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  • Articles  (3,599)
  • Springer  (3,599)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1995-1999  (3,583)
  • 1940-1944  (16)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (3,599)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letter from the Editor (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012751
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Discription and Performance of a Multisensor Precision Pointing System (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 24-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The purpose of this article is to report on an integrated system that uses GPS and other low cost sensors for azimuth and pitch determination. The ability of the integrated system to maintain a solution over periods of induced GPS outage is also demonstrated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012753
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion of GPS Anti-Jam Technology (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 18-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The Global Positioning System (GPS) satellita navigation aiding system, sometimes called NAVSTAR, has become a utility to the military and many civilian areas. GPS, currently consisting of 24 satellites, is used by the military for navigation, precision weapons delivery, and the future digital battlefield. In the civilian sector, GPS is widely used as the primary or secondary aid for land, water, and air navigation; as a surveying aid; as a vehicle location system; and as a precision time standard for cellular and ATM sites. In the aviation community, GPS is becoming an integral part of the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) and the LAAS (Local Area Augmentation System) for en route navigation in North America and Category II and III precision approach, and for surface navigation. The vulnerability of GPS have become the vulnerabilities of WAAS and LAAS, and require consideration of interference mittigation techniques. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012752
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IGS/BIPM Time Transfer Pilot Project (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 37-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012755
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A GPS-Supported Gravity Survey in the Amazon of Ecuador (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 3-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The growing importance and effectiveness of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in positioning geophysical surveys is now well established. In Ecuador's Amazon basin the use of GPS was the determining factor in the successful completion of a gravity survey carried out in 1994. Over 500 gravity stations, spaced from 1 to 5 km apart and positioned by GPS, were collected in the jungle environment in the country's southeast, where the preexisting data, of variable and unknown quality, were mostly confined to areas along the major rivers. This station densification, which includes the reoccupation of selected points, contributed to increase the gravity coverage; it also allowed us to evaluate and correct 1100 preexisting data points in the area, so that the different surveys can be merged. The composite data set is used for a geologic analysis of the study area, where previously unknown structures are discovered. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012754
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal Motion in the Annapolis, Maryland GPS Monument (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The permanent GPS tracking site at Annapolis, MD shows a 7-mm seasonal signal primarily in its horizontal position. It is suggested that thermal expansion of the pier on which the antenna rests is the source of this motion. A simple numerical model of the pier reproduces the observed motion of the GPS antenna, lending credence to this hypothesis. Although adding an additional level of complexity, this motion is predictable and the site retains it s value for high precision monitoring. Although the arrangement of this GPS site it somewhat uncommon, these results emphasize the importance of the underlying antenna monumentation when measuring crustal motions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012756
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Reliability of GPS Ambiguity Resolution (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: GPS ambiguity resolution is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of double-difference (DD) carrier-phase data as integers. It is the key to fast and high-precision relative GPS positioning. Critical in the application of ambiguity resolution is its reliability. Unsuccessful ambiguity resolution, when passed unnoticed, will too often lead to unacceptable errors in the positioning results. High success rates are required for ambiguity resolution to be reliable. In this contribution we will introduce and evaluate such diagnostic measures. They complement existing methods of ambiguity resolution and allow the user and/or analyst to infer their reliability. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012758
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Solar Radiation Pressure Model for GPS Satellites (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 50-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The largest error in currently used GPS orbit models is due to the effect of solar radiation pressure. Over the last few years many improvements were made in modeling the orbits of GPS satellites within the International GPS Service (IGS). Howeer, most improvements were achieved by increasing the number of estimated orbit and/or solar radiation pressure parameters. This increase in the number of estimated satellite parameters weakens the solutions of all estimated parameters (not only orbit parameters). Because of correlations the additional orbit parameters may introduce biases in other estimated quantities, for example the length of day. We present a recently developed solar radiation pressure model for the GPS satellites. This model is based on experiences and results gained at the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) in the context of its IGS activities since June 1992. The performance of the new model is almost an order of magnitude better than that of the existing ROCK models. It also allows a reduction of the number of orbit parameters that have to be estimated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012757
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring Isostatic Rebound in Antarctica with the Use of Continuous Remote GPS Observations (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A solar-powered GPS receiver has been installed near Beaver Lake, Antarctica, to monitor postglacial isostatic rebound that may be occurring as a result of ice thinning near the Lambert Glacier since the last glacial maximum. The equipment is 400 km from the nearest Australian Antarctic base and is completely automated. It is expected that there will be sufficient solar power to operate the equipment from January 1998 to May 1998, but the data will not be recovered until the following summer season. The scatter in height computed from the first 25 days of data is ± 7.5 mm. If such precision is representative of the accuracy of the height estimates, isostatic rebound of 〈 1 mm/yr will be able to be detected after a few years of observations at the site. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012759
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eye on the Iosophere (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 79-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012761
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GPS & GLONASS Current Bibiography (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 81-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012762
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automated GPS Data Analysis Service (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 76-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Automatic analysis of geodetic-quality GPS data is available with the use of e-mail and ftp (file transfer program) as an interface to a computer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), where precise transmitter parameters – GPS ephemerides and clock errors – are computed regularly. The interface is such that e-mail from an external user causes the JPL computer to fetch the user's data. The computer than analyzes the data, and places the results in an area accessible to the user. An e-mail to the user gives information on the location of the analysis results, which the user can subsequently fetch. Operations on the JPL computer are entirely automatic, and require essentially no labor. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012760
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    United States' Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This article describes the Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) service being developed in the United States and the enormous benefits to federal agencies, state governments, and the general public. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012763
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variances of GPS Phase Observations: The SIGMA-ɛ Model (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The noise term of GPS phase data can be calculated from the measured carrier-to-noise power density ratios (C/N0). The C/N0 values are used in the proposed SIGMA-ɛ model to calculate the variance matrix of double-differenced GPS phase data. Examples show the capability of this model to yield higher accuracies for GPS surveys than the use of the standard weighting scheme. Most importantly, the SIGMA-ɛ model allows the use of noisier phase data from very low elevation satellites to overcome poor satellite geometry problems. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012765
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Regional GPS Network Solution for Monitoring Deformations of the Southeastern Eurasian Plata (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 44-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Investigations of deformation styles in Asia have already led to new kinematic models that predict the spatial and temporal evolution of deformations in the region. Testing these models is now within realm of current GPS technology. In this study, GPS data during 4 months from six stations in Asia, including a new station from Hong Kong whose data were not in public domain, were analyzed for generating kinematic geophysical constraints for the deformations at the regional scale. Processing of 4 months' continuous GPS data from all stations shows small relative station velocities (Wuhan, Shanghai, Xian, and Hong Kong stations in China), except the Lhasa station, which has a northeasterly velocity of about 3 cm/year with respect to the fixed GPS station operating in Taiwan. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012766
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation for High-Precision GPS Velocity and Acceleration Determination (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 7-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Accurate estimates of the velocity and acceleration of a platform are often needed in high dynamic positioning, airborne gravimetry, and geophysics. In turn, differentiation of GPS signals is a crucial process for obtaining these estimates. It is important in the measurement domain where, for example, the phase measurements are used along with their instantaneous derivative (Doppler) to estimate position and velocity. It is also important in postprocessing, where acceleration is usually estimated by differentiating estimates of position and velocity. Various methods of differentiating a signal can have very different effects on the resulting derivative, and their suitability varies from situation to situation. These comments set the stage for the investigations in this article. The objective is twofold: (1) to carry out a comprehensive study of possible differentiation methods, characterizing each in the frequency domain; and (2) to use real data to demonstrate each of these methods in both of the measurement and position domains, in conditions of variable, high, or unknown dynamics. Examples are given using real GPS data in both the measurement domain and in the position and velocity domain. The appropriate differentiator is used in several cases of varying dynamics to derive a Doppler signal from carrier phase measurements (rather than using the raw Doppler generated by the receiver). In the statistic case, it is seen that the accuracy of velocity estimates can be improved from 4.0 mm/s to 0.7 mm/s by using the correct filter. In conditions of medium dynamics experienced in an airborne gravity survey, it is demonstrated that accelerations as the 2–4 mGal level (1 mGal = 0.00001 m/s2) can be obtained at the required filtering periods. Finally, a precision motion table is used to show that when using the correct filter, velocity estimates under high dynamics can be improved by an order of magnitude to 27.0 mm/s. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012771
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the LandStar Real-Time DGPS Service under Several Operational Conditions (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 22-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: LandStar is a differential global positioning service (DGPS) that provides 24-h real-time positioning for various applications on land, water, and air in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and Africa. Its focus is on real-time applications requiring a submeter positioning capability such as agriculture, forestry, Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), survey/mapping, and land/vehicular navigation. LandStar uses a Wide Area Network of reference stations to derive DGPS corrections to model the variation of GPS error sources over a large area. These model parameters are used by the Virtual Reference Station processors to calculate standard corrections that are available for all predefined locations in the network. The corrections are transmitted to the user by L-band satellite communication in the standard RTCM SC104 DGPS correction format. This article investigates the performance of the LandStar Mk III system under various operational conditions and assesses its performance in both static and kinematic modes. Four field tests were conducted during 12 months that tested the sysem in clear static and kinematic conditions as well as suboptimal environments associated with low and heavy foliage conditions. Both the accuracy and availability of the system under these conditions is investigated, with an emphasis on whether the above variables are caused by the LandStar system differential corrections, the GPS measurements, or a combination of both. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012764
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GNSS Activities – Report (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 57-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012768
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GPS & GLONASS Current Bibliography (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 64-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012770
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eye on the Ionosphere: Measuring Ionospheric Scintillation Effects from GPS Signals (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 60-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: From time to time, this column will include short contributions from invited guest contributors on specialized subjects pertaining to inonospheric effects on GPS signals. In this issue, Dr. A. J. Van Dierendonck discusses the required specifications of a civilian GPS receiver specially designed to make quantitative measurements of both ionospheric amplitude and carrier phase scintillation effects from GPS signals. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012769
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Modular Approach to Precise GPS Positioning (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A modular approach consisting of three steps is presented for precise positioning with GPS: integrity, monitoring (data validation), ambiguity resolution, and positioning. Results of one step are used as input for the next. After a brief description of reliability and testing and techniques for GPS ambiguity resolution, the observation equations for the geometry-free GPS model are given, used for integrity monitoring, followed by those for single-difference relative positioning with the double-difference ambiguities removed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012767
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letter from the Editor: EOW and Y2K Issues (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012772
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Y2K and Other Stories (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: GPS technology will face not one but two critical rollover dates over the next eight months. One is the millennium (Y2K) rollover. The other is the GPS week 1024 rollover also known as the GPS End of the Week (EOW). Each rollover dat has the potential to cause severe problems in GPS receivers and related software. This article expolres the reasons why these dates are a problem and describes choices that must be made as to their solution. The paper also describes some verification methods that may be used to test GPS receivers and software. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012775
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GPS Application to Time Transfer and Dissemination (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The Global Positioning System (GPS), in addition to providing precise navigation and positioning information, produces precise time and frequency measurements. These measurements result from the atomic clocks in the GPS satellites, which are closely coupled to Universal Coordinated Time as maintained by the U. S. Naval Observatory [UTC(USNO)]. The application of these measurements to timekeeping and other systems requiring precise time and frequency is distinct from the navigation/positioning mission. This article will describe the differences in application of GPS to time and frequency uses. These uses will be described in the major areas of timekeeping; stationary uses, such as communications networking; and mobile use for aircraft and shipboard applications. The major considerations in application and operation with precise and less-capable oscilators will be described. Examples and data will be presented to illustrate the applications. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012774
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-Epoch Ambiguity Resolution for Real-Time GPS Attitude Determination with the Aid of One-Dimensional Optical Fiber Gyro (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: High-accuracy real-time GPS-based attitude determination requires that integer ambiguities be resolved very quickly so that the attitude angles can be output with minimum delay. This article describes an attitude determination algorithm that can resolve integer ambiguities instantaneously, relative to one antenna of a multi-antenna array configuration. The carrier phase and pseudorange observations are used with fixed baseline length constraints and fiberoptic gyro data. Real-time stochastic model improvement using empirical elevation-dependent standard deviation function and an estimated scale factor are a feature of this algorithm. Integer ambiguity search using the LAMBDA method, sophisticated validation criteria, and an adaptive procedure has also been implemented within the software. An experiment was carried out using four Leica dual-frequency GPS receivers (but only the L1 carrier phase and pseudorange data were used) and a low-cost fiberoptic on a car. The results indicate that integer ambiguities can be resolved on a single-epoch basis with a 98.9% success rate. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012779
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propagating PZ 90 to WGS 84 Transformation Parameters (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The 29th Research Institute recently published its latest transformation parameters for WGS and PZ 90. Because these tranformation parameter estimates were derived from stations located within Russia, variance-covariance propagation was carried out to study the benefits of a better global distribution of stations. An example that includes two stations in North America is presented. The transformation improves significantly. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012773
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Timing and Positioning with GLONASS and GPS (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 26-31 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Considering GLONASS as one of the pillars of the international Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the Russian Federation works toward the integration of GLONASS with other navigation systems, cooperates with the internal user community, and contributes to the development and coordination of standards concerning GLONASS and the combined use of GLONASS and the global positioning system (GPS). This work is pursued in conformity with recommendations of respective international organizations. Most users recognize that the GLONASS/GPS combination has better characteristics in terms of availability, accuracy, integrity, and so on. However, the combined use of these satellite systems raises problems that must be addressed. This article reviews problems encountered when using two different navigation systems. Solutions developed thus far are outlined. The potential of GLONASS and approaches for high accuracy UTC time transfer are discussed. The transformation between the WGS 84 and PZ 90 reference frames and their conformity with the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF) is considered. Various solutions are viewed in connections with recommendations made by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Global Navigation Satellite System Panel (GNSP), and the Consultative Committee for Definition of the Second (CCDS) concerning the desirability of using either or both systems interchangeably. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012776
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Hybrid GPS + GLONASS (1999)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 32-41 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The hybridization of GPS with GLONASS has formed a first stage in GNSS development. We examine the performance of the hybrid system in the position domain for both code and carrier phase cases. Several major differences exist between GPS and GLONASS; most significant is GLONASS's signal frequency diversity, which can lead to measurement bias, particularly so when a pair of receivers are operating at different temperatures. Unless signal frequency diversity is addressed either on-receiver or at the data processing stage, positioning errors can occur at the centimeter level. We outline the difficulties of combining observations from the two systems and discuss how these may be overcome. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012777
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  • 29
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    TEQC: The Multi-Purpose Toolkit for GPS/GLONASS Data (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 42-49 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: For many common GPS/GLONASS native receiver formats, a single freeware program called TEQC now allows the user to translate from the binary receiver format to the standard Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) format, to edit existing RINEX files, and to quality-check the data before postprocessing. TEQC is 100% noninteractive and has a command line interface modeled after common UNIX commands. This combined with TEQC's extensive documentation makes it simple to use for new and experienced users and in automated processing scripts. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS Antenna Calibration at the National Geodetic Survey (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 50-58 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The precise point whose position is being measured when a GPS baseline is determined is generally assumed to be the phase center of the GPS antenna. However, the phase center of a GPS antenna is neither a physical point nor a stable point. For any given GPS antenna, the phase center will change with the changing direction of the signal from a satellite. Ideally, most of this phase center variation depends on satellite elevation. Azimuthal effects are only introduced by the local environment around each individual antenna site. These phase center variations affect the antenna offsets that are needed to connect GPS measurements to physical monuments. Ignoring these phase center variations can lead to serious (up to 10 cm) vertical errors. This article will describe the procedure by which the National Geodetic Survey is calibrating GPS antennas and how this information may be obtained and used to avoid problems from these antenna variations. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes on GPS Modernization (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 77-78 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012783
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    IGS Earth Rotation Parameters (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 59-72 
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    Notes: Since its official start in January 1994, the International GPS Service (IGS) has been distributing, as part of its product combination, two distinct Earth rotation parameter (ERP) series: the IGS Rapid series and the IGS Final series. Initially, the IGS Rapid ERP values were interpolations of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) Bulletin A, whereas the IGS Final ERP series was based on the IERS Bulletin B. Since June 1996, the IGS has been generating its own Final ERP series consistent with the IGS combined orbit products and based on weighted means of individual IGS analysis center (AC) solutions. At first, only the polar motion (PM) coordinates and their rates were combined. Length of Day (LOD) and Universal Time (UT) solutions, also based on separate weighted mean combinations, followed in March 1997. Currently, the IGS Rapid and Final combinations are produced and made available within 17 hours and 11 days, respectively, after the last observation. Both IGS and the best AC series are consistent and precise at the 0.1-milliarcsecond (mas) level for PM and at about 30 μs for LOD. Biases in some AC solutions may exceed these consistency levels. Comparisons of both IGS ERP series with external standards, such as the IERS multitechnique Bulletins and atmospheric angular momentum series, confirm the estimated precisions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Eye on the Ionosphere (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 79-81 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012784
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    Testing JPL's PPP Service (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 73-76 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
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    Notes: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL's) automated GPS data analysis service, which is available via the Internet, has been tested. This service is attractive not only because data submission and retrieval are entirely automated on the Internet, but also because it makes centimeter positioning possible for individual dual-frequency receivers. To learn more about this service, the repeatability of position solutions were investigated by means of two simple experiments. The positions of a continuously operating reference station have been computed repeatedly for observation times ranging from 1 hour to 24 hours. In addition, short baseline repeatability and accuracy were tested. Centimeter-level results were obtained. The difference in the vertical definition of the electronic center for antennas of different types could readily be identified. The JPL service is easy to use, even in its present form (which one might label version 1.0). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS & GLONASS Current Bibliography (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 82-84 
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    The Influence of Code Multipath on the Estimated Parameters of the Geometry-Free GPS Model (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 11-18 
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    Notes: In this article, the influence of biases in GPS code observations on the estimated parameters of the geometry-free model is investigated. This is done for undifferenced as well as double-differenced data from short baselines, that is, baselines for which ionospheric effects may be assumed absent. It is shown how introducing a linear model for code multipath affects the original model parameters. The performance of the original and extended model is illustrated by analyzing data from a single receiver and a short baseline. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Vulnerability of the GPS Signal to Jamming (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 19-27 
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    Notes: The Global Positioning System (GPS) and Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) provide lower power signals that are susceptible to interference. The potential exists for a person or organization to jam GPS or WAAS signals, causing a loss of service over a large area. Accidental interence by extraneous radio transmissions on the GPS frequency also can cause loss of service. Jamming has become a serious issue for GPS, and the U. S. military is making a significant effort to mitigate jamming effects. While jamming is a major concern of the military, interference is of a no lesser concern to the civilian sector. In fact, with varying emphasis both jamming and interference are concerns of the entire GPS user community. This article explores jamming and interference threats to the GPS. We provide a general overview of the GPS signal structure, discuss jamming effects on the GPS, and consider mitigating options. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    European GNSS – Competitive, Yet Cooperative (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 28-39 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The management of the Global Positioning System (GPS) by the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD) has been the subject of persistent criticism by the global community of users in general and particularly in Europe. The European Union (EU) is considering various global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that would provide it with varying degrees of control, autonomy, and specificity of use. The gamut of options includes various augmentations of GPS, a combination of GLONASS and GPS, and its own GNSS, dubbed Galileo. We discuss the concerns of the global community with respect to GPS and the motives that drive the GPS globalization debate. We also describe the various European GNSS concepts and initiatives, and the likelihood for their realization as substitutes to the GPS. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Time and Frequency Transfer Using GPS Codes and Carrier Phases: Onsite Experiments (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 1-10 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Recent studies have shown the capabilities of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phases for frequency transfer based on the observations from geodetic GPS receivers driven by stable atomic clocks. This kind of receiver configuration is the kind primarily used within the framework of the International GPS Service (IGS). The International GPS Service/Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (IGS/BIPM) pilot project aims at taking advantage of these GPS receivers to enlarge the network of Time Laboratories contributing to the realization of the International Atomic Time (TAI). In this article, we outline the theory necessary to describe the abilities and limitations of time and frequency transfer using the GPS code and carrier phase observations. We report on several onsite tests and evaluate the present setup of our 12-channel IGS receiver (BRUS), which uses a hydrogen maser as an external frequency reference, to contribute to the IGS/BIPM pilot project. In the initial experimental setup, the receivers had a common external frequency reference; in the second setup, separate external frequency references were used. Independent external clock monitoring provided the necessary information to validate the results. Using two receivers with a common frequency reference and connected to the same antenna, a zero baseline, we were able to use the carrier phase data to derive a frequency stability of 6 × 10−16 for averaging times of one day. The main limitation in the technique originates from small ambient temperature variations of a few degrees Celsius. While these temperature variations have no effect on the functioning of the GPS receiver within the IGS network, they reduce the capacities of the frequency transfer results based on the carrier phase data. We demonstrate that the synchronization offset at the initial measurement epoch can be estimated from a combined use of the code and carrier phase observations. In our test, the discontinuity between two consecutive days was about 140 ps. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    IGEX-98: International GLONASS Experiment (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 66-68 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: GLONASS is a Russian military navigation satellite system. Even if the constellation is far from being operational, a large community is potentially interested in using its signal in combination with GPS to improve availability, integrity, or precision. The goal of this article is to present the international GLONASS campaign, named IGEX-98, which is really the first attempt to obtain precise GLONASS orbits for geodetic applications. A world-wide network of GLONASS receivers has been deployed and is still operational. Several analysis centers process the GLONASS data on a regular basis in the same way it is done for GPS within the International GPS Service. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Space Rockets, Polar Bears, and Tundra Buggies – And a GPS Link to the Seventeenth Century (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 48-52 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for position and attitude determination has been exploited for many years. In these systems, it was required that multiple antennas maintained phase lock to common view satellites for long periods of time in order to determine integer ambiguities. The challenge to overcome with the ballistic space probe is the high rotational spin of this particular rocket. The antennas, mounted on the outside skin of the rocket, are in full view of each satellite only for a fraction of a second before the rocket core eclipses them as it rotates. The antennas rarely see common satellites. This article describes as system that overcomes these obstacles and provides position, acceleration, attitude, and rotation rate. The approach uses a two-antenna system. One antenna is mounted either side of the rocket facing out. A hybrid tracking channel combines signals from both antennas to overcome the signal blockage due to the rocket core as well as to defeat the effect on the tracking channel due to the spin. The amplitude and phase of the spin rotation signature from each satellite is extracted from the dual antenna data and used to compute the attitude and spin rate of the vehicle. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Receiver Architectures for Improved Carrier Phase Tracking in Atenuation, Blockage, and Interference (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 40-47 
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    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A significant impediment to real-time centimeter survey and vehicle guidance in difficult reception environments is the underlying signal tracking performance of the receiver. A number of researchers have investigated receiver signal tracking enhancements that take advantage of intersatellite path correlations, of particular benefit in environments with multiple satellite attenuations and blockages. This article surveys work in the area, with a focus upon an optimal estimation scheme known as integrated demodulation/navigation (IDN). By contrast with other techniques, IDN employs a high update rate extended Kalman filter to combine and process raw correlator data across satellites. Nonlinear loop simulations of real time kinematic (RTK) tracking during high-g aircraft maneuvers with vehicle-induced blockages are used to illustrate the filtering method and it s robustness. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Centimeter-Level Positioning of a U. S. Coast Guard Buoy Tender (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 53-65 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: With the availability of high-accuracy, differential global positioning system (GPS) results in real-time, there is a new opportunity to use GPS to accurately measure a marine vessel's dynamic draft (settlement and squat) and 3D attitude (roll, pitch, and heading). The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and the Coast Survey (CS), offices of the National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), propose to transfer this technology to the shipping industry. The overall goal of this project is to provide the position of a vessel's keel in real time to within 10 cm (about 4 inches) relative to the bottom of the shipping channel. In support of this phase of the project, there were three meetings hosted by the Port of Oakland, California and NOS to discuss the real-time positioning of vessels project. On December 3 and 4, 1996, CS, NGS, Trimble Navigation Ltd., and the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) performed GPS tests on a USCG buoy-tender ship. GPS data were used to compute the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude. During the test, five receivers continually collected data; one receiver was located at a base station on the USCG pier on Yerba Buena Island, and four were on the ship: two on the stern and two on the bow. CS installed a TSS-335B vertical reference unit (to measure heave, pitch, and roll) in the engine room of the ship. NOS processed the GPS data and computed the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude. The results indicate that the linear equivalent to the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude were accurate to the 10-cm level using GPS. It was also demonstrated how a ship can be used to measure local water-level changes and actual water-level values everywhere it travels. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GNSS Activities – Report (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 72-74 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Eye on the Ionosphere: Potential Solar Radio Burst Effects on GPS Signal to Noise (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 69-71 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A. J. VanDierendonck joins the regular contributors to this column to discuss potential solar radio burst effects on GPS. While this topic does not spedivically involve ionospheric effects on GPS, it falls under the general area of environmental concerns that are of importance to the GPS community. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS & GLONASS Current Bibliography (1999)
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 75-77 
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    Modern geostatistics: computational BME analysis in the light of uncertain physical knowledge – the Equus Beds study (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Spatiotemporal ; stochastic ; mapping ; Bayes ; entropy ; computational approach ; physical knowledge bases ; epistemology.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a computational formulation of the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) mapping method, which can handle rigorously and efficiently spatiotemporal applications of considerable practical importance. BME is a method of modern geostatistics that can integrate and process physical knowledge that belongs to two major bases: general knowledge (i.e., obtained from general principles and laws, summary statistics and background information), and specificatory knowledge (i.e., obtained through experience with the specific situation). BME allows considerable flexibility regarding the choice of an appropriate spatiotemporal map, offers a complete assessment of the mapping uncertainty and contributes to the scientific understanding of the underlying natural phenomenon. Valuable insight is gained by studying a spatiotemporal data set representing water-level elevations at the Equus Beds aquifer (Kansas). Numerical results show that, as was expected in theory, classical geostatistics analysis is obtained as a special case of the considerably more general BME approach. Moreover, modern geostatistical analysis in terms of BME offers more accurate and informative results in practice, by incorporating various sources of physical knowledge that cannot be processed by the classical methods.
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    Stochastic environmental risk analysis: an integrated methodology for predicting cancer risk from contaminated groundwater (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 27-47 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Stochastic environmental risk assessment considers the effects of numerous biological, chemical, physical, behavioral and physiological processes that involve elements of uncertainty and variability. A methodology for predicting health risks to individuals from contaminated groundwater is presented that incorporates the elements of uncertainty and variability in geological heterogeneity, physiological exposure parameters, and in cancer potency. An idealized groundwater basin is used to perform a parametric sensitivity study to assess the relative impact of (a) geologic uncertainty, (b) behavioral and physiological variability in human exposure and (c) uncertainty in cancer potency on the prediction of increased cancer risk to individuals in a population exposed to contaminants in household water supplied from groundwater. A two-dimensional distribution (or surface) of human health risk was generated as a result of the simulations. Cuts in this surface (fractiles of variability and percentiles of uncertainty) are then used as a measure of relative importance of various model components on total uncertainty and variability. A case study for perchloroethylene or PCE, shows that uncertainty and variability in hydraulic conductivity play an important role in predicting human health risk that is on the same order of influence as uncertainty of cancer potency.
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    Analysis of macrodispersion through volume averaging: comparison with stochastic theory (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 66-84 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Velocity variability at scales smaller than the size of a solute plume enhances the rate of spreading of the plume around its center of mass. Macroscopically, the rate of spreading can be quantified through macrodispersion coefficients, the determination of which has been the subject of stochastic theories. This work compares the results of a volume-averaging approach with those of the advection dominated large-time small-perturbation theory of Dagan [1982] and Gelhar and Axness [1983]. Consider transport of an ideal tracer in a porous medium with deterministic periodic velocity. Using the Taylor-Aris-Brenner method of moments, it has been previously demonstrated [Kitanidis, 1992] that when the plume spreads over an area much larger than the period, the volume-averaged concentration satisfies the advection-dispersion equation with constant coefficients that can be computed. Here, the volume-averaging analysis is extended to the case of stationary random velocities. Additionally, a perturbation method is applied to obtain explicit solutions for small-fluctuation cases, and the results are compared with those of the stochastic macrodispersion theory. It is shown that the method of moments, which uses spatial averaging, for sufficiently large volumes of averaging yields the same result as the stochastic theory, which is based on ensemble averaging. The result is of theoretical but also practical significance because the volume-averaging approach provides a potentially efficient way to compute macrodispersion coefficients. The method is applied to a simplified representation of the Borden aquifer.
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    Determination of hydraulic diffusivity of aquifers by spectral analysis (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 85-99 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Hydraulic diffusivity ; groundwater ; spectral analysis ; stochastic boundaries.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: This study uses the cyclical frequency to develop the mathematical relationship between hydraulic diffusivity and spectral density functions calculated from groundwater level variation. Such relationship can be applied to (1) unsteady state, one-dimensional confined aquifer with time-dependent water level on both end boundaries, and (2) linearized unconfined aquifer with or without vertical recharge. The spectral density functions of groundwater fluctuations are largely affected by the spectral density functions obtained from time-dependent end boundaries and their cross-spectral density functions. Hydraulic diffusivity of an aquifer can be solved by type-curve matching technique at a specified frequency band under the conditions of (1) confined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends, (2) unconfined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends with surface recharge, and (3) unconfined aquifer subjected to surface recharge but neglecting the water table fluctuations on both end boundaries.
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    Approximation of Sahelian rainfall fields with meta-Gaussian random functions (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 113-130 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Climatology ; meso-scale convective systems ; classification ; anisotropy ; intermittency ; ergodicity ; upscaling ; level sets.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: The meta-Gaussian model is fitted to a set of 258 sahelian rainfields. The hypotheses underlying this model are discussed with a special emphasis on its ergodic properties, the scale of the phenomenon and the scale of observation. Then the ability of this model to reproduce some observed features, in particular upscaling properties, is checked from a distributional point of view. Finally, some simple properties of the thresholds which are linked to the area threshold method are described.
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    Approximation of Sahelian rainfall fields with meta-Gaussian random functions (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 100-112 
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    Keywords: Key words: Geostatistic ; Gaussian random functions ; anamorphosis ; intermittency ; discontinuous c.d.f ; valid covariance ; internal consistency.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: For the purpose of numerically studying sahelian storm rainfields, a family of random functions is described with a characterization of its finite dimensional law. Some problems appearing when fitting its functional parameters are put forward and two solutions to bypass those problems are provided, according to the regularity properties of the marginal cumulative distribution function. An illustration of this method is implemented on a set of sahelian rainfields of event accumulation displaying a strong spatial intermittency.
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    Solute transport in heterogeneous media: The impact of anisotropy and non-ergodicity in risk assessment (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 365-379 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. Conceptual model selection is a key issue in risk assessment studies. We analyze the effect of a number of conceptual aspects related to solute transport in two-dimensional heterogeneous media. The main issues addressed are non-ergodicity, anisotropy in the correlation structure of the transmissivity field, and dispersion at the local scale. In particular, we study the development of a solute plume when mean flow is oriented at an angle with respect to the principal directions of anisotropy. The study is carried out in a Lagrangian framework using Monte Carlo analysis. Of special interest is the evolution of individual plumes. A number of aspects are analyzed, namely the location of the center of mass for each plume and the different ways to compute the angles that the main axes of the plume develop with respect to the direction of the mean flow. Stochastic theories based upon ergodicity conclude that the plume gets oriented in the mean flow direction. In our non-ergodic simulations, the mean of the offset angles, for each individual plume in each particular realization, is offset from the mean flow direction towards the direction of maximum anisotropy. If, instead, the analysis is performed on the ensemble plume (superposition of all different simulations), it is then found oriented closer to the direction of the mean flow than the average offset angle for the different plumes considered separately. This last result adds an extra word of caution to the use of ensemble averaged values in solute transport studies. Serious implications for risk assessment follow from the conceptual model adopted. First, in any single realization there will a large uncertainty in locating the plume at any given time; second, real dilution would be less than what would be expected if the macrodispersion values obtained for ergodic conditions were applied; third, the volume that is affected by a non-zero concentration is smaller than that predicted from macrodispersion concepts; fourth, the orientation of the plume does not correspond to that of the mean flow; and fifth, accounting for local dispersion helps reducing uncertainty.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004770050056
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    Asymptotic transport parameters in a heterogeneous porous medium: Comparison of two ensemble-averaging procedures (1999)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 396-415 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. We analyze the movement of a solute cloud in a saturated aquifer, resulting from a point-like instantaneous solute injection. Physical heterogeneities of the medium due to spatial variations of the hydraulic conductivity, as well as the chemical heterogeneities due to variations in the linear adsorption coefficient and the degradation rate, are modeled as spatial stochastic processes with exponential autocorrelation functions. Furthermore, cross-correlations between the chemical properties and the conductivity are taken into account. For large transport times, the movement of the solute cloud is characterized by its center-of-mass velocity, by the macroscopic dispersion constant, and the macroscopic degradation rate. These quantities are evaluated using perturbation theory and two different averaging procedures. The first procedure derives the large-scale properties from the central moments of the concentration distribution in a given aquifer realization, and averages over the ensemble afterwards. The second method which is mathematically less demanding obtains large scale transport coefficients from the central moments of the ensemble-averaged concentration distribution. Under the assumption that both prescriptions lead to the same macro-scale quantities, the second approach is usually preferred in literature. The present paper is an extension of the work of Metzger et al. (1996). We show that the two averaging procedures lead to different results in one-dimensional systems, whereas the difference vanishes for higher dimensions. Taking into account the influence of small scale dispersion, we give explicit results for the macroscopic parameters characterizing the solute plume. We analyze the various contributions to these parameters and show how the physical origin of these contributions can be traced back uniquely to fluctuations in the retardation factor, in the flow field, and in the degradation rate, and to the cross-correlations between these inhomogeneities, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004770050046
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    Sequential kriging and cokriging: Two powerful geostatistical approaches (1999)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 416-435 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Sequential linear estimator, successive linear estimator, conditional covariance, interpolation with large data sets.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. A sequential linear estimator is developed in this study to progressively incorporate new or different spatial data sets into the estimation. It begins with a classical linear estimator (i.e., kriging or cokriging) to estimate means conditioned to a given observed data set. When an additional data set becomes available, the sequential estimator improves the previous estimate by using linearly weighted sums of differences between the new data set and previous estimates at sample locations. Like the classical linear estimator, the weights used in the sequential linear estimator are derived from a system of equations that contains covariances and cross-covariances between sample locations and the location where the estimate is to be made. However, the covariances and cross-covariances are conditioned upon the previous data sets. The sequential estimator is shown to produce the best, unbiased linear estimate, and to provide the same estimates and variances as classic simple kriging or cokriging with the simultaneous use of the entire data set. However, by using data sets sequentially, this new algorithm alleviates numerical difficulties associated with the classical kriging or cokriging techniques when a large amount of data are used. It also provides a new way to incorporate additional information into a previous estimation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004770050047
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    Modeling cancer incidence in A-bomb survivors: a perspective (1999)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 48-65 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Excess relative risk model ; two-stage model ; Poisson random variable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several manuscripts have been published which implement regression methods or stochastic processes methodology to model the incidence of a variety of cancers obtained via epidemiologic studies of radiation exposure. Cancer incidence data obtained from the Life Span Study (LSS) cohort have been of particular interest due to the extensive amount of information available from numerous years of follow-up of the Japanese A-bomb survivors. Conventional methods of exploring goodness-of-fit within each model class have indicated that both types adequately fit the data, but the model predicted curves for excess relative risk (ERR) and excess absolute risk (EAR) can vary dramatically. A simulation study is carried out to compare and contrast an excess relative risk regression model to a stochastic two-stage cancer model to determine the extent of the model predicted risk differences and why they occur.
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    1999 Index (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 369-383 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017457115883
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    Appreciation to Referees (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 4-6 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017426814549
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    Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Prevalence, Type, and Mobility of Disabled People (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 35-50 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: disabled ; characterization ; public assembly buildings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a series of four that collectively provide a substantial body of knowledge on the egress capabilities of disabled people who frequent public-assembly buildings. Here, the results are given of an analysis of survey data estimating the numbers and types of disabled people who are mobile beyond their own homes, the degree of assistance they require, the percentage of the total mobile population they constitute, and the extent to which they are involved in sports and leisure pursuits. This information can be used to derive working estimates of the prevalence and nature of disability among building populations when characterizing building occupancies, a prerequisite to fire engineering.
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    Announcing... the Winner of the 1999 Harry C. Bigglestone Award (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 96-96 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017403603162
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    Editorial: Engineering Paradigms for Fire Safety (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 97-98 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015483204071
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    Research in Protective Clothing for Firefighters: State of the Art and Future Directions (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 111-130 
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    Keywords: Firefighter ; protective clothing ; durability ; test standards ; turnout gear ; thermal protective performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a summary of documented research into protective clothing for firefighters. Particular emphasis is placed on research into estimating the useful life of this clothing and the development of test standards for evaluating its thermal protection. Other areas covered in this review include moisture transfer in clothing, heat stress, design criteria, chemical protective clothing, and heat transfer modeling of protective clothing. Recommendations for future protective clothing research are also presented.
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    Uncertainty of Heat Release Rate Calculation of the ISO5660–1 Cone Calorimeter Standard Test Method (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 153-169 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the uncertainty associated with the heat release rate calculation for the cone calorimeter. The component uncertainties of the simplifying assumptions and experimental measurements are quantified in order to assess the overall uncertainty of heat release rate calculations, but random uncertainties associated with the sample and operator errors are not considered. An example is presented that shows how the individual component uncertainties propagate through calculation. It is clear that the greatest component uncertainties are attributed to the assumed combustion expansion factor, assumed effective heat of combustion, and the measured oxygen concentration. Having examined the component uncertainties, several strategies for reducing overall uncertainty are proposed.
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    New Publications (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 184-185 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017455623635
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    Deploying Fire Trucks and Water Sources (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 179-183 
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    Keywords: fire trucks ; water sources ; extinguishment ; affordability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Deploying fire trucks and utilizing water sources for city firefighting must be affordable without compromising effective fire suppression. The equation given in this paper can help decision makers determine the type and number of fire apparatus that must be deployed and ensure adequate water sources at the fire scene. Examples of practical applications are also given.
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    Monitoring Multiple Aspects of Fire Signatures for Discriminating Fire Detection (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 195-209 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire detection ; multisensor ; fire signature ; carbon monoxide ; carbon dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Numerous researchers are exploring multisensor detection as the principal means of discriminating between fire and nuisance sources. Multisensor detectors can monitor multiple aspects of a wide variety of signatures produced by flaming fires, non-flaming fires, and nuisance sources. This paper describes one program of small- and large-scale experiments that has been conducted using a prototype advanced fire detector with multiple gas sensors. An elementary analysis is applied to demonstrate that spacing guidance can be rationally developed for multiple gas sensors to detect fires of a particular threshold fire size, i.e., heat release rate. Discriminating between flaming fires, non-flaming fires, and nuisance sources could be achieved using either a threshold concentration or CO2 rate-of-rise to identify flaming fires and a CO or CO2 rate-of-rise for non-flaming fires. Time to detection was also compared to commercial smoke detectors, and the reductions in time were noted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015432409522
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    Thermally Induced Failure of Low-Voltage Electrical Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable Insulation (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 263-275 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Nonmetallic sheathed cable assemblies are commonplace throughout the electrical construction industry. The maximum current and ambient temperatures to which these cables can be exposed are listed in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code® (NEC)®. Laboratory test data presented here show the effects of exceeding these limits. Properties of the insulation materials in a standard cable assembly are evaluated using simultaneous thermal analysis (thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (STA/FTIR). Cable temperature under actual-use conditions is presented as a function of load current. Insulation resistance measurements of heated cable are included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015488527269
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    Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Capability of Disabled People to Negotiate Doors (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 68-78 
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    Keywords: disabled ; doors ; closing forces ; time required ; characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the third in a series of four that collectively provide a substantial body of knowledge on the egress capabilities of people with disabilities. It presents the results of an experimental program to determine the ability of disabled people to negotiate doors with closing forces that range from 20 N to 70 N. The results indicate that many disabled people find it impossible to negotiate doors, even at relatively low closing forces, and that the time it takes disabled people to negotiate doors can vary considerably. The results of this study are presented for the use of those involved in the difficult task of characterizing building occupancies with respect to their egress capabilities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015391217275
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    New Releases (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 87-89 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017482902253
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    Modeling Pore Pressure, Moisture, and Temperature in High-Strength Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 232-262 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; performance-based design ; standards ; fire resistance ; fire exposure ; thermal response ; carbonate aggregate ; elevated temperatures ; moisture content ; pore pressure ; contours ; fire test ; ASTM E119 ; ASTM E1529 ; heat transfer ; mass transport ; dehydration ; evaporation ; hydrocarbon pool fire ; high-strength concrete ; high-strength concrete columns ; structural fire resistance ; size effects ; spalling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical and computational model to stimulate a two-dimensional thermal response of high-strength concrete columns subjected to fire is presented. Contours as well as history and distribution profiles for temperature, moisture content, and pore pressure are illustrated as model output. The model's predictions are validated against ASTM E119 fire test data from a high-strength concrete (HSC) column test and are subsequently compared to output based on a hydrocarbon pool fire (ASTM E1529) exposure. The model's handling of input fires other than ASTM E119 demonstrates its usefulness and adaptability to a performance-based design environment. Results from parametric studies reveal the importance of performing thermophysical material property tests under fire exposures similar to those at which full-scale specimens are to be tested. The influence of size effects on data obtained from small- and large-scale fire test programs is discussed.
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    Fire Tests of Packaged and Palletized Computer Products (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 291-307 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: computer components ; fire tests of boxed computer components ; mass loss rate ; heat release rate ; high rack storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract When an intense fire rage through a major computer distribution and storage warehouse in Northern Europe, it destroyed the complete stock of computer products. The products had been stored in high racks in the unsprinklered building of approximately 157,000 square feet (14,585 square meters). This research demonstrates how and why this fire grew from a single point of origin to a complete burnout of the building. Extensive fire testing of the major commodities stored, including packaged and palletized computer products, is central to this analysis. These tests focused on obtaining heat release rate data to be used as input for enclosure fire models and for algorithms used to predict fire spread between commodity arrays. We've described the fire modeling and fire spread analyses in other publications.1,2,3 Test results show that all packaged computer pallet loads produce heat release rates consistent with “fast” or “ultra-fast” t2 fire growth, as defined in fire models such as FPETOOL4 and FAST.5
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    Fire Resistance of Loadbearing Steel-Stud Wall Protected with Gypsum Board: A Review (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 308-335 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire resistance ; loadbearing wall ; cold-formed steel ; stud ; gypsum board
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract With the increased use of cold-formed lightweight steel framing (LSF), there is growing demand for the proper assessment of its performance in building fires. In partnership with the North American steel industry, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is conducting an experimental and analytical study on the fire resistance of loadbearing cold-formed steel-framed wall and floor assemblies. As part of this collaboration, this literature survey summarizes the information available on the topics related to the fire resistance of loadbearing cold-formed steel-stud walls clad with gypsum board. The current practice of establishing their fire-resistance rating, based on full-scale furnace tests, is assessed. Previous experimental and analytical studies on the subject and on the thermal and mechanical properties of the constituent materials—steel, gypsum board, and insulation—at elevated temperatures are also discussed. Future research needs are identified in the context of recent performance-based fire safety engineering concepts.
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    Guest Editorial: Professor Howard Emmons 1912–1998 (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 1-3 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015326730478
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    Socioeconomic Characteristics and Their Relationship to Fire Incidence: A Review of the Literature (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 7-34 
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    Keywords: socioeconomic factors ; fire prevention ; urban fires ; fire risk models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a literature review of the socioeconomic modeling of fire incidence, with an emphasis on urban residential fires. The development and history of socioeconomic models of fire incidence are reviewed from the perspectives of ecology and location economics within the urban planning discipline, which encompasses sociological, economic, epidemiological, and interdisciplinary approaches. The predominant methodology used is a thematic type of qualitative analysis, and detailed information on variables selected and results are offered where appropriate. The article closes with suggestions for further research.
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    Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Capabilities of Disabled People Moving Horizontally and on an Incline (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 51-67 
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    Keywords: disabled ; movement horizontal ; inclined planes ; mobility aid ; characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the second in a series of four that collectively provide a substantial body of knowledge on the egress capabilities of disabled people. Here, the results are given from an experimental program designed to determine the capabilities of disabled people to move on horizontal and inclined planes, broken down by presence or absence of a locomotion disability, degree of assistance required, and mobility aid used. The results of this study are presented in a form that is of use to all those involved in the difficult task of characterizing buildings and their occupants, which, it is suggested, are not mutually exclusive activities.
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    News and Meetings (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 90-95 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017451519092
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    Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Capability of People with Disabilities to Read and Locate Exit Signs (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 79-86 
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    Keywords: disabled ; seeing impaired ; exit signage ; characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the fourth and last in a series of papers that collectively provide a substantial body of knowledge on the egress capabilities of people with disabilities. It presents the results of an experimental program designed to determine the ability of disabled people to locate and read three types of code-compliant exit signs: non-illuminated, internally illuminated, and Light Emitting Diode (LED) signs. The results indicate that for people with seeing impairments, LED signs are the easiest to see and read. The results of this study are presented for the use of those involved in the difficult task of characterizing building occupancies with respect to their egress capabilities.
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    Inorganic Intumescent Coatings for Improved Fire Protection of GRP (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 99-110 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An inorganic intumescent coating that could be used on naval vessels was developed for the fire protection of GRP. This coating only releases water vapor when it is exposed to fire, so it is safer for personnel than organic coatings. This coating was tested for environmental stability and flammability properties in a quarter-scale room test at the David Taylor Research Center in Annapolis, Maryland. The tests' results met the naval requirements.
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    A Fire Safety Assessment System for Existing Buildings (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 131-152 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In Hong Kong which is characterized by its tall, reinforced-concrete buildings with multiple owners, most of the high-rise buildings constructed before the mid-1970s are dilapidated. In order to address this problem, the Hong Kong Government intends to introduce mandatory safety assurance requirements with its so-called “Building Safety Inspection Scheme,” under which building owners would be required to appoint building professionals to assess the safety level of their buildings and to recommend appropriate corrective actions. In order to ensure uniform standards and easy administration, the Hong Kong Government intends to publish assessment guidelines. One of the major safety aspects the guidelines will addresses is fire safety, since, over the past few years, several large, tragic fires have occurred in the city's high-rises. This article proposes a fuzzy fire safety assessment approach based on fire risk ranking techniques that may form part of the safety evaluation tool for existing buildings. The basic principles of the system are briefly described, and its implementation is outlined.
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    Beware of Communicating Smoke Layers (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 170-178 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state equilibrium of communicating smoke layers in two large, adjacent spaces ventilated mechanically through a single opening at the top of one of the spaces is analyzed. It is shown that the properties of communicating smoke layers makes this type of smoke control system highly sensitive to various factors and boundary condition that can cause them to fail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015468022726
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    News and Meetings (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 186-191 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017424207705
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    Editorial: The Role of Value Judgements in Performance-Based Fire Safety (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 193-194 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015472125452
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  • 83
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    Heat Transfer in Thin Fibrous Materials Under High Heat Flux (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 210-231 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: heat transfer ; high heat flux ; flash fire ; finite element method ; thermal protective performance ; protective clothing ; apparent heat capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A heat-transfer model has been developed for two common, inherently flame-resistant fabrics, Nomex® IIIA and Kevlar®/PBI, when subjected to the high heat fluxes used in bench top tests, such as the thermal protective performance (TPP) test, ASTM D 4108. The apparent heat capacity method was used to model thermochemical reactions in these materials with information from thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) tests. Also included were in-depth radiation absorption, variable thermal properties, and heat transfer across an air space from the fabric to a test sensor. The finite element method was used to solve the resulting equations. Absolute temperatures predicted by this relatively simple model fall within 4% of those measured by an infrared thermometer. Estimated times to the Stoll second-degree burn criterion are within 6% of those derived from actual tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015484426361
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    Marketing Fire Safety (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 289-290 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015492629087
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  • 85
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    The Effect of Flame Retardant Smoke Suppressants on the Char Morphology of Plasticized PVC (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 276-285 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Char formation that preserves the structural integrity of the polymer is one of the most efficient methods of reducing its flammability. Enhanced char formation from polymers such as PVC may also be associated with a decrease in smoke production, as is observed when the polymer is modified by a flame retardant smoke suppressant (FRSS) complex. A correlation had been made between the FRSS characteristics and char morphology. The effect of different flame retardant smoke suppressants on char formation has been highlighted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015440611340
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    News and Meetings (1999)
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    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 362-367 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017476230904
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  • 87
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    Examination of the Extinguishment Performance of a Water Mist System Using Continuous and Cycling Discharges (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 336-361 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire extinguishment ; water mist ; continuous and cycling discharges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract We conducted a series of full-scale fire tests of a twin-fluid water mist system in an empty enclosure and in a simulated machinery space. During the tests, two water mist discharge modes, continuous and cycling, were used. We investigated the extinguishment performance of the water mist system using these two discharge modes under various fire scenarios, including different fire sizes, types, and locations, and different ventilation conditions. Test results showed that use of the cycling discharge substantially improved the effectiveness of the water mist system for fire suppression, in comparison to the continuous discharge. The corresponding extinguishing time and water requirement for fire suppression were significantly reduced, and some fires that could not be extinguished with the continuous discharge were extinguished with the cycling discharge. The improvement in fire suppression was attributed to high depletion and dilution rate of oxygen and the recurrent dynamic mixing generated by the cycling water mist discharge in the compartment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015453014065
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  • 88
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    Evaluating the benefits of a combined route guidance and road pricing system in a traffic network with recurrent congestion (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 299-322 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: network equilibrium ; road pricing ; route guidance ; system integration ; traffic congestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract When drivers do not have complete information on road travel time and thus choose their routes in a stochastic manner or based on their previous experience, separate implementations of either route guidance or road pricing cannot drive a stochastic network flow pattern towards a system optimum in a Wardropian sense. It is thus of interest to consider a combined route guidance and road pricing system. A road guidance system could reduce drivers' uncertainty of travel time through provision of traffic information. A driver who is equipped with a guidance system could be assumed to receive complete information, and hence be able to find the minimum travel time routes in a user-optimal manner, while marginal-cost road pricing could drive a user-optimal flow pattern toward a system optimum. Therefore, a joint implementation of route guidance and road pricing in a network with recurrent congestion could drive a stochastic network flow pattern towards a system optimum, and thus achieve a higher reduction in system travel time. In this paper the interaction between route guidance and road pricing is modeled and the potential benefit of their joint implementation is evaluated based on a mixed equilibrium traffic assignment model. The private and system benefits under marginal-cost pricing and varied levels of market penetration of the information systems are investigated with a small and a large example. It is concluded that the two technologies complement each other and that their joint implementation can reduce travel time more efficiently in a network with recurrent congestion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005129309812
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  • 89
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    Elasticities for taxicab fares and service availability (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 283-297 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: fare elasticity ; fare policy ; service availability ; taxicab
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This study utilizes a unique dataset from New York City to examine the effects of taxi fare increases on trip demand and the availability of taxi service. The elasticity of trip demand with respect to fares is estimated to be −0.22; the elasticity of service availability with respect to the taxi fare is 0.28; and the elasticity of service availability with respect to total supply of service is near 1.0. These results have important implications for taxi regulatory decisions. First, fare increases do substantially increase industry revenues but at a lesser rate than the percentage increase in the fare. The implication for policy-makers is that fare elasticities must be carefully considered to obtain desired improvements in drivers' earnings. Second, service availability -- an important aspect of service quality that is generally overlooked during fare policy debates -- should be a central consideration in fare setting, given the considerable impact of fares on availability. Finally, where the supply of cabs needs to be expanded, the number of cabs can be significantly increased without harming the revenue stream of existing operators. This finding alleviates a major industry objection to issuing additional taxicab licenses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005185421575
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    Organisation form, scale effects and efficiency in the British bus industry (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 231-248 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: competition ; data envolopment analysis ; efficiency ; privatisation ; regulation ; urban bus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The British bus industry is examined in light of fundamental reform in ownership and regulation. The industry is divided between privately and publicly owned companies, with the private sector further split between publicly listed owned subsidiaries and private limited companies. The change in ownership structure since privatization is analysed, and Data Envelopment Analysis used to estimate the extent of returns to scale and technical efficiency, as defined by one output and three inputs. Technical efficiency is further divided into managerial and organisational components, and comparisons made of median efficiency levels using a Mann Whitney statistical test. Increasing returns to scale are found for smaller companies, but the size of such returns varies with the company type. A minimum efficiency scale is identified, with constant returns above this point. A high degree of technical inefficiency is found to be present in the industry, which may initially suggest a lack of competition and reflect the oligopolistic structure that has emerged since privatisation. Privately owned companies are identified as more technically efficient, however this is due to significantly less organisational constraints, and considerable managerial inefficiency exists in this group. It is finally concluded that the high level of inefficiency may not reflect ownership, but rather industry characteristics, and rather than a lack of competition may be indicative of wasteful competition. It is suggested therefore there may be a need to make the market contestable rather than openly competitive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005121506841
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    Toward regional transportation governance: a case study of Greater Vancouver (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 359-398 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: governance ; policy development ; regional transportation ; transit management ; transit planning ; Vancouver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the evolving institutional structure and governance of transportation planning, policy development and transit delivery within one major North American city-region, the Greater Vancouver area. Various methods of transportation governance are explored from complete independence to full regional integration. The move away from a direct provincial role in transportation management to a greater regional transit authority is discussed and critiqued.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005231322989
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  • 92
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    Commercially managed road funds: managing roads like a business, not like a bureaucracy (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 87-111 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: commercialization of roads ; road funds ; road financing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Nearly all countries are seriously short of revenues for investment and maintenance of roads. Improving utilization of the existing road budget has helped to narrow, but not eliminate, this financing gap. Requests for additional resources from the government's budget have fallen on deaf ears, because the road sector has grown too large to be fully-financed through general tax revenues. Government tax systems were not designed to finance major economic sectors like roads. Faced with an acute shortage of funds, many road agencies have introduced tolls on high-volume roads and have invited the private sector to build and operate such roads under concession agreements. Although this has narrowed the financing gap, tolling is only economic on a small part of the road network. Tolls have thus had a relatively small impact on the financing gap. Against this background, and mindful of the fact that roads are now 'big business' on the scale of the Fortune Global 500, a growing number of countries have started to 'bring roads into the market place, put them on a fee-for-service basis and manage them like a business.' The fee-for-service concept, though superficially like the user-pay principle and the associated road funds which became popular during the 1950s, differs from user-pay in a number of important respects. The key differences are that: (i) only road user charges go into the road fund (i.e., there are no earmarked taxes); (ii) the fund is managed by a representative board with half or more members representing road users and the business community; (iii) members are nominated by the constituencies they represent and there is an independent chairperson; (iv) financing arrangements are designed to ensure that money is not diverted from other sectors; (v) funds are managed pro-actively by a small secretariat; (vi) there are published financial regulations governing the way funds are managed; (vii) charges are adjusted regularly to meet agreed expenditure targets; and (viii) there are regular technical and financial audits. Other important characteristics are that most commercially managed road funds are managed through a separate road fund administration, funds are channeled to all roads (sometimes even to unclassified roads) and they are introduced as part of a wider agenda to commercialize road management. Some of these road funds have been set up as road public utilities under a board with powers to set their own tariffs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005124403743
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    Commercialising the management and maintenance of trunk roads in the United Kingdom (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 31-54 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: Britain ; commercialisation ; finance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Public funding of new infrastructure from money raised through taxes or borrowing has been questioned globally in recent years. One alternative solution has been to finance major capital projects through Build, Operate & Transfer (BOT) schemes. In the United Kingdom, the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) has become established as the procurement method of choice for many projects and services in central and local government. It is a natural development of other changes in government administration which have been introduced over the past few years. Projects delivered in this way enable government to become a buyer of services on behalf of the public rather than a direct provider of those services to the public, taking advantage of private sector management skills and resources in their delivery. The PFI has demonstrated its ability to deliver value for money solutions in projects across a range of capital-intensive public services, but the greatest success in delivering projects has been in the transport sector. This paper outlines how the British Government's Highways Agency has restructured and commercialised the management and maintenance of the strategic road network for which it is responsible, and how it has been at the forefront of developing successful privately financed projects. The paper explains the Agency's particular version of BOT – Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) projects. These projects are delivering new and improved road construction and maintenance, providing better services to users of the country's strategic road network and achieving significant value for money savings for taxpayers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005180621490
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    An analysis of time allocation to in-home and out-of-home discretionary activities across working days and non- working days (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 231-250 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: discrete-continuous choice ; doubly-censored Tobit model ; error components ; time allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of time allocation to two types of discretionary activities is formulated as a doubly-censored Tobit model. The model is capable of incorporating cases where the entire amount of time available for discretionary activity is allocated to one type of activity and the other type of activity is not engaged at all. The model is applied to examine individuals' allocation of time to in-home and out-of-home discretionary activities on working days and non-working days, using a weekly time-use data set from the Netherlands. Workers' daily activity patterns vary significantly between working days and non-working days, while it can be expected that patterns of time allocation are correlated between working days and non-working days. A set of error components is introduced into the model to represent this correlation, adopting a mass point approach which requires no assumption about the distribution of the error components. The validity of the model is examined statistically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005167311075
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    The role of anticipated time pressure in activity scheduling (1999)
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    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 173-191 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: activity scheduling ; computer simulation ; time pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In the present article we focus on the cost or disutility of engaging in activities arising from the time pressure people frequently experience when they have committed themselves to perform too many activities in a limited amount of time. Specifically, we propose that anticipated time pressure increases the likelihood of two types of planning, one short-term and the other long-term encompassing different strategies for eliminating or deferring activities. In addition, we discuss several behaviorally realistic such strategies. It is assumed that strategies differ depending on whether an activity satisfies physiological needs, is performed because of institutional requirements or social obligations, or is performed because of psychological or social motives. Strategies are also assumed to differ depending on the degree to which planning is feasible. Computer simulations of available activity data are presented to illustrate consequences of the different strategies on time pressure and activity agendas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005123527913
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    Guest editorial (1999)
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    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 113-115 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005151029576
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    Space, money, life-stage, and the allocation of time (1999)
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    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 141-171 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: activity patterns ; time use ; transportation models ; travel behavior ; travel demand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Demographic, socioeconomic, seasonal, and scheduling factors affect the allocation of time to various activities. This paper examines those variables through exploration of the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, which has been inverted to track activity duration. Two key issues are considered. First, how much can activity duration and frequency explain travel duration? The analysis shows activity duration has positive and significant effects on travel duration, supporting recent arguments in favor of activity based models. Second, which recent trend is the main culprit in the rise in travel: suburbanization, rising personal incomes, or female labor force participation? This paper examines the share of time within a 24-hour budget allocated to several primary activities: home, work, shop, and other. The data suggest that income and location have modest effects on time allocation compared with the loss of discretionary time due to working.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005175512892
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    On Eric Pas (1948--1997) and his professional contributions: Obituary (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 117-118 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017222118463
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    Simulation assessment of incident detection by cellular phone call-in programs (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 399-416 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: cellular telephones ; incident detection ; simulation ; traffic modeling ; wireless communications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This research study was designed to assess by simulation the efficacy of incident detection by cellular phone call-in programs. The assessment was conducted by varying the proportion of drivers with cellular phones on the highway so as to mirror the cellular industry statistics that show a continued growth of ownership of cellular phones in the United States. An analytical model, which combined simulation and the limited field data available in the literature, was used to determine measures of effectiveness of the cellular phone-based detection system. The results showed that a cellular phone detection system offers fast incident detection times and higher detection rates for both shoulder and lane blocking incidents. For example, in moderate traffic flow (i.e. 1,550 vehicles per hour per lane), 90 percent of incidents blocking two lanes were detected in 1.5 minutes when the proportion of drivers with cellular phones was one out of 10 drivers, even with only 20 percent of them willing to report incidents. When the current proportion of cellular ownership, i.e. 1 out of 3, was used in the simulation, the detection time improved to 0.8 minutes. The simulation analysis of incident detection by cellular phones also showed that there is a direct relationship between the probability of detection and the detection time; that is, the specification of a higher detection rate resulted in slower detection times. This is in sharp contrast with the results of field study of automatic incident detection (AID) systems which demonstrated an inverse relationship between probability of detection and detection time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005283307060
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    A retrospective and prospective survey of time-use research (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 119-139 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: activity-based travel modeling ; activity episode analysis ; activity scheduling ; hazard-based duration model ; time allocation ; time use research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The central basis of the activity-based approach to travel demand modeling is that individuals' activity-travel patterns are a result of their time-use decisions within a continuous time domain. This paper reviews earlier theoretical and empirical research in the time-use area, emphasizing the need to examine activities in the context or setting in which they occur. The review indicates the substantial progress made in the past five years and identifies some possible reasons for this sudden spurt and rejuvenation in the field. The paper concludes that the field of time-use and its relevance to activity-travel modeling has gone substantially past the "tip of the iceberg", though it certainly still has a good part of the "iceberg" to uncover. Important future areas of research are identified and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005196331393
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