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  • taxonomy  (67)
  • gene expression  (49)
  • Springer  (116)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2000-2004  (116)
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  • Springer  (116)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biogeography, geographic variation and habitat preference in the Amazilia Hummingbird,Amazilia amazilia Lesson (Aves: Trochilidae), with notes on the status ofAmazilia alticola Gould (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Biogeography ; geographic variation ; taxonomy ; Amazilia ; Trochilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Biogeographie, geographischen Variation, Habitatwahl und Taxonomie der Lesson-Amazilie (Amazilia amazilia) vor. Das Taxon umfaßt gegenwärtig fünf Unterarten, die von W-Ecuador bis SW-Peru verbreitet sind und überwiegend submontane Lebensräume besiedeln. Die Ventralfärbung unterliegt klinaler Variation; weiße Gefiederanteile nehmen von nördlichen zu südlichen Populationen ab, rotbraune Partien dagegen zu. Eigenständige morphologisch-morphometrische Kennzeichen sowie Unterschiede in den Habitatpräferenzen und in der Gesangsstruktur rechtfertigen es, die bisherige UnterartA. a. alticola als Paraspezies (A. alticola, Loja-Amazilie) anzuerkennen. Der Vulgärname weist auf den rezenten Verbreitungsschwerpunkt in den südecuadorianischen Anden hin. Aufgrund der engen Verwandtschaft bildenA. amazilia undA. alticola sowie die in Kolumbien endemische ArtA. castaneiventris eine Superspezies.
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews the biogeography, geographic variation, and habitat characteristics of the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia). Based on morphological features, habitat preferences, and bioacoustics, I propose that the currently recognized subspeciesA. a. alticola should be regarded as a species distinct fromA. amazilia. Synapomorphic characters found in both taxa indicate membership of the same superspecies, together with the Colombian speciesA. castaneiventris. Considering the distributional focus ofA. alticola in the Andes of southern Ecuador, the English species name Loja Hummingbird is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01651776
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calls of the Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos s.l.) as a taxonomic character (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: East Asia ; taxonomy ; species delimitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über die Gliederung der ostasiatischen Dickschnabelkrähen (Corvus macrorhynchos s.l.) in Biospezies besteht bisher keine einhellige Meinung. In dem großen Verbreitungsgebiet zwischen Indien, Japan und Timor werden gegenwärtig eine, zwei oder drei Arten anerkannt. Hier versuchen wir, in akustischen Merkmalen artanzeigende Merkmale zu finden. Eine Diskriminanzanalyse der Rufstruktur (76 Parameter) trennt dreiCorvus-Taxa (levaillantii undjaponensis aus der ‘macrorhynchos-Gruppe’,splendens) von der Südabdachung des Himalaya (Nepal, Kashmir) vollständig voneinander. BeiC. japonensis bleiben die trennenden Merkmale über große geographische Gebiete konstant. Die akustischen Unterschiede werden als taxonomisch relevant angesehen; sie zeigen Artgrenzen an. Folglich werden die Dickschnabelkrähen aus den Tief- und Hochlagen Nepals (Kontaktzone um 2 000 m) zwei Biospezies zugeordnet (C. japonensis undC. levaillantii), in Übereinstimmung mit morphologischen, ökologischen und parasitologischen Daten. Taxonomische Extrapolation der Befunde auf die Systematik anderer ‘macrorhynchos’-Populationen erscheint über die Rufstruktur (bis zum Fernen Osten Rußlands) und über Federling-Parasiten (Mallophaga) auf große Teile SO-Asiens möglich, bedarf aber für die stimmlichen Merkmale noch weiterer Klärung. Wahrscheinlich müssen immacrorhynchos-Komplex mindestens drei biologische Arten anerkannt werden (C. japonensis, C. levaillantii, C. macrorhynchos s. str.).
    Notes: Summary A discriminant analysis of the call structure completely separates threeCorvus taxa (levaillantii andjaponensis of the ‘macrorhynchos group’,splendens) inhabiting the southern slopes of the Himalayas (Nepal, Kashmir). The acoustic differences are considered taxonomically relevant, indicating species boundaries. Therefore the Jungle Crows of lower and upper Nepal (contact zone at around 2,000 m) are assigned to two biospecies (C. japonensis andC. levaillantii), as is consistent with morphological, ecological and parasitological data. It appears possible to extrapolate the findings regarding call structure to the systematics of other ‘macrorhynchos’ populations as distant as the Russian Far East, and those regarding mallophagan parasites to large areas of SE Asia; regarding the vocal characteristics, however, further clarification is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462237
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Questioning species realities (2000)
    Springer
    Conservation genetics 1 (2000), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; phylogeny ; phylogeography ; speciation ; species concepts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010133721121
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Building on Bedrock: William Steel Creighton and the Reformation of Ant Systematics, 1925–1970 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 27-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: ants ; E. O. Wilson ; Ernst Mayr ; systematics ; Systematics and the Origin of Species ; taxonomy ; William L. Brown ; William Morton Wheeler ; William Steel Creighton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Ideas about the natural world are intertwined with the personalities, practices, and the workplaces of scientists. The relationships between these categories are explored in the life of the taxonomist William Steel Creighton. Creighton studied taxonomy under William Morton Wheeler at Harvard University. He took the rules he learned from Wheeler out of the museum and into the field. In testing the rules against a new situation, Creighton found them wanting. He sought a new set of taxonomic principles, one he eventually found in Ernst Mayr's Systematics and the Origin of Species. Mayr's ideas tied together a number of themes running through Creighton's life: the need for a revised taxonomy, the emphasis on fieldwork, and the search for a new power center for ant taxonomy after Wheeler died. Creighton's adoption of Mayr's ideas as part of his professional identity also had very real implications for his career path: field studies required long and intensive studies, and Creighton would always be a slow worker. His method of taxonomy contrasted sharply not only with Wheeler's but also with two of his younger colleagues, William L. Brown and E. O. Wilson, who took over Wheeler's spot at Harvard in 1950. The disputes between these men over ant taxonomy involved, in addition to questions of technical interest, questions about where and how best to do taxonomy and who could speak withthe most authority. Creighton's story reveals how these questions are interrelated. The story also reveals the importance of Mayr's book for changes occurring in taxonomy in the middle of the twentieth century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004712911037
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preservation of Gene Expression Ratios Among Multiple Complex cDNAs After PCR Amplification: Application to Differential Gene Expression Studies (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of structural and functional genomics 1 (2000), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-0267
    Keywords: cDNA ; PCR cDNA ; TaqMan Analysis ; gene expression ; Pearson's correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative gene expression studies are often limited by low availability of tissue and poor quality of extractable mRNA. Collective PCR amplification of minute quantities of mRNA has great potential for overcoming these limitations. However, there remains significant concern about the effects of amplification on the absolute and relative abundance of individual mRNAs that could complicate subsequent gene expression studies. To address this problem, we systematically compared the relative abundance of many specific mRNAs from complex cDNA preparations (from tissue and cultured cells) both before and after amplification by PCR. Our results demonstrated that, as expected, the absolute abundance of different mRNAs in a cDNA library is altered in an unpredictable manner by PCR amplification. However, we found that the concentration ratios of specific mRNAs among different cDNA preparations were routinely well conserved after PCR amplification. Thus, for the purpose of comparative expression studies for specific mRNAs in two (or more) complex cDNAs, PCR-amplified cDNA is equally useful as unamplified cDNA. These results provide a rigorous experimental validation and offer a theoretical treatment to support the utility of PCR amplified cDNA for differential gene expression studies. We conclude that the inherent difficulties in performing differential screening studies such as gene chip and array analyses on limited amounts of biological materials can be overcome by a PCR amplification step without compromising data quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011337409258
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dexamethasone induced cardiac hypertrophy in newborn rats is accompanied by changes in myosin heavy chain phenotype and gene transcription (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 209 (2000), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myosin heavy chain ; gene expression ; hypertrophy ; dexamethasone ; promoter function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac hypertrophy has been observed in newborn infants treated with dexamethasone (DEX). This study was undertaken to examine whether DEX-induced hypertrophy in newborn rats is associated with redistribution of cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and if so, the effects involve transcriptional regulation. Newborn rats were injected with either DEX (1 mg/kg/day; s.c.) or equivalent volume normal saline for 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9 days. Hypertrophy was quantified by heart dry/wet wt ratios, heart/body wt ratios, and total protein content of the myocardium. Changes in the expression of cardiac MHC mRNA were characterized by northern blot and slot blot analyses, using isoform specific probes for a- and β-MHC genes. DEX effect on α-MHC gene transcription was analyzed by transiently transfecting various α-MHC promoter/CAT reporter constructs into primary cultures of cardiac myocytes derived from one day old rat pups. DEX administration into newborn rats produced significant cardiac hypertrophy ranging from 23% at day 1 to 59% at 9 days. The hypertrophy was accompanied by immediate increase (83%) in steady state level of the α-MHC mRNA within one day and a maximum increase (148%) at 7 days of treatment. The steady state level of β-MHC mRNA declined by 25% at day 1 and a maximum decrease of 54% at day 7 of DEX treatment. The changes in MHC mRNA were also reflected in their protein levels as determined by V1 and V3 isozyme analysis. DEX treatment of primary cultures of cardiomyocytes following transfection with a-MHC promoter/CAT reporter constructs resulted in increased CAT expression in a dose dependent manner. The minimum α-MHC gene sequences responding to DEX treatment were located between the -200 to -74-bp region of the gene, resulting in 2-fold and 6-fold activation of CAT reporter after 0.05 and 0.1 mM doses of DEX, respectively. Our data indicate that DEX induced cardiac hypertrophy in newborn rats is accompanied by increased expression of α-MHC and decreased expression of β-MHC. The α-MHC effects are mediated in part through transcriptional mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007128300430
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of transcriptional activation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein CREB (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 5-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: transcriptional regulation ; gene expression ; coactivator ; repressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The CREB-CREM transcription factors are the main gene regulatory effectors of the cAMP signaling pathway. The investigations of this family of transcription factors had a profound impact on the understanding of signaling-induced gene transcription. Here we discuss some key aspects of the underlying biology, review transcriptional activation by CREB proteins through transcription cofactors and present novel insights into the context- and position-specific function of CREB on complex genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007111818628
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Upstream regulatory elements in chick heme oxygenase-1 promoter: A study in primary cultures of chick embryo liver cells (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 209 (2000), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: AP-1 ; cobalt chloride ; gene expression ; heme oxygenase ; oxidative stress ; sodium arsenite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previously, chick heme oxygenase-1 (cHO-1) gene was cloned by us and two regions important for induction by sodium arsenite were identified. These two regions were found to contain consensus sequences of an AP-1 (-1580 to -1573) and a MRE/cMyc complex (-52 to -41). In the current study, the roles of these two elements in mediating the sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride dependent induction of cHO-1 were investigated further. DNA binding studies and site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that both the AP-1 and MRE/cMyc elements are important for the sodium arsenite induction, while cobalt chloride induction involves only the AP-1 element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that nuclear proteins binding to the AP-1 element was increased by both sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride treatment, whereas the binding of proteins to the MRE/cMyc element showed a high basal expression in untreated cells and the binding activity was only slightly increased by sodium arsenite treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that, to completely abolish sodium arsenite induction, both the AP-1 and MRE/cMyc elements must be mutated; mutation of either element alone resulted in only a partial effect. In contrast, a single mutation at AP-1 element was sufficient to reduce the cobalt chloride induction almost completely. The MRE/cMyc complex plays a major role in the basal level expression, and shares some similarities to the upstream stimulatory factor element (USF) identified in the promoter regions of mammalian HO-1 genes and other stress regulated genes. Because sodium arsenite is known to cause oxidative stress and because activation of AP-1 proteins has been shown to be a key step in the oxidative stress response pathway, we also explored the possibility that the induction of the cHO-1 gene by sodium arsenite is mediated through oxidative stress pathway(s) by activation of AP-1 proteins. We found that pretreatment with antioxidants (N-acetyl cysteine or quercetin) reduced the induction of the endogenous cHO-1 message or cHO-1 reporter construct activities induced by sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride. These antioxidants also reduced the protein binding activities to the AP-1 element in the electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In summary, induction of the cHO-1 gene by sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride is mediated by activation of the AP-1 element located at -1,573 to -1,580 of the 5′ UTR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007025505842
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kidney ischemia-reperfusion: Modulation of antioxidant defenses (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 205 (2000), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: kidney ; ischemia-reperfusion injury ; free radicals ; reactive oxygen species ; gene expression ; antioxidant enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS; O2-, H2O2, and OH·), normal by-products of cellular metabolic processes, are kept in control by antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutases (SODs). To understand the role of antioxidant enzymatic defenses against ROS injury following ischemia-reperfusion, we examined the effect on kidney exposed to varying periods (30, 60 or 90 min) of ischemia followed by different periods of reperfusion. The enzymatic activities and protein levels of catalase, GPX, CuZnSOD and MnSOD were relatively unaffected at 30 min of ischemia followed by 0, 2 or 24 h reperfusion. However, 60 or 90 min of ischemia followed by 0, 2 or 24 h of reperfusion resulted in a decrease in activities and protein levels which paralleled the duration of ischemic injury. MnSOD activity tended to recover towards normal during reperfusion. Examination of the mRNA levels of these antioxidant enzymes demonstrated a severe decrease in mRNA levels of catalase and GPX at a time point of minimal ischemic injury (30 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion) suggesting that loss of mRNA of catalase and GPX may be the first markers of alterations in cellular redox in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Greater loss of mRNA for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD were observed following longer periods (60 or 90 min) of ischemia. The mRNA for MnSOD was upregulated at all time points of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Actually, the greater decrease in mRNAs for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD in the acute phase (within 24 h) subsequently showed a further decrease in these enzyme activities in the subacute phase (72 or 120 h after ischemia). These enzyme activities in the 30 min ischemia group, but not in the 90 min group, already showed tendencies for normalization at 120 h after ischemia. To understand the molecular basis of the loss of mRNA of these antioxidant enzymes during ischemia-reperfusion injury, we examined the rate of transcription by nuclear run-on assays. The similar rates of transcription in control and kidney exposed to ischemia-reperfusion indicates that the loss of mRNA for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD are possibly due to the increased rate of turnover of their mRNAs. These studies suggest that expression of antioxidant genes during ischemia-reperfusion are not coordinately expressed and the differential loss of antioxidant enzymes may be the contributing factor(s) towards the heterogeneous renal tissue damage as a result of ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007047505107
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in the Human Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line, HMEC-1: Control by the combinatorial actions of AP2, NF-IL-6 and CRE elements (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 203 (2000), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: prostaglandin ; cyclooxygenase ; transcriptional regulation ; gene expression ; promotor activation ; transcription ; endothelial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1) is a potent inducer of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin biosynthesis in many types of cells, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-1 mediated prostanoid biosynthesis in the endothelium of the microvasculature. Therefore, we examined the cis- and trans-acting factors regulating IL-1-induced COX-2 expression in the human microvascular endothelial cell line, HMEC-1. IL-1 enhanced steady state levels of COX-2 protein and mRNA synthesis by ≈ 2-fold which preceded a 2-fold increase in PGFα biosynthesis. Expression of a series of COX-2 promoter-luciferase constructs in IL-1 treated HMEC-1 cells revealed that the 'full length' (-1432/+59 bp) promoter was 10 times more active than the SV-40 promoter/enhancer and that it could be further activated by IL-1. Surprisingly however, all except for the shortest COX-2 promoter construct retained the ability to respond to IL-1 and luciferase activity driven by -191/+59 bp COX-2 promoter was as responsive to IL-1 as the full-length promoter. Moreover, site-directed promoter mutagenesis and electophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) indicate that the combinatorial actions of AP2, NF-IL6, and CRE elements are critical for both constitutive and IL-1-inducible COX-2 promoter activity. Understanding the mechanism(s) regulating COX-2 gene expression and prostaglandin biosynthesis in the microvasculature has important implications with regard to inflammation and angiogenesis in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007045600664
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a 5′-flanking region supporting the transcription of mouse thymosin β-4 in mouse NIH3T3 cells (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 203 (2000), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: thymosin β-4 ; gene expression ; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ; NIH3T3 cells ; interferon response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Expression of the gene coding for thymosin β-4 (Tβ-4), the major G-actin sequestering peptide in the cell, is regulated mainly at the level of transcription. In this study, we examined the nucleotide sequence of the 5′-flanking region (from - 2202 to - 881) of the mouse Tβ-4 gene, and demonstrated that the DNA fragment from -278 to +410 of this gene was capable of directing the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in NIH3T3 cells. However, expression of the reporter gene in cells cannot be induced by interferon-a treatment even though a rapid activation of endogenous Tβ-4 gene by this cytokine was observed. These results suggest that the projected interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) might reside in other parts of the mouse Tβ-4 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007020619788
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of thioacetamide on the activity and expression of cytosolic rat liver glutathione-S-transferase (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 211 (2000), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: thioacetamide ; glutathione-S-transferase ; rat liver ; transcription ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of thioacetamide (TA), an hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic compound, on the expression and activity of the cytosolic enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was studied in rat liver. Four h following the administration of 14C-labeled thioacetamide (10 mg/Kg), several subunits of GST were found to be radioactively labeled. A single sublethal dose of TA (250 mg/Kg) decreased by three-fold the expression of classα GST at 24-48 h of treatment, but did not significantly affect the transcription of class μ GST. The activity of the enzyme toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was mildly inhibited (66% of the control) by a 24 h TA treatment and gradually increased thereafter. It is proposed that the covalent binding of TA or its derivative to the GST subunits does not affect the activity of the enzyme. Nevertheless, GST activity inhibition is due to the deleterious effect of TA on GST transcription.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007114801362
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apolipoprotein E gene expression is reduced in apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 209 (2000), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: apolipoprotein E ; apolipoprotein A-I ; gene expression ; transgenic mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of plasma apolipoprotein (apo) E, an anti-atherogenic protein involved in mammalian cholesterol transport, were found to be 2-3 fold lower in mice over-expressing human apoA-I gene. ApoE is mainly associated with VLDL and HDL-size particles, but in mice the majority of the apoE is associated with the HDL particles. Over-expression of the human apoA-I in mice increases the levels of human apoA-I-rich HDL particles by displacing mouse apoA-I from HDL. This results in lowering of plasma levels of mouse apoA-I. Since plasma levels of apoE also decreased in the apoA-I transgenic mice, the mechanism of apoE lowering was investigated. Although plasma levels of apoE decreased by 2-3 fold, apoB levels remained unchanged. As expected, the plasma levels of human apoA-I were almost 5-fold higher in the apoAI-Tg mice compared to mouse apoA-I in WT mice. If the over-expression of human apoA-I caused displacement of apoE from the HDL, the levels of hepatic apoE mRNA should remain the same in WT and the apoAI-Tg mice. However, the measurements of apoE mRNA in the liver showed 3-fold decreases of apoE mRNA in apoAI-Tg mice as compared to WT mice, suggesting that the decreased apoE mRNA expression, but not the displacement of the apoE from HDL, resulted in the lowering of plasma apoE in apoAI-Tg mice. As expected, the levels of hepatic apoA-I mRNA (transgene) were 5-fold higher in the apoAI-Tg mice. ApoE synthesis measured in hepatocytes also showed lower synthesis of apoE in the apoAI-Tg mice. These studies suggest that the integration of human apoA-I transgene in mouse genome occurred at a site that affected apoE gene expression. Identification of this locus may provide further understanding of the apoE gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007107712725
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRE-decoy oligonucleotide-inhibition of gene expression and tumor growth (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: cAMP ; transcription factor-decoy oligonucleotides ; CRE ; Ap-1 ; p53 ; tumor growth ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nucleic acid molecules with high affinities for a target transcription factor can be introduced into cells as decoy cis-elements to bind these factors and alter gene expression. This review discusses a synthetic single-stranded palindromic oligonucleotide, which self-hybridizes to form a duplex/hairpin and competes with cAMP response element (CRE) enhancers for binding transcription factors. This oligonucleotide inhibits CRE- and Ap-1-directed gene transcription and promotes growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo in a broad spectrum of cancer cells, without adversely affecting normal cell growth. Evidence presented here suggests that the CRE-decoy oligonucleotide can provide a powerful new means of combating cancers, viral diseases, and other pathological conditions by regulating the expression of cAMP-responsive genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007144618589
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamines and angiotensinogen gene expression in kidney proximal tubular cells (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: adrenergic receptors ; renin-angiotensin system (RAS) ; gene expression ; kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the molecular mechanism(s) of action of catecholamines on the expression of the angiotensinogen (ANG) gene in kidney proximal tubular cells, we used opossum kidney (OK) cells with a fusion gene containing the 5′-flanking regulatory sequence of the rat ANG gene fused with a human growth hormone (hGH) gene as a reporter, pOGH (rANG N-1498/+18), permanently integrated into their genomes. The level of expression of the ANG-GH fusion gene was quantified by the amount of immunoreactive-hGH (IR-hGH) secreted into the medium. The addition of norepinephrine (NE), isoproterenol (a β1/β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist) and iodoclonidine (an α2-AR agonist) stimulated the expression of the ANG-GH fusion gene in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the addition of epinephrine and phenylephrine (α1-AR agonist) had no effect. The stimulatory effect of NE was blocked by the presence of propranolol (β-AR blocker), atenolol (β1-AR blocker), yohimbine (α2-AR blocker), Rp-cAMP (an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase AI & AII) and staurosporine (an inhibitor of protein kinase C), but was not blocked by ICI 118, 551 (β2-AR blocker) and prazosin (α1-AR blocker). The addition of a combination of isoproterenol and iodoclonidine or a combination of 8-Bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) and phorbol 12-myristate (PMA) synergistically stimulated the expression of the ANG-GH fusion gene as compared to the addition of isoproterenol, iodoclonidine, 8-Br-cAMP or PMA alone. Furthermore, the addition of NE, 8-Br-cAMP or PMA stimulated the expression of pOGH (rANG N-806/-779/-53/+18), a fusion gene containing the putative cAMP responsive element (CRE, ANG N-806/-779) upstream of the ANG promoter (ANG N-53/+18) in OK cells, but had no effect on the expression of fusion genes containing the mutant of the CRE. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that the ANG-CRE binds with the DNA-binding domain (bZIP 254-327) of the cAMP-responsive binding protein (CREB). The binding of the labeled ANG-CRE to CREB (bZIP254-327) was displaced by unlabeled ANG-CRE and the CRE of the somatostatin gene but not by the mutants of the ANG-CRE. Finally, NE stimulated the phosphorylation of CREB in OK cells. These studies demonstrate that the molecular mechanism(s) of NE action on the expression of the ANG gene in OK cells may be mediated via both the PKA and PKC signalling pathways and via the phosphorylation of CREB. The phosphorylated CREB then interacts with the CRE in the 5′-flanking region of the ANG gene and subsequently stimulates the gene expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007152821315
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    Control of cardiomyocyte gene expression as drug target (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: gene expression ; catecholamines ; angiotensin II ; heart failure ; myosin ; hypertension ; eprosartan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pressure overload of the heart is associated with a perturbed gene expression of the cardiomyocyte leading to an impaired pump function. The ensuing neuro-endocrine activation results in disordered influences of angiotensin II and catecholamines on gene expression. To assess whether angiotensin II type 1 receptor inhibition can also counteract a raised sympathetic nervous system activity, spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a hypercaloric diet were treated with eprosartan (daily 90 mg/kg body wt) and cardiovascular parameters were monitored with implanted radiotelemetry pressure transducers. Both, blood pressure and heart rate were increased (p 〈 0.05) by the hypercaloric diet. Although eprosartan reduced (p 〈 0.05) the raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the diet-induced rise in heart rate was blunted only partially. In addition to drugs interfering with the enhanced catecholamine influence, compounds should be considered that selectively affect cardiomyocyte gene expression via 'metabolic' signals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007181626766
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    Expression of renin-angiotensin system and extracellular matrix genes in cardiovascular cells and its regulation through AT1 receptor (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 203-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: angiotensinogen ; fibronectin ; gene expression ; transcriptional regulation ; cardiomyocytes ; vascular smooth muscle cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a unique substrate of the renin-angiotensin system and fibronectin (FN) is an important component of the extracellular matrix. These play critical roles in the pathophysiological changes including cardiovascular remodeling and hypertrophy in response to hypertension. This study was performed to examine the regulation of AGT and FN gene in cardiac myocytes (CMs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to mechanical stretch. Mechanical stretch significantly increased the AGT mRNA expression in CMs, while these stimuli did not affect FN mRNA levels. On the other hand, Mechanical stretch upregulated FN mRNA levels in VSMCs, whereas no increase in AGT mRNA levels was observed in response to stretch stimuli. An angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist (CV11974) significantly decreased these stretch-mediated increases in mRNA level and promoter activity of the AGT and FN gene, whereas angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist (PD123319) did not affect the induction. These results indicate that mechanical stretch activates transcription of the AGT and FN gene mainly via AT1 receptor-pathway in CMs and VSMCs. Furthermore, mechanisms regulating AGT and FN gene seem to be different between CMs and VSMCs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007141912654
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    Regulation of angiotensin II receptors in the medullary thick ascending limb (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: angiotensin receptor ; medullary thick ascending limb ; sodium intake ; primary cell culture ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important regulator of the function of medullary thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (MTAL). Recent studies showed that changes in Ang II receptor expression occur and underlie changes in the function of proximal tubules during altered sodium intake. The present experiment was designed to determine (1) whether expression of the type 1 Ang II (AT1) receptor in the MTAL is regulated by altered sodium intake, and (2) the specific pathway(s) mediating sodium-induced AT1 expression in the MTAL. Wistar rats were fed a normal sodium (0.5%, NS), low sodium (0.07%, LS), or high sodium (4%, HS) diet for 2 weeks. Northern blot analysis and radioligand binding showed that in rats fed a normal sodium diet the rank of order for both AT1 mRNA expression and receptor density was outer medulla 〉 cortex 〉 inner medulla. Sodium restriction significantly increased both AT1 mRNA expression and receptor density in the outer medulla. In contrast, neither AT1 mRNA expression nor receptor density in the outer medulla was altered by sodium loading. Losartan treatment (3 mg/kg/per day by oral gavage for 2 weeks) prevented low sodium-induced upregulation of the AT1 receptor in the outer medulla, but it had no effect on AT1 expression in the outer medulla of rats fed a normal sodium diet. Highly purified suspensions of MTAL were isolated from rats fed a normal or low sodium diet. Low sodium intake significantly increased AT1 mRNA level by 184% and AT1 receptor density by 58% in MTALs. Primary cultures of MTAL cells were treated with PBS, Ang II (10-8 M), and Ang II + 17 octadecynoic (17 ODYA, 10 μM). Ang II caused about 2-fold increase in AT1 mRNA levels, and this increase was diminished by about 30% by the addition of 17 ODYA. We conclude that (1) sodium restriction but not sodium loading increases AT1 receptor expression in the MTAL, (2) low sodium-induced upregulation of the AT1 receptor in the MTAL is Ang II-dependent, and (3) Ang II-induced upregulation of the AT1 receptor in the MTAL is mediated, at least in part, by cytochrome P450 pathways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007193931309
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    Role of cardiac renin-angiotensin system in sarcoplasmic reticulum function and gene expression in the ischemic-reperfused heart (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 227-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: renin angiotensin system ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ca2+-handling ; gene expression ; ischemia-reperfusion ; cardioprotection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the possible participation of cardiac renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the ischemia-reperfusion induced changes in heart function as well as Ca2+-handling activities and gene expression of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins. The isolated rat hearts, treated for 10 min without and with 30 μM captopril or 100 μM losartan, were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by reperfusion for 60 min and processed for the measurement of SR function and gene expression. Attenuated recovery of the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) upon reperfusion of the ischemic heart was accompanied by a marked reduction in SR Ca2+-pump ATPase, Ca2+-uptake and Ca2+-release activities. Northern blot analysis revealed that mRNA levels for SR Ca2+-handling proteins such as Ca2+-pump ATPase (SERCA2a), ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin and phospholamban were decreased in the ischemia-reperfused heart as compared with the non-ischemic control. Treatment with captopril improved the recovery of LVDP as well as SR Ca2+-pump ATPase and Ca2+-uptake activities in the postischemic hearts but had no effect on changes in Ca2+-release activity due to ischemic-reperfusion. Losartan neither affected the changes in contractile function nor modified alterations in SR Ca2+-handling activities. The ischemia-reperfusion induced decrease in mRNA levels for SR Ca2+-handling proteins were not affected by treatment with captopril or losartan. The results suggest that the improvement of cardiac function in the ischemic-reperfused heart by captopril is associated with the preservation of SR Ca2+-pump activities; however, it is unlikely that this action of captopril is mediated through the modification of cardiac RAS. Furthermore, cardiac RAS does not appear to contribute towards the ischemia-reperfusion induced changes in gene expression for SR Ca2+-handling proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007174803993
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    Attenuation of changes in sarcoplasmic reticular gene expression in cardiac hypertrophy by propranolol and verapamil (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 213 (2000), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: pressure overload ; gene expression ; subcellular remodeling ; sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-handling ; anti-hypertensive therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of propranolol and verapamil on contractile dysfunction, subcellular remodeling and changes in gene expression in cardiac hypertrophy due to pressure overload were examined. Rats were subjected to banding of the abdominal aorta and then treated with either propranolol (10 mg/kg daily), verapamil (5 mg/kg daily) or vehicle for 8 weeks after the surgery. Depression of the left ventricular function in the hypertrophied heart was associated with decreases in myofibrillar and myosin CA2+ ATPase activities as well as Ca2+-pump and Ca2+-release activities of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The level of a-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) mRNA was decreased while that of β-MHC mRNA was increased in the pressure-overloaded heart. The level of SR Ca2+-pump ATPase (SERCA2) mRNA and protein content for SERCA2 were decreased in the pressure overloaded heart. Treatment of the hypertrophied animals with propranolol or verapamil resulted in preservation of the left ventricular function and prevention of the subcellular alterations. Shift in the α- and β-MHC mRNA levels and changes in the expression in SERCA2 mRNA level and protein content were also attenuated by these treatments. The results suggest that blockade of β-adrenoceptors or voltage-dependent calcium channels normalizes the cardiac gene expression, prevents subcellular remodeling and thus attenuates heart dysfunction in rats with cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, both cardiac β-adrenoceptors and L-type Ca2+-channels may be involved in the genesis of cardiac hypertrophy due to pressure overload.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007120332587
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    Cloning and characterization of the rat TIS11 gene (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 213 (2000), S. 119-126 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: TIS11 ; an immediate early gene ; gene cloning ; gene expression ; gene organization ; promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The TIS11 gene is an immediate early gene that is induced rapidly and transiently by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and various growth factors. To study transcriptional regulation of the gene, a genomic clone of rat TIS11 was isolated, and the organization of exon-intron structure and transcriptional initiation site were determined. The rat TIS11 gene consisted of 2 exons spanning approximately 2.5 kb. Several canonical sequences for binding of transcriptional factors were found in the 5′-flanking region. The 5.3 kb of the 5′-flanking region fused to a luciferase reporter gene showed promoter activity when introduced into rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Analyses with serial 5′-deletion mutants suggested that the major positive regulatory region is located at the region of -241 to -76, and that the minimum promoter region is within the 76-bp upstream of the transcriptional initiation site. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that PC12 cell nuclear proteins specifically bind to the major positive regulatory region of the TIS11 gene. The identified nuclear protein components may act as the positive trans-acting factors in the basal expression of the TIS11 gene in PC12 cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007172316657
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    Expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes during potato tuber dormancy (2000)
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    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 383-393 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; plant development ; antioxidant genes ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The expression of antioxidant genes has been analyzed in a potato plant and during tuber dormancy. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), cytosolic copper and zinc superoide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), catalase class II, cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are expressed at the RNA level in all the contexts analyzed. By contrast, the expression of the iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and plastidic Cu/ZnSOD seems to be limited to green tissues, as shown by northern blots and native gels. A complex DAB-peroxidase isozyme pattern (using diaminobenzidine as substrate) has been observed in different developmental contexts analyzed, but hardly observed in tubers. During tuber dormancy, MnSOD and cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD activity was relatively constant in both Désirée and Bintje varieties while catalase activity decreases. Moreover, tuber dormancy breakage did not involve significant changes in the activity of these enzymes. On the basis of these results, the possible link between active oxygen species (AOS) metabolism and dormancy is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360542
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    Functional genomic analysis of potato tuber life-cycle (2000)
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    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 297-312 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: gene expression ; cDNA-AFLP ; RNA-fingerprinting ; organogenesis ; tuberisation ; dormancy ; sprouting ; cluster analysis ; metabolic pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato tuber life-cycle is composed of many individual developmental stages including tuber formation, tuber development, dormancy and sprouting. We have used cDNA-AFLP fingerprinting to analyse gene expression in 24 individual stages of development, over the period from stolon formation through sprouting. In addition to these developmental stages, different tissues were analysed to assess tissue specificity and various controls were incorporated to determine process specificity. In total around 18000 transcript derived cDNA fragments (TDFs) were visualised from which circa 2600 were included in a statistical analysis allowing general conclusions about gene expression during development. More than 200 process specific TDFs were isolated and sequenced throughout the potato tuber life-cycle. The sequence similarities of these TDFs to known genes give an insight into the kinds of processes occurring during tuberisation, dormancy and sprouting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360536
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    Two new species and one new variety of Agaricales from central Honshu, Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 15-23 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Agaricales ; Clitocybe trogioides var.odorifera ; Gerronema nemorale ; Psathyrella cineraria ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new species and one new variety of Agaricales are described and illustrated from central Honshu, Japan:Clitocybe trogioides var.odorifera var. nov. (subgenusCystoclitus sectionCystoclitus), forming white, infundibuliform basidiomata, was collected from leaf litter in theQuercus-Pasania forests;Gerronema nemorale sp. nov. (sectionXanthophylla), forming small, olivaceous, omphalinoid basidiomata, was found on dead fallen twigs in theQuercus-Pasania forests;Psathyrella cineraria sp. nov. (subgenusMycophylla sectionArgillosporae), forming basidiomata covered by detersile, dark grey, fibrillose-squamulose veil, was found on decayed wood ofQuercus myrsinaefolia.
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    Diaporthe kyushuensis sp. nov., the teleomorph of the causal fungus of grapevine swelling arm in Japan, and its anamorphPhomopsis vitimegaspora (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 111-114 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Diaporthe kyushuensis ; grapevine swelling arm ; Phomopsis vitimegaspora ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diaporthe kyushuensis sp. nov. is described and named as the teleomorph of causal fungus of grapevine swelling arm. The anamorph of the fungus isPhomopsis vitimegaspora.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464318
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    Cronartium orientale, sp. nov., segregation of the pine gall rust in eastern Asia fromCronartium quercuum (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: distribution ; Pinus ; Quercus ; taxonomy ; Uredinales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Asian pine gall rust, which has hitherto been assigned toCronartium quercuum distributed in North America, is described asC. orientale, sp. nov. The spermogonial and aecial states occur on hard pines, and the uredinial and telial states occur on various oaks.Cronartium orientale has globose, almost hyaline basidiospores in contrast to the ellipsoid, yellow-orange ones of North AmericanC. quercuum s.l. Characteristics of the new rust species in morphology, DNA analysis, and host alternation are discussed.
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    A newLeptographium species associated withTomicus piniperda in south-western China (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 573-578 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: China ; Leptographium ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Tomicus piniperda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomicus species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are serious pests of pines with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia and America. In Yunnan, south-western China,T. piniperda has destroyed more than 0.5 million ha ofPinus yunnanensis in the past 15 years. A blue stain fungus belonging to the genusLeptographium is associated with both the shoot-feeding and trunk-attacking stages of the beetle's life cycle. The fungus is morphologically similar to the anamorph ofOphiostoma crassivaginatum and toL. pyrinum, which are both characterised by short robust conidiophores and hyphae covered by a granular layer. Both these species have been isolated from conifers and are associated with insects. After comparing the fungus fromT. piniperda with similarLeptographium species, using light and scanning electron microscopy, we concluded that it represents a new taxon, which is described here asL. yunnanense sp. nov.
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    Species, Demes, and the Omega Taxonomy: Gilmour and The NewSystematics (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 15 (2000), S. 349-388 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: cline ; definition ; deme ; evolutionary synthesis ; experimental taxonomy ; J. Heslop-Harrison ; J.S. Huxley ; J.S.L. Gilmour ; nominalism ; systematics ; Systematics Association ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The word ``deme'' was coined by the botanists J.S.L. Gilmour and J.W.Gregor in 1939, following the pattern of J.S. Huxley's ``cline''. Its purposewas not only to rationalize the plethora of terms describing chromosomaland genetic variation, but also to reduce hostility between traditionaltaxonomists and researchers on evolution, who sometimes scorned eachother's understanding of species. A multi-layered system of compoundterms based on deme was published by Gilmour and J. Heslop-Harrison in1954 but not widely used. Deme was adopted with a modified meaning byzoologists leading the evolutionary synthesis – Huxley, Simpson, Wright,and Mayr. Connections are shown between Gilmour's ideas around definingthe deme, his role in founding the Systematics Association, and his chapter``Taxonomy and Philosophy'' in the book The New Systematics. Thishistorical episode raises questions about the role of carefully-definedwords in scientific practice.
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    A new variety ofCortinarius elatior from Japan (2000)
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 87-89 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Cortinarius elatior var.albipes ; Cortinarius Sect.Defibulati ; new variety ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cortinarius elatior var.albipes var. nov., found in the deciduous forest is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from the type variety by having a white stipe and longer spores. The differences betweenCortinarius elatior var.albipes and similar taxa are briefly discussed.
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    Ceratostomella hyalocoronata, a new pyrenomycete from a stream in southern China (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 167-169 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: East Asia ; freshwater fungi ; taxonomy ; tropical mycology ; Xylariales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ceratostomella hyalocoronata is described and illustrated as a new species from old decaying wood immersed in a stream in Guangdong Province, southern China. It is compared toC. hyalostoma, a temperate terrestrial species.
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    Three new marine ascomycetes from driftwood in Australia sand dunes (2000)
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 379-388 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: arenicolous ; marine fungi ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caryospora australiensis sp. nov.,Platystomum scabridisporum sp. nov. andSavoryella melanospora sp. nov. are described from driftwood collected from a sand dune at Rye, on the Mornington Peninsula Nature Park, Victoria, Australia. These species are compared with other taxa in these and related genera.
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    Two underscribed heterobasidiomycetes from Ontario (2000)
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 371-377 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Platygloea ; Platygloeales ; Sigmogloea ; taxonomy ; Tremellales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of two heterobasidiomycetous species, collected in Ontario and studied respectively by H. S. Jackson and R. F. Cain, are described as new; they arePlatygloea jacksonii andSigmogloea tremelloidea. P. jacksonii is characterized by small basidia and basidiospores and by sympodially developing conidia.Sigmogloea tremelloidea is an anomalous taxon with cylindric, mostly transversely septate (“auricularioid”) basidia, but some features suggest a possible relationship to the Tremellales.
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    Cortinarius purpurascens var.largusoides andCortinarius herpeticus var.fageticola new to Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 407-410 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Cortinarius purpurascens var.largusoides ; Cortinarius herpeticus var.fageticola ; Cortinarius Sect.Scauri ; mycoflora ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species ofCortinarius Sect.Scauri collected in forests ofQuercus serrata andQ. mongolica var.grosseserrata, Q. serrata andFagus crenata, orQ. mongolica var.grosseserrata andF. crenata in Niigata prefecture were identified asCortinarius purpurascens var.largusoides andC. herpeticus var.fageticola, new to Japan. Macro- and microscopical descriptions of each species are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463956
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    Intraspecific Variation in the Vocalizations and Hand Pad Morphology of Southern Lesser Bush Babies (Galago moholi): A Comparison with G. senegalensis (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 537-555 
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    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: galago ; taxonomy ; vocalization ; morphology ; zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown the taxonomic value of vocal repertoires and hand (volar) pad characteristics in the classification of cryptic nocturnal primates such as bush babies. However, no study included quantitative comparisons within the geographical range of any one species. We investigated levels of intraspecific variation in calls and hand pad characteristics of the southern lesser bush baby (Galago moholi), using the northern lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis) for interspecific comparisons. Examination of calls recorded from different regions along a transect of 1500 km across southern Africa revealed low levels of intraspecific variation in Galago moholi, whereas comparisons with homologous call-types in G. senegalensis revealed them to be significantly different. Volar pad measurements across the ranges of both species also showed low levels of intraspecific variation and relatively high interspecific variation. These findings demonstrate that vocal and volar pad characteristics can be used as consistent measures of difference between species that look almost identical. These methods provide a practical means of distinguishing between cryptic species, whether in the field, in captivity, or, in the case of volar pads, of preserved specimens.
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    Taxonomic Revision of Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus) in the Western Portions of Madagascar (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 963-1019 
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    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: mouse lemurs ; Microcebus ; taxonomy ; revision ; new species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Microcebus (mouse lemurs) are the smallest extant primates. Until recently, they were considered to comprise two different species: Microcebus murinus, confined largely to dry forests on the western portion of Madagascar, and M. rufus, occurring in humid forest formations of eastern Madagascar. Specimens and recent field observations document rufous individuals in the west. However, the current taxonomy is entangled due to a lack of comparative material to quantify intrapopulation and intraspecific morphological variation. On the basis of recently collected specimens of Microcebus from 12 localities in portions of western Madagascar, from Ankarana in the north to Beza Mahafaly in the south, we present a revision using external, cranial, and dental characters. We recognize seven species of Microcebus from western Madagascar. We name and describe 3 spp., resurrect a previously synonymized species, and amend diagnoses for Microcebus murinus (J. F. Miller, 1777), M. myoxinus Peters, 1852, and M. ravelobensis Zimmermann et al., 1998.
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    Phylogenetic Relationships of Spider Monkeys (Ateles) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Variation (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 381-420 
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    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: phylogenetics ; taxonomy ; systematic ; Ateles ; Cebidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Our goal was to determine phylogenetic relationships among geographically and taxonomically distinct haplotypes of spider monkeys (Ateles) based on DNA sequence variation for the mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene. We obtained samples from most previously recognized subspecies of Ateles, ranging from Central America throughout the Amazon Basin, to determine phylogenetic relationships among racially recognized groups. Comparison of DNA sequences using both parsimony analysis and genetic distance analysis produced phylogenetic relationships that were very similar for each genetic region. We analyzed the phylograms produced, along with associated bootstrap support, confidence probabilities, and genetic distances between taxonomic groups, to identify four monophyletic species of Ateles: Ateles paniscus, composed of haplotypes from the northeastern Amazon Basin; A. belzebuth in the southern Amazon Basin; A. hybridus, located primarily along the Magdalena River valley of Colombia; and A. geoffroyi, which includes two former species: A. geoffroyi and A. fusciceps. This arrangement is contradictory to long-held taxonomies of Ateles based on pelage variation and is similar to a recent analysis based on craniodental variation. Results of this investigation suggest patterns of gene flow, evolutionary relationships, and speciation patterns that are more plausible than previous pelage-based taxonomies, which required seemingly impossible patterns of gene flow. Conservation efforts aimed at protecting Ateles, one of the Neotropics most endangered genera, will also benefit from the findings presented in this paper.
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    Use of Vocal Fingerprinting for Specific Discrimination of Gray (Microcebus murinus) and Rufous Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus rufus) (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 837-852 
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    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: vocalization ; sexual advertisement ; predator advertisement ; taxonomy ; evolution ; mouse lemur ; primate ; Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Advertisement calls are often important noninvasive tools for discriminating cryptic species and for assessing specific diversity and speciation patterns in nature. We investigated the contribution of these calls to uncover specific diversity in nocturnal Malagasy lemurs. We compared sexual advertisement and predator advertisement calls of two mouse lemur species, western gray and eastern rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus and M. rufus, respectively) living in two contrasting habitats (dry deciduous vs. rain forest), and analyzed them statistically. Both species emitted several highly variable whistle calls in the context of predator-avoidance. Intrapopulation variation was high and overlapped interspecific variation. Sexual advertisement calls, given in the mating context, displayed a totally distinct, species-specific acoustic structure. Whereas gray mouse lemurs produced rapidly multifrequency modulated, long trill calls, rufous mouse lemurs gave slowly frequency-modulated short chirp calls. Our results suggest specific status for gray and rufous mouse lemurs and indicate the importance of predation and social needs in shaping vocal communication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005594625841
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    Epicuticular wax morphology and the taxonomy ofRosa (sectionCaninae, subsectionRubiginosae) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 221 (2000), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rosaceae ; Rosa ; Caninae ; epicuticular waxes ; taxonomy ; hybridism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Classification within the genusRosa is problematic due to ± continuous variation of morphological characters. The dogroses, (Rosa, sectionCaninae) are classified only by their unique meiotic system not by directly visible characters. The intrasectional structure remains insufficient, as the characters (glands, hairs and prickles) are known to exhibit great morphological divergence affected by both genetic plasticity and environmental influences. Taxonomy of dogroses follows a highly artificial system which allows us to identify morphospecies, which are not necessarily evolutionary species. However, SEM-studies in theCaninae revealed that all taxa of the subsectionRubiginosae are characterised by a granule type of epicuticular waxes, whereas members from the other subsections (with three exceptions) form triangular rodlets. Comparison with specimens grown under the same conditions confirmed these findings on natural populations and additionally revealed that following artificial hybridism, offspring develop the maternal type of wax structure due to the matroclinal inheritance in this section.
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    Software dependent phenetic relationships of non-nodulating African species ofAcacia (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 220 (2000), S. 139-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Acacia ; classification ; Leguminosae ; morphology ; phenetics ; RAPD ; software ; taxonomy ; UPGMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phenetic analysis of non-nodulatingAcacia species by Harrier et al. (1997) was repeated to illustrate how different computer programs may generate alternative UPGMA trees for the very same data, even in the absence of data input order effects (ties). For example, all Harrier et al.'s UPGMA dendrograms produced by software from the Scottish Agricultural Statistics Service differed from those obtained by the packages NTSYS and MVSP87. Particularly, the positions ofA. albida, A. rovumae, andA. pentagona, as well as the relationships betweenDiacanthae andTriacanthae were affected by this phenomenon. Hence, whenever clustering techniques are used, care should be taken to consider possible software-dependent caveats and artefacts. Nevertheless, all programs provided clusterings that largely coincided with the subgeneric and sectional groupings proposed by Vassal (1972) although the positions of some species varied depending on whether morphological or molecular data were considered (e.g.A. albida andA. rovumae).
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    Secretory cavities and pellucid dots in leaflets ofLonchocarpus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 221 (2000), S. 61-68 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Papilionoideae ; Lonchocarpus ; leaflets ; secretory cavities ; false secretory cavities ; pellucid dots ; glands ; anatomy ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of leaflet secretory cavities in 23 Brazilian species ofLonchocarpus was surveyed anatomically and compared with data from external morphology (presence of pellucid dots) to evaluate their taxonomic significance. This study revealed three cases: presence of secretory cavities associated with pellucid dots, pellucid dots corresponding to false secretory cavities, and absence of pellucid dots and secretory cavities. These results indicate that in this genus the “glandular pellucid dots” cited in morphological descriptions do not always correspond to secretory cavities, and that their nature must always be confirmed by histological sections. Secretory cavities have systematic significance at subgeneric taxonomic level for the genusLonchocarpus.
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    New chromosome counts inStreptocarpus (Gesneriaceae) from Madagascar and the Comoro Islands and their taxonomic significance (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 224 (2000), S. 173-182 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gesneriaceae ; Streptocarpus ; Chromosome numbers ; growth patterns ; taxonomy ; Africa ; Comoro Islands ; Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study records the chromosome numbers of 10 species ofStreptocarpus; nine of the counts are new. With the exception ofS. buchananii of mainland Africa, all the results are for plants endemic to Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. While there is a strong correlation between basic number and growth form in the two subgenera of the genus on the African mainland (x = 15 among caulescent species in subgenusStreptocarpella; x = 16 among acaulescent species in subgenusStreptocarpus), the situation appears more complex among Madagascan and Comoro Island species. One notable example of deviation from this correlation is shown byS. papangae, a shrubby caulescent species, with 2n = 32 (x = 16). Polyploidy in the genus appears to be absent on mainland Africa, but is present in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands, ranging from tetraploidy to octoploidy. Evolutionary implications of the cytological observations are considered.
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    Inter- and intraspecific genetic variation inHippophae (Elaeagnaceae) investigated by RAPD markers (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 225 (2000), S. 85-101 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Elaeagnaceae ; Hippophae ; sea buckthorn ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; genetic variation ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity has been investigated by the application of molecular markers in, for the first time, all the taxa recognised in recent treatises of the genusHippophae. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analyses were conducted with 9 decamer primers, which together yielded 219 polymorphic markers. We found 16 fixed RAPD markers, i.e. markers that either occurred in all plants of a population or were absent from all plants. Several of these markers were useful for analysis of interspecific relationships, whereas others can be considered as taxon-specific markers. Clustering of taxa and populations in our neighbour-joining based dendrogram was in good agreement with some recently suggested taxonomic treatises ofHippophae. Amount and distribution of genetic variability varied considerably between species. Partitioning of molecular variance withinH. rhamnoides supported earlier findings that a considerable part of the total variance resides among subspecies (59.6%) Within-population variability also differed considerably. Percentage polymorphic RAPD loci and Lynch and Milligan within-population gene diversity estimates showed relatively high values for some species close to the geographic centre of origin in Central Asia, e.g.H. tibetana and the putatively hybridogenousH. goniocarpa. Spatial autocorrelation analyses performed on 12 populations ofH. rhamnoides revealed positive autocorrelation of allele frequencies when geographic distances ranged from 0 to 700 km, and no or negative autocorrelation at higher distances. At distances between 700 and 1900 km, we observed deviations from the expected values with strongly negative autocorrelation of allele frequencies. A corresponding relationship between geographic and genetic distances could not be found when the analysis instead was based on one population from each of 8 species.
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    Regulation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase expressed during Douglas-fir germination and seedling development (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 141-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; germination ; NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract NADH-cytochrome P450 is a key enzyme that transfers electrons from NADPH to the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes. To begin to determine the regulation of CPR gene expression and enzyme activity in Douglas-fir a full-length cDNA was isolated from a seedling λZAP cDNA library and the ORF was used to develop a synthetic CPR-peptide-based antiserum. Northern blot analysis indicated CPR expression was regulated both developmentally prior to seed maturation and during germination, and differentially in the cotyledons, radicle and megagametophyte of seed and seedling tissues. The CPR-peptide antiserum detected a single CPR in seed and seedling microsomes analyzed by western blot of two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gels. In microsomal extracts from whole seeds and seedlings, the amount of CPR protein remained constant while NADPH:cytochrome c reductase activity increased during stratification, germination and early seedling development. In contrast to cotyledons and megagametophyte, the level of CPR protein detected in radicles was higher than expected when compared to the amount of CPR transcript.
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    The nitrate reductase promoter of birch directs differential reporter gene expression in tissues of transgenic tobacco (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 33-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; birch ; gene expression ; nia promoter ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 1535 bp promoter of the nitrate reductase gene (nia) from birch (Betula pendula) and a series of 5′ deletions were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and introduced into Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. In transgenic plants the NR promoter sequences directed strong GUS expression in the root epidermal hair cells, and in phloem cells of leaf and stem vascular tissue. The NR promoter confers also a significant stimulation of the GUS gene expression by nitrate. These findings might indicate that nitrate flow is one of the signals involved into tissue and cell specific expression of the NR promoter GUS fusions.
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    Molecular approaches to study plasma membrane H+-ATPases in arbuscular mycorrhizas (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 219-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizas ; gene expression ; Glomus mosseae ; nutrient transport processes ; plasma membrane H+-ATPases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The activity of H+-ATPases of plant and fungi generates an electrochemical gradient of H+ across the cell plasma membrane that drives a number of secondary transport systems, including those responsible for the translocation of cations, anions, amino acids and sugars. During the last years, several studies have been aimed at elucidating the role of plasma membrane H+-ATPases in the nutrient exchange processes taking place between the plant and the fungus in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. This paper reviews present knowledge about plasma membrane H+-ATPases and experimental evidence supporting the involvement of H+-ATPases of both organisms in the bidirectional transport of nutrients between partners. Molecular strategies that will provide further information on the function and regulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPases in AM symbiosis are presented and discussed.
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    Plant responses to ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 280–320 nm) stress: What are the key regulators? (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 27-39 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ethylene ; gene expression ; jasmonic acid ; reactive oxygen species ; salicylic acid ; ultraviolet-B radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer is leadingto an increase in ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 280–320 nm)radiation reaching the earth's surface. This hasraised interest in the possible consequence ofincreased UV-B levels on plant growth and developmentand the mechanisms underlying these responses. Although the effects of UV-B are now wellcharacterised at the physiological level, little isknown about the cellular and molecular mechanismsinvolved. Recent studies have shown that UV-B affectsa number of important physiological processes, such asphotosynthesis, through effects on gene expression. In addition, induction of a number of defensemechanisms, such as production of UV-B screeningpigments, increase in antioxidant enzymes andinduction of pathogenesis-related proteins, are alsomediated at the level of gene expression. The signaltransduction pathways by which UV-B regulates geneexpression are at present poorly understood. Thestudies carried out to date have, however, indicateda pivotal role for reactive oxygen species as keysecond messengers acting up-stream of a number ofpathways involving the plant hormones salicylic acid,jasmonic acid and ethylene. The transduction pathwaysidentified to date and the role of intermediates inregulating tolerance to UV-B damage are discussed inthis review.
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    Biochemical and molecular aspects of fruitlet abscission (2000)
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    Plant growth regulation 31 (2000), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: β-1,4-endoglucanase ; ethylene ; fruit ; gene expression ; polygalacturonase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fruitlet abscission during fruit development is due to the activation ofpre-differentiated abscission zones (AZs) located between twig andpedicel, and/or pedicel and pericarp. Major advances on biochemicaland molecular aspects are related to β-1,4-endoglucanase (EG) andpolygalacturonase (PG), two cell hydrolases involved in the cell walldisassemblement responsible for fruit shedding. AZ activation isaccompanied by an increase in activity and transcript accumulation ofone or both enzymes. Expression of PG genes specifically related toabscission has been found in tomato flower AZ. In peach, an EG genehighly expressed in leaf and fruitlet AZs has been isolated. AZactivation is preceded by an induction of ethylene biosynthesis,paralleled by a stimulation of ACO activity and transcript accumulation.Ethylene, besides a dramatic stimulation of PG and EG, up or downregulates several other abscission related genes. The specificexpression of genes encoding for ethylene receptors in the AZ wouldsupport the hypothesis that fruitlet AZ specificity may depend on theability of this region to sense ethylene.
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    Bdelloid rotifers from Korea (2000)
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    Hydrobiologia 439 (2000), S. 91-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Bdelloidea ; Korea ; taxonomy ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-five samples from 18 terrestrial and/or freshwater habitats in the eastern part of Korea yielded 38 new records of bdelloid rotifers, 22 of which are new to the Asian fauna. Among these Korean new records, Dissotrocha aculeata reversa Berzins and Habrotrocha plana Milne were recorded outside their type localities for the first time, and Macrotrachela bullata (Murray) was reported only from two countries after its description. Bradyscela granulosa de Koning, Habrotrocha gracilis gracilis Montet, Macrotrachela latior Donner, Philodina duplicalcar (de Koning) and P. rugosa coriacea Bryce are recorded outside Europe for the first time. The taxonomy and distribution of these rare species are discussed.
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    Interpopulation differentiation within C. kolensis and C. strenuus strenuus (Crustacea: Copepoda): evidence from cytogenetic methods (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 417 (2000), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; cytogenetic methods ; Cyclops kolensis ; Cyclops strenuus strenuus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons of behavior of chromosomes and characteristics of eliminated chromatin during anaphase of chromatin diminution divisions were made of Russian and German populations of Cyclops kolensis and Cyclops strenuus strenuus. Differences in cytogenetic features included timing and amount of eliminated chromatin. Differences were also marked in duration of chromatin diminution, as well as timing and location of eliminated DNA between Russian and German populations of C. strenuus strenuus. In contrast to the German population of C. strenuus, the Russian population of C. strenuus strenuus did not exhibit gonomery.
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    Key to the identification of the genera of bdelloid rotifers (2000)
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    Hydrobiologia 418 (2000), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Bdelloidea ; pictorial key ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We propose a simple, user-friendly key joined to a pictorial key to the bdelloid genera, in the attempt to make bdelloid identification more accessible to non-bdelloid-specialists. The key is mostly based on illustrations rather than on descriptions, and is accompanied by an introduction of the main features readily observable in active bdelloids.
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    The morphology of the upper lip of Cypridoidea ostracods: taxonomic and phylogenetic significance (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 418 (2000), S. 169-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ostracods ; upper lip ; taxonomy ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper represents the first study of the morphology of the upper lip (labrum) and hypostome of ostracods using scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.). There is considerable variation in the upper lip morphology of the 23 species of Cypridoidea (Podocopina) ostracods used in this study. The detail of the upper lip morphology of each species is very distinctive, so that species determination can be made on this feature alone, but it is not useful in diagnosing genera or subfamilies. The hypostome is not readily studied due to the large amounts of dense pseudochaetae (small, setae-like projections) protruding from it and hence is considered not to be a useful taxonomic feature. Several features of the upper lip and mouth region are documented for the first time. Comparisons of the general morphology of the upper lips of Recent ostracods with the upper lip of the fossil ostracod Pattersoncypris micropapillosa Bate, 1972, indicate that there has been very conservative evolution in these features since the Cretaceous.
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    Ryocalanus spinifrons, a new species of Ryocalanidae (Copepoda: Calanoida), from the southwestern part of Sagami Bay, Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 432 (2000), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: new species ; Ryocalanoid copepod ; taxonomy ; benthopelagic ; Sagami Bay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new Ryocalanoid copepod, Ryocalanus spinifrons, collected by the MTD net system at a depth of 1400 m from the southwestern part of Sagami Bay, Japan, is described. The new species is morphologically very close to R. infelix Tanaka, 1956 (female unknown) from the Izu region of Sagami Bay. It is distinguished from other species by the presence of 12 long spinules on the ventral inner side of the fifth pedigerous somite, nine setae on the coxal epipodite of the maxillule and nine large robust spinules on the coxal segment of the fourth leg. The row of five robust spines on the paragnath distinguishes R. spinifrons.
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    Taxonomic analysis of species characters for copepodid instars 4 and 5 of the subfamily Eucyclopinae of European Russia (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 417 (2000), S. 57-79 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: copepodid instars ; Eucyclopinae ; taxonomy ; morphological characters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological characters useful for taxonomic identification of older copepodid instars of the subfamily Eucyclopinae were studied among 14 species of Eucyclops, Macrocyclops, Ectocyclops, Paracyclops and Tropocyclops known from European Russia. For taxonomic analysis, the following elements of copepodid morphology were chosen: armament and proportion of furcal rami; morphology of swimming legs and reduced 5th and 6th legs; antennule segmentation; and relative body length of copepodid instars in comparison with the female length. Changes in morphology of major copepodid instars of the subfamily Eucyclopinae during ontogenetic development are traced and noticeable differences among five genera and 14 species are described. These differences among major copepodid stages may be important for both taxonomic and ecological analysis. For taxonomy, they provide information on development of sexes and species during maturation. For ecology they allow identification of the specimens at 4–5 copepodid instars in diapause. A key to major copepodid instars of the species from the subfamily Eucyclopinae which are known from limnetic habitats of the European part of Russia is presented.
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    Components of morphological variation in Baikalian endemial cyclopid Acanthocyclops signifer complex from different localities (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 417 (2000), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphological variation ; fluctuating asymmetry ; taxonomy ; Copepoda ; Cyclopidae ; Acanthocyclops signifer ; Lake Baikal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Use of traditional methods for morphological studies only permits the analysis of a small part of the information embodied in morphological structures. Besides comparing populations using the mean values of characters which allows one to estimate their morphological similarity, analysis of variation among individuals within a population can be informative. Variation among individuals consists of factorial and stochastic components. The factorial component is an upper estimate of genetic heterogeneity and thus permits one to evaluate the population's adaptability. The stochastic component (estimated by fluctuating asymmetry, i.e. random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry), being a measure of developmental stability, is an indicator of a population's fitness. Assessment of measurement error is necessary for assessment of the true value of the stochastic component and for selection of the most informative characters. Such analysis allows one to extract additional information from morphological data in comparison with methods traditionally used on copepods. This approach was applied to an analysis of morphological variation in the study of the Baikalian endemic cyclopoid Acanthocyclops signifer (Mazepova) from three different isolated localities. Characters typically used in studies of taxonomy of this group are considered here. Measurement error was rather high (more than 50% of the stochastic component), which can be explained by technical difficulties of measuring the characters. All populations differ in the mean values of the characters. This shows the taxonomic heterogeneity of this group and reveals the necessity of its taxonomic revision. Populations also differ in the level of stochastic and factorial components of the total variance. The data are interpreted from the point of view of taxonomy and the possible evolution of the group.
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    Nitocrellopsis texana n. sp. from central TX (U.S.A.) and N. ahaggarensis n. sp. from the central Algerian Sahara (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 418 (2000), S. 81-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Harpacticoida ; new species ; redescription ; taxonomy ; troglobitics ; trans-Atlantic distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitocrellopsis texana n. sp. found in samples collected by SCUBA divers in Honey Creek Cave (Texas, U.S.A.) is described. This species is the first representative of this stygobitic taxon from a Northern American locality. The original description of N. ioneli (Dumont & Decraemer, 1975) is amended and the closely related N. ahaggarensis n. sp. is described from a well near Tamanghasset in the Ahaggar mountains in Algeria. The monophyly of Nitocrellopsis is discussed and its present day distribution is analyzed.
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    The dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 418 (2000), S. 111-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dinoflagellates ; Prorocentrum ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Mexican Pacific ; red tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We surveyed the dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg in Mexican Pacific waters, where it is rather common and sometimes causes red tides in coastal areas or shrimp farms. Material collected from Baja California and the Gulf of California was analyzed. Thirteen species were identified, all of them planktonic (although P. mexicanum is also epiphytic). All species are described by light microscopy, and most are also described by scanning electron microscopy; comments on morphology, taxonomy and distribution are made. Red tides were caused by P. dentatum, P. minimum and P. triestinum. Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. minimum were suspected of being toxic. Four species, previously reported in the Gulf of California, were not found. A total of 18 species, including the new records P. dactylum and P. lebourae have been to date reported from the Mexican Pacific.
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    Eucyclops dumonti sp.nov. from Central Mongolia (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 441 (2000), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mongolia ; Eucyclops dumonti ; taxonomy ; zooplankton ; spring fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eucyclops dumonti sp.nov. is described from a shallow spring-fed lake in Central Mongolia. Data on its morphological variability are given, a comparison with the type population of Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer, 1853) from St. Petersburg area is made, and its position relative to some closely related congeners is discussed.
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    Redescription of Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964 (Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda: Sididae), and description of a new, related species (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 441 (2000), S. 73-92 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Diaphanosoma dubium ; D. pseudodubium sp.nov. ; morphology ; taxonomy ; geographical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The poorly known D. dubium Manuilova is redescribed on extensive material from more than 80 populations from the Russian Far East, Central Asia, Mongolia, China, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Its morphological variability and geographical distribution are analysed and supplemented by notes on biology. The conspecificity of morphologically different distant populations is discussed. In the northern part of its range, D. dubium was long confused with D. brachyurum or D. leuchtenbergianum, and in the south with D. modigliani. It seems that the recent appearance of D. dubium in fish ponds of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan was an introduction, together with Far Eastern fish. D. pseudodubium sp.nov., close to but markedly different, is described from two lakes in the lower Amur river system. D. dubium, D. pseudodubium, D. tropicum and D. modigliani s. str. form a group of related species, widely distributed in Eastern and Southern Asia.
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    Molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries in the sea (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 420 (2000), S. 73-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sibling species ; taxonomy ; DNA ; electrophoresis ; allozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tools of molecular genetics have enormous potential for clarifying the nature and age of species boundaries in marine organisms. Below I summarize the genetic implications of various species concepts, and review the results of recent molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries in marine microbes, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Excessive lumping, rather than excessive splitting, characterizes the current systematic situation in many groups. Morphologically similar species are often quite distinct genetically, suggesting that conservative systematic traditions or morphological stasis may be involved. Some reproductively isolated taxa exhibit only small levels of genetic differentiation, however. In these cases, large population sizes, slow rates of molecular evolution, and relatively recent origins may contribute to the difficulty in finding fixed genetic markers associated with barriers to gene exchange. The extent to which hybridization blurs species boundaries of marine organisms remains a subject of real disagreement in some groups (e.g. corals). The ages of recently diverged species are largely unknown; many appear to be older than 3 million years, but snails and fishes provide several examples of more recent divergences. Increasingly sophisticated genetic analyses make it easier to distinguish allopatric taxa, but criteria for recognition at the species level are highly inconsistent across studies. Future molecular genetic analyses should help to resolve many of these issues, particularly if coupled with other biological and paleontological approaches.
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    A new Ceratium species (Dinophyceae) from Lake Doïrani, Macedonia, Greece (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 424 (2000), S. 101-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ceratium ; freshwater ; ecology ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new taxon of Ceratium is described from Lake Doïrani, Greece. It is proposed as a new species and named Ceratium monoceras. It differs morphologically from known species of Ceratium by having only one horn, the apical horn. Accordingly, the vegetative cells form cysts that have only one spine. Details of its ecology and occurence are given.
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    Nematodes from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel (Chile): the genera Cervonema and Laimella (Comesomatidae: Nematoda) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 427 (2000), S. 27-49 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; marine nematodes ; Cervonema ; Laimella ; the Strait of Magellan ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five species of Cervonema and four species of Laimella are described from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel, Chile, six species of which are new to science. Cervonema chilensisn. sp. and Cervonema hermanin. sp. are separated from other known species of Cervonema by a short cervical region (less than one head diameter from the front end to the anterior border of the amphids). Cervonema chilensisn. sp. is characterised by a tail length of 5 anal diameters with posterior half filiform; Cervonema hermani n. sp. is characterised by a tail length of 6–9 anal diameter and posterior part (75%) cylindrical. Cervonema shiaen. sp. is characterised by the cephalic seta 4 μm long, amphids 9–10 μm in diameter; spicules 16 μm long and 0.8–0.9 abd; tail 4.7–5.4 anal diameter and 50% posterior part filiform; 4–5 minute precloacal supplements. Laimella subterminatan. sp. is characterised by the subterminal position of the buccal cavity which separates it from the other species of the genus. Laimella annaen. sp. is characterised by the head diameter 9–11 μm, cephalic setae and external labial setae 9 + 5 μm long, respectively, amphids 7 μm in diameter; spicules 28–30 μm long; tail 14–17 anal diameter and posterior part (75%) filiform; 5 precloacal supplements. Laimella sandraen. sp. is very close to Laimella annaen.sp. in having similar cephalic sensilla, amphids and spicules. Laimella sandraen. sp., however, can be separated from L.annaen. sp. by the shape of head and the structure of sperm cells, the total body length and the cylindrical part of tail. Cervonema papillatum Jensen, 1988, C. tenuicauda (Stekhoven, 1950) and L. longicauda Cobb, 1920 are found in this area as well. The key of all known species of Cervonemaand Laimellais presented.
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    Description of a new Nipergasilus species (Family: Ergasilidae) from the gills of grey mullet (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 428 (2000), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: parasitic Copepoda ; taxonomy ; new species ; grey mullet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new Nipergasilus species is described from the gills of the grey mullet Valamugil cunnesius from several localities in India and Pakistan. The new species is closely related to Nipergasilus bora (Yamaguti, 1939) which is also recorded here on three species of grey mullet. The genus Nipergasilus is redefined in order to accommodate the second species.
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    New species of Rhynchelmis (Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with observations on the Nearctic species (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 428 (2000), S. 1-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Clitellata ; Oligochaeta ; Lumbriculidae ; Rhynchelmis ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Nearctic species of Rhynchelmis (Lumbriculidae) are distinguished from the Palearctic group Rhynchelmis s. str. by longitudinal muscle bands that do not curl inwards. Six new species from western North America support the existence of two major groupings within the Nearctic fauna. Species in Group 1 are distinguished from other Rhynchelmis by large penial bulbs and multiple spermathecal diverticula. Within Group 1, Rhynchelmis yakimorum n. sp., Rhynchelmis monsserratus n. sp., Rhynchelmis gustafsoni n. sp. and Rhynchelmis utahensis n. sp. differ from the related Rhynchelmis (=Sutroa) rostrata in having short penes and spermathecae with 2 short, lobed diverticula. R. monsserratus is distinguished by a single, median spermatheca, R. gustafsoni has closely appressed, median spermathecae and atria, and R. utahensis differs in structural details of spermathecae and male pores. Rhynchelmis gilensis n. sp. has a single, median spermatheca with unbranched diverticula and distinctive nephridia. Redescription of material from the type localities of both Sutroa alpestris and R. rostrata supports their combination. Group 2, corresponding in part to Rhynchelmoides, is distinguished from Group 1 mostly by characters that are inconsistent or appear plesiomorphic. Within Group 2, Rhynchelmis saxosa n. sp. closely resembles Rhynchelmis alaskana, except for the absence of lateral blood vessels in posterior segments and distribution of prostates. Rhynchelmis elrodi and Rhynchelmis glandula consistently differ in presence of ventral glands and have different distributions, so their supposed synonymy is rejected.
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    New species of Metepsilonema (Nemata, Epsilonematidae) from the Channel and the Mediterranean Sea with a polytomous key for the identification of species of the genus (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 429 (2000), S. 25-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: marine nematodes ; Epsilonematidae ; Metepsilonema ; taxonomy ; key to species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four new species of Metepsilonema are described from sublittoral stations from the Channel and are mainly characterized: M. volutum sp.nov. by the large body size for the genus up to 460 μm, 118–121 well overlapping annuli and wide multispiral amphids; M. amphidoxum sp.nov. by 127–133 shortly overlapping annuli and sexual dimorphism in amphid size; M. comptum sp.nov. by 133–140 non-overlapping annuli, anteriormost annuli provided with a wide lumen and borders ornamented with ridges and M. corrugatum sp.nov. by 108–111 overlapping annuli provided with ridges). Additional information is provided for M. callosum together with a discussion on intraspecific variability. A new species of Metepsilonema spec. based on females only, is described but remain unnamed. M. comptum sp.nov. and M. corrugatum sp.nov. are also occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. A polytomous key to species level is presented.
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    The freeliving nematode genus Parodontophora Timm 1963 (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae) is not exclusively marine: Parodontophora limnophila sp. nov. from freshwater in China (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 431 (2000), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: China ; freshwater ; Nematoda ; new species ; Parodontophora ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parodontophora limnophila sp. nov. is described from Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake of China. It is characterized by having an amphid with its posterior end close to the base of the stoma, relatively short cephalic setae, opisthocephalic setae arranged as two subdorsal groups of three longitudinally arranged setae and two single subventral setae, excretory pore at the level of the anterior part of the stoma and renette gland 34–47% of the oesophageal length. To date, the new species is the only Parodontophora species found in freshwater habitats.
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    Morariopsis dumonti n.sp. (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida) – a new species from an unsaturated karstic zone in Slovenia (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 436 (2000), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Harpacticoida ; ground water ; interstitial ; taxonomy ; Slovenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Morariopsishas a disjunct distribution. It has been found in south-eastern Europe and in the Baikal region in Russia. In Europe two species are known, both from the Dinaric region. They have been found in three caves only, but always in puddles filled with percolating water. This indicates that they inhabit an unsaturated karstic environment. A third species, Morariopsis dumontin.sp has now been found, in the same type of habitat, on several dates, in a small cave in central Slovenia. Males were recorded for the first time in this genus. The new species is related to Morariospsis kieferiPetkovski, 1959 from Dalmatia. The main differences are in the ornamentation of the furca and of the abdominal segments. P5 and particularly endopodite of P4 in males suggest a close relation between Morariaand Morariopsis.
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    Parastenocaris andreji n. sp. (Crustacea; Copepoda) – the first record of the genus in Slovenia (SE Europe) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 437 (2000), S. 235-239 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Harpacticoida ; ground water ; interstitial ; taxonomy ; Slovenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parastenocaris andreji n. sp. was found in ground water in a northwestern part of Slovenia (southern part of Central Europe). Two adult females of the new species were filtered out of 20 000 l of water during examination of an aquifer for water supply. The bore well was 10 m deep. The aquifer is fed by rainwater and probably only occasionally from a nearby alpine river Sava. The new species differs markedly from other known species of the genus by shape and armature of furcal rami, very long and slim maxillae and some characters on endopodites P2–P5. The closest related species are probably Parastenocaris nolliKiefer, 1938 with subspecies P. nolli alpinaKiefer, 1960, P. gertrudae Kiefer, 1968 and P. austriacaKiefer, 1976.
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    Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the mevalonate kinase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 365-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene ; gene expression ; isoprenoids ; mevalonate kinase ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mevalonate kinase (MVK), the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate to produce mevalonate 5-phosphate, is considered as a potential regulatory enzyme of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. The Arabidopsis thaliana MVK gene corresponding to the MVK cDNA previously isolated has been cloned and characterized. RNAse protection analysis indicated that the expression of the MVK gene generates three mRNA populations with 5′ ends mapping 203, 254 and 355 nt upstream of the MVK ATG start codon. Northern blot analysis showed that the MVK mRNA accumulates preferentially in roots and inflorescences. Histochemical analysis, with transgenic A. thaliana plants containing a translational fusion of a 1.8 kb fragment of the 5′ region of the MVK gene to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, indicated that the MVK 5′-flanking region directs widespread expression of the GUS gene throughout development, although the highest levels of GUS activity are detected in roots (meristematic region) and flowers (sepals, petals, anthers, style and stigmatic papillae). The expression pattern of the MVK gene suggests that the role of the encoded MVK is the production of a general pool of mevalonate-5-phosphate for the synthesis of different classes of isoprenoids involved in both basic and specialized plant cell functions. Functional promoter deletion analysis in transfected A. thaliana protoplasts indicated that regulatory elements between positions −295 and −194 of the MVK 5′-flanking region are crucial for high-level MVK gene expression.
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    Isolation and characterization of two pathogen- and salicylic acid-induced genes encoding WRKY DNA-binding proteins from tobacco (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 387-396 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; hypersensitive responses ; plant defense responses ; salicylic acid ; tobacco mosaic virus ; WRKY DNA-binding proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pathogen- and salicylic acid (SA)-induced DNA-binding activity has been recently identified in tobacco that is related to a previously identified class of WRKY DNA-binding proteins. To identify members of the WRKY gene family associated with this DNA-binding activity, we have attempted to isolate those WRKY genes that are induced by pathogen infection. Using a domain-specific differential display procedure, we have isolated two tobacco WRKY genes, tWRKY3 and tWRKY4, that are rapidly induced in resistant tobacco plants after infection by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Both tWRK3 and tWRKY4 encode proteins with a single WRKY domain that contain the conserved WRKYGQK sequence. Unlike other isolated WRKY proteins that contain the Cys2His2 zinc motif, tWRKY3 and tWRKY4 appear to contain the Cys2HisCys zinc motif. Nonetheless, both tWRKY3 and tWRKY4 are capable of binding DNA molecules with the W-box (TTGAC) element recognized by other WRKY proteins. Expression of the tWRKY3 and tWRKY4 genes could be rapidly induced not only by TMV infection but also by SA or its biologically active analogues that are capable of inducing pathogenesis-related genes and enhanced resistance. Interestingly, induction of both genes by TMV infection was still observed in resistant tobacco plants expressing the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene (nahG), although the levels of induction appeared to be reduced. Identification of pathogen- and SA-induced genes encoding WRKY DNA-binding proteins should facilitate future studies on the regulation and functions of this novel group of DNA-binding proteins.
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    Cellular expression and regulation of the Medicago truncatula cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in root nodules (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 741-756 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; glutamine synthetase ; legume-Rhizobium symbiosis ; nitrogen assimilation ; root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we have studied the localisation of expression of the two functional cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS) genes, MtGSa and MtGSb, in root nodules of the model legume Medicago truncatula. We have used a combination of different techniques, including immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridisation and promoter β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions in transgenic plants, to provide the means of correlating gene expression with protein localisation. These studies revealed that transcriptional regulation (mRNA synthesis) plays an important part in controlling GS protein levels in nodules of M. truncatula. The major locations of cytosolic GS mRNA and protein are the central tissue, the parenchyma and the pericycle of the vascular bundles. These findings indicate that in nodules, GS might be involved in other physiological processes in addition to the primary assimilation of ammonia released by the bacterial nitrogenase. The two genes show different but overlapping patterns of expression with MtGSa being the major gene expressed in the infected cells of the nodule. Promoter fragments of 2.6 kb and 3.1 kb of MtGSa and MtGSb, respectively, have been sequenced and primer extension revealed that the MtGSb promoter is expressed in nodules from an additional start site that is not used in roots. Generally these fragments in the homologous transgenic system were sufficient to drive GUS expression in almost all the tissues and cell types where GS proteins and transcripts are located except that the MtGSa promoter fragment did not express GUS highly in the nodule infected cells. These results indicate that the cis-acting regulatory elements responsible for infected-cell expression are missing from the MtGSa promoter fragment.
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    Isolation of genes predominantly expressed in guard cells and epidermal cells of Nicotiana glauca (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 857-869 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: epidermis ; gene expression ; glycine-rich protein ; lipid transfer protein ; proline-rich protein ; stomata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Guard cells are specialized and metabolically active cells which arise during the differentiation of the epidermis. Using Nicotiana glauca epidermal peels as a source of purified guard cells, we have constructed a cDNA library from guard cell RNA. In order to isolate genes that are predominantly expressed in guard cells, we performed a differential screen of this library, comparing the hybridization of a radiolabeled cDNA probe synthesized from guard cell RNA to that from a mesophyll cell cDNA probe. Sixteen clones were isolated based on their greater level of hybridization with the guard cell probe. Of these, eight had high homology to lipid transfer protein (LTP), two were similar to glycine-rich protein (GRP), and one displayed high homology to proline-rich proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPRP2, AtPRP4) and from potato guard cells (GPP). Northern analysis confirmed that one or more NgLTP genes, NgGRP1, and NgGPP1 are all differentially expressed, with highest levels in guard cells, and low or undetectable levels in mesophyll cells and in roots. In addition, all are induced to some degree in drought-stressed guard cells. NgLTP and NgGRP1 expression was localized by in situ hybridization to the guard cells and pavement cells in the epidermis. NgGRP1 expression was also detected in cells of the vasculature. Genomic Southern analysis indicated that LTP is encoded by a family of highly similar genes in N. glauca. This work has identified members of a subset of epidermis- and guard cell-predominant genes, whose protein products are likely to contribute to the unique properties acquired by guard cells and pavement cells during differentiation.
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    Flower-predominant expression of a gene encoding a novel class I chitinase in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (2000)
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    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 883-897 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chitinase function ; flower-predominant ; gene expression ; molecular cloning ; monocotyledon ; promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A flower-predominant cDNA for a gene, termed OsChia1;175, was isolated from a cDNA library of rice pistils. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses revealed that the OsChia1;175 gene is highly expressed in floral organs (pistils, stamens and lodicules at the heading stage) but not or at an extremely low level in vegetative organs. OsChia1;175 encodes a protein that consists of 340 amino acid residues, and the putative mature protein shows 52% to 63% amino acid identity to class I chitinases of rice or other plants. The phylogenetic tree shows that the OsChia1;175 protein is a new type of plant class I chitinase in rice. The expression of OsChia1;175 in vegetative organs is not induced by several chemicals, UV, and wounding. The soluble putative mature OsChia1;175 protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited chitinase activity in the assay with colloidal chitin as a substrate. Genomic Southern analysis revealed that the OsChia1;175 gene was organized as a low-copy gene family. The rice genomic library was screened and a genome clone corresponding to OsChia1;175 was isolated. The transcription start sites of the OsChia1;175 gene were mapped by primer extension analysis. The 1.2 kb putative promoter region of the OsChia1;175 gene was fused to the GUS (β-glucuronidase) gene, and this chimeric gene was introduced to rice by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The flower-predominant gene expression was identified also in the transgenic rice plants. The high promoter activity was detected in the stigmas, styles, stamens and lodicules in transgenic plants. The possible functions of OsChia1;175 are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006401816145
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    Anaerobiosis-specific interaction of tobacco nuclear factors with cis-regulatory sequences in the maize GapC4 promoter (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 11-21 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobiosis ; electrophoretic mobility shift assays ; gene expression ; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Nicotiana tabacum ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The promoter of the maize glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 4 gene (GapC4) confers strong, specific and ubiquitous anaerobic reporter gene expression in tobacco. To identify factors required for heterologous anaerobic gene expression, 19 progressive 5′ and 3′ promoter deletions were linked to a chimeric GapC4 TATA box-β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene construct and transformed into tobacco. In all transgenic lines aerobic expression values were in the range obtained for negative controls while histochemical GUS assays reveal some weak expression in roots only. Anaerobic induction of about 100-fold to more than 1000-fold above unspecific background is mediated by a region of about 190 bp of the GapC4 promoter. Anaerobic reporter gene induction strongly decreases upon deletion of a 20 bp fragment from −286 to −266 relative to the transcription start point. This fragment harbours putative cis-acting sequences. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with a 50 bp fragment harbouring these cis sequences reveal a high-mobility complex that is formed with nuclear extracts from aerobic and anaerobic leaf tissue while an additional low-mobility complex is anaerobiosis-specific. The formation of the high-mobility complex requires the sequence GTGGGCCCG. The 50 bp fragment alone confers weak and orientation-dependent anaerobic induction to a GapC4 TATA box-β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006419232075
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    Plant A-type cyclins† (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 659-675 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: A-type cyclins ; cell cycle ; gene expression ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although the basic mechanisms which control the progression through the cell cycle appear to be conserved in all higher eukaryotes, the unique features of the plant developmental programme must be somehow reflected in a plant-specific regulation of the factors which control cell division. In the past few years, considerable progress has been achieved in identifying the major components of the cell cycle machinery in plants, especially the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their regulatory subunits, the cyclins. The question of how these components direct expression of specific genes at specific stages of the cell cycle, and how they are themselves regulated, constitutes a challenge for the present and for the years to come. This review summarizes our current knowledge of a particular class of plant cyclins, the A-type cyclins, which can be further subdivided into three structural groups. The putative functions of these A-type cyclins are discussed in relation to the presence of remarkable motifs in their amino acid sequences, and to their specific transcriptional regulation, protein amount and subcellular localization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006303100592
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    The diageotropica mutation alters auxin induction of a subset of the Aux/IAA gene family in tomato (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 73-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: auxin ; Aux/IAA ; dgt ; gene expression ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diageotropica (dgt) mutation has been proposed to affect either auxin perception or responsiveness in tomato plants. It has previously been demonstrated that the expression of one member of the Aux/IAA family of auxin-regulated genes is reduced in dgt plants. Here, we report the cloning of ten new members of the tomato Aux/IAA family by PCR amplification based on conserved protein domains. All of the gene family members except one (LeIAA7) are expressed in etiolated tomato seedlings, although they demonstrate tissue specificity (e.g. increased expression in hypocotyls vs. roots) within the seedling. The wild-type auxin-response characteristics of the expression of these tomato LeIAA genes are similar to those previously described for Aux/IAA family members in Arabidopsis. In dgt seedlings, auxin stimulation of gene expression was reduced in only a subset of LeIAA genes (LeIAA5, 8, 10, and 11), with the greatest reduction associated with those genes with the strongest wild-type response to auxin. The remaining LeIAA genes tested exhibited essentially the same induction levels in response to the hormone in both dgt and wild-type hypocotyls. These results confirm that dgt plants can perceive auxin and suggest that a specific step in early auxin signal transduction is disrupted by the dgt mutation.
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    Caleosins: Ca2+-binding proteins associated with lipid bodies (2000)
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    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 463-476 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; calcium-binding protein ; caleosin ; EF-hand ; gene expression ; lipid bodies ; vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have previously identified a rice gene encoding a 27 kDa protein with a single Ca2+-binding EF-hand and a putative membrane anchor. We report here similar genes termed caleosins, CLO, in other plants and fungi; they comprise a multigene family of at least five members in Arabidopsis (AtClo1–5). Northern hybridization demonstrated that AtClo2–4 mRNAs levels were low in various tissues, while AtClo1 mRNA levels were high in developing embryos and mature seeds. Analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the GUS reporter under control of the AtClo1 promoter showed strong levels of expression in developing embryos and also in root tip cells. Antibodies raised against AtCLO1 were used to detect caleosin in cellular fractions of Arabidopsis and rapeseed. This indicated that caleosins are a novel class of lipid body proteins, which may also be associated with an ER subdomain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026564411918
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    Proliferation of Mitochondria in Chronically Stimulated Rabbit Skeletal Muscle—Transcription of Mitochondrial Genes and Copy Number of Mitochondrial DNA (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 32 (2000), S. 627-634 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Mitochondrial biogenesis ; copy number ; gene expression ; mitochondrial transcription factor ; nuclear—mitochondrial communication ; stimulation ; endurance training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial proliferation was studied in chronically stimulated rabbit skeletal muscle over a period of 50 days. After this time, subunits of COX had increased about fourfold. Corresponding mRNAs, encoded on mitochondrial DNA as well as on nuclear genes, were unchanged when related to total tissue RNA, however, they were elevated two- to fivefold when the massive increase of ribosomes per unit mass of muscle was taken into account. The same was true for the mRNA encoding mitochondrial transcription factor A. Surprisingly, tissue levels of mtTFA protein were reduced about twofold, together with mitochondrial DNA. In conclusion, mito chondria are able to maintain high rates of mitochondrial transcription even in the presence of reduced mtTFA protein and mtDNA levels. Therefore, stimulated mtTFA gene expression accompanies stimulated mitochondrial transcription, as in other models, but it is not sufficient for an increase of mtDNA copy number and other, yet unknown, factors have to be postulated.
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    Cyclic Core Dendrimer as a New Kind of Vector for Gene Transfer into Mammalian Cells (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 108 (2000), S. 53-56 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: dendritic polymer ; reporter gene ; gene expression ; transfection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic core dendritic polymer is a new type of synthetic polymers. The ability of generation 4 of the dendrimer with a core of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane to function as an effective gene delivery vector was investigated. Results from fluorescence in situhybridization (FISH) show that the pCH 110 plasmid DNA was transferred into human small intestine cancer metastatic ascites (HICMA) cells induced by this kind of dendrimer as a vector. The transferred LacZ, GFP and luciferase genes were highly expressed in the transfected HICMA, COS-7 and 293 cells. These studies demonstrate that the dendrimer can transfect mammalian cells in vitrowhich offers an alternatively efficient method for mammalian gene transfer.
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    Thermotolerant fungi erroneously reported in applied research work as possessing thermophilic attributes (2000)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 869-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; ecology ; fungi ; nomenclature ; synopsis ; taxonomy ; thermophilic ; thermotolerant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In applied research work dealing with heat-tolerant fungi, currently classified into two groups: namely thermotolerants and thermophiles, information on levels of thermotolerance is generally scant. Cited binomials are often referred to as representatives of thermophilic taxa. The present contribution attempts to specify proper heat-tolerance levels of species cited in biotechnological papers of academic and applied research types published in the last four decades. This assessment integrates relevant available information concerning well defined thermotolerant taxa. Distinction between both groups of heat-tolerant fungi is a mean to optimize investigations of temperature-dependent physiological processes. The nomenclatural status of the binomials retrieved was also re-appraised following the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Articles of the code govern the legal validity of fungal names. The goal is to deter `ghost names' that have no status of any kind. Their use in the literature is not only a source of confusion but also hinders the preparation of sound reviews and reference documents. The intention was also to detect names which do not fulfill all criteria for a valid legal publication. Their status could then be validated if the taxonomic position of the fungus justifies this procedure. The taxonomic status of these thermotolerants was also re-examined following present-day knowledge of their respective genera. Integration of warranted taxonomic decisions in the literature of applied research is crucial. These decisions consider the status of a fungus as a valid species (proposed synonymies) or the nature of its generic affinities (name change). Strict application of these decisions severly reduces levels of heterogeneity regarding names used for the same organism. It also clarifies its generic affinities with other thermotolerant fungi. The present note is not an exhaustive assessment on the nomenclatural and taxonomic positions of known thermotolerant fungi, an ecological group for which a global document remains to be produced. It only deals with those taxa most commonly cited in the literature examined. Over 130 fungi are here considered. The group manifests a diversity of taxonomic characters since it includes members of the following systematic groupings: Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, anamorphic fungi and Holobasidiomycetes. Few new taxonomic synonyms and invalid binomials are introduced in the present contribution. The former concern the following taxa: Gilmaniella thermophila, Mucor thermoaerospora, Sporotrichum lignicola and Zalerion thermophylii. Three binomials proved to have no taxonomic status of any sort: Acremonium cellulophilum, Nodulisporium microsporum and N. thermoroseum.
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    Young children's partitioning strategies (2000)
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    Educational studies in mathematics 43 (2000), S. 191-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-0816
    Keywords: analog objects ; children's informal knowledge ; conceptual mapping ; fair shares ; partitive quotient fraction construct ; partitioning tasks ; partitioning strategies ; quantification ; taxonomy ; teaching interventions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Taxonomies for classifying children's partitioning strategies have generally focused on the contexts in which the strategies occur and whether the strategies generate fair shares. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to increase our knowledge about young children's partitioning strategies by setting out not only to identify new partitioning strategies but also to develop a taxonomy for classifying young children's partitioning strategies in terms of their ability to facilitate the abstraction of the partitive quotient fraction construct from the concrete activity of partitioning objects and/or sets of objects. Clinical interviews were conducted with twelve purposely-selected Year Three students. Each student was presented with a unique set of realistic partitioning tasks. The paper concludes with a taxonomy for: (i) qualitatively evaluating a child's progress towards the abstraction of the partitive quotient fraction construct, and (ii) planning and implementing teaching interventions commensurate with the child's level of progress towards the abstraction of the partitive quotient fraction construct. This taxonomy provides researchers and teachers with means of better utilising children's informal partitioning strategies as the foundation upon which to further develop their understandings of the partitive quotient fraction construct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017513716026
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    Pichia sporocuriosa sp. nov., a new yeast isolated from rambutan (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77 (2000), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: new yeast species ; Pichia sporocuriosa ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A strain of a hitherto undescribed yeast species with a unique ascospore morphology was isolated from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum). A description of the new species, Pichia sporocuriosa, is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002095523955
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    Phylogenetic analysis of Bacillus subtilis and related taxa based on partial gyrA gene sequences (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 78 (2000), S. 123-127 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis ; gyrA ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Partial gyrA sequences were determined for twelve strains belonging to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. atrophaeus, B. licheniformis, B. mojavensis,B. subtilis subsp. subtilis, B. subtilissubsp. spizizenii and B. vallismortis. The average nucleotide and translated amino acid similarities for the seven type strains were 83.7 and 95.1%, respectively, whereas the corresponding value for the 16S rRNA sequences was 99.1%. All of the type strains were sharply separated; the closest relationship was found between B. atrophaeus and B. mojavensis which shared a nucleotide similarity of 95.8%. Phylogenetic trees were inferred from gyrA nucleotide sequences using the neighbor-joining, Fitch–Margoliash and maximum parsimony algorithms. The test strains were divided into four groups, which generally reflected results previously reported in restriction digest and DNA-DNA hybridization studies. It is concluded from the comparative sequence analysis that the gyrA sequences provide a firm framework for the rapid and accurate classification and identification of Bacillus subtilis and related taxa.
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    Re-examination of some species of the genus Geotrichum Link: Fr (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77 (2000), S. 71-81 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: DNA heterogeneity ; genome comparison ; Geotrichum ; taxonomy ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nutritional physiology and the growth rate of thirty-four strains representing species of Geotrichum without known teleomorph states were examined. From twenty-seven strains the mol% G+C were calculated from the DNA melting curves. The first derivatives of the melting curves of seven strains, including the type strain of Geotrichum clavatum, demonstrated the presence of two peaks, 12% away from each other; the remaining strains showed only a single broad peak. DNA homology values among strains of the former group were high, indicating their conspecificity. The strains of the latter group could be subdivided into six DNA homology groups, four of which could be identified with recognized species and two may represent novel taxa. A combined key of Geotrichum and its teleomorph states Galactomyces and Dipodascus is presented.
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    Effects of increased and deregulated expression of cell division genes on the morphology and on antibiotic production of streptomycetes (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 78 (2000), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: differentiation ; FtsZ ; gene expression ; septum ; SsgA ; transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the effects of increased expression of the cell division genes ftsZ, ftsQ, and ssgA on the development of both solid- and liquid-grown mycelium of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces lividans. Over-expression of ftsZ in S. coelicolor M145 inhibited aerial mycelium formation and blocked sporulation. Such deficient sporulation was also observed for the ftsZ mutant. Over-expression of ftsZ also inhibited morphological differentiation in S. lividans 1326, although aerial mycelium formation was less reduced. Furthermore, antibiotic production was increased in both strains, and in particular the otherwise dormant actinorhodin biosynthesis cluster of S. lividans was activated in liquid- and solid-grown cultures. No significant alterations were observed when the gene dosage of ftsQ was increased. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy of an S. coelicolor strain over-expressing ssgA showed that septum formation had strongly increased in comparison to wild-type S. coelicolor, showing that SsgA clearly influences Streptomyces cell division. The morphology of the hyphae was affected such that irregular septa were produced with a significantly wider diameter, thereby forming spore-like compartments. This suggests that ssgA can induce a process similar to submerged sporulation in Streptomyces strains that otherwise fail to do so. A working model is proposed for the regulation of septum formation and of submerged sporulation.
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    Species of the genus Psoroptes (Acari: Psoroptidae): A taxonomic consideration (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 213-225 
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    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Psoroptes ; taxonomy ; species differentiation ; phenotype ; genotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosystematic status of mite species belonging to the genus Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 is difficult to determine by phenotypic methods and has been subject to taxonomic revisions and ongoing debate. At present, the existence of five species, P. cuniculi (Delafond, 1859), P. ovis (Hering, 1838), P. equi (Hering, 1838), P. cervinus Ward, 1915 and P. natalensis Hirst, 1919, is generally accepted. This classification is based mainly on the host species, the localization of the mites on their hosts and morphological characters of male mites. However, a critical review of the literature indicates that the features used to discriminate between the five species are not unequivocal: (a) the localization of mite populations on host animals is not completely strict, (b) the lengths of the outer opisthosomal setae of male mites, which are the main morphological features used for species discrimination, overlap between the five postulated species, and (c) host specificity cannot be deduced from results of transfer experiments. Rather, conspecificity of the members of the genus Psoroptes has to be presumed which is supported by molecular genetic analyses. On these grounds and on rules of priority P. cervinus Ward, 1915, P. cuniculi (Delafond, 1859), P. natalensis Hirst, 1919 and P. ovis (Hering, 1838) are seen as synonyms of P. equi (Hering, 1838).
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    Emendation of the basidiomycetous yeast genus Kondoa and the description of Kondoa aeria sp. nov (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77 (2000), S. 293-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Basidiomycetous yeasts ; Kondoa aeria sp. nov. ; ribosomal DNA sequencing ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Kondoa Y. Yamada, Nakagawa & Banno was erected to accommodate a single taxon, K. malvinella (Fell & Hunter) Y. Yamada, Nakagawa & Banno, which was transferred from the teliospore-forming genus Rhodosporidium Banno based on pronounced differences in the 5S and 26S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) nucleotide sequences to R. toruloides Banno. In contrast with the original description, reinvestigation of K. malvinella revealed the formation of transversely septate (auricularioid) basidia that did not arise on teliospores, but formed directly on the dikaryotic mycelium. The four-celled basidia developed sterigmata on which forcibly discharged asymmetric basidiospores (ballistospores) were produced. Additionally, a new taxon emerged from the study of recent isolates, for which the name K. aeria sp. nov. is proposed. This new species produced two-celled auricularioid basidia on hyphae with incomplete clamp connections. Ballistospores arose on the basidia at the tip of sterigmata and, after ejection, germinated by budding. These observations led us to present an emended diagnosis for the genus Kondoa. Analysis of the sequence data from the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene showed a very close resemblance between K. aeria and K. malvinella in a cluster that also contained several Bensingtonia species. Taxa in this cluster share specific physiological traits and produce characteristic pinkish-cream to mauve colonies; in contrast, formation of ballistoconidia is only observed in the Bensingtonia species. Sequence data supported placement of K. malvinella and K. aeria in the `Agaricostilbum clade' of the Urediniomycetes.
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    Ethylene regulation of fruit ripening: Molecular aspects (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ACC synthase ; ACC oxidase ; ethylene ; fruit ; gene expression ; regulation ; ripening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Progress in ethylene regulating fruit ripening concerning itsperception and signal transduction and expression of ACC synthaseand ACC oxidase genes is reviewed. ACC synthase and ACC oxidasehave been characterized and their genes cloned from various fruittissues. Both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are encoded bymultigene families, and their activities are associated withfruit ripening. In climacteric fruit, the transition toautocatalytic ethylene production appears to be due to a seriesof events in which ACC sythase and ACC oxidase genes have beenexpressed developmentally. Differential expression of ACCsynthase and ACC oxidase gene family members is probably involvedin such a transition that ultimately controls the onset of fruitripening.In comparison to ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, less is knownabout ethylene perception and signal transduction because of thedifficulties in isolating and purifying ethylene receptors orethylene-binding proteins using biochemical methods. However, theidentification of the Nr tomato ripening mutant as anethylene receptor, the applications of new potent anti-ethylenecompounds and the generation of transgenic fruits with reducedethylene production have provided evidence that ethylenereceptors regulate a defined set of genes which are expressedduring fruit ripening. The properties and functions of ethylenereceptors, such as ETR1, are being elucidated.Application of molecular genetics, in combination withbiochemical approaches, will enable us to better understand theindividual steps leading from ethylene perception and signaltransduction and expression of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genefamily member to the physiological responses.
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    Resistance to wheat leaf rust in Aegilops tauschii Coss. and inheritance of resistance in hexaploid wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Aegilops tauschii ; gene expression ; genetic inheritance ; Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici ; rust resistance ; synthetic hexaploid wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A collection of 164 Aegilops tauschii accessions, obtained from Gatersleben, Germany, was screened for reaction to leaf rust under controlled greenhouse conditions. We have also evaluated a selection of synthetic hexaploid wheats, produced by hybridizing Ae. tauschii with tetraploid durum wheats, as well as the first and second generation of hybrids between some of these resistant synthetic hexaploid wheats and susceptible Triticum aestivum cultivars. Eighteen (11%) accessions of Ae. tauschii were resistant to leaf rust among which 1 was immune, 13 were highly resistant and 4 were moderately resistant. Six of the synthetic hexaploid wheats expressed a high level of leaf rust resistance while four exhibited either a reduced or complete susceptibility compared to their corresponding diploid parent. This suppression of resistance at the hexaploid level suggests the presence of suppressor genes in the A and/or B genomes of the T. turgidum parent. Inheritance of leaf rust resistance from the intercrosses with susceptible bread wheats revealed that resistance was dominant over susceptibility. Leaf rust resistance from the three synthetics (syn 101, syn 701 and syn 901) was effectively transmitted as a single dominant gene and one synthetic (syn 301) possessed two different dominant genes for resistance.
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    An information retrieval system for VIR's herbarium, St. Petersburg, Russia, as a tool for cultivated plant research (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: cultivated plants ; databases ; herbarium ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The herbarium collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (WIR) contains specimens of cultivated plants, their wild relatives and weedy plants and provides ample opportunities for research. It is a unique special herbarium collection and one of those rare collections having a card index (catalog). For the catalog to be functional, it should reflect the current changes in the taxa names. Only a computerized card file may meet this requirement. The creation of a database for VIR's herbarium was launched in 1995. VIR is carrying out a range of work necessary for providing a wider access to its herbarium and related information for the international scientific community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008762024513
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  • 90
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    Population diversity of the Vicia sativa agg. (Fabaceae) in the flora of the former USSR deduced from RAPD and seed protein analyses (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: evolution ; genetic resources ; RAPDs ; seed protein electrophoresis ; taxonomy ; Vicia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic diversity of 58 wild and weedy populations representing taxa within the V. sativa aggregate from the former USSR, 4 cultivars of V. sativa, 2 accessions of V. cordata and 3 accessions of V. macrocarpa from Mediterranean countries were analysed using randomly amplified DNA fragments (RAPDs) and seed protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Interspecific variation between taxa in the V. sativa aggregate could readily be detected using both techniques. RAPDs and seed protein patterns were found to be an effective means of identifying accessions that cannot be identified clearly by morphological criteria alone. RAPD and seed protein analysis revealed a clear relationship between observed genetic variation of populations and their geographical distribution. Populations from each region had their own gene pools. Geographical variation was detected in V. segetalis. The degree of genetic divergence between local populations was usually related to proximity. In several locations where wild and weedy populations of different V. sativa agg. taxa grow sympatrically, intermediate forms could be detected at the DNA and protein levels. Both RAPD and seed protein analysis support the view that the V. sativa aggregate consists of 8 taxa warranting recognition at the species level. Several species in this aggregate are evolving intra-specific groups which can readily be detected at the molecular level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008756420011
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  • 91
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    Mechanisms regulating differential freezing tolerance of suspension cell cultures derived from contrasting alfalfa genotypes (2000)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 61 (2000), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: fall dormancy ; gene expression ; Medicago sativa L. ; protein ; starch ; sugar ; winter hardiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A major factor limiting persistence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the northern US is poor winter hardiness. Our hypothesis is that suspension cell cultures derived from dormant, winter-hardy alfalfa cultivars would cold acclimate and survive sub-zero temperatures better than cell cultures derived from non-dormant, non-hardy cultivars. Our objectives were (1) to determine if genetic differences in winter hardiness between dormant and non-dormant alfalfa were retained by suspension cells derived from these contrasting cultivars; and (2) to determine the physiological and biochemical bases for differences in freezing tolerance of suspension cells. Cell suspensions derived from `5262' (fall dormant) and `5929' (fall non-dormant) were cold hardened at 2 °C for 14 days. Cells were frozen in a cooling bath and cell survival determined by measuring 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. Cold acclimation improved cell survival of both cultivars to −5 °C when compared to unacclimated cells. Only acclimated cells of 5262 survived temperatures of −10 °C to −25 °C. The freezing tolerance of cold-acclimated 5262 cells was associated with high sugar and starch concentrations, lower α-amylase activities and slightly lower cell protein levels when compared to 5929. No differences in polypeptide composition were evident when comparing acclimated and unacclimated cells of 5929, but polypeptide composition did change with acclimation of 5262 cells. As expected, expression of RootCAR1 in 5262 cells increased with cold acclimation, but high levels of RootCAR1 transcript were unexpectantly found in both cold acclimated and unacclimated 5929 cells. With the exception of the RootCAR1 expression, many of the physiological responses of these alfalfa cell lines to cold acclimation were similar to those that have been reported for field-grown plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006408829105
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  • 92
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    Binding of cell type-specific nuclear proteins to the 5′-flanking region of maize C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene confers its differential transcription in mesophyll cells (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 543-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; maize ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; transgenic plant ; transcription ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C4-type phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4PEPC) acts as a primary carbon assimilatory enzyme in the C4 photosynthetic pathway. The maize C4PEPC gene (C4Ppc1) is specifically expressed in mesophyll cells (MC) of light-grown leaves, but the molecular mechanism responsible for its cell type-specific expression has not been characterized. In this study, we introduced a chimeric maize C4Ppc1 5′-flanking region/β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene into maize plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Activity assay and histochemical staining showed that GUS is almost exclusively localized in leaf MC of transgenic maize plants. This observation suggests that the introduced 5′ region of maize C4Ppc1 contains the necessary cis element(s) for its specific expression in MC. Next, we investigated whether the 5′ region of the maize gene interacts with nuclear proteins in a cell type-specific manner. By gel shift assays with nuclear extracts prepared from MC or bundle sheath cells (BSC), cell type-specific DNA-protein interactions were detected: nuclear factors PEPIb and PEPIc are specific to MC whereas PEPIa and PEPIIa are specific to BSC. Light alters the binding activity of these factors. These interactions were not detected in the assay with nuclear extract prepared from root, or competed out by oligonucleotides corresponding to the binding sites for the maize nuclear protein, PEP-I, which is known to bind specifically to the promoter region of C4Ppc1. The results suggest that novel cell type-specific positive and negative nuclear factors bind to the maize C4Ppc1 5′-flanking region and regulate its differential transcription in MC in a light-dependent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026565027772
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  • 93
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    Molecular characterization of quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRTase) in Nicotiana (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 603-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; nicotinic acid ; pyridine alkaloids ; secondary metabolism ; polyploidy ; wound-induced
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quinolate acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRTase), a key enzyme in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis, also plays an important role in ensuring nicotinic acid is available for the synthesis of defensive pyridine alkaloids in Nicotiana species. In this study, cDNAs for QPRTase were characterized from N. rustica and N. tabacum. Deduced proteins from both cDNAs are almost identical and contain a 24 amino acid N-terminal extension, not reported in other QPRTases, that has characteristics of a mitochondrial targeting sequence. In N. tabacum and N. sylvestris, both of which contain nicotine as the major pyridine alkaloid, QPRTase transcript was detected in roots, the site of nicotine synthesis, but not in leaves. QPRTase transcript levels increased markedly in roots of both species 12–24 h after damage to aerial tissues, with a concomitant rise in transcript levels of putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT), another key enzyme in nicotine biosynthesis. In N. glauca, however, in which anabasine represents the major pyridine alkaloid, QPRTase transcript was detected in both leaf and root tissues. Moreover, wound induction of QPRTase but not PMT was observed in leaf tissues, and not in roots, 12–24 h after wounding. Southern analysis of genomic DNA from the Nicotiana species noted above, and also several others from within the genus, suggested that QPRTase is encoded by a small gene family in all the species investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026590521318
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  • 94
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    Hexose transporters of tomato: molecular cloning, expression analysis and functional characterization (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 687-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; heterologous expression ; H+/hexose symporter ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; quantitative PCR ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length (LeHT2) and two partial (LeHT1 and LeHT3) cDNA clones, encoding hexose transporters, were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit and flower cDNA libraries. Southern blot analysis confirmed the presence of a gene family of hexose transporters in tomato consisting of at least three members. The full-length cDNA (LeHT2) encodes a protein of 523 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 57.6 kDa. The predicted protein has 12 putative membrane-spanning domains and belongs to the Major Facilitator Superfamily of membrane carriers. The three clones encode polypeptides that are homologous to other plant monosaccharide transporters and contain conserved amino acid motifs characteristic of this superfamily. Expression of the three genes in different organs of tomato was investigated by quantitative PCR. LeHT1 and LeHT3 are expressed predominantly in sink tissues, with both genes showing highest expression in young fruit and root tips. LeHT2 is expressed at relatively high levels in source leaves and certain sink tissues such as flowers. LeHT2 was functionally expressed in a hexose transport-deficient mutant (RE700A) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LeHT2-dependent transport of glucose in RE700A exhibited properties consistent with the operation of an energy-coupled transporter and probably a H+/hexose symporter. The K m of the symporter for glucose is 45 μM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026578506625
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  • 95
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    Spatial and temporal patterns of GUS expression directed by 5′ regions of the Arabidopsis thaliana farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes FPS1 and FPS2 (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 747-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene ; farnesyl diphosphate synthase ; gene expression ; isoprenoids ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), the enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), is considered a regulatory enzyme of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis. The promoter regions of the FPS1 and FPS2 genes controlling the expression of isoforms FPS1S and FPS2, respectively, were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The FPS1S:GUS gene is widely expressed in all plant tissues throughout development, thus supporting a role for FPS1S in the synthesis of isoprenoids serving basic plant cell functions. In contrast, the FPS2:GUS gene shows a pattern of expression restricted to specific organs at particular stages of development. The highest levels of GUS activity are detected in flowers, especially in pollen grains, from the early stages of flower development. After pollination, much lower levels of GUS activity are detected in the rest of floral organs, with the exception of the ovary valves, which remain unstained throughout flower development. GUS activity is also detected in developing and mature seeds. In roots, GUS expression is primarily detected at sites of lateral root initiation and in junctions between primary and secondary roots. No GUS activity is detected in root apical meristems. GUS expression is also observed in junctions between primary and secondary stems. Overall, the pattern of expression of FPS2:GUS suggests a role for FPS2 in the synthesis of particular isoprenoids with specialized functions. Functional FPS2 gene promoter deletion analysis in transfected protoplasts and transgenic A. thaliana plants indicate that all the cis-acting elements required to establish the full pattern of expression of the FPS2 gene are contained in a short region extending from positions −111 to +65. The potential regulatory role of specific sequences within this region is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026588708849
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    The contributions of Ulrich K. Einsle to the taxonomy of the copepoda (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 417 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; copepods ; Einsle ; chromatin diminution ; enzyme electrophoresis ; Cyclops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003806912364
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  • 97
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    Three species of Tobrilidae (Nematoda: Enoplida) from Li River at Guiling, China (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 421 (2000), S. 77-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Tobrilidae ; new record ; Nematoda ; taxonomy ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eutobrilus annetteae Joubert & Heyns, 1979 with its male reported for the first time, Semitobrilus pellucidus (Bastian, 1865) Tsalolichin, 1983, and Epitobrilus allophysis(Steiner, 1919) Tsalolichin, 1996 are described from the Li River at Guiling, China. The male of Eutobrilus annetteae is characterized by lots of crystalloids inside body, almost straight spicules about one anal body diameter long and seven equally sized supplements. Semitobrilus pellucidus from Guiling shows large variation in body width, position of amphids, form of buccal cavity, distance between denticles, direction of vagina, arrangement of oocytes, and shape of eggs. It is different from other populations in its shorter cephalic setae, less than 60% of head width, in its shorter tail and smaller c′ value. In males, there are 6–9 supplements, reduced and irregulary spaced. Epitobrilus allophysisis characterized by its labial setae longer than 50% of head width, small, posteriorly located ovoid amphid, single egg occupying whole space of uterus and blunt tail tip.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003981807711
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  • 98
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    Subgeneric differentiation within Kurzia (Crustacea: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) and a new species from Central America (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 421 (2000), S. 165-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Kurzia ; Crustacea ; Anomopoda ; Chydoridae ; taxonomy ; distribution ; Cladocera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Kurzia is divided into two subgenera: Kurzia s. str. and Rostrokurzia n. subg. Subgenus Kurzia includes Kurzia (K.) latissima Kurz, 1874, with a palearctic -, Kurzia (K.) polyspina n. sp. with a neotropic - , and Kurzia (K.) cf. media (Birge, 1879) with a nearctic distribution. Rostrokurzia includes Kurzia (R.) longirostris Daday, 1898 (pantropical distribution), and Kurzia (R.) brevilabris Rajapaksa & Fernando, 1986, from subtropical and tropical Asia. Kurzia latissima Kurz, 1874, from Central Europe is redescribed in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003919712255
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  • 99
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    New and little known Nematodes (Monhysteroida, Nematoda) from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel (Chile) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 429 (2000), S. 9-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; marine nematodes ; Sabatieria ; Metacomesoma ; Paramonhystera ; Siphonolaimus ; the Strait of Magellan ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six species of Monhysteroida are described from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel, Chile. Three species of which, Sabatieria heipi n. sp., Paramonhystera geraerti n. sp. and Siphonolaimus smetti n. sp., are new to science. Sabatieria heipi n. sp. is characterised by a body length of 1529–1934 μm, cuticle punctuations with lateral differentiation; cephalic setae 5 μm long, amphids spiral with 4.0–4.2 turns, 10–11 μm in diameter; spicules 76 μm (2.1 anal body diameter), with a 6 μm projection in the ventral distal extremity, 11 minute precloacal supplements; tail 3.7–4.7 anal body diameter (abd) long with enlarged tip. Paramonhystera geraerti n. sp. is characterised by a body size of 705–767 μm; head diameter 12 μm, the cephalic setae 6 μm; amphids circular, 9–10 μm in diameter; spicules slender 108–116 μm (5.6 abd) long, 5 precloacal supplements; and tail 4.0–5.2 abd. Siphonolaimus smetti n. sp. is characterised by the long spear (40–45 μm), head diameter 11–12 μm, amphids circular, 12–13 μm in diameter or 50–57% of corresponding body diameter; the spicules 55 μm and 1.5 abd; tail conical, 2.8 abd (males) and 4.0 abd (females) long. Three other species, i.e. Metacomesoma cyatholaimoides Wieser, 1954, Paramonhystera biforma Wieser, 1956 and P. megacephala (Steiner, 1916) are redescribed. A key of all known species of Paramonhystera is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003995005971
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  • 100
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    Two new species of Mesocyclops from southern China and notes on the genus Mesocyclops in China (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 429 (2000), S. 115-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mesocyclops mariae n.sp. ; Mesocyclops shenzhenensis n. sp. ; Guangxi ; Guangdong ; China ; taxonomy ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new Mesocyclops species, M. mariae n. sp. and M. shenzhenensisn. sp., are described from southern China, the former species from Guangxi province, the latter from Guangdong province. Both species have setules on the medial margin of the caudal rami. Compared with each other, there are some conspicuous differences, such as the spinule pattern of the antenna basipodite, the structure of receptaculum seminis, the armature of coxopodite and basipodite of P4 and the armature of the caudal rami. The paper also compares the two new species with their supposedly closest relatives, M. pseudospinosus Dussart & Fernando, 1988, M. leuckarti(Claus, 1857) and M. pehpeiensisHu, 1943. In addition, other species of Mesocyclops in China are discussed and a key to 10 Chinese species of Mesocyclops is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004028731322
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