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  • Other Sources  (315)
  • Springer  (193)
  • Cambridge University Press  (53)
  • American Geophysical Union  (38)
  • Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin  (28)
  • American Meteorological Society
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  • 1995-1999  (311)
  • 1955-1959  (4)
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  • 1
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  New York, 475 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. 26, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN 0-521-62434-7 hc (0-521-62478-9 pb))
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; traditional ; Udias
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  • 2
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  New York, 260 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 15B, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (ISBN 0-521-66023-8 hc (0-521-66953-7 pb))
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; modern
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  • 3
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    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake hazard ; KTB ; ICDP ; IOcean Drilling Program ; climate ; Antarctica ; Nuclear explosion ; Volcanology ; GeodesyY ; satellites ; remote ; sensing ; gas ; hydrates ; Geothermics ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; potable ; water ; waste ; soils ; evolution ; Geol. aspects ; geotechnics ; Engineering geophys. ; ores
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-04-18
    Description: Fluxes of phosphate across the sediment–water interface have been measured using inhibitors of bacterial activity sterilization and chloramphenicol and a control in order to quantify the influence of bacterial abundance on them. Results show that phosphate concentration in the interstitial water decreased when bacteria were present, in relation to treated aquaria. The measured (Jo) and theoretical fluxes (Jd) of phosphate also were higher when bacterial activity was suppressed. Mass balance calculated for Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the sediment revealed a loss of theses compounds when bacterial activity was suppressed, and a net accumulation of Carbon and Phosphorus, and loss of Nitrogen under natural conditions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamica and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 693-711. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-03-31
    Description: Russian and German scientists have investigated the extreme environmental system in and around the Laptev Sea in the Siberian Arctic. For the first time a major comprehensive research program combining the efforts of several projects addressed both oceanic and terrestrial processes, and their consequences for marine and terrestrial biota, landscape evolution as well as land-ocean interactions. The primary scientific goal of the multidisciplinary program was to decipher past climate variations and their impact on contemporary environmental changes. Extensive studies of the atmosphere, sea ice, water column, and sea-floor on the Laptev Sea Shelf, as well as of the vegetation, soil development, carbon cycle, permafrost behaviour and lake hydrology, and sedimentationon Taymyr Peninsula and Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago were performed during the past years under a framework of joint research activities. They included land and marine expeditions during spring (melting), summer (ice free), and autumn (freezing) seasons. The close bilateral cooperation between many institutions in Russia and Germany succeeded in drawing a picture of important processes shaping the marine and terrestrial environment in northern Central Siberia in Late Quaternary time. The success of the projects, which ended in late 1997, resulted in the definition and establishment of a new major research effort which will concentrate on establishing a better understanding of the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental record of the area. This is important because it allows to be able to judge rates and extremes of potential future environmental changes.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-05-29
    Description: Analogue experiments in part I led to the conclusion that pyroclastic flows depositing very highgrade ignimbrite move as dilute suspension currents. In the thermo–fluid–dynamical model developed, the degree of cooling of expanded turbulent pyroclastic flows dynamically evolves in response to entrainment of air and mass loss to sedimentation. Initial conditions of the currents are derived from column-collapse modeling for magmas with an initial H2O content of 1–3 wt.% erupting through circular vents and caldera ring-fissures. The flows spread either longitudinally or radially from source up to a runout distance that increases with higher mass flux but decreases with higher gas content, temperature, bottom slope and coarser initial grain size. Progressive dilution by entrainment and sedimentation causes pyroclastic currents to transform into buoyant ash plumes at the runout distance. The ash plumes reach stratospheric heights and distribute 30–80% of the erupted material as widespread co-ignimbrite ash. Pyroclastic suspension currents with initial mass fluxes of 107-1012 kg/s can spread for tens of kilometers with only limited cooling, although they move as supercritical, strongly entraining currents for the eruption conditions considered here. With increasing eruption mass flux, cooling during passage through the fountain diminishes while cooling during flow transport increases. The net effect is that eruption temperature exerts the prime control on emplacement temperature. Pyroclastic suspension currents can form welded ignimbrite across their entire extent if eruption temperature is To11.3.Tmw, the minimum welding temperature. High eruption rates, a large fraction of fine ash, and a ring-fissure vent favor the formation of extensive high-grade ignimbrite. For very hot eruptions produc ing sticky, partially molten pyroclasts, analysis of particle aggregation systematics shows that factors favoring longer runout also favor more efficient aggregation, which reduces runout. As a result, very high-grade ignimbrites cannot spread more than a few tens of kilometers from their source. In cooler pyroclastic currents, particles do not aggregate, and the sedimentation process may involve re-entrainment of particles, which potentially leads to more extensive cooling and longer runout; such effects, however, are only significant when net erosion of substrate occurs. Model results can be employed to estimate mass flux and duration of ignimbrite eruptions from measured ignimbrite masses and aspect ratios. The model also provides an alternative explanation of the observed decrease in H/Lratios with ignimbrite mass.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-06-29
    Description: Hydrothermal activity in the Central Bransfield Basin revealed an active low-temperature vent field on top of a submarine volcanic structure. A temperature anomaly was detected and the sea floor showed various patches of white silica (opal-A) precipitate exposures and some yellow–brown Fe-oxyhydroxide crusts. Enriched dissolved methane concentrations were encountered. Sediment was near 24°C just after the grab came on deck. No dense population of chemosynthetically based macrofauna known from other hydrothermal venting areas was present, except for pogonophora. The observations suggest that the sedimented hydrothermal field at Hook Ridge is a low-temperature end-member branch from a deeper hydrothermal source.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Investigations of factors affecting feeding success in fish larvae require knowledge of the scales of variability of the feeding process itself and the indices used to assess this variability. In this study, we measured short-term (diel) variability in feeding rates of wild haddock (Melanogrammus aeglifinus) larvae four times per day during a 10-d cruise in the northern North Sea. Feeding activity was evaluated using indices of gut fullness, prey digestive state and biochemical measurements (tryptic enzyme activity). The gut fullness and the enzyme activity indices indicated moderate to high rates of food consumption throughout the cruise. Time series analysis of the three indices showed significant diel variability in all indices and enabled identification of significant lags between food uptake and peak digestive enzyme activity. The typical pattern of food consumption and digestion was characterized by maximal ingestion of prey early in the evening (19:00 hrs) and peak digestive enzyme activity at 01:00 hrs. The time scale over which enzyme activities reacted to prey ingestion was ca. 6 h, and is consistent with expectations from controlled laboratory experiments with other larval fish species. Significant diel variability in tryptic enzyme activity suggests that attempts to relate this measure of feeding success to other variables (e.g. food concentrations) should take care to accommodate natural cycles in feeding activity before making statistical comparisons.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-05-18
    Description: Facies analysis, fossil dating, and the study of the metamorphism in the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary successions in the central part of the Northern Calcareous Alps allow to reconstruct the tectonic evolution in the area between the South Penninic Ocean in the northwest and the Tethys Ocean with the Hallstatt Zone in the southeast. The Triassic as well as the Early and Middle Jurassic sediments were deposited in a rifted, transtensive continental margin setting. Around the Middle/Late Jurassic boundary two trenches in front of advancing nappes formed in sequence in the central part of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The southern trench (Late Callovian to Early Oxfordian) accumulated a thick succession of gravitatively redeposited sediments derived from the sedimentary sequences of the accreted Triassic–Liassic Hallstatt Zone deposited on the outer shelf and the margin of the Late Triassic carbonate platform. During a previous stage these sediments derived from sequences deposited on the more distal shelf (Salzberg facies zone of Hallstatt unit, Meliaticum), and in a later stage from more proximal parts (Zlambach facies zone of Hallstatt unit, Late Triassic reef belt). Low temperature–high pressure metamorphism of some Hallstatt limestones before redeposition is explained by the closure of parts of the Tethys Ocean in Middle to Late Jurassic times and associated subduction. In the northern trench (Late Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian) several hundred meters of sediment accumulated including redeposited material from a nearby topographic rise. This rise is interpreted as an advancing nappe front as a result of the subduction process. The sedimentary sealing by Tithonian sediments, documented by uniform deep-water sedimentation (Oberalm Formation), gives an upper time constraint for the tectonic events. In contrast to current models, which propose an extensional regime for the central and eastern Northern Calcareous Alps in the Late Jurassic, we propose a geodynamic model with a compressional regime related to the Kimmerian orogeny.
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  • 10
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 587-599. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 11
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 667-682. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: We have employed electronmicroscopical methods (SEM, TEM) to document the microbial community associated with the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola (formerly Verongia cavernicola, class Demospongiae). Five dominant bacterial types were identified, three of which resemble the morphotypes originally described by Vacelet (1975). One bacterial type possesses morphological properties that are characteristic of the genus Planctomyces. In addition, morphologically uniform bacteria which reside inside the nuclei of host cells were observed. Using in situ hybridization with fluorescently labelled rRNA probes directed against known bacterial groups, the phylogenetic affiliation of the mesohyl bacteria was assessed. It could be shown that the vast majority of mesohyl bacteria belongs to the domain Bacteria with a low GC content. Among the Bacteria, the delta-Proteobacteria were most abundant, followed by the gamma-Proteobacteria and representatives of the Bacteroides cluster. Clusters of Gram-positive bacteria with a high GC content were also found consistently in low amounts. No hybridization signal was obtained with probes specific to the domain Archaea, to the alpha- and beta-Proteobacteria and to the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium cluster. This study describes for the first time the application of the “top-to-bottom approach” using 16S rRNA probes and in situ hybridization to assess the microbial diversity in Aplysina sponges
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  • 13
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 73-92. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2016-01-19
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 14
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 577-585. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 15
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 516-532. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 16
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 601-613. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 17
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 93-99. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 18
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 125-140. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
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  • 19
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    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 88 (2). pp. 325-336.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description:  The reflectance of sediments (gray level) were measured on 11 sediment cores from the Norwegian–Greenland–Iceland Sea (Nordic seas). The analyzed time interval covers the past five glacial–interglacial cycles. Although the results demonstrate that the gray-level method has a potential for stratigraphic purposes, it is indicated that gray-level changes in the Nordic seas are not necessarily driven by variations in the content of biogenic calcite. A detailed comparison of gray-level values with contents of total CaCO3 (carbonate) and total organic carbon (TOC) reveals no overall causal link between these proxies. However, specific glacial core sections with layers containing organic-rich sediment clasts as a consequence of iceberg-rafting seem to correlate well with law gray-level values. Of those cores which show relatively high and comparable carbonate values in the last three main interglacial intervals (stages 11, 5.5, and 1), stage 11 is always marked by the highest gray-level values. A close inspection of the surface structure of the foraminiferal tests as well as the conduction of reflectance measurements on these tests leads to the conclusion that enhanced carbonate corrosion occurred during stage 11. The test corrosion not only affected the reflectance of the tests by making them appear whiter, it also seems responsible for the comparatively high gray-level values of the total sediment in stage 11. In contrast, the relatively low gray-level values found in stages 5.5, and 1 are not associated with enhanced test corrosion. This observation implies that variable degrees of carbonate corrosion can have a profound effect on total sediment reflectance.
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  • 20
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    Springer
    In:  In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic : Dynamics and History. , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A. and Eicken, H. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), pp. 553-560. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-09
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-10-09
    Description: Although blooms of opportunistic fast-growing macroalgae now occur frequently in coastal ecosystems affected by eutrophication, their initiation and control is little understood. Most previous studies have focused on the ecophysiology of adult algae only. We show that spores and/or germlings may represent critical stages in the life cycles and mass-developments of co-occurring opportunistic macroalgae in the Baltic (Pilayella littoralis and Enteromorpha spp.). We investigated the overwintering of spores, timing of germination, subsequent growth, and grazing on spores and germlings, in order to explain the initiation of mass blooms and species dominance patterns. In the field, Enteromorpha spp. showed 10- to 50-fold higher abundances of overwintering microscopic forms (up to 330 individuals cm-2) than P. littoralis. Moreover, we found continuous production of spores (up to 1.2 million settling spores m-2 h-1) from April to October in Enteromorpha spp., while there was evidence of only a short reproductive period in Pilayella. However, in spring, germlings and adults of P. littoralis appeared earlier in the field and reached a 10-fold higher biomass than Enteromorpha spp. In factorial laboratory experiments including temperature and light, there were clear differences in timing of germination. P. littoralis germinated at 5°C whereas Enteromorpha spp. required temperatures of 10-15°C for germination. In contrast, we detected only minor differences in growth response among adults of P. littoralis and Enteromorpha spp. Germination, not growth of adults, appeared to be the ecophysiological bottleneck for initiating mass spring development. Following the spring Pilayella bloom, Enteromorpha germlings occurred massively in the field (April-September), but rarely developed into adults. In laboratory feeding experiments we tested whether crustacean mesograzers common in summer may control development of Enteromorpha germlings. Both germination of settled spores and growth of germlings were reduced by 93-99% in the presence of grazers (Idotea chelipes and Gammarus locusta). Thus in addition to ecophysiological constraints, grazers, if present, may play a decisive role in the early life stages of macroalgal mass developments. These results mirror patterns of overwintering of seeds, germination control, seed and seedling predation in terrestrial plant communities.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The distribution of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the concentrations of nitrous oxide and methane were investigated in a cold water filament near the coastal upwelling region off Oman at the beginning of the southwest monsoon in 1997. The results suggest that such filaments are regions of intense biogeochemical activity which may affect the marine cycling of climatically relevant trace gases
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  • 23
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    Springer
    In:  Journal of Applied Phycology, 11 . pp. 69-78.
    Publication Date: 2018-06-15
    Description: Seaweed responses to eutrophication and their role in coastal eutrophication processes were compared at 8 different sites along the European coasts from the Baltic to the Mediterranean as part of the EU-ENVIRONMENT Project Marine Eutrophication and benthic Macrophytes (EUMAC). Structural and functional changes of marine benthic vegetation typical of eutrophic waters, in particular mass development (blooms) of certain seaweeds, are not merely the result of increased nutrient loading, but must be attributed to complex interactions of primary and secondary effects during the eutrophication process. Due to species-specific physiological properties of the algae (nutrient kinetics, growth potential, light, temperature requirements), the combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors on juvenile or adult developmental stages control the development of algal blooms in different ways. In particular the role of light, temperature, water motion and oxygen depletion, as well as of grazers, on early and adult developmental stages of the algae are considered. The result are discussed in the context of coastal eutrophication control and management
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: During the breeding season 1996/97 we compared the foraging and diving behaviour of adult Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), growth rates of their chicks and their breeding success at two colonies in the south of Chile. One of the colonies is located on Magdalena Island in the Strait of Magellan, where a commercial fishery existed several years ago; the other, on the shores of the yet unexploited Otway Sound. Thirty adult Magellanic penguins were equipped with time–depth recorders (TDR) to investigate their behaviour at sea. In each colony 15 adults returning from the sea were stomach flushed to analyse dietary composition. Chicks of TDR-nests and of 12 additional control nests were weighed regularly. Foraging effort was significantly higher at Magdalena than at Otway. The Magdalena-birds usually remained at sea overnight and foraged with a mean duration of 18 h, whereas the penguins of Otway Sound foraged during 1-d trips with a mean duration of only 9 h. Compared to Magdalena, penguins at Otway dived shallower (mean depth 14.9 vs 16.5 m), shorter (mean duration 57.8 vs 64.3 s) and showed more searching and feeding as opposed to travelling activity (on average 69 vs 55%) during the foraging trips. Compared to other breeding locations both colonies were characterised by high chick growth rates, high fledging body masses (〉3 kg) and early fledging date (after 70 to 80 d), and a very high reproductive success of 〉1.75 chicks per breeding pair. Comparison of the diet (almost exclusively sprats) with former investigations suggests for both areas an unchanged food structure over the last decade. The results in both colonies indicate ample food availability in the season 1996/97. However, compared to the much smaller Otway colony, penguins on Magdalena have to cope with more competition for food. Therefore, future prey limitation, through resumed fishery operations or effects of El Niño, might affect the penguin population on the island more negatively than in Otway Sound.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The cephalopod remains from 206 Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) scats collected at Mossman Peninsula, South Orkney Islands (n = 105) and at Stranger Point, South Shetland Islands (n = 101) contained 148 beaks (57 lower and 91 upper). The lower beaks were sorted and measured. Identification of 33 of the lower beaks that were collected at Mossman Peninsula revealed two squid species, Brachioteuthis ?picta (n = 26) and Psychroteuthisglacialis (n = 7), with lower rostral lengths (LRL) of 2.0–3.5 mm, and 1.0–2.5 mm, respectively. Identification of 15 of the lower beaks collected at Stranger Point revealed the same squid species, with the LRL of B. ?picta ranging from 3.0–3.4 mm (n = 9), and that of P. glacialis from 2.0 to 3.5 mm (n = 6). Estimated squid sizes and wet masses indicate that Antarctic fur seals feed on the small sub-adult squid which inhabit the surface layers. We have compared the squid diet estimated for the seals with that reported for its congeners in lower latitudes and other Antarctic seals, and conclude that cephalopods do not form an important food resource for Antarctic fur seals.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Investigations on the occurrence of trichodinid ciliates from fish caught in the Kiel Bight and Kiel Fjord (western Baltic Sea) were carried out between September 1996 and March 1997. Smears of the gills, fins, and skin of 120 Gadus morhua and 92 Platichthys flesus caught by fish traps and trammel nets revealed the presence of trichodinid ciliates. According to the fish species and locality, different prevalences and densities of trichodinid ciliates were found. Fish caught in the Kiel Bight revealed a lower prevalence of trichodinid ciliates on their gills (P. flesus 74.2%, G. morhua 3.8%) in comparison with fish of the same species and size caught in the Kiel Fjord (P. flesus 75.0%, G. morhua 26.2%). In both areas, P. flesus was more heavily infested than G. morhua. Seasonal changes in the prevalence of infestation of P. flesus between autumn and winter in the Kiel Fjord are proposed to be linked to an increase in bacterial biomass during winter. The fish ecology in combination with the total number of bacteria in the fish environment is discussed as an important factor influencing the abundance of trichodinid ciliates. The present data suggest the use of trichodinid ciliates as an indicator for eutrophication in brackish-water environments.
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  • 27
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    In:  In: Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Communities. , ed. by Zehr, J. P. and Voytek, M. A. Developments in Hydrobiology, 138 . Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 177-198. ISBN 978-94-010-5827-8
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: Recent advances in using immunological and nucleic acid probes to detect the effects of environmental stress on phytoplankton growth rate and yield are reviewed here. The rationale for this approach is discussed in the context of the general response observed from microorganisms grown under stress imposed by various environmental factors. Retrenchment, or the observed down-regulation of metabolic processes under nutrient deficiency, is categorized as a general response that is of limited use in designing probes to stress induced by a specific nutrient. In contrast, compensation and the increase capacity for nutrient acquisition are specific responses that appear more promising for the development of such probes. Methods and approaches used to design immunological and nucleic acid probes for stress imposed by nutrient deficiency are reviewed. Specific examples for iron and nitrogen limitation are presented to demonstrate the potential use of nutrient stress indicators in natural populations of phytoplankton. Finally, the limitations of this approach and the importance of understanding the regulation of the genes and proteins used to prepare the probes are emphasized.
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  • 28
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    In:  Parasitology Research, 85 . pp. 638-646.
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: The present study provides further data on the occurrence of Pseudoterranova decipiens in fish from two different sampling sites in the Antarctic. A total of 690 fish belonging to 33 species from the eastern Weddell Sea and 322 fish belonging to 12 species from the South Shetland Islands were examined. Altogether, 23 fish species were found to be infested and 11 new host records could be established. P. decipiens occurred at a water depth of between 80 and 820 m. Chaenocephalus aceratus and Notothenia coriiceps from the South Shetland Islands were the species with the highest prevalence (95%) and intensity (2-194 and 1-121, respectively) of infestation. Both are transport hosts, which mainly feed on benthic nototheniid fish species and accumulate the nematodes. Bathypelagic, pelagic, or mainly euphausid feeding fish species were only lightly infested, if at all. This demonstrates the benthic life cycle of P. decipiens in the Antarctic. The preferred site of infestation was the body cavity and the liver; no specimen could be isolated from the fish musculature. This might be explained by the low water temperatures. The infestation of fish from the Weddell Sea was distinctly lower than that of fish around the South Shetland Islands. Besides possible differences in final host populations at the two localities studied, the loss of eggs and larvae under the eastern Weddell Sea shelf ice and over the continental slope and differences in the availability of the first intermediate and macroinvertebrate hosts led to a lower level of infestation. Another role, although nondecisive, may be played by the reduced time of development and infectivity of eggs and larvae, respectively, in the extremely cold waters of the Weddell Sea. P. decipiens is not a rare but, rather a well-established parasite of the Antarctic fauna, which demonstrates the ability of this cosmopolitan species to complete its life cycle even under conditions of subzero temperatures.
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  • 29
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    In:  In: Ice Physics and the Natural Environment. , ed. by Wettlaufer, J. S., Dash, J. G. and Untersteiner, N. NATO ASI Series, 56 . Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 341-346.
    Publication Date: 2020-03-30
    Description: The variability of sea ice in the polar regions is an important factor in the climate system particularly because of its strong influence on heat and freshwater transports as well as momentum exchange between ocean and atmosphere. To describe these effects accurately ice conditions need to be known over long time periods and wide regions. Models are able to produce such data but need to be verified by observations (Lemke et al., 1998). One classical model variable which can be validated quite well with remote sensing methods (SMMR, SSM/I) is the ice coverage. Modelled ice drift can be verified by comparing observed and simulated drift trajectories (Kreyscher et al., 1998). Ice thickness observations, however, are only rarely available from drillings, sonar measurements and laser altimeter recordings. Keywords
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2016-09-08
    Description:  The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated in a multicentury integration conducted with the coupled general circulation model (CGCM) ECHAM3/LSG. The quasiperiodic interannual oscillations of the simulated equatorial Pacific climate system are due to subsurface temperature anomaly propagation and a positive atmosphere-ocean feedback. The gravest internal wave modes contribute to the generation of these anomalies. The simulated ENSO has a characteristic period of 5–8 years. Due to the coarse resolution of the ocean model the ENSO amplitude is underestimated by a factor of three as compared to observations. The model ENSO is associated with the typical atmospheric teleconnection patterns. Using wavelet statistics two characteristic interdecadal modulations of the ENSO variance are identified. The origins of a 22 and 35 y ENSO modulation as well as the characteristic ENSO response to greenhouse warming simulated by our model are discussed.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: The Asian decapod Hemigrapsus penicillatus (de Haan, 1835) was first recorded in European waters in 1994. The first specimens were collected in the estuary of Charente Maritime on the west coast of France close to La Rochelle. The current range in Europe covers Spanish shallow water habitats of the Bay of Biscay to areas north of La Rochelle (France). Densities of up to 20 specimens per square metre occur. This species has a high temperature and salinity tolerace and will expand its distribution in European waters. It is not clear whether this crab was introduced by shipping in ballast water or as a fouling organism. Based on a study of ship hull fouling in German dry docks this account provides evidence that hull fouling is a likely vector for the introduction of this crab. In August 1993, six juvenile specimens of H. penicillatus were removed from the hull of a car-carrier. After its journey from Japan into European waters this vessel docked in the port of Bremerhaven (Germany) for a routine inspection and coating with antifouling paint.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
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  • 33
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    In:  Journal of Comparative Physiology B - Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 169 (2). pp. 100-106.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-29
    Description: Open-flow oxygen and carbon dioxide respirometry was used in Neumünster Zoo (Germany) to examine the energy requirements of six Asian small-clawed otters (Amblonyx cinerea) at rest and swimming voluntarily under water. Our aim was to compare their energy requirements with those of other warm-blooded species to elucidate scale effects and to test whether the least aquatic of the three otter species differs markedly from these and its larger relatives. While at rest on land (16 °C, n = 26), otters (n = 6, mean body mass 3.1 ± 0.4 kg) had a respiratory quotient of 0.77 and a resting metabolic rate of 5.0 ± 0.8 Wkg−1(SD). This increased to 9.1 ± 0.8 Wkg−1 during rest in water (11–15 °C, n = 4) and to 17.6 ± 1.4 Wkg−1 during foraging and feeding activities in a channel (12 °C, n = 5). While swimming under water (n = 620 measurements) in an 11-m long channel, otters preferred a speed range between 0.7 ms−1 and 1.2 ms−1. Transport costs were minimal at 1 ms−1 and amounted to 1.47 ± 0.24 JN−1 m−1 (n = 213). Metabolic rates of small-clawed otters in air were similar to those of larger otter species, and about double those of terrestrial mammals of comparable size. In water, metabolic rates during rest and swimming were larger than those extrapolated from larger otter species and submerged swimming homeotherms. This is attributed to high thermoregulatory costs, and high body drag at low Reynolds numbers.
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  • 34
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    In:  Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 9 . pp. 375-378.
    Publication Date: 2016-09-14
    Description: Over the past eight years my colleagues and I have been involved in a major project to make key information on fishes available to users, especially in developing countries (Froese and Pauly, 1998; http://www. fishbase.org/). There are about 25 000 species of fishes in the world of which over 7 000 are used by humans as food, for sport or as pets. Dealing with such large numbers meant that we depended heavily on taxonomic works to ensure that we assigned relevant information to the correct species. Eight years through the project we have covered 22 000 species, 40 000 synonyms, 80 000 common names, and 14 000 references. We have worked with over 300 collaborators, among them many taxonomists, and we have visited many museums. In this contribution I present our experiences in the catchy categories of ‘good’, ‘bad’, and ‘ugly’, not to offend anyone, but to provoke reactions that hopefully will lead to some of the changes that we as users of taxonomic information would like to see.
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  • 35
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    In:  , ed. by Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A., Eicken, H., Hubberten, H. W., Melles, M., Thiede, J. and Timokhov, L. A. Springer, Berlin (u.a.), XI, 711 pp. ISBN 3-540-65676-6
    Publication Date: 2019-09-24
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  • 36
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    In:  In: Warm climates in earth history. , ed. by Wing, S. L. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 275-296. ISBN 9780521641425
    Publication Date: 2018-02-06
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: Potential fecundity in Loligo vulgaris reynaudii was estimated to be about 17 000 eggs, calculated as the total number of discernible oocytes in the ovary and oviduct. Squid were observed to spawn up to 8140 eggs over a 36 h period in captivity. First estimations of actual fecundity are therefore between 8000 and 17 000 eggs. Factors complicating a more accurate estimation of actual fecundity in this species include difficulties with aquarium maintenance, their behaviour of spawning over a protracted period and in multiple sites, and atretic oocytes observed in both developing and mature ovaries. Detailed morphological and histological analysis of gonads collected at regular intervals over a complete spawning season will allow a more precise calculation of actual fecundity.
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  • 38
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    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79 (3). pp. 479-486.
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: Stomach contents of Todarodes sagittatus caught by trawlers working from 100 to 800 m depth in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean) were studied. From the 348 stomachs examined (153 males and 195 females) 33.62% were empty (39.21% in males and 29.74% in females). The diet of the squid was composed of 58 different prey items belonging to four major groups: Osteichthya, Crustacea, Cephalopoda and Chondrichthya. Osteichthyes, crustaceans and cephalopods were the most common prey, with a frequency of occurrence value of 84.85, 48.92 and 29.87% respectively. A change in the diet as the squid grows was observed, since juveniles feed basically on fishes while adults prey more actively on crustaceans. Analysis of the diet by size-classes reflected an ontogenetic migration to deeper waters since, parallel to the increase of size, a raise in the percentage of prey species inhabiting deeper waters was detected. Cannibalism was quite frequent, since T. sagittatus was the second most common cephalopod prey. Females had higher fullness-weight index and lower emptiness index than males, which reflects their major energetic demand for egg production.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: The pattern and characteristics of diving in 14 female northern rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi, were studied at Amsterdam Island (37°50′S; 77°31′E) during the guard stage, using electronic time–depth recorders. Twenty-nine foraging trips (27 daily foraging trips and two longer trips including one night) with a total of 16 572 dives of ≥3 m were recorded. Females typically left the colony at dawn and returned in the late afternoon, spending an average of 12 h at sea, during which they performed ∼550 dives. They were essentially inshore foragers (mean estimated foraging range 6 km), and mainly preyed upon the pelagic euphausiid Thysanoessa gregaria, fishes and squid being only minor components of the diet. Mean dive depth, dive duration, and post-dive intervals were 18.4 m (max. depth 109 m), 57 s (max. dive duration 168 s), and 21 s (37% of dive duration), respectively. Descent and ascent rates averaged 1.2 and 1.0 ms−1 and were, together with dive duration, significantly correlated with dive depth. Birds spent 18% of their total diving time in dives reaching 15 to 20 m, and the mean maximum diving efficiency (bottom time:dive cycle duration) occurred for dives reaching 15 to 35 m. The most remarkable feature of diving behaviour in northern rockhopper penguins was the high percentage of time spent diving during daily foraging trips (on average, 69% of their time at sea); this was mainly due to a high dive frequency (∼44 dives per hour), which explained the high total vertical distance travelled during one trip (18 km on average). Diving activity at night was greatly reduced, suggesting that, as other penguins, E. chrysocome moseleyi are essentially diurnal, and locate prey using visual cues.
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  • 40
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    In:  In: Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods. , ed. by Olóriz Saéz, F. and Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J. Springer, Boston, MA, pp. 17-21, 5 pp. ISBN 978-1-4615-4837-9
    Publication Date: 2021-05-11
    Description: The comparative morphometric analysis, which has proved valuable in vertebrates for the identification of features needed for further clarification of classifications, is lacking in the greater part of cephalopod literature (Voss, 1977; Roper, 1983). The taxonomy of sepiolids, especially that of Sepiola and Sepietta species, is quite difficult in practice (Naef, 1923; Mangold and Boletzky, 1987; Nesis, 1987; Guerra, 1992). In most cases the mantle has to be cut open to expose the organs of the mantle cavity, and the comparison of several specimens of different species and of both sexes is recommended (Bello, 1995). Adult and sub-adult males can be identified from the hectocotylous, females from the bursa copulatrix, inside the mantle cavity. In Sepietta neglecta and Sepietta oweniana the currently known characters are not sufficient to identify the females because both their external and internal morphology are identical (Guerra, 1992; Bello, 1995). The only difference referred to by Naef (1923) is that the tentacles of S. neglecta are smaller than those of S. oweniana and bear much smaller suckers. However this is evident only when specimens of equal size from the two species are examined together. The purpose of this paper is to verify whether the length of tentacular clubs, the thickness of tentacles and the diameter of club suckers reflect the growth rate, and are significantly different for the two species to define relative indices.
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  • 41
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    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79 (3). pp. 467-477.
    Publication Date: 2021-06-11
    Description: The population structure of the European flying squid Todarodes sagittatus was studied using data of about 5000 squid caught in waters off the western Sahara between 1969 and 1997. The bulk of the population consisted of winter-spawned squid, which occurred as juveniles of 80–120 mm mantle length (ML) over the slope in spring, and as immature squid of 160–180 mm ML both on the shelf and slope in summer. In autumn, the squid attained 220–280 mm ML, matured, and shifted to the slope, where the spawning was supposed to occur in winter. Age and growth of T. sagittatus was studied using statolith ageing techniques. Assuming daily production of putative growth increments within statoliths, as well as sizes and proportions of immature and maturing females, the lifespan of the west Saharan populations of T. sagittatus lasts ∼1 y. Todarodes sagittatus is a fast growing squid at juvenile and immature ontogenetic phases. Early maturation (at ages 220–230 d in males and 250–260 d in females, respectively) and subsequent decrease of somatic growth rates caused rather small modal sizes of mature squid (250–300 mm ML) compared with those of their northern counterparts (350–420 mm ML). Both hatching dates and seasonality in occurrence of mature females shows that in waters off the western Sahara T. sagittatus spawns throughout the year with a well-pronounced winter peak.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: Sexual selection studies in cephalopods indicate that sperm competition is a central feature of their mating systems, yet this has not been studied experimentally in any detail. In 1998 we staged 20 matings of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L., in the laboratory. Males rapidly initiated mating in the “head-to-head” position, with no apparent courtship. Mating lasted an average of 10 min (range 7 to 14 min). For the first 6 min (on average 63% of the mating duration), the male flushed strong jets of water directly at the female's buccal membrane, which sometimes resulted in the expulsion of parts of spermatangia placed there in recent matings. Then, in a single discrete movement that lasted an average of only 14 s, the male's modified fourth left arm – the hectocotylus – wrapped around a single large bundle of spermatophores (ca. 150 to 300) and transferred them to the female's buccal membrane. For the remainder of the mating (average 3 min, range 1.5 to 5.0 min), the hectocotylus repeatedly broke the spermatophores open, and manipulated them, so that sperm were released and many spermatangia were attached along the ventral buccal membrane, near the paired seminal receptacles. Approximately 140 spermatangia were attached in rows 3 to 5 deep around the ventral buccal membrane in a single mating; the rest were usually discarded during mating. Histology revealed that each of the seminal receptacles consists of a series of sperm storage bulbs connected by a central duct, which leads to a single pore at the surface of the buccal membrane. Baseline data on sperm motility were obtained, but the mechanism by which sperm enter the seminal receptacle remains unknown. Females seemed to initiate termination of mating, then males guarded their mates temporarily. These results, combined with other recent laboratory experiments, provide evidence that sperm competition may be a major feature of the mating system of S. officinalis.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: Analysis of the isotope composition of calcareous structures of marine organisms has proved useful in providing biological data. The present study constitutes the first detailed work undertaken on the isotope composition of coleoid cephalopods. We analysed the carbon- and oxygen-isotope composition [δ13C (CO2− 3) and δ18O (CO2− 3), respectively] of the cuttlebone aragonite of wild and cultivated specimens of Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758. δ13C (CO2− 3) ranged from −2.94 to 1.00‰, δ18O (CO2− 3) from −0.18 to 2.08‰. The carbon-isotope composition is not in equilibrium with the carbon species of the ambient seawater, and does not reflect the deposition of CaCO3 in seawater. The potential influence of environmental factors and biological processes on the carbon-isotope composition of the cuttlebone is discussed. In contrast to δ13C, the oxygen-isotope composition of cuttlebone aragonite appears to be in isotopic equilibrium with the ambient seawater. Seasonal changes in isotopic temperature revealed by our analyses agreed with changes in the temperature of the ambient seawater. CaCO3 was deposited all year round. A maximum life span of 2 yr, a year-round spawning season, and variable growth rates among and within individuals have been inferred from the isotopic temperatures.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2021-07-26
    Description: Ontogenetic changes in morphometric and reproductive indices were studied using 166 individuals of the arctic gonatid squid Gonatus fabricii (7.3–322 mm pen length) collected in the southern part of the Norwegian Sea. Body proportions and consistency of the mantle and fins did not change in maturing and mature males. In contrast, during maturation the females first lost their tentacles, then the horny rings of their 4th arm suckers, and the muscular part of their body turned watery and gelatinous. Unlike most squid, G. fabricii females start mating at maturity stage III, and all but one female at stage IV had mated, as well as all spent females. Females had high values of both gonadosomatic index and maturity indices compared to those of the North Pacific gonatids, whereas gonadosomatic index values of males were low, probably due to slow functioning of both testis and spermatophoric gland, and long accumulation of spermatophores in the Needham's sac. It is suggested that the breakdown of female body tissues is an adaptation for a deepwater bathypelagic “brooding” of the negatively buoyant egg-mass caused by the high specific density of the secretion from the nidamental glands in gonatids.
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  • 45
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    In:  Marine Biotechnology, 1 (4). pp. 403-406.
    Publication Date: 2021-08-24
    Description: Attempts to study the genetic population structure of cephalopods are impeded by the low levels of genetic variation in these species. We have developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for six hypervariable microsatellite markers in order to analyze the molecular population structure in the Californian market squid Loligo opalescens. Each of these genomic loci has been cloned and fully sequenced. Here we report the sequence and properties of the six PCR primer sets for the amplification of hypervariable microsatellites. Heterozygosity levels in six squid samples from different locations are high for all loci tested.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: The functional properties of the haemocyanin ofVampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha), measured at 5 °C, are reported and discussed in relation to hypoxia. The oxygen affinity of this haemocyanin (P50=0.47−0.55 kPa) is higher than any previously measured for a cephalopod. The high cooperativity (n50=2.20−2.23) and Bohr coefficient (−0.22) suggest a true transport function for this haemocyanin. This high-affinity haemocyanin, in conjunction with moderate gill diffusion capacity, provides a sufficient oxygen gradient from the environment to the blood to support the low routine oxygen consumption rate of V. infernalis.
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  • 47
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    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79 (3). pp. 569-570.
    Publication Date: 2021-06-11
    Description: Size of ripe eggs and potential fecundity are described in the squid of the subfamilies Todaropsinae and Todarodinae (Oegopsida: Ommastrephidae)— Todaropsis eblanae from West Africa, Todarodes angolensis from Namibia, Todarodes sagittatus from north-west Africa and the Mediterranean Sea, Todarodes sp. from the south-east Pacific, Nototodarus hawaiiensis from the south-east Pacific and West Indian Ocean and Martialia hyadesi from the south-west Atlantic. Females of both subfamilies are characterized by a wide range of ripe egg size (0.7–2.4 mm) and low and medium values of potential fecundity (20,000–2,500,000).
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2021-06-11
    Description: Between 1993 and 1995, the diving behavior and movement patterns of 23 weaned Weddell seal pups (Leptonychotes weddellii) were tracked in the Ross Sea. Antarctica, using satellite-linked time-depth recorders. Regression analyses revealed that for seals of between 8 and 27 weeks old, age was poorly correlated with the dive depth, duration, or frequency. However, changes in dive parameters suggested that Weddell seal pups were attempting to maximize dive time, but the manner in which this was done depended on age and time of day. Movement patterns indicated that most Weddell seal pups left their natal area by the end of February, and traveled north along the Antarctic continent coastline. Several individuals returned to McMurdo Sound, but others were last located more than 400 km from McMurdo. Routes followed suggest that pups can use the pack ice habitat, but prefer to remain closer to the coastline than do adults.
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: Ovary maturation and spawning in the chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii were investigated by collecting squid from across their distributional range on the southeastern coast of South Africa between 1992 and 1993. Based on histological examination of the ovarian tissue and the separation of multiple modes in oocyte size-frequency distribution, ovary development was characterised by eight distinct stages. Our study confirms serial spawning in L. v. reynaudii.
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  • 50
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    In:  Helgoland Marine Research, 52 . pp. 219-234.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: About 80 non-indigenous species are assumed to have been introduced into the North Sea by transoceanic shipping and aquaculture. The number is certainly underestimated as most small organisms received insufficient attention at the species level. Also, the seafaring tradition of the North Sea countries is much longer than our biological surveys are. Most exotic invertebrates originate from the western Atlantic and were introduced by shipping, while most algae stem from the Pacific and came with the introduced oysters. A peak of newcomers was observed in the 1970s. Most of the arrivals became established in brackish environments, at harbor sites and in the vicinity of oyster farms, fouling on hard substrates or living as epibionts. A few live in sediments, are holoplanktonic or are parasites. At the open coast, approximately 6% of the macrobenthic species are exotics, while in estuaries their share is up to 20%. Most exotics have been encountered in the southern North Sea first, and many did not spread further north. About 25% of the established non-natives are widespread and attain locally high abundances. As a consequence, some inshore habitats are entirely dominated by exotics. The overall effect on the ecosystem seems to be more additive than one of displacement. This suggests that the coastal biota of the North Sea are quite capable of accommodating newcomers. However, this is no guarantee that the next introduced species may not cause severe ecological change or economic harm. There is a need to minimize the risk of unintentional introductions by ballast water treatment and by adhering to quarantine procedures in aquaculture. Current research on exotics in the North Sea is regarded as inadequate for proper evaluation and management requirements.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2018-06-07
    Description: Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, removed from their natural environment and maintained for 9 weeks in continuously immersed conditions exhibited a clear endogenous circatidal rhythm in oxygen consumption. The clams exhibited a semidiurnal rhythmicity in oxygen consumption after showing a diurnal pattern in the first few days (5 to 7 d) of the experiment. The results of the present study indicate that activity rhythms of clams are controlled not only by exogenous factors, but also by an endogenous circatidal periodicity.
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  • 52
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    In:  In: The Prokaryotes. An evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria. Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications. , ed. by Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K. H. and Stackebrandt, E. Springer, New York. 3
    Publication Date: 2012-02-28
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: A core from a coral colony of Porites lutea was analysed for stable oxygen isotopic composition*. A 200-year proxy record of sea surface temperatures from the Houtman Abrolhos Islands off west Australia was obtained from coral δ18O. At 29′S, the Houtman Abrolhos are the southernmost major reef complex of the Indian Ocean. They are located on the path of the Leeuwin Current, a southward flow of warm, tropical water, which is coupled to Indonesian throughflow. Coral δ18O primarily reflects local oceanographic and climatic variability, which is largely determined by spatial variability of the Leeuwin Current. However, coherence between coral δ18O and the current strength itself is relatively weak. Evolutionary spectral and singular spectrum analyses of coral δ18O demonstrate a high variability in spectral composition through time. Oscillations in the 5–7-y, 14–15-y, and quasi-biennial bands reflect teleconnections of local sea surface temperature (SST) to tropical Pacific climate variability. Deviations between local (coral-based) and regional (instrument) SST contain a cyclic component with a period of 15 y. Coral δ18O suggests a rise in SST by 0.6 ′C since AD 1944, consistent with available instrumental SST records. A long-term warming by 1.4 ′C since AD 1795 is inferred from the coral record
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  • 54
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    In:  World in transition: ways towards sustainable management of freshwater resources
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 55
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    In:  World in transition: strategies for managing global environmental risks
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 56
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    In:  Auswirkungen von Klimaänderungen auf aquatische Systeme | Handbuch der Umweltveränderungen Ökotoxikologie, 3A: Aquatische Syste
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 57
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    Springer
    In:  Modeling environmental conflict | Environmental change and security. A European perspective
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 58
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  The terrestrial biosphere and global change: Implications for natural and managed ecosystems
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 59
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    Springer
    In:  Beyond El Nino: Decadal and interdecadal climate variability | Beyond El Nino: decadal and interdecadal climate variability
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 60
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    Springer
    In:  Umweltgerechtes Verhalten in verschiedenen Lebensstil- Kontexten | Umweltgerechtes Handeln - Barrieren und Brücken
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 61
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    Springer
    In:  Welt im Wandel: Strategien zur Bewältigung globaler Umweltrisiken
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 62
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  The terrestrial biosphere and global change: Implications for natural and managed ecosystems
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 63
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    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: Inhaltsübersicht : Helmut Keupp & Daria Ivanova: Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of the Western Forebalkan, Bulgaria … 3-31 ; Helmut Keupp & Rolf Kohring: Kalkige Dinoflagellatenzysten aus dem Obermiozän (NN 11 ) W von Rethimnon (Kreta) … 33-53 ; Dimitris Frydas, Helmut Keupp & Spyridon M. Bellas: Biostratigraphical research in Late Neogene marine deposits of the Chania Province, western Crete, Greece … 55-67 ; Glenn Fechner: "Microforaminiferal" lining taphonomy: A cautionary note … 69-81 ; Uwe Gloy & Rolf Kohring: Py-GC-Analysen an einem fossilen Harz aus dem Oberen Jura (Grube Guimarota/Portugal) … 83-88 ; Joachim Gründel: Truncatelloidea (Littorinimorpha, Gastropoda) aus dem Lias und Dogger Deutschlands und Nordpolens … 89-119 ; Helmut Keupp, Martin Röper & Adolf Seilacher: Paläobiologische Aspekte von syn vivo-besiedelten Ammonoideen im Plattenkalk des Ober-Kimmeridgiums von Brunn in Ostbayern … 121-145 ; Nikolaus Malchus: Identification of larval bivalve shells by means of simple statistics … 147-160 ; Carsten Helm, John W.M. Jagt & Manfred Kutscher: Early Campanian ophiuroids from the Hannover area (Lower Saxony, Northern Germany) … 161-173 ; Christian Neumann: New spatangoid echinoids (Echinodermata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Jordan: taxonomy and phylogenetic importance … 175-189 ; Oldrich Fejfar und Daniela C. Kalthoff: Aberrant cricetids (Platacanthomyines, Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Eurasia … 191-206 ; Thekla Pfeiffer: Sexualdimorphismus, Ontogenie und innerartliche Variabilität der pleistozänen Cervidenpopulationen von Dama dama geiselana Pfeiffer 1998 und Cervus elaphus L. (Cervidae, Mammalia) aus Neumark-Nord (Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland) … 207-313 ; Beiträge zur Baikal-Rift-Forschung : MJ. Kuzmin et al.: Climatic events in Siberia during upper Brunhes according to the Lake Baikal sedimentary record … 315-323 ; S. K. Krivonogov et al.: The prospects of GIS use in investigation of the Baikal area … 325-328 ; Y. Masuda et al.: Perspective Studies of Freshwater Sponges in Lake Baikal … 329-332 ; Oleg A. Timoshkin: Biology of Lake Baikal: „White Spots“ and Progress in Research … 333-348 ; Bibliographie : Uwe Gloy: Bibliographie 1997, Institut für Paläontologie, FU Berlin … 349-352 ;
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:560 ; Paläobiologie ; Paläontologie
    Language: German , English
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Kalkdinoflagellaten-Floren aus dem Alb der Forschungsbohrung Kirchrode II (Niedersächsisches Becken). Im Vordergrund stand die Frage nach der bisher wenig bekannten Ökologie dieser Phytoplankton-Gruppe zur Zeit ihrer maximalen Blüte. Dazu wurden die Zysten-Vergesellschaftungen qualitativ und halb-quantitativ untersucht und Diversitätsanalysen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit lithologischen und paläontologischen Daten der an der Untersuchung des Bohrkerns beteiligten Arbeitsgruppen verglichen. Es konnten 37 Morphospezies kalkiger Dinoflagellaten-Zysten nachgewiesen werden. Gemeinsam mit den Morphospezies des Profils Kirchrode I erhöht sich damit die Gesamtzahl der im Alb des Niedersächsischen Beckens nachgewiesenen Taxa auf 45. Das weltweit früheste Auftreten der Unterordnung Pithonelloideae konnte für das frühe Mittel-Alb (Hoplites dentatus-Zone) belegt werden. Außerdem konnte erstmals die Verbreitung der Fuettererelloideae für die Unterkreide sicher dokumentiert werden. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher ökologischer Umweltansprüche konnten 4 typische Kalkdinoflagellaten-Gesellschaften unterschieden werden. Die Zusammensetzung der Zystenvergesellschaftungen wird in erster Linie von Nährstoffreichtum, Salinität und Temperatur des Oberflächenwassers kontrolliert. Gemeinsam mit den neu interpretierten Kalkdinoflagellaten-Vergesellschaftungen des Profils Kirchrode I (KEUPP 1995) reflektieren die Vergesellschaftungen für das Unter- und Mittel-Alb einen Meeresspiegelanstieg bei gleichzeitiger Nährstoffverarmung und Erwärmung. Für das Ober-Alb kann ein Meeresspiegelhöchststand (maximale Pelagizität) und anschließende rasche Regression postuliert werden. Daten anderer Fossilgruppen (Coccolithophoriden, Foraminiferen, Radiolarien) untermauern diese Interpretation. Die Palökologie der Unterkretazischen Orthopithonelloideae wird neu interpretiert. In der späten Unterkreide sind sie nicht, wie bisher angenommen, pelagisch, sondern im Gegenteil an trophische, neritische und vermutlich auch kühlere Oberflächenwasser-Bedingungen gebunden. Innerhalb der grobkristallinen Vertreter der Pirumella loeblichi-Gruppe nimmt P. loeblichi aufgrund abweichender ökologischer Ansprüche (Präferenz für stagnierende und nährstoffreichere Beckenbedingungen) eine Sonderstellung ein. Es konnten 6 Migrationsereignisse tethyaler Zysten nachgewiesen werden, die vermutlich transgressive Impulse widerspiegeln. Die auf diese Fossilgruppe erstmals angewendeten Methoden der Diversitäts- und Häufigkeitsanalysen haben sich als geeignet erwiesen, Wechselwirkungen zwischen fossilen Kalkdinoflagellatenzysten und ihrer Umwelt aufzuzeigen.
    Description: Subject of this study are the calcareous dinoflagellates cysts of the drilling core Kirchrode II (Albian, central Lower Saxony Basin, Northwest Germany). The purpose of this investigation is to give answers to the question of the poorly understood palaeoecology of this important phytopankton group at the time of its maximum radiation. Cyst assemblages were examined qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. Diversity analyses of the cyst assemblages were carried out as well. The results were compared with other lithological and palaeontological data of the drilling core. 37 morphotaxa were identified. Together with the morphospecies recorded from the uppermost Upper Albian of the drilling core Kirchrode I (KEUPP 1995), the number of documented taxa in the Albian of the Lower Saxonian Basin increases to 45 taxa. The first appearance date of the suborder Pithonelloidae is recognised in the lower Middle-Albian (Hoplites dentatus-zone). Moreover, the distribution of the Fuettererelloideae in the Lower Cretaceous is documented for the first time. The taxonomic compositions of the cyst assemblages change through time. Due to their different ecological preferences, 4 typical cysts-assemblages were recognised. The composition of the assemblages was controlled chiefly by nutrient availability, salinity and temperature of the surface water-masses. Together with the re-examined cyst-assemblages of the drilling-core Kirchrode I, the assemblages reflect a sea level rise during the Early and Middle Albian, together with simultaneous warming and nutrient decrease. A postulated sea level highstand (maximum pelagicity) in the Late Albian is followed by a rapid regression in the upper dispar-zone. Data from other plankton groups (coccolithophorids, foraminiferes and radiolarians) support this interpretation. The palaeoecology of the Early Cretaceous Orthopithonelloideae is newly interpreted. They were not, as supposed until now, components of the pelagic realm. On the contrary, their distribution reflects neritic, nutrient-rich and probably cool surface-water masses. Within the Obliquipithonelloids with coarse-crystalline body walls, Pirumella loeblichi holds an exceptional position with respect to its deviating ecology (preference for stagnant and nutrient-rich basin conditions). 6 distinct migration-events of cysts with tethyal origin were recognised. These events are probably related to transgressive pulses. The methods of community and diversity analyses, used for the first time for this little known phytoplankton group, are a powerful tool for the analyses of paleoecological distribution patterns of the group and can be used for paleooceanic basin interpretation.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:560 ; Paläobiologie ; Paläontologie ; Dinoflagellaten
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 84
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  • 65
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    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Den eigentlichen Anwendungen geophysikalischer Modelliertechniken und Bearbeitungsmethoden geht im Verlauf dieser Arbeit eine umfassende Evaluierung und Kompilierung einer Flächendeckenden Datenbasis zwischen 20° und 26°S sowie 62° und 74°W aus gravimetrischen Daten voran. Untersuchungen des Magnetfeldes beschränken sich auf den Bereich der Nazca-Platte. Dabei werden alle verfügbaren Datensätze einbezogen, wozu neben Satelliten-altimetrisch gewonnenen Schweredaten auch Datensätze südamerikanischer Partner-Institutionen gehören. Ziel dieser Vorarbeiten ist die Erstellung eines homogenen nach Qualitätsmerkmalen unterschiedenen Schweredatensatzes, welcher den ozeanischen und den kontinentalen Bereich des Meßgebietes zwischen 20° und 26°S des Arbeitsgebietes beinhaltet. Im folgenden dient die gravimetrische und magnetische Datenbasis als Vergleichsdatensatz für die Modellierung von Dichteinhomogenitäten und Magnetisierungskontrasten. Randbedingungen aus anderen geowissenschaftlichen Teilbereichen wie der Seismik (grenzt die Geometrie- und Dichtevariationen ein), der Petrologie (Phasenübergänge, Gesteinsmetamorphosen) und Geologie (Strukturelle Grenzen) dienen der maximalen Einschränkung von Dichtedomänen und magnetisierten Bereichen. Das lokale 3D-Modell des Kontinentalrandes mit angrenzender Nazca-Platte erklärt die im Magnet-und Schwerefeld beobachteten Anomalien und zeigt die besondere Bedeutung der subduzierten Lithosphäre der Nazca-Platte auf. Neben dieser statischen Modellierung werden im Schwerefeld enthaltene Informationen über die Rigidität der aneinander grenzenden ozeanischen und kontinentalen Lithosphärenplatten extrahiert. Mit einem 3D-Kohärenzverfahren, welches erstmalig in den Zentralen Anden angewendet wird, werden Bereiche mit unterschiedlicher Festigkeit abgegrenzt. Durch die Einbeziehung von ’’Surface- und Subsurface Load” wird die hochauflösende Kohärenz-Analyse verbessert, gegenüber 2D- Verfahren ohne Berücksichtigung von ’’Subsurface Loads”. Eine Vergleichsstudie der Rigiditätsverteilung mit ähnlich regionalen Charakteristika der Lithosphärenplatten, wie etwa dem geothermischen Gradienten führt zu vergleichbaren Aussagen und bestätigt den großen Einfluß der subduzierten Nazca-Platte auf das gesamte aktive System in Bezug auf das Schwerefeld, das Thermische- und das Spannungsregime. Bereiche mit hohem Oberflächen-Wärmefluß korrelieren mit geringer Rigidität. Demzufolge finden sich die höchsten Rigiditätswerte im Forearc und östlichen Backarc und die niedrigsten in der Westkordillere. Schließlich wird auf der Basis der Analyse isostatischer Restfelder mit und ohne Berücksichtigung des Schweresignals der Nazca-Platte, der isostatische Zustand der kontinentalen Lithosphäre untersucht. Dabei werden zusätzlich, neben Modellgeometrien, Dichten und Rigiditäten auch geotektonische Regionen unterschieden. Isostatische Unterkompensation wird demnach in der Küstenkordillere und der Ostkordillere beobachtet. Der Bereich des Hochplateaus der Zentralen Anden befindet sich in isostatischem Gleichgewicht.
    Description: The actual application of geophysical modelling and processing techniques in this thesis is preceded by a comprehensive evaluation and compilation of a Database covering the area from 20° and 26°S to 62° and 74°W with gravimetric and magnetic data. Research of the magnetic field is constrained to the Nazca-Plate oceanic area. In addition to altimétrie satellite gravity data all other available gravity data has been included in the database, e.g. datasets provided by our south american partner institutions. The aim of these preparatory works is the preparation of a uniform dataset which distinguishes data according to quality features. In further progress, this gravimetric and magnetic database is utilized to compare the Signals caused by density inhomogeneities and magnetization contrasts to measured data. Boundary conditions from other geophysical disciplines like seismics (restricting geometry and density variations), petrology (Phasetransitions, Metamorphic reactions) and geology (structural boundaries) lead to a maximum limitation of density and magnetic domains. The local 3D-model of the continent-ocean transition zone with the boundaring Nazca-plate explains the observed anomalies and highlights the particular meaning of the subducting Nazca-plate. Beside this static modelling information about the rigidity of the contacting oceanic and continental lithospheres which is contained in the gravity field is extracted. The utilization of a new 3D-coherence method, which is applied for the first time in the central Andes, enables to divide regions of different rigidity. The incorporation of surface and subsurface loads implies a higher spacial resolution in opposition to 2D-methods not regarding subsurface loads. A comparative study of the distribution of rigidity and similar more regional parameters controlling the rigidity of the lithosphere leads to compareable results and confirms the importance of the subducting Nazca-plate on the active system, in terms of the gravity field, the geothermal- and stress regime. Regions characterized by high surface heatflow correspond to low rigidity. The highest values for flexural rigidity are to be found in the forarc and eastern backarc, the lowest in the active volcanic front, the western cordillera. Finally an analysis of isostatic residual fields, again taking into account the gravity signal of the subducting Nazca-plate reveals different isostatic conditions for different parts of the surveyed continental lithosphere. Apart from model geometries, densities and rigidities geotectonic regions are distinguished. Isostatic undercompensation is observed in the coastal and eastern cordillera; whereas the andean plateaus in the central Andes can be considered as isostatically compensated.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Kontinentalrand ; Schwere ; Isostasie ; Refraktionsseismik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 194
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  • 66
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Eine für die Zentralanden erstellte geowissenschaftliche Datenbank erfaßt die umfangreichen Forschungsergebnisse des SFB 267 wie auch externe Datensätze in Form eines zentral verwalteten Dateisystems. Ein Datenkatalog, welcher seit Mitte 1996 auch im World Wide Web (WWW, URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~data) verfügbar ist, bietet einen Überblick über die aktuelle Datenbasis und erleichtert den allgemeinen Zugriff auf die einzelnen Datensätze. Vorgestellt werden ferner verschiedene Methoden zur Analyse raumbezogener Daten aus Bereichen der Statistik (streifen-gemittelte Topographieprofile, Standardabweichung, Korrelationen, Fraktale) , Bildverarbeitung (direktionale Richtungsfilter) , Geomorphometrie (Neigung und Vertikalwölbung) und Numerik (Horizontalgradienten, FFT). Die Anwendung dieser Verfahren bezüglich einer regionalen Strukturierung wird am Beispiel der für die Zentralanden flächendeckend vorliegenden Topographie und Schwerefelder getestet und mit den aus langjährigen Untersuchungen in den Anden zur Verfügung stehenden Forschungsergebnissen verglichen. Endogene und exogene Prozesse spiegeln sich in den topographischen Erscheinungsformen wider. Insbesondere mit Hilfe der geomorphometrischen Analyse und der FFT-Filterung lassen sich für die morphostrukturellen Einheiten typische Merkmale sehr gut herausarbeiten. Auch mit einer einfachen Statistik (streifen-gemittelte Topographieprofile, Berechnung von Minimum, Mittelwert, Maximum und Standardabweichung einzelner Untersuchungsgebiete) können für die ausgewählten Gebiete charakteristische Unterschiede ermittelt werden. Im Hinblick auf die Topographie unterscheidet sich bei allen Untersuchungsmethoden am Westrand der Zentralanden der hyperaride Norden im Bereich der Atacama Wüste deutlich vom weniger trockenen Süden. Studien zur fraktalen Geometrie der Geländeoberfläche zeigen, daß sich die andine Topographie skaleninvariant verhält und tektonische wie klimatische Einflüsse sich in der geometrischen Variation der Geländeoberfläche widerspiegeln. Morphologisch zergliederte Zonen, wie das durch starke Verkürzungen gekennzeichnete Subandin oder der Südwestrand der Zentralanden, weisen im Vergleich zur fraktalen Dimension des Gesamtgebietes eine höhere fraktale Dimension auf, während das hyperaride Gebiet im Bereich der Atacama Wüste durch einen vergleichsweise niedrigen Wert gekennzeichnet ist. Mit der direktionalen Lineamentverstärkung, z.T. aber auch mit anderen Methoden wie etwa der Darstellung der Neigungsrichtung, werden die wichtigsten Störungszonen (z.B. das Atacama- oder das Präkordilleren-Störungssystem) weitestgehend erfaßt. Auf dem Pazifik bilden sich - sowohl bei der geomorphometrischen Untersuchung wie auch bei der Lineamenterkennung - entlang der Peru-Chile-Tiefseerinne die im CINCA Experiment beobachteten morphologisch-tektonischen Charakteristika (Reichert et al., 1997), wie z.B. die Blocktektonik innerhalb einer ca. 50 km breiten, westlich der Tiefseerinne verlaufenden Zone, ab. Gravimetrische Lineamente, die aus den maximalen Horizontalgradienten im Schwerefeld abgeleitet werden, weisen auf abrupte, laterale Dichteänderungen hin, sind jedoch in den Zentralanden nur in Einzelfällen mit den an der Oberfläche anstehenden lithologischen Einheiten oder Störungszonen korrelierbar. Die zweidimensionale Korrelation im moving window Verfahren hat sich als nützliches Instrument zur Analyse von sich gegenseitig beeinflussenden, raumverteilten Datensätzen erwiesen. Die Wahl der Fenstergröße erlaubt, zwischen einer regionalen und einer eher lokalen Analyse zu differenzieren; mit Hilfe einer geeigneten Visualisierung lassen sich die Beziehungen zwischen den Variablen schnell erfassen. Die räumlich differenzierte, quantitative Analyse der Korrelation zwischen Schwerefeld und Topographie in den Zentralanden zeigt, daß nicht nur die Bouguer-Anomalie sondern auch das isostatische Restfeld stark negativ mit der Geländehöhe korreliert.
    Description: A geoscientific database was established for the area of the Central Andes, which includes information about past and current research conducted within the frame of the ’SFB 267 - Deformation Processes in the Andes’ (Berlin, Potsdam) as well as data from external sources. The catalogue, which since 1996 is also available on the Web (WWW, URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~data/ provides a general view of the database architecture and contents, and facilitates common and easy access to singular sets of data. In addition, various methods for the analysis of spatial data from disciplines such as statistics (swath-averaged topographic profiles, standard deviation, correlation, fractals), digital image processing (directional filtering), geomorphometry (inclination and vertical doming) and numerical methods (horizontal gradient, Fast Fourier Transformation [FFT]) are presented in this thesis. Application of these techniques for structural analysis on a regional scale was tested for the Central Andes, for which topographic coverage is complete, as well as for associated gravity fields, and compared with information generated during long term investigations in the Andes. Endogenous and exogenous processes are mirrored in topographic forms and landscapes. Characteristic features of morphostructural units are particularly well characterized when employing geomorphometric analyses and FFT filter techniques. Even simple statistical methods (swath-averaged topographic profiles, calculation of minimum, mean, maximum and standard deviation) for selected areas allow recognition of specific features and characteristic variations. As far as topography is concerned, distinct differences between the hyperarid northern portion of the western Central Andes (Atacama Desert) and lesser arid southern sectors are evident for all methods employed. Studies of the surface fractal geometry show an invariance of scale of the Andean topography. Structural and climatic influences are mirrored in geometric variations of the landscape. Morphologically intensely structured portions, like the Subandean ranges, characterized by pronounced crustal shortening, or the southwestern margin of the Central Andes are marked by a higher fractal dimension, when compared to the entire area studied, whereas the hyperarid portion of the Atacama Desert is characterized by a lower fractal dimension. Directional lineament enhancement, but other methods such as areal inclination detection as well, allow to accentuate major zones of structural weakness, such as the Atacama and Precordilleran fault systems. Both, geomorphometric investigations and lineament recognition, enhance morpho-structural features such as block-faulting of oceanic lithosphere along the Peru-Chile deep sea trench in a 50 km wide sector to the west of the subduction zone, and verify results gathered during the CINCA experiment (Reichert et al., 1997). Gravimetric lineaments, derived from maximum horizontal gradients in gravity fields of the Central Andes, point to abrupt lateral density variations, but can only occasionally be correlated with outcropping lithologic units or fault zones. The two dimensional correlation using the moving average technique has proven to be useful for analysis of mutually influencing and spatially arranged data sets. Selection of a proper window size allows to differentiate between analyses on regional resp. local scales. Employing proper visualization, relations between variables are easily detectable. A spatially differentiated and quantitative analysis of the relationship between gravity field and topography in the Central Andes shows a strong negative correlation of altitude with Bouguer anomaly and isostatic residual field.
    Description: http://www.cms.fu-berlin.de/sfb/sfb267/results/data_catalogue/index.html
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Geowissenschaften ; Geoinformationssystem ; Datenanalyse ; Geophysik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 124
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Schweremessungen im Hochgebirge erfordern eine genaue Bestimmung der topographischen Reduktion für die Berechnung der Bouguer-Anomalie. Von besonderer Wichtigkeit ist hierbei die optimale Approximation der Erdoberfläche durch geometrisch einfache Geländemodelle und die Kenntnis der Gesteinsdichteverteilung im Untersuchungsgebiet. Mit modernen Reduktionsverfahren ist es möglich, topographische Effekte zu verringern oder zu eliminieren und somit die Genauigkeit der Bouguer-Anomalie zu erhöhen. Anhand der verfügbaren Literatur wird eine Übersicht über bislang entwickelte Verfahren zur Berechnung der topographischen Reduktion gegeben. Hierbei handelt es sich um Verfahren, bei denen die Gestalt des Geländes zumeist durch unterschiedliche Modellvorstellungen (Quader, Kreisringsegmente) approximiert wird. Ein weiteres Problem ist die korrekte Berücksichtigung der Reduktionsdichte innerhalb des Untersuchungsgebietes. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Reduktionsverfahren entwickelt, das eine optimale Anpassung der Topographie durch die Triangulation aller Höheninformationen erlaubt bei gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung von lateral variierenden Gesteinsdichteverteilungen, sog. Dichteprovinzen im Vergleich zum Standarddichteansatz. Die Höheninformationen bestehen aus einer Kombination von exakten Punkthöhen der Gravimeterstationen, den Höhenwerten aus hochauflösenden digitalen Höhenmodellen (DHM) und sonstigen Höhendaten. Durch eine Dreiecksvermaschung aller Höhenpunkte entsteht eine triangulierte irreguläre Netzwerk-Struktur (TIN). Die Geländereduktion für eine Station erhält man durch Summierung der Schwerewirkung aller Polyeder, deren Grundfläche aus ebenen Dreiecken im Stationsniveau und deren Deckflächen aus geneigten Flächen der Geländeapproximation bestehen. Die Berechnung der Schwerewirkung erfolgt durch eine analytische Lösung des auftretenden Volumenintegrals des Polyeders. Bei dieser Polyeder-Methode entfällt außerdem die klassische Einteilung des Geländes in unterschiedliche Entfernungszonen. Aufgrund des Rechenalgorithmus gehört das Polyeder- Verfahren zu den stationsunabhängigen Reduktions verfahren. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens erfolgt an Schweremessungen aus den Zentralen Anden in Südamerika zwischen 19°-29° S und 60°-71° W. Als Datengrundlage dienen ca. 15 000 Schwerestationen und das hochauflösende 30”x30” Höhenmodell ’GTOPO30’ des USGS. Mit einem modifizierten Nettleton-Verfahren werden erstmalig mittlere Reduktionsdichtewerte aus Bouguer-Schwerewerten für den zentralen Andenbereich bestimmt. Die Verwendung von diesen Dichtemodellen stellt den Versuch dar, die Schweredaten mit einer lateral variierenden DichteVerteilung neu zu interpretieren. Es ist deshalb nur als ein erster Ansatz zu verstehen, weil die derzeit verfügbare Dichtedatenbasis im Untersuchungsgebiet noch nicht ausreichend gut ist. Mit dem Polyeder- Verfahren steht ein moderner und flexibler Rechenalgorithmus zur Verfügung, der in idealer Weise alle notwendigen Höhen- und Gesteinsdichteinformationen zur optimalen Berechnung der topographischen Reduktion in der Gravimetrie verwendet.
    Description: Gravimetric measurements in high mountains need an exact determination of the topographic reduction for the calculation of the Bouguer-Anomaly. The optimum representation of the shape of the earth’s relief by simple geometric ground models and the knowledge of the rock density distribution in the examined area is very important. It is possible to reduce or eliminate topographic effects by modern reduction procedures and to increase the exactness of the Bouguer- Anomaly. The available literature so far about this topic gives a survey about the developed procedure of calculating the topographic reduction. These procedures deal with the approximation of the ground condition by different model proceedings. Another problem is the correct consideration of the reduction density in the explored area. Based on this a new method for calculating the topographic reduction at each gravity station with a simultaneous consideration of variable rock density distribution, which are called density provinces, is developed. This method bases on the approximation of the terrain by polyhedrons. The source of the terrain model consists of digital elevation models (DEM), the heights of the gravity station themselves and perhaps other heights. Next step is the triangulation of the data and the result of it is a network of triangulation facets (TIN). The triangulated topography and the reference surface of the gravity surface built a polyhedron by which gravity attraction can be calcuated immediately and exactly and in an analytical form to each gravity station in the area. This procedure is called polyhedron-method and it belongs to the station-independent reduction procedures. The approximation of the topography in the triangulation facets avoids a classical division of the surroundings into different distance zones. The application of this procedure is carried out in gravity measurements of the Central Andes in South America between 19°-29°S and 60°-71°W. The data source includes 15 000 gravity stations and a 30-arc second digital elevation model ’GTOPO30’ of South America from the USGS. The first medium reduction density values taken from the Bouguer gravity values are fixed for the Central Andes by a modified Nettleton-procedure. That is only to understand as the first attempt. The momentary available density data basis in the explored area is still not satisfying. A new modern and flexible polyhedron method which ideally uses all necessary elevation information about the topography to provide higher accuracy for the terrain reduction process than it was possible before is now available.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Hochgebirge ; Digitales Geländemodell ; Bouguer-Anomalie ; Topografische Korrektion ; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 138
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  • 68
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Subduktionszonen gehören zu den geologisch aktivsten Regionen der Erde. Viele der Prozesse in diesen Zonen laufen unter der Beteiligung von Fluiden ab und führen zu Aufschmelzung und Vulkanismus. Der Parameter der Absorption seismischer Wellen in der Erde (Kruste, Mantel) wird entscheidend von Größen wie der Temperatur, der Porosität, dem Umgebungsdruck oder der Sättigung mit wässrigen Fluiden oder (partiellen) Schmelzen gesteuert. Er eignet sich demnach hervorragend zur Untersuchung des Zustandes von Kruste und Erdmantel und den Prozessen in einer Subduktionszone. Für die Absorptionsuntersuchungen in der Subduktionszone in den westlichen Zentralen Anden standen die Daten der beiden seismologischen Experimente PISCO ’94 und ANCORP ’96 zur Verfügung. Diese Projekte wurden vom Sonderforschungsbereich 267 ’’Deformationsprozesse in den Anden”, der Freien Universität Berlin und dem GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam finanziert und gemeinsam mit südamerikanischen Partnern durchgeführt. So wurden in den Jahren 1994 und 1996/97 für jeweils rund 3 Monate seismologische Stationsnetze in Nord-Chile und Süd-Bolivien betrieben, die weite Bereiche des forearc und des magmatischen Bogens sowie Teile des Altiplano zwischen 21° und 24° S umfaßten. Sie registrierten eine große Anzahl überwiegend lokaler Ereignisse aus der Wadati-Benioff-Zone. Für die Absorptionsuntersuchungen konnten insgesamt 904 Ereignisse mit 11.738 P-Phasen des PISCO ’94-Experiments bzw. 686 Ereignisse mit 10.544 P-Phasen des ANCORP ’96- Experiments verwendet werden. Die Berechnung der Absorption der einzelnen Strahlen erfolgte (automatisch) aus den Amplitudenspektren der P-Wellen Einsätze. Es wurde ein Frequenzband von 3 bis maximal 30 Hz analysiert, in dem ein frequenzunabhängiger Qualitätsfaktor Q angenommen wurde. Dabei kamen zwei unterschiedliche Methoden, Spektralverhältnisse und Spektralinversion, zur Anwendung, um der prinzipiellen Schwierigkeit der Trennung von Quell- und Weg-Effekten zu begegnen und Annahmen beispielsweise über die Quellfunktion zu überprüfen. Eine Spektralinversion nach individuellen t*-Operatoren und Plateauwerten und einer für ein Beben gemeinsamen Eckfrequenz konnte erfolgreich angewendet werden. Die so bestimmten Absorptionswerte (t*-Operatoren) wurden für eine damped least squares-Inversion zur Berechnung der dreidimensionalen Absorptionsstruktur im Untergrund verwendet. Das raytracing wurde dabei in den dreidimensionalen Geschwindigkeitsmodellen durchgeführt, um den genauen Strahlverlauf zu berücksichtigen. Die errechneten Modelle erlauben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Subduktionszone der Zentralen Anden. Der Bereich unterhalb des arcs zwischen 21,5° und 24° S ist geprägt von einer prominenten Anomalie geringer Q-Werte, die von der Kruste bis in den oberen Mantel reicht. Große Stationskorrekturen der Stationen im arc und dem Altiplano deuten auf eine Erstreckung bis an die Oberfläche hin. Die krustale Absorption verläuft deckungsgleich mit der Verbreitung des rezenten Vulkanismus. Südlich von 22° S verläuft die Absorptionsanomalie bis in eine Tiefe von 250 km genau oberhalb der abtauchenden Nazca-Platte. Nördlich von 22° S scheint die starke Absorption auf den Bereich oberhalb von ca. 100 km begrenzt. In diesem nördlichen Bereich, in dem generell eine geringere Absorption verzeichnet wird, korrespondiert diese Zone mit dem dort angesiedelten Beben-cluster in ca. 100 km Tiefe; nördlich von 21° S verliert sie sich. Der forearc zeigt sich als relativ homogene, gering absorbierende Struktur mit Q-Werten um 1000; die abtauchende Platte weist ebenfalls hohe Q-Werte auf. Bedingt durch die Lage der Absorptionsanomalien relativ zu den seismologischen Netzen und die damit verbundene geringere Durchstrahlung war eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Auflösung der Modelle notwendig. Dazu wurden die aus der Modellresolutionsmatrix abgeleiteten Größen wie die spread-function berücksichtigt, aber auch synthetische Tests an Modellen mit oszillierenden Strukturen (Schachbrettmustern) und ’’realistischen” Untergrundmodellen vorgenommen. Sie zeigen, daß große Bereiche des forearcs und arcs in den Modellen sehr gut aufgelöst werden. Die gefundenen Anomalien lassen sich unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten diskutieren. Die ausgeprägte krustale Absorption unter großen Teilen der Westkordillere läßt sich mit der schon früher abgeleiteten Präsenz partieller Schmelzen erklären. Sie korreliert sehr gut mit der Verteilung des rezenten Vulkanismus, erniedrigten Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeiten, einem erhöhten vp/vs-Verhältnis, z.T. extrem erhöhten elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten und Bereichen, für die anomale Geschwindigkeits-Dichte Relationen angenommen werden müssen. Variationen innerhalb dieser krustalen Anomalien weisen auf eine unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Durchdringung mit partiellen Schmelzen hin. Die Anomalien im oberen Mantel deuten auf ein unterschiedliches Vordringen der heißen Asthenosphäre unter den magmatischen Bogen hin. Darüber hinaus können sie als Bereiche partieller Schmelzen und Fluide interpretiert werden, die Dehydratisierungs- und Hydratisierungsprozesse in dieser Subduktionszone widerspiegeln.
    Description: Subduction zones are among the geologically most active regions of the world. Many processes in these zones take place under the influence of fluids and lead to the generation of melts and volcanism. Attenuation of seismic waves in crust and mantle depends strongly on parameters like temperature, porosity, confining pressure or saturation with hydrous fluids or partial melts. Therefore, this parameter is perfectly suited to examine the state of the crust and mantle in subduction zones. For the attenuation studies in the subduction zone of the western Central Andes datasets of two seismological experiments, PISCO ’94 and ANCORP ’96, were used. These projects were financed by the Collaborative Research Center 267 ’’Deformation Processes in the Andes”, the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam and the Department of Geophysics of the Free University of Berlin and were executed in cooperation with partners from South America. In 1994 and 1996/97 two temporary seismological networks were installed in northern Chile and southern Bolivia covering large areas of the forearc, the magmatic arc and the Altiplano between 21° and 24° S. They monitored a large number of earthquakes predominantly situated in the Wadati-Benioff zone. From the PISCO ’94 and ANCORP ’96 datasets 904 events with 11.738 attenuation values respectively 686 events with 10.544 values could be used for the tomography. Whole-path attenuation was (automatically) determined from the amplitude spectra of the F- waves. In a frequency-band between 3 and 30 Hz a frequency-independent Quality-factor Qp was assumed. In order to separate source- and path-effects two different methods were applied, spectral inversion, and spectral ratios relative to a constant reference station. The spectral inversion for individual C-operators and plateau-values and a single source corner frequency for all observations of an event was applied successfully. In a damped least squares approach the t*-operators were inverted for the three-dimensional attenuation structure. To account for the spatial distribution of both velocity and attenuation raytracing was performed in the three-dimensional velocity structure previously derived by simultaneous inversions of travel-time data. The obtained models allow a detailed insight into the subduction zone of the Central Andes. Crust and mantle of the forearc and subducting slab are generally characterized by low attenuation (Qp 〉 1000). Beneath the Western Cordillera, the recent magmatic arc, a prominent attenuation anomaly is found (Qp 〈 100). This anomaly reaches from the uppermost crust down to the upper mantle at a depth of 250 km. North-South variations can be seen: The western flank of the crustal attenuation anomaly is congruent to the curved course of the volcanic front. North of 21° S the attenuation is less developed and dies out north of 20° S. A deeper zone of high attenuation is resolved between 22° and 24° S directly above the subducting slab. In the northern part of the study area the low-Qp-zone penetrates westwards in the forearc-mantle. Due to the irregular ray-coverage of the model a detailed analysis of the resolution was necessary. Both, formal analysis of the model resolution matrix (e.g. via spread-function) and tests with synthetic models including checkerboard and ’’realistic” attenuation models were executed. They show that large areas of the models beneath forearc and arc are well resolved. The anomalies found in the tomographic models can be interpreted in several ways. The prominent crustal attenuation beneath the Western Cordillera can be explained by partial melts previously proposed by others. The anomaly correlates well with the distribution of recent volcanism, reduced seismic velocities, reduced electrical resistivity and regions for which anomalous velocity-density relations must be assumed. Variations within the anomaly point towards the irregular distribution of partial melting beneath the volcanic arc. The anomalies within the upper mantle may map the distribution of hot asthenosphere material. Furthermore, they may be interpreted in terms of subduction-related dehydration- and hydration processes.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Subduktion ; Seismische Welle ; Absorption
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 144
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  • 69
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird - basierend auf externmorphologischen Kriterien von Brachiopodengehäusen aus dem spongiolithischen süddeutschen Oberjura - eine ökologische Interpretation von Brachiopodenassoziationen vorgestellt und diese mit nicht verschwammten Vorkommen unter Verwendung verschiedener methodischer Ansätze verglichen. Aus insgesamt elf brachiopodenführenden Lokalitäten unterschiedlicher stratigraphischer und fazieller Niveaus wurden die generell bevorzugt auftretenden Wuchsformen ermittelt, zu Standardmorphotypen zusammengefaßt und mit digitalisierten Abbildungen aus vorhergehenden Bearbeitungen ökologisch verglichen. [ …] [ … Tabelle 1. Stratigraphie, Fazies und dominierende Externmorphologie der Brachiopodengehäuse (Standardmorphotyp) in den untersuchten Lokalitäten.] Die Analysen ergaben, daß mit Hilfe des Verlaufs der dorsalen Umrißlinie, dem Verlauf der Frontalkommissur und untergeordnet der Foramengröße eine hinreichende Interpretation des Environments hinsichtlich Substratbeschaffenheit, Hydrodynamik und Bathymetrie erfolgen kann. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind: a) Die Brachiopoden der süddeutschen Spongiolithfazies zeigen im Vergleich mit je einer Fauna aus einer schwach verschwammten Schichtfazies, einer Korallenfazies und einer oolithischen Mergelkalkfazies grundlegende Unterschiede in der äußeren Morphologie ihrer Gehäuse, b) In mergeldominierten Lokalitäten sind die Sphärizitätsindizes der Gehäuse deutlich höher als in der Korallenfazies, c) Reduzierte Werte des Dicken / Breiten - Verhältnisses scheinen ein Indiz für weichere Substrate zu sein, d) Im zeitlichen Verlauf (Oxfordium bis Unter-Tithonium) nehmen die Werte der Sphärizitätsindizes der Brachiopodengehäuse ab. e) Die Amplituden der Frontalkommissuren von Brachiopoden aus dem Moundbereich sind höher als diejenigen aus der Korallenfazies, f) Das Mengenverhältnis von terebratuliden zu rhynchonelliden Brachiopoden läßt Rückschlüsse auf das dominierende Substrat in den Moundbereichen zu. Ein quantitatives Übergewicht rhynchonellider Brachiopoden geht mit einem mergelreichen, stillen Tieferwasserenvironment einher, während die kalkdominierten Flachwasserbereiche mit erhöhter Hydrodynamik bevorzugt von Terebratuliden besiedelt werden, g) Untergeordnet wird ein Substratwechsel durch die Foramengröße und -position angezeigt. Große mesothyridide Foramina kennzeichnen meist Festsubstrate. Kleine hypothyridide Foramina sind eher für allomikritische Bereiche charakteristisch, h) Brachiopoden der koralligenen Fauna zeichnen sich durch Asymmetrien der Frontalkommissur (Rhynchonellida) und Asymmetrien in der dorsalen Umrißlinie aus (Terebratulida). Die artikulaten Brachiopoden aus den untersuchten „Riff-Ablagerungen scheinen hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie und faunistischen Komposition von den kontrollierenden Bildungsfaktoren (besonders Sedimentationsrate, Substratbeschaffenheit und Hydrodynamik) der Schwamm- und Korallenassoziationen, beeinflußt worden zu sein. Die in den jeweiligen Aufschlüssen dominierenden Brachiopoden-Morphotypen reflektieren wenigstens statistisch die Bildungsbedingungen.
    Description: Data on brachiopods in spongolites from the Upper Jurassic of southern Germany were collected in order to establish associations based on paleoenvironmental parameters and compare these results to similar fauna across a range of depositional paleoenvironments. Fossils were sampled and their dominant growth morphotypes identified from 11 localities representing different ages and facies of the Upper Jurassic in the Franconian and Swabian Alb. These growth morphotypes were compared to standard morphotypes and to biometric data of modern brachiopods gleaned from the literature. Through statistical analysis, it was found that the mode of commissure line and in part the diameter of the foraminae correlate well with substrate types and hydrodynamic to bathymetric paleoconditions. General results include: a) the external morphology of brachiopods from spongolites is significantly different from that of brachiopods from well-bedded limestone containing few to no sponges but corals and oolites, b) within a mostly marl substrate, the sphericity index of brachiopod shells is much larger than for shells in coral-bearing rocks, c) width to length ratios of shells are less for softer substrates indicating possible use as an index for substrate consistency, d) from the Lower Oxfordian to the Tithonian, the sphericity index of shells in general decreases, e) amplitudes of the frontal commissure line of brachiopods found within spongolite build-ups are much larger than those from coral-bearing rocks, f) Terebratulidae to Rhynchonellida biometric relations may be used as an index for judging the “quality” of the paleoenvironment; rhynchonellid brachiopods were dominantly found in marly, deeper paleoenvironments, whereas carbonate sediments deposited under shallow, high energy, water paleoconditions were colonized by terebratulid brachiopods, g) the size and position of foraminae are linked to the substrate type; brachiopods with larger mesothyrid foraminae are found associated with hard substrates while smaller hypothyrid foraminae in soft carbonate sediment areas, h) brachiopods from coral rocks are characterized by their asymmetric growth in form (Terebratulida) and of their frontal commissure (Rhychonellida). In general, brachiopods from reefal deposits appeared to have been directly influenced morphologically by paleoecologic factors, such as sedimentation rate, substrate type, and water energy levels. The dominant standard morphotype of brachiopods appears to correlate in a statistically significant way with the interpreted depositional circumstances at each locality. Due to here presented morphological data of brachiopodes from the Upper Jurassic of Southern Germany, associations of brachiopodes in spongiolites are interpreted palecologically and compared to similar faunae from other depositional environments. From 11 localities of different stratigraphical age and facies in the Franconian and Swabian Alb the dominant growth morphotypes are presented and abstracted to so-called „standard morphotypes“. The latter are compared to biometrical data of modern brachiopodes, mainly extracted from literature data. Interpreting the mathematical analyses it can be concluded that the dorsal outline, the mode of commissur line and partially the diameter of the foraminae can be used as indicator of substrates, hydrodynamical and paleobathymetrical conditions. The main results are: a) External morphology of brachiopodes from spongiolites exhibits strong differences in contrast to brachiopodes from well-bedded limestones with few or no sponges, to coral-bearing strata and to oolithic limestones, b) In localities, where marls have been predominantly deposited, the sphericity index is much larger than in the coral-bearing rocks, c) Reduced relations of width and length can be tentatively used as index for soft substrates, d) From the Lower Oxfordian to the Tithonian the sphericity index becomes smaller, e) Amplitudes of the frontal commissur line from brachiopodes of spongiolitic buildups are much higher than from brachiopodes in coral-bearing rocks, f) Quantitative relations from Terebratulidae to Rhynchonellida can be used as index for quality of substrates. Rhynchonellid brachiopodes are dominating marly, deeper environments, whereas carbona-tic sediments deposited under shallow water conditions with higher water energy are dominated by terebratulid brachiopodes. g) Changes of substrates are indicated by the size and position of foraminae. Larger mesothyrid foraminae characterize hard substrates, smaller hypothyrid foraminae are typically developed in allomicritic areas, h) Brachiopodes from coralligene rocks are characterized by their asymmetrical growth of form (Terebratulida) and of their frontal commissure (Rhynchonellida). Generally, brachiopodes from reefal deposits have been influenced morphologically by ecologically controlling factors such as the sedimentation rate, the substrate, and the water energy levels. The dominating standard morphotypes of brachiopodes in each locality reflect at least statistically the former depositional environments. (Translation: Dr. Elizabeth H. Gierlowski-Kordesch, Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University)
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:560 ; Paläobiologie ; Paläontologie ; Brachiopoda
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 118
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  • 70
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 20, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 23-40, (ISBN 1-4020-3326-5, VIII + 343 pp.)
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Global ; Change ; development ; fuzzy ; decision ; making ; ecology ; climate ; TBMeteorology ; agriculture ; emission ; wealth ; politics ; greenhouse ; ozone ; Modelling ; carbon ; dioxide ; CO2
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  • 71
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Springer
    In:  Marine Geophysical Researches, 20 (3). pp. 239-247.
    Publication Date: 2018-02-08
    Description: Bottom shots have been used for a number of years in seismic studies on the ocean floor. Most experiments utilized explosives as the energy source, though researchers have recognized the usefulness of collapsing water voids to produce seismoacoustic signals. Implosive sources, however, suffered generally from a lack of control of source depth. We present a new experimental tool, called SEEBOSEIS, to carry out seismic experiments on the seafloor utilizing hollow glass spheres as controlled implosive sources. The source is a 10-inch BENTHOS float with penetrator. Inside the sphere we place a small explosive charge (two detonators) to destabilize the glass wall. The time of detonation is controlled by an external shooting device. Test measurements on the Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean, show that the implosive sources can be used in seismic refraction experiments to image the subbottom P- wave velocity structure in detail beyond that possible with traditional marine seismic techniques. Additionally, the implosions permit the efficient generation of dispersed Scholte waves, revealing upper crustal S-wave velocities. The frequency band of seismic energy ranges from less than 1 Hz for Scholte modes up to 1000 Hz for diving P-waves. Therefore, broadband recording units with sampling rates 〉2000 Hz are recommended to sample the entire wave field radiated by implosive sources.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: We provide evidence that the symbiosis of fungal endophyte and plant host should only be defined in the broad sense as originally used by De Bary to mean the living together of organisms of different species. Using endophytic fungi that were isolated from healthy plant tissue,- we tested for the potential pathogenicity of the fungal isolates and did physiological experiments to understand the endophyte-host association. Due to the variability of the interaction with respect to the role of the endophyte and with respect to the physiological Status of both partners, only a definition of symbiosis that does not specify the advantages and disadvantages for the individual partners can accurately describe this interaction.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2018-05-29
    Description: Analogue experiments in part I led to the conclusion that pyroclastic flows depositing very high-grade ignimbrite move as dilute suspension currents. In the thermo–fluid–dynamical model developed, the degree of cooling of expanded turbulent pyroclastic flows dynamically evolves in response to entrainment of air and mass loss to sedimentation. Initial conditions of the currents are derived from column-collapse modeling for magmas with an initial H2O content of 1–3 wt.% erupting through circular vents and caldera ring-fissures. The flows spread either longitudinally or radially from source up to a runout distance that increases with higher mass flux but decreases with higher gas content, temperature, bottom slope and coarser initial grain size. Progressive dilution by entrainment and sedimentation causes pyroclastic currents to transform into buoyant ash plumes at the runout distance. The ash plumes reach stratospheric heights and distribute 30–80% of the erupted material as widespread co-ignimbrite ash. Pyroclastic suspension currents with initial mass fluxes of 107-1012 kg/s can spread for tens of kilometers with only limited cooling, although they move as supercritical, strongly entraining currents for the eruption conditions considered here. With increasing eruption mass flux, cooling during passage through the fountain diminishes while cooling during flow transport increases. The net effect is that eruption temperature exerts the prime control on emplacement temperature. Pyroclastic suspension currents can form welded ignimbrite across their entire extent if eruption temperature is To〉1.3.Tmw, the minimum welding temperature. High eruption rates, a large fraction of fine ash, and a ring-fissure vent favor the formation of extensive high-grade ignimbrite. For very hot eruptions producing sticky, partially molten pyroclasts, analysis of particle aggregation systematics shows that factors favoring longer runout also favor more efficient aggregation, which reduces runout. As a result, very high-grade ignimbrites cannot spread more than a few tens of kilometers from their source. In cooler pyroclastic currents, particles do not aggregate, and the sedimentation process may involve re-entrainment of particles, which potentially leads to more extensive cooling and longer runout; such effects, however, are only significant when net erosion of substrate occurs. Model results can be employed to estimate mass flux and duration of ignimbrite eruptions from measured ignimbrite masses and aspect ratios. The model also provides an alternative explanation of the observed decrease in H/Lratios with ignimbrite mass.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 74
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78 (02). pp. 561-575.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: A total of 57 comparative hauls using a rectangular midwater trawl with a fishing mouth area of 50 m2 (RMT 50) were carried out along the sides of an imaginary triangle south of Madeira in 1986. A total of 1258 cephalopods were caught, giving a mean of 22 per haul with a range from 0 to 67. The nets were used with a diver's light on the top bar which was either switched off or was operated with a 20, 70 or 150 W bulb, powered by a car battery. A significantly greater number of individuals per haul was caught with lights on than without lights, increasing from a mean of 13·5–25·1, a factor of 1·8. Similarly, the number of species caught was increased from a mean of 7 to 10·4, a factor of 1·5 and the volume of cephalopods was increased from a mean of 41·1–162·3ml, a factor of 3·9. Similar comparisons made for catches during day or night separately and on the three courses separately also showed marked increases with the lights. Samples show that increase in power of the lights increased the total number of cephalopod individuals caught. In the 12 species with more than ten individuals, in 33 of the 36 comparisons (of number of individuals, species and volumes) there is an increase with the light. The most influenced species was Taonius pavo which increased in numbers by a mean factor of 3·9 times with 20W, 4·0 times with 70W and 6·1 times with 150W when compared with the numbers caught with no light.
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  • 75
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    Springer
    In:  Springer, Berlin [u.a.], 475 pp. ISBN 3-540-63512-2
    Publication Date: 2012-01-27
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2016-05-17
    Description: In the sediments of both of the investigated lakes, the tephra from the Mercato-Ottaviano eruption (Vesuvius, southern Italy) (ca. 7900 B.P.) could be identified. The palynological investigations show that from ca. 9000-7200 B.P. (8000-6000 cal B.C.) deciduous oak forests predominated, with only a few representatives of Mediterranean vegetation. At the transition to the central European Atlantic Period those forests changed to an open vegetation type, dominated byJuniperus andPhillyrea. At about 5500 B.P. (4400 cal B.C.), theJuniperus-Phillyrea vegetation was replaced byQuercus ilex woodland that still occurs on the island of Mljet today and is considered to be the natural vegetation of the Dalmatian coastland. The associated vegetation of theQ. ilex forests changed several times. At the beginning of theQ. ilex period,Juniperus values were still high, but soon they decreased andErica spread. In more recent times theQ. ilex forests were partially replaced by plantations ofPinus halcpensis. Indicators of human impact are sparse throughout the pollen record. Clear evidence for human influence exists only from ca. 3100 B.P. (1300 cal B.C.) whenJuglans andPinus halepensis were introduced to the area. Later,Olea andSecale cultivation can be suggested and further spreading ofJuniperus indicates use of the land as pasture.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: Two strains of budding purple bacteria. Rhodobium sp. KR-36m and KR-54m, were isolated from freshwater sulfur-rich hot springs (Kunashire Island, the Kurils) and found to belong to facultative halophiles with a salinity optimum of 1-3%. By most of phenotypic criteria, these bacteria were close to the seawater species Rbi. marinum. They oxidized sulfide to sulfur in the course of photosynthesis, and were in this respect similar to Rbi. marinum: although Rbi. marinum had been described as oxidizing sulfide to sulfur and thiosulfate, the type strain Rbi. marinum DSM 2698 used in this work was found to oxidize sulfide only to sulfur. Based on phenotypic features and data on DNA-DNA homology, strains KR-36m and KR-54m were assigned to the species Rbi. marinum. Accordingly, the diagnosis of this species should be revised as follows: (I) Rbi. marinum oxidizes sulfide to sulfur in the process of photosynthesis, (2) requires thiamine and p-aminobenzoate, (3) and can inhabit freshwater environments, specifically, freshwater sulfur-rich hot springs.
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: In 1992, the Ford gold deposit was rediscovered during field work in the Kwekwe district near the Indarama mine, approximately 200 km southwest of Harare, Zimbabwe. Based on diamond drilling and open pit operations, estimated ore reserves are at least 3 Mt with an average gold content of 2.5 g/t. The gold deposit is located within a porphyritic granite dike with a thickness of 20–50 m, striking 800 m NNW-SSE. It dips 60–70° to the NE and intrudes a volcano-sedimentary sequence of tholeiitic basalts, acid volcanics, and banded iron formations of the Bulawayan Group (2900–2700 Ma). The intrusion of the dike occurred at 2541 ± 17 Ma (Pb/Pb step leaching technique) within a second order structure and is related to displacement along transcrustal deformation zones such as the Sherwood- and Taba-Mali deformation zones. Gold mineralization is confined to the s-shaped part of the dike intrusion. At the present stage of mining, the deposit is characterized by the absence of major veins, the occurrence of disseminated pyrite throughout the orebody, and a distinct alteration pattern comparable to that of porphyry copper deposits. The central zone of the dike shows a typical K-feldspar-albite-sericite-pyrite (±biotite?) alteration, followed by a narrow external propylitic zone. Native gold with an average Ag content of 5 wt.% and a grain size of 5–100 μm is rare and occurs within pyrite and secondary K-feldspar. Sulphide mineral separates of pyrite and minor arsenopyrite probably contain invisible gold (up to 120 ppm) amenable to cyanidation. Anomalously high gold values of ∼7 ppm have been found in the transition between the K-feldspar-albite-sericite-pyrite alteration and the propylitic zone, indicating that the mineralizing fluids have experienced major physico-chemical changes in the transition zone. The regional tectonic position of the orebody suggests that the emplacement of the granite and the gold mineralization are structurally controlled. The Pb isotope composition of several leachates of pyrite indicate isotope disequilibrium with magmatic minerals and point to a contamination of the mineralizing fluid by Pb from older (sedimentary?) sources. Stable isotope geochemistry of sulphides and carbonates as well as the metallogeny of the deposit compare to shear-zone hosted gold mineralization in the Kwekwe district, for which a deep crustal origin has been discussed. Although this study documents contrasting evidence for a porphyry-gold versus a shear-zone type of mineralization, it is suggested that gold-bearing fluids were syntectonically introduced into a ductile shear zone within the granite dike either during cooling of the intrusion or later in Archaean or early Proterozoic times.
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Fifty specimens of Notothenia coriiceps caught in Potter Cove, King George Island, were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Of the 22 parasite species found, 18 were helminths, 2 were hirudineans and 2 were crustaceans. The isopod Aega antarctica and an unidentified hirudinean are reported for the first time from this fish host. Dominant parasites were the adults of Aspersentis megarhynchus, the invasive stage of Corynosoma spp. (cystacanth) and the adults of Macvicaria pennelli, with respective prevalences of infestation of 94, 76 and 74%. The preferred sites of infestation were the pylorus and intestine, where five different larval (nematodes and cestodes) and eight adult (digeneans and acanthocephalans) parasite species were found. No adult nematodes and cestodes were found and no parasites could be isolated from the musculature. The results of the present study are related to previous findings on the parasite fauna of N. coriiceps. The comparison implies a high parasite diversity in this benthic Antarctic fish species. Most parasites found appear to have a wide range of distribution within Antarctic waters together with a low host specificity. Besides its role as final host for several species of trematodes and acanthocephalans, N. coriiceps serves as transmitter of parasite larvae to piscivorous birds and seals. It is concluded that the parasite fauna in Antarctic fish species provides important insights into the different habitat use and trophic relationship of their fish hosts.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: The sulfur isotopic composition of sulfides and barite from hydrothermal deposits at the Valu Fa Ridge back-arc spreading center in the southern Lau Basin has been investigated. Sulfide samples from the White Church area at the northern Valu Fa Ridge have δ34S values averaging +3.8‰ (n= 10) for bulk sphalerite-chalcopyrite mineralization and +4.8‰ for pyrite (n= 10). Barite associated with the massive sulfides exhibits an average of +20.7‰ (n= 10). Massive sulfides from the active Vai Lili hydrothermal field at the central Valu Fa Ridge have much higher δ34S ratios averaging +8.0‰ for bulk sphalerite-chalcopyrite mineralization (n= 5), +9.3‰ for pyrite samples (n= 5), and +8.0‰ and +10.9‰ for a chalcopyrite and a sphalerite separate, respectively. The isotopic composition of barite from the Vai Lili field is similar to that of barite from the White Church area and averages +21.0‰ (n= 8). Sulfide and barite samples from the Hine Hina area at the southern Valu Fa Ridge have δ34S values that are considerably lighter than those observed for samples from the other areas and average −4.9‰ for pyrite (n= 9), −4.0 and −5.7‰ for two samples of sphalerite-chalcopyrite intergrowth, and −3.4‰ for a single chalcopyrite separate. The total spread in the isotopic composition of sulfides from Vai Lili and Hine Hina is more than 20‰ over a distance of less than 30 km. The δ34S values of sulfides at Hine Hina are the lowest values so far reported for volcanic-hosted polymetallic massive sulfides from the modern seafloor. Barite from the Hine Hina field also has unusually light sulfur with δ34S values of +16.1 to +16.7‰ (n= 5). Isotopic compositions of the sulfides at Hine Hina indicate a dramatic decrease in δ34S from ordinary magmatic values and, in the absence of biogenic sulfur and/or boiling, imply a unique 34S-depleted source of probable magmatic origin. Sulfide-barite mineralization in the Hine Hina area is associated with a distinctive alteration assemblage consisting of cristobalite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, opal-CT, talc, pyrite, native sulfur, and alunite. Similar styles of alteration are typically known from high-sulfidation epithermal systems on land. Alunite-bearing, advanced argillic alteration in the Hine Hina field confirms the role of acidic, volatile-rich fluids, and a δ34S value of +10.4‰ for the sulfur in the alunite is consistent with established kinetic isotope effects which accompany the disproportionation of magmatic SO2 into H2S and H2SO4. The Hine Hina field occurs near the propagating tip of the Valu Fa back-arc spreading center (i.e., dominated by dike injections and seafloor eruptions) and therefore may have experienced the largest contribution of magmatic volatiles of the three fields. The sulfur isotopic ratios of the hydrothermal precipitates and the presence of a distinctive epithermal-like argillic alteration in the Hine Hina field suggest a direct contribution of magmatic vapor to the hydrothermal system and support the concept that magmatic volatiles may be an important component of some volcanogenic massive sulfide-forming hydrothermal systems.
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  • 81
    facet.materialart.
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    Springer
    In:  Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 28 (10). 1073 -1081.
    Publication Date: 2019-10-22
    Description: A thermoelectrochemical process which allows reduction of sulfate to sulfide with current efficiency of 80% using graphitic carbon as an electrode is presented. The mechanism which requires undissociated sulfide (6.5m H2SO4) and works at temperatures close to 120°C, proceeds at low overpotential and in the absence of hydrogen evolution. A molecular model describing the interaction of H2SO4 with the carbon lattice of graphite leading to the liberation of H2S is discussed on the basis of electrochemical and photoelectron spectroscopic data. Applications of this process in energy and environmental technology (sulfide as energy source for CO2 reducing chemoautotrophic bacteria) and for elimination of sulfuric acid waste are discussed.
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  • 82
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    Unknown
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78 (3). pp. 919-932.
    Publication Date: 2021-05-05
    Description: Octopuses ( Eledone cirrhosa (Octopoda: Cephalopoda)) held in an aquarium were subjected to varying conditions of feeding and starvation to evaluate putative indices of feeding and growth. Specific growth rate (%d −1 ) was linearly related to feeding rate (% of the body mass d −1 ) in animals with a mean body mass of 250 g at 15°C. Maximum growth rates varied between 〉 2% d −1 (body weights 〈 300 g) to 〈 1% d −1 (body weights ≤ 900 g) but specific growth rates were not related to body weight. Growth rates became negative (weight loss) after one week without food. The digestive gland index (DGI) was significantly correlated with short and long-term feeding and specific growth rates, and with body weight. Muscle RNA concentration was linearly correlated with growth rate during the previous 1–3 weeks but not with feeding rate. RNA:protein ratios were not different between mid-arm and mantle sample sites but arm tip values were significantly higher. RNA:protein ratio was related to body weight only in feeding animals. It is concluded that DGI is an index of feeding rate and that RNA:protein ratio can be used as an index of recent (~ 4 weeks) growth rate.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2021-04-22
    Description: A scientific research fishing expedition targeting the oceanic/slope ommastrephid squid Martialia hyadesi was undertaken by a Korean-registered squid jigger in CCAMLR area 48.3, near South Georgia, in June 1996, providing the first opportunity to collect data on the fishery biology of this species during the austral winter. Fishing took place over a period of 8 days; a series of eight drifts was undertaken along an approximately east/west transect of about 200 nautical miles to the north and west of South Georgia, over depths ranging from 1,700 to 2,713 m. All fishing was to the south of the Antarctic Polar Front. Data were collected on sea surface temperature, catch per unit of effort, size, sex, maturity status and stomach contents of the catch and a sample of squid was aged by counting putative, daily microgrowth increments in the sectioned statolith. All squid were caught by jigs operating at depths from 80 to 100 m to the surface. Catch per unit of effort per drift varied between 1.0 and 21.9 kg min−1 and there was no by-catch. Greatest numbers of squid were caught at dusk and dawn. Mantle length fell in the range 220–350 mm (males) and 212–370 mm (females). Most males were sexually mature (Lipinski's stages IV–V) and most females were immature (stage II). The absence of mature females suggests that no spawning takes place in this area during the austral winter. The squid were up to 1␣year of age and had hatched during the previous winter. They were apparently from the same cohort as had been sampled at the Antarctic Polar Front in February 1996. Myctophids were the major prey in the stomach contents and the squid Gonatus antarcticus was also important; crustaceans were relatively unimportant. The results suggest that concentrations of Martialia hyadesi are present in the vicinity of South Georgia, south of the Antarctic Polar Front, during the austral winter. The squid are actively feeding during the austral winter and are susceptible to jigging gear.
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  • 84
    facet.materialart.
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78 (2). pp. 577-586.
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Growth in Loliolus noctiluca (Myopsida: Loliginidae) in Western Port, Victoria, Australia was studied from statolith growth increments. Tetracycline staining experiments verified previous work on tropical forms of this species that showed growth increments to be deposited daily. A logistic growth function described the relationship between length and increment number. There appear to be major differences in the form of growth, longevity and life history pattern between tropical and temperate forms of this species. These are probably attributable to differences in environmental conditions.
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  • 85
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    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 130 (3). pp. 335-344.
    Publication Date: 2021-04-19
    Description: The diet of the emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri in the western Ross Sea during spring was investigated by analysis of stomach contents sampled at three different localities. At Cape Washington, emperor penguins feeding chicks consistently preyed on fishes (89 to 95% by mass) and crustaceans (5 to 11%) over the four spring seasons examined. By far the commonest prey was the Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum (89% of the fish prey); the remainder of fish prey were mainly unidentified juveniles of different species of channichthyid fishes. Three species dominated the crustacean part of the diet, i.e. the gammarid amphipods Abyssorchomene rossi/plebs (30% of the crustacean prey) and Eusirus microps (22%), together with the euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias (24%). At Coulman Island and Cape Roget, fishes, mainly P. antarcticum, formed the bulk of the food (88 and 93% by mass, respectively), crustaceans were minor prey (2.5 and 0.4%), and the squid Psychroteuthis glacialis accounted for a small but significant part of the food (3.5 and 0.8%). This study emphasizes the importance of the small, shoaling pelagic fish Pleuragramma antarcticum as a key link between zooplankton and top predators, including seabirds, in the food web and marine ecosystem of the Ross Sea.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: Concentrations of cadmium, copper and zinc were measured in 34 octopuses over a large range of size and weight, caught in the Kerguelen shelf waters. Compared with levels normally encountered in European cephalopods, Cd concentrations in both species were very high: 30.7–47.1 and 27.3–54.4 μg/g dry weight in Graneledone sp. and Benthoctopus thielei, respectively; Cu concentrations were generally low while Zn concentrations exhibited similar levels. Distribution of Cd in tissues showed that the high levels of Cd in Kerguelen octopuses resulted from very high levels of the metal in the digestive gland (369 and 215 μg/g dry wt in Graneledone sp. and Benthoctopus thielei, respectively). The digestive gland accumulated about 90% of the total Cd in the whole animal. Due to the very high concentrations of Cd in the Kerguelen octopuses, we hypothesize that these species play an important role in the process of Cd transfer throughout the food chain to top vertebrate predators in this area.
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: The diet of adult and juvenile Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, was determined from both scat and stable isotope analyses, to ascertain if foraging behavior varied with age, season, or diving pattern. Scats were collected over 6 years and recovered hard parts identified. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values were determined for seal blood samples and potential prey items and used to identify primary prey species and assess trophic interactions. Pleuragramma antarcticum remains were recovered from between 70 and 100% of the scats, and there was little evidence for inter-annual or age-specific variation in foraging behavior. However, stable isotope and dive data analyses indicated that while most seals foraged predominantly on pelagic fish and squid, some juveniles concentrated on shallow benthic Trematomus spp. Combining these three methods permitted firm conclusions about diet and foraging behavior to be drawn.
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2021-04-30
    Description: Strontium to calcium ratios were observed along longitudinal sections of statoliths of nine neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami (LeSueur, 1821), including three mature females (422 to 454 mm mantle length, ML; 207 to 306 d old) obtained from the North Pacific (27–35°N; 144–150°E) during winter and six immature males and females (187 to 226 mm ML; 126 to 164 d old) collected from 39°N; 145°E and 39°N; 169°W during summer. The distances between the nucleus (core) and the edge of the dorsal dome were approximately 660 to 690 μm in mature females and 450 to 510 μm in the immature squid. Sr/Ca ratios were determined at intervals of 30 μm between the nucleus and edge of the dorsal dome. Sr/Ca ratios were higher in areas near the nuclei and peripheral portions of the dorsal dome than in the middle portions of the statoliths (270 to 420 μm from the nuclei, corresponding to ages of 60 to 90 d) in mature females; thus a U-shaped pattern was evident. Sr/Ca ratios in the six immature squid decreased from nucleus to the dorsal dome; in three squid the ratios slightly increased toward the dorsal dome edge. The observed Sr/Ca ratios in immature squid were considered to represent younger portions of the U-shaped pattern. In the present study we discuss this pattern in relation to environmental and biological conditions of O. bartrami, which undertakes seasonal migrations between spawning grounds in the Subtropical Domain and feeding grounds in the Subarctic Domain and Transitional Zone in the North Pacific Ocean. Although Sr/Ca ratios are potentially affected by ambient water temperature and ontogenetic conditions, including somatic growth and statolith growth, it was impossible to evaluate each environmental and biological effect separately, as variations in these factors are complicated and effects could be interdependent.
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  • 89
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    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 131 (3). pp. 559-566.
    Publication Date: 2021-04-22
    Description: The analysis of scats collected between 1989 and 1995 from the two fur seal species resident on subantarctic Marion Island, Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis, showed that they fed predominantly on fish of the family Myctophidae (lanternfishes). Scat composition (prey species, abundance) was very similar for the two species. The seven species of myctophids that formed numerically 90 and 86% of the scat composition for A. gazella and A. tropicalis, respectively, all showed seasonal fluctuations in their contribution to seal diets. Electrona carlsbergi, E. subaspera, Metelectrona ventralis and Gymnoscopelus fraseri increased in winter in both species of fur seals, whereas Gymnoscopelus piabilis, Protomyctophum choriodon and P. tenisoni showed the opposite trend. Seal diets overlapped substantially with those of the king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) resident on Marion Island, but no evidence for competitive exclusion could be found between these two major warmblooded consumers of marine resources at the Prince Edward Islands.
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: We investigated the diet and aspects of foraging effort among Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at three colonies on Ross Island, in the southwestern Ross Sea – Capes Royds, Bird and Crozier – during the chick-provisioning period of three austral summers, 1994–1995, 1995–1996 and 1996–1997. During the study period, pack-ice cover differed in waters offshore of these colonies, by colony, seasons and year. Diet differed among colonies only slightly. The fish Pleuragramma antarcticum was the most important prey, especially during years or periods within years when little pack ice was present. With respect to krill, which composed the remainder of diet, juvenile Euphausia crystallorophias were consumed predominantly in a year of heavy pack-ice cover; more adult krill were consumed in 2 years when pack ice was sparse. Foraging trip duration differed by colony, season and year and was related directly to distance from the colony to the nearest pack ice. The amount of food brought to chicks increased as trip duration increased, to a point (2 days), but then decreased as duration increased further (up to 4 days). On the basis of data on mass of parents and of meal sizes to chicks, it appeared that on the longest trips more of the food gathered by parents was used for self maintenance; on the longest trips, parents lost body mass. Successful foraging during chick rearing, the period when adult foraging is most intense, appears to depend on the proximity of pack ice to nesting colonies for this penguin species.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: The diet composition of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at Heard Island (53°05′S; 73°30′E) was determined from stomach contents of 98 adults captured as they returned to the island throughout 1992. During the two growth seasons, the diet was dominated by the myctophid fish Krefftichthys anderssoni (94% by number, 48% by mass). The paralepidid fish Magnisudis prionosa contributed 〈1% by numbers but 17% by mass. Mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) accounted for 17% by mass of chick diet in late winter, when chicks were malnourished and prone to starvation, although its annual contribution to the penguins' diet was only 3%. Squid was consumed only between April and August; Martialia hyadesi was the commonest squid taken, comprising 40–48% of the winter diet. The remainder of the diet consisted of the squid Moroteuthis ingens and fish other than K. anderssoni. The energy content of the diet mix fed to the chicks varied seasonally being highest during the growth seasons (7.83 ± 0.25 kJ g−1) and lowest in winter (6.58 ± 0.19 kJ g−1). From energetic experiments we estimated that an adult penguin consumed 300 kg of food each, of which its chick received 55 kg during the 1992 season. The chicks received large meals at the beginning of winter (1.2 ± 0.3 kg) and during the middle of the second growth season (1.2 ± 0.3 kg), and their smallest meals in late winter (0.4 ± 0.1 kg). The gross energy required to rear a king penguin chick was estimated to be 724 MJ. The potential impact of commercial fisheries on the breeding activities of king penguins is discussed.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2021-04-29
    Description: Two large (dorsal mantle length 42.5 and 47.5 cm), mated spent females of circum‐Antarctic bathypelagic cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis were caught early in March 1992 at the surface of the ice hole in the western Weddell Sea over depths 1915‐1920 m by the team of the U.S.A.‐Russian Ice Station Weddell‐I. The structure of the reproductive system of adult females is described for the first time in detail. Both were gelatinous, devoid of tentacles, with empty or almost empty stomachs. The empty spermatangia (sperm reservoirs of spermatophores) 30‐35 mm in length were distributed in the mantle tissues parallel to the mantle surface and to each other in the dorso‐anterior part of the mantle: 13 in one female, parallel to the body axis, and 20 in the other, parallel (13) or perpendicular (7) to the body axis. In the latter case, they represented probably two mating events. The spermatangia lay nearer to the inner than the outer mantle side and opened by a round window on the inner side; the skin with chromatophores above them remained intact. The spermatozoa had one flagellum and rod‐like heads, length 5.0‐5.3 μm, width 1.2‐1.5 μm. The most characteristic features are: a very simple type of blood vessel branching making each micro‐gonad currant‐like, not grape‐like; a very compact disposition of oviducal, nidamental glands and gill, forming a united complex located on both sides of the mantle cavity; and an ovary connected by mesentery along all its length with the continuation of the stomach from the caecum to the end of the gastrogenital ligament. Only immature degenerating trophoplasmatic oocytes, length 0.9‐1.4, av. 1.0‐1.2 mm, were contained in ovaries; only one mature egg (length 3.3 mm, width 2.4‐2.5 mm) was found in each female. The absence of oocytes 〈0.9 mm and 1.5‐3.2 mm indicates that the maturation of oocytes proceeds rather synchronously, one large portion of eggs (some tens of thousands) matures in a short time while others degenerate. The residual fecundity is assessed to be approximately 20,000 eggs. It is hypothesized that mating occurs shortly before spawning and that mature males do not undergo gelatinous degeneration and do not lose tentacles. Spermatophores are placed on the inner side of the female's mantle with the aid of the male's tentacles and/or arms (less probably by the penis), but the exact mode of implantation is unclear. Spawning probably occurs at depths of adult habitat (approx. 500–2500m), may be multiportional but short; the exhausted female loses neutral buoyancy, rises to the surface and dies. Rising to the surface after spawning is a common feature of females of many meso‐ and bathypelagic squids undergoing gelatinous degeneration during maturation (Onychoteuthidae, Gonatidae, Histio‐teuthidae, Cranchiidae, etc.) and may explain the common occurrence of large deep‐water squids in the stomachs of seabirds, including those incapable of diving, and marine mammals.
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  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78 (2). pp. 561-575.
    Publication Date: 2021-04-22
    Description: A total of 57 comparative hauls using a rectangular midwater trawl with a fishing mouth area of 50 m 2 (RMT 50) were carried out along the sides of an imaginary triangle south of Madeira in 1986. A total of 1258 cephalopods were caught, giving a mean of 22 per haul with a range from 0 to 67. The nets were used with a diver's light on the top bar which was either switched off or was operated with a 20, 70 or 150 W bulb, powered by a car battery. A significantly greater number of individuals per haul was caught with lights on than without lights, increasing from a mean of 13·5–25·1, a factor of 1·8. Similarly, the number of species caught was increased from a mean of 7 to 10·4, a factor of 1·5 and the volume of cephalopods was increased from a mean of 41·1–162·3ml, a factor of 3·9. Similar comparisons made for catches during day or night separately and on the three courses separately also showed marked increases with the lights. Samples show that increase in power of the lights increased the total number of cephalopod individuals caught. In the 12 species with more than ten individuals, in 33 of the 36 comparisons (of number of individuals, species and volumes) there is an increase with the light. The most influenced species was Taonius pavo which increased in numbers by a mean factor of 3·9 times with 20W, 4·0 times with 70W and 6·1 times with 150W when compared with the numbers caught with no light.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2021-04-22
    Description: The diet of the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica was studied during two seasons at Svarthamaren, an inland colony in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, and in the pack ice off the coast of Svarthamaren. The most important food (wet mass) at Svarthamaren was crustaceans (67%), fish (29%) and squid (5%); however, individuals collected in the pack ice took mostly fish (87%). The prey composition and lengths of prey are comparable to what has been documented in other studies on this species. Estimates of food consumption by birds breeding at Svarthamaren (ca. 250,000 pairs) suggest that approximately 6500 tonnes of crustaceans, 2800 tonnes of fish and 435 tonnes of squid are consumed during the breeding season. The annual consumptions of these birds are estimated to be 34,100 tonnes of crustaceans, 14,700 tonnes of fish, and 2300 tonnes of squid. Satellite telemetry data indicate that Antarctic petrels from Svarthamaren may fly more than 3000 km during one foraging trip, and thus may cover a huge ocean area to obtain their prey.
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2021-06-11
    Description: We tested the usefulness of the fatty acid signature-method in investigating the diet of seabirds in conjunction with the conventional technique of stomach-content analysis. We compared the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT) of king penguin chicks (Aptenodytes patagonicus) during fattening periods to that of total lipids from their food. In both spring and autumn, the fatty acid composition of chick SWAT was identical to that of the dietary lipids. Because the diet of adult king penguins feeding for self-maintenance (i.e. not for their chicks) was essentially unknown, we subsequently analysed their SWAT fatty acid patterns after premolting and prebreeding foraging trips (during which they build up large energy reserves). The fatty acid composition of SWAT from adults was identical to that of chick adipose tissue and food. King penguin diet and SWAT were characterized by high levels of very long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids (20 to 24 carbon atoms, 16 to 23% by mass) and (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids (19 to 27%); these consisted mainly of 20:1n-9 (5 to 8%) and 22:1n-11 (5 to 8%), and 22:6n-3 (10 to 13%) and 20:5n-3 (3 to 9%), respectively. Prey items identified from chick stomach contents indicated that the bulk of the food was oceanic myctophid fishes, mainly Electrona carlbergi, Krefftichthys anderssoni and Protomyctophum tenisoni. The fatty acid composition of four other species of myctophid fishes was similar to that of penguin diet and SWAT, but markedly different from that measured for a squid species and that reported for crustaceans. These findings indicate that adult king penguins prey on myctophid fish not only to feed their chicks but also for their own nutrition. The fatty acid signature-technique is therefore a reliable method to gain information on the food and feeding ecology of seabirds when more conventional techniques are of limited value. Such information is important to the understanding of trophic relationships between key species of the ecosystems, and also to provide insight into the nature of avian adaptations to the marine environment.
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: The number of predators from Heard Island foraging in shelf waters, their prey requirements, and the proportion of their diet that was commercial and non-commercial fish were estimated. The calculated annual consumption of commercial fish species varied between 36,360 and 84,166 tonnes. The non-commercial Krefftichthys anderssoni was the preferred prey for most predators, and when its occurrence in diets was low it was replaced by crustaceans and commercial fish species. The estimated annual consumption of Champsocephalus gunnari was approximately 2 and 6 times the highest and lowest estimates respectively of the biomass of this species, obtained from three fisheries research cruises. For Dissostichus eleginoides, the maximum estimate was 28% of the highest estimate of biomass. The current fishery for D. eleginoides will most likely impact on southern elephant seals, whose population decreased by 50% between the 1950s and the 1980s, possibly as a result of overfishing around Iles Kerguelen.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: We investigated the diet and aspects of foraging effort among Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at three colonies on Ross Island, in the southwestern Ross Sea – Capes Royds, Bird and Crozier – during the chick-provisioning period of three austral summers, 1994–1995, 1995–1996 and 1996–1997. During the study period, pack-ice cover differed in waters offshore of these colonies, by colony, seasons and year. Diet differed among colonies only slightly. The fish Pleuragramma antarcticum was the most important prey, especially during years or periods within years when little pack ice was present. With respect to krill, which composed the remainder of diet, juvenile Euphausia crystallorophias were consumed predominantly in a year of heavy pack-ice cover; more adult krill were consumed in 2 years when pack ice was sparse. Foraging trip duration differed by colony, season and year and was related directly to distance from the colony to the nearest pack ice. The amount of food brought to chicks increased as trip duration increased, to a point (2 days), but then decreased as duration increased further (up to 4 days). On the basis of data on mass of parents and of meal sizes to chicks, it appeared that on the longest trips more of the food gathered by parents was used for self maintenance; on the longest trips, parents lost body mass. Successful foraging during chick rearing, the period when adult foraging is most intense, appears to depend on the proximity of pack ice to nesting colonies for this penguin species.
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) was investigated at Harmony Point, Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, by the analysis of 18 and 33 scats collected during February 1996 and 1997 respectively. Overall, fish were the most frequent prey (74.5%) and predominated by mass (54.4%), whereas krill predominated by number (94.2%). This coincides well with the pattern observed in 1997, but in 1996 krill was the most important prey by number and mass (50.2%). The importance of the remaining taxa represented in the samples (octopods, hyperiids and bivalves) was negligible. Among fish, myctophids represented 85.2% of the fish mass, with Gymnoscopelus nicholsi and Electrona antarctica being the main prey. These two species predominated in 1997, whereas the channichthyid Cryodraco antarcticus and the nototheniid Gobionotothen gibberifrons were dominant in 1996. The importance of the myctophids as prey of the Antarctic fur seal is discussed.
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  • 99
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78 (3). pp. 1027-1030.
    Publication Date: 2021-05-05
    Description: A specimen of Chaunoteuthis mollis (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae), a mature mated female, from the Straits of Messina was examined. Measurements and indices were compared with those of Onychoteuthis banksii reported by previous authors. The differences found were attributed to the degeneration of the C. mollis specimen, due to sexual maturation. Two subocular (one under each eye) and two visceral photophores, similar to those of O. banksii , were present in the C. mollis specimen. The size of the posterior visceral photophore of C. mollis fit the regression line correlating posterior photophore diameter to mantle length in O. banksii. These results corroborate the hypothesis, put forward by other authors, that C. mollis represents the mature female of O. banksii.
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2021-04-29
    Description: Prey species of the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens were examined for 37 large specimens captured in New Zealand waters. Caecum contents were predominantly less than 80% full and covered a range of digestion stages. The diet consisted of fish (at least seven species, of which four were myctophids) and squid. The most abundant prey was the myctophid Lampanyctodes hectoris, which was represented by 1323 otoliths from 22 caeca. The second most abundant prey was viperfish (Chauliodus sloani) and/or dragonfish (Stomias boa), represented by 537 otoliths from 17 caeca. Individual squid appeared to ingest surprisingly large numbers of fish (up to 100) during a single feeding period and could achieve feeding rates greater than 10% of their body weight per day. While some males appeared to ingest larger numbers of L. hectoris, females targeted significantly larger individuals of L. hectoris thereby ingesting a greater biomass of fish.
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