  • 95
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 165-176 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using data published by the Chinese Statistical Bureau, an elaborated version of theCobb‐Douglas production function was developed in [3] to express the dependence that industrial production has on classic economic factors, ownership‐related variables and geographic location. In this paper, we reexamine the same data using the new Boolean‐based methodology of Logical Analysis of Data (LAD). The LAD models detect numerous characteristic patterns for explaining changes in productivity, strongly confirm and complement the conclusions of [3], and lead to a decision support system aimed at increasing productivity in China's provinces.
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 199-212 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A decision model for a multi‐criterion, multi‐decision‐maker project selection problem with equilibrium conditions (MPSE) is presented. Here, the equilibrium conditions are the requirements to balance some specific interests among different groups. We first change MPSE into a single‐criterion, single‐decision‐maker project selection problem with equilibrium conditions (SPSE). Then we model SPSE as an integer programming problem and solve it with existing software. It is pointed out that SPSE is polynomially solvable when the number of equilibrium conditions is no more than two, otherwise SPSE is NP‐hard. The proposed method is successfully applied to solve a real‐world charity project selection problem. We have also tested the proposed method on randomly generated MPSE instances. Experimental results seem to indicate that our method can solve MPSE routinely on a personal computer for up to 150 projects and 5 equilibrium conditions.
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  • 97
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 247-261 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The throughputs of assembly and disassembly queueing networks with finite buffer and blocking are difficult to evaluate due to their large state space. In this paper, we present an approximation technique to analyze such a system with Poisson arrivals and exponential service times. It decomposes the system into multiple two‐server queues with unlimited input and an assembly or disassembly station with one buffer. The decomposed individual stations are then aggregated and coupled with their input parameters determined by the solution of a set of nonlinear equations which could be effectively calculated through an iterative algorithm. The results are compared with simulations, and the errors are found to be within 10% in all tested cases.
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 3-30 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this article is to present an expository overview of our recent studies on developing dynamic approaches to quality control in batch manufacturing. The approaches are dynamic in the sense that they are concerned with finding policies or controls, instead of merely parametric or statistical designs. In particular, we emphasize identifying certain optimal sequential procedures and revealing their structural properties. We shall review our studies on the following issues:(i)coordination between the inspection‐repair of finished products and their follow‐upservices; (ii) coordination between inspection of different component parts in assembly lines;(iii) coordination between inspection and process revision; and(iv) inter‐stage coordination -of the inspection processes at different stages -under capacity constraints, and -between production and inspection. The basic methodology underlying our approaches is Markov decision programming (MDP). We also incorporate into MDP the usage of stochastic comparison techniques, including those based on notions of stochastic convexity and stochastic submodularity. These properties play a crucial role in revealing the structures of the policies and in proving their optimality.
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 31-47 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Practitioners of industrial statistics are generally familiar with the common C p and C pk process capability indices. However, many additional indices have been proposed, and knowledge of these is less widespread. More importantly, information regarding the indices' comparative behavior is lacking. This paper compares the behavior of various indices under shifting process conditions. Both useful and misleading characteristics of the indices are identified. We begin with a short history of process capability measures. Several process capability indices are reviewed. Application areas for capability indices are also summarized. The indices are grouped according to the loss functions which are used in their interpretation. Characteristics of the various indices are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for selection of indices at differing levels of process performance.
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    Annals of operations research 87 (1999), S. 177-189 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the demand for money, including narrow money (M 1) and broad money (M 2) in China. We use the cointegration and error‐correction model to formulate the function of money demand and merge the short‐run and long‐run equations to give forecasts over different horizons. In particular, we combine very simple artificial neural networks (ANNs) with the cointegration and error‐correction model to give a nonlinear model. These models are quarterly models, sampled from the first quarter of 1980 to the fourth quater of 1994, and the multi‐step forecasts are from the first quarter of 1990 to the fourth quarter of1994. Both the fitted values and predictive values for M 1 and M 2 are satisfactory. Finally, we give forecasts for M 2 from the first quarter of 1995 to the second quarter of 1996.
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