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  • Articles  (1,921)
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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (1,921)
  • American Physical Society
  • 2000-2004  (1,172)
  • 1980-1984  (749)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (1,921)
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  • Articles  (1,921)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studying Ground Water Under Delmarva Coastal Bays Using Electrical Resistivity (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Fresh ground water is widely distributed in subsurface sediments below the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia). These conditions were revealed by nearly 300 km of streamer resistivity surveys, utilizing a towed multichannel cable system. Zones of high resistivity displayed by inversion modeling were confirmed by vibradrilling investigations to correspond to fresh ground water occurrences. Fresh water lenses extended from a few hundred meters up to 2 km from shore. Along the western margins of coastal bays in areas associated with fine-grained surficial sediments, high-resistivity layers were widespread and were especially pronounced near tidal creeks. Fresh ground water layers were less common along the eastern barrier-bar margins of the bays, where sediments were typically sandy. Mid-bay areas in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, did not show evidence of fresh water. Indian River Bay, Delaware, showed complex subsurface salinity relationships, including an area with possible hypersaline brines. The new streamer resistivity system paired with vibradrilling in these investigations provides a powerful approach to recovering information required for extension of hydrologic modeling of shallow coastal aquifer systems into offshore areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02643.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground Water Recharge and Discharge in the Central Everglades (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Rates of ground water recharge and discharge are not well known in the central Everglades. Here we report estimates of ground water recharge and discharge at 15 sites in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project and in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A), along with measurements of hydraulic properties of peat at 11 sites. A simple hydrogeologic simulation was used to assess how specific factors have influenced recharge and discharge. Simulations and measurements agreed that the highest values of recharge and discharge occur within 600 m of levees, the result of ground water flow beneath levees. There was disagreement in the interior wetlands of WCA-2A (located 〉 1000 m from levees) where measurements of recharge and discharge were substantially higher than simulated fluxes. A five-year time series (1997 to 2002) of measured fluxes indicated that recharge and discharge underwent reversals in direction on weekly, monthly, and annual timescales at interior sites in WCA-2A. Ground water discharge tended to occur during average to moderately dry conditions when local surface water levels were decreasing. Recharge tended to occur during moderately wet periods or during very dry periods just as water levels began to increase following precipitation or in response to a pulse of surface water released from water-control structures by water managers. Discharge also tended to occur at sites in the wetland interior for ∼1 week preceding the arrival of the surface water pulse. We conclude that ground water recharge and discharge vary cyclically in the interior wetlands of the central Everglades, driven by the differential responses of surface water and ground water to annual, seasonal, and weekly trends in precipitation and operation of water-control structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02646.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What's New with CUASHI? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02716.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can the Desert Bloom? Lessons Learned from the Israeli Case (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Despite the central management of Israel's water resources and the highly planned strategy for a sustainable water supply, Israel has twice faced an acute water crisis during the past decade. Although the visible problem is related to a lack of additional quantities of water, the deterioration of water quality appears to be endangering the future use of available water quantities as well. A long-term policy of ground water mining (translated to salt water encroachments), and irrigation with relatively saline water and recycled waste water, among other damage, account for this deterioration. Enhanced flushing of the salt and contaminant load from the aquifers (using various techniques) is proposed as a solution to the problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02719.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Method for Evaluating Horizontal Well Pumping Tests (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Predicting the future performance of horizontal wells under varying pumping conditions requires estimates of basic aquifer parameters, notably transmissivity and storativity. For vertical wells, there are well-established methods for estimating these parameters, typically based on either the recovery from induced head changes in a well or from the head response in observation wells to pumping in a test well. Comparable aquifer parameter estimation methods for horizontal wells have not been presented in the ground water literature. Formation parameter estimation methods based on measurements of pressure in horizontal wells have been presented in the petroleum industry literature, but these methods have limited applicability for ground water evaluation and are based on pressure measurements in only the horizontal well borehole, rather than in observation wells. This paper presents a simple and versatile method by which pumping test procedures developed for vertical wells can be applied to horizontal well pumping tests. The method presented here uses the principle of superposition to represent the horizontal well as a series of partially penetrating vertical wells. This concept is used to estimate a distance from an observation well at which a vertical well that has the same total pumping rate as the horizontal well will produce the same drawdown as the horizontal well. This equivalent distance may then be associated with an observation well for use in pumping test algorithms and type curves developed for vertical wells. The method is shown to produce good results for confined aquifers and unconfined aquifers in the absence of delayed yield response. For unconfined aquifers, the presence of delayed yield response increases the method error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02723.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Practical Model for Mobile, Residual, and Entrapped NAPL in Water-Wet Porous Media (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Flow of nonvolatile nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and aqueous phases that account for mobile, entrapped, and residual NAPL in variably saturated water-wet porous media is modeled and compared against results from detailed laboratory experiments. Residual saturation formation in the vadose zone is a process that is often ignored in multifluid flow simulators, which might cause an overestimation of the volume of NAPL that reaches the ground water. Mobile NAPL is defined as being continuous in the pore space and flows under a pressure gradient or gravitational body force. Entrapped NAPL is defined as being occluded by the aqueous phase, occurring as immobile ganglia surrounded by aqueous phase in the pore space and formed when NAPL is replaced by the aqueous phase. Residual NAPL is defined as immobile, nonwater entrapped NAPL that does not drain from the pore spaces and is conceptualized as being either continuous or discontinuous. Free NAPL comprises mobile and residual NAPL. The numerical model is formulated on mass conservation equations for oil and water, transported via NAPL and aqueous phases through variably saturated porous media. To account for phase transitions, a primary variable switching scheme is implemented for the oil-mass conservation equation over three phase conditions: (1) aqueous or aqueous-gas with dissolved oil, (2) aqueous or aqueous-gas with entrapped NAPL, and (3) aqueous or aqueous gas with free NAPL. Two laboratory-scale column experiments are modeled to verify the numerical model. Comparisons between the numerical simulations and experiments demonstrate the necessity to include the residual NAPL formation process in multifluid flow simulators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02727.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion of Papers (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02733.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    More Data Required (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02612.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Special Section on Ground Water Research in China Featured in This Issue of Ground Water (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02616.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface Flow Boundary Conditions in Modeling Land Subsidence Due to Fluid Withdrawal (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Land subsidence due to subsurface fluid (water, gas, oil) withdrawal is often predicted by either finite element or finite difference numerical models based on coupled poroelastic theory, where the soil is represented as a semi-infinite medium bounded by the traction-free (ground) surface. One of the variables playing a most important role on the final outcome is the flow condition used on the traction-free boundary, which may be assumed as either permeable or impermeable. Although occasionally justified, the assumption of no-flow surface seems to be in general rather unrealistic. A permeable boundary where the fluid pressure is fixed to the external atmospheric pressure appears to be more appropriate. This paper addresses the response, in terms of land subsidence, obtained with a coupled poroelastic finite element model that simulates a distributed pumping from a horizontal aquifer confined between two relatively impervious layers, and takes either a permeable boundary surface, i.e., constant hydraulic potential, or an impermeable boundary, i.e., a zero Neumann flow condition. The analysis reveals that land subsidence is rather sensitive to the flow condition implemented on the traction-free boundary. In general, the no-flow condition leads to an overestimate of the predicted ground surface settlement, which could even be 1 order of magnitude larger than that obtained with the permeable boundary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02620.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic Biodegradation of TCE in Laboratory Columns of Fractured Saprolite (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: An experiment was conducted to determine if biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) can occur in previously uncontaminated ground water in saturated fractured saprolite (highly weathered material derived from sedimentary rocks). Two undisturbed columns (0.23 m diameter by 0.25 m long) of fractured saprolite were collected from ∼2 m depth at an uncontaminated site on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Natural, uncontaminated ground water from the site, which was degassed and spiked with dissolved phase TCE, was continuously pumped through one column containing the natural microbial communities (the biotic column). In a second column, the microorganisms were inhibited and the dissolved phase TCE was added under aerobic conditions (dissolved oxygen conditions 〉 2 ppm). In effluent from the biotic column, reducing conditions rapidly developed and evidence of anaerobic biodegradation of TCE, by the production of cDCE, first appeared ∼31 days after addition of TCE. Reductive dechlorination of TCE occurred after iron-reducing conditions were established and about the same time that sulfate reduction began. There was no evidence of methanogenesis. Analyses using polymerase chain reaction with specific primers sets detected the bacteria Geothrix, Geobacter, and Desulfococcus-Desulfonema-Desulfosarcina in the effluent of the biotic column, but no methanogens. The presence of these bacteria is consistent with iron- and sulfate-reducing conditions. In the inhibited column, there were no indicators of TCE degradation. Natural organic matter that occurs in the saprolite and ground water at the site is the most likely primary electron donor for supporting reductive dechlorination of TCE. The relatively rapid appearance of indicators of TCE dechlorination suggests that these processes may occur even in settings where low oxygen conditions occur seasonally due to changes in the water table.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02622.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Multiscale Heterogeneity and Aquifer Interconnectivity (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A number of methods involving indicator geostatistics were combined in a methodology for characterizing and modeling multiscale heterogeneity. The methodology circumvents sources of bias common in data from borehole logs. We applied this methodology to the complex heterogeneity within a regional system of buried valley aquifers, which occurs in the western glaciated plains of North America and includes the Spiritwood Aquifer. The region is conceptualized as having a hierarchical organization with three facies assemblage types (large-scale heterogeneity) and two facies types within each assemblage (small-scale heterogeneity). We statistically characterized the sedimentary architecture at both scales, formulated indicator correlation models from those characterizations, and used the models to simulate the architecture in a multiscale realization. We focused on the interconnectivity of units creating higher-permeability pathways. Higher-permeability pathways span the realization even though the proportion of higher-permeability facies is less than the percolation threshold. Thus, geologic structures as represented in the indicator correlation models create interconnectivity above that which would occur if the higher-permeability facies were randomly placed. This amount of interconnection among higher-permeability facies within the multiscale realization is consistent with that suggested in prior hydraulic and geochemical studies of the regional system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02720.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground Water Flow Parameterization of an Appalachian Coal Mine Complex (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: We examined a large (240 km2) northern Appalachian bituminous coal basin (Irwin Syncline, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania) comprising 27 mine complexes with nine major (〉 2.5 × 103 L/min) discharges. The synclinal basin was divided into seven subbasins based on equilibrium hydraulic relationships established during the past 25 years. Recharge rates, mine pool velocity, and residence times respond to hydraulic changes in the overburden induced by mine subsidence. The estimated maximum depth for subsidence fractures is 60 m (30 times mined thickness) with recharge rates decreasing significantly in subbasins with thicker overburden (〉 75 m). Calculated subbasin recharge rates range from 2 to 6 × 10−4 L/min/m2 and are significantly lower than the previously used rate for the basin. Residence time of ground water in the Irwin subbasins calculated using average linear velocity ranged from one to five years and were more consistent with field observations than estimates obtained using discharge and basin volume area. A positive correlation (r2= 0.80) exists between net alkalinity of the mine water-impacted discharges and residence time in the mine pools. Our results for the Irwin coal basin suggest that use of a subbasin approach incorporating overburden depth, mining methodology, and the extent of postmining inundation will lead to improved determination of ground water flow parameters in mined watersheds in northern Appalachia and elsewhere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02724.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical and Numerical Models to Explain Steady Rates of Spring Flow (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Flow from some springs in former glacial lakebeds of the Upper Midwest is extremely steady throughout the year and does not increase significantly after precipitation events or seasonal recharge. Analytical and simplified numerical models of spring systems were used to determine whether preferential ground water flow through high-permeability features in shallow sandstone aquifers could produce typical values of spring discharge and the unusually steady rates of spring flow. The analytical model is based on a one-dimensional solution for periodic ground water flow. Solutions to this model suggest that it is unlikely that a periodic forcing due to seasonal variations in areal recharge would propagate to springs in a setting where high-permeability features exist. The analytical model shows that the effective length of the aquifer, or the length of flowpaths to a spring, and the total transmissivity of the aquifer have the greatest potential to impact the nature of spring flow in this setting. The numerical models show that high-permeability features can influence the magnitude of spring flow and the results demonstrate that the lengths of ground water flowpaths increase when high-permeability features are explicitly modeled, thus decreasing the likelihood for temporal variations in spring flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02728.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Tracer Dilution Method for Fracture Characterization in Bedrock Wells (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to develop an integrated method of downhole fracture characterization using a tracer. The method presented can be used to locate water-bearing fractures that intersect the well, to determine the ambient fracture flow rate and hydraulic head, and to calculate fracture transmissivity. The method was tested in two fractured crystalline bedrock wells located at the University of Connecticut in Storrs. The method entails injecting a tracer (uranine dye) into the well, while at the same time water is pumped out of the well. After steady-state conditions are reached, a borehole tracer concentration profile is developed. The dilution of the tracer is used to locate the inflowing fractures and to determine their flow rate. The fracture flow rate, plus the drawdown in the well, is then used to determine the fracture hydraulic head, transmissivity, and ambient flow rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02731.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemical Processes During Five Years of Aquifer Storage Recovery (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A key factor in the long-term viability of aquifer storage recovery (ASR) is the extent of mineral solution interaction between two dissimilar water types and consequent impact on water quality and aquifer stability. We collected geochemical and isotopic data from three observation wells located 25, 65, and 325 m from an injection well at an experimental ASR site located in a karstic, confined carbonate aquifer in South Australia. The experiment involved five major injection cycles of a total of 2.5 × 105 m3 of storm water (total dissolved solids [TDS] ∼ 150 mg/L) into the brackish (TDS ∼2400 mg/L) aquifer. ∼60% of the mixture was pumped out during the fifth year of the experiment. The major effect on water quality within a 25 m radius of the injection well following injection of storm water was carbonate dissolution (35 ± 6 g of CaCO3 dissolved/m3 of aquifer) and sulfide mineral oxidation (50 ± 10 g as FeS2/m3 after one injection). 〈 0.005% of the total aquifer carbonate matrix was dissolved during each injection event, and ∼0.2% of the total reduced sulfur. Increasing amounts of ambient ground water was entrained into the injected mixture during each of the storage periods. High 14CDIC activities and slightly more negative δ13CDIC values measured immediately after injection events show that substantial CO2(aq) is produced by oxidation of organic matter associated with injectant. There were no detectable geochemical reactions while pumping during the recovery phase in the fifth year of the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02691.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion of Papers (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02693.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NGWA Interest Group Report from Orlando (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02663.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground Water Whirls (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Numerical experiments with steady-state ground water flow models show that spiraling flow lines occur in layered aquifers that have different anisotropic horizontal hydraulic conductivities in adjacent layers. Bundles of such flow lines turning in the same direction can be referred to as ground water whirls. An anisotropic layered block in a field of uniform horizontal flow results in one or more whirls with their axes in the uniform flow direction. The number of whirls depends on the number of interfaces between layers with different anisotropic properties. For flow to a well in an aquifer consisting of two anisotropic layers, with perpendicular major principal directions, whirls are found to occur in quadrants that are bounded by the principal directions of the hydraulic conductivity. The combined effect of flow to a well and a layered anisotropy implies that a single well in a system with a single anisotropic layer within an otherwise isotropic aquifer causes eight whirls. All adjacent whirls rotate in opposite directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02670.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Author's Reply (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02631.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Program for Evaluating Dual-Equilibrium Desorption Effects on Remediation (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Desorption is one of the most critical processes affecting the effectiveness of soil and ground water remediation. None of the currently adopted desorption models can accurately quantify desorption of low-hydrophobicity organic chemicals, and thus could potentially mislead remediation design and decision-making. A recently developed dual-equilibrium desorption (DED) model was found to be much more accurate in quantifying desorption. A screening-level transport model, DED-Transport, was developed to simulate the DED effect on behaviors of organic contaminant plumes during remediation. DED-Transport requires only simple parameters, but is applicable to many remediation scenarios. DED-Transport can be used as a decision-support tool in site remediation to more precisely predict the time required for cleanup.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02632.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estrogen in a Karstic Aquifer (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Adverse impacts on the health of some fish populations, such as skewed sex distributions, have been noted in surface waters and in laboratory experiments with relatively low concentrations (above 25 ng/L) of natural estrogen (17 β-estradiol—E2). Sources of E2 to surface and ground waters can include avian, human, and mammalian waste products. The Ozark Plateau Aquifer (OPA) is a karstic basin that receives a significant portion of its water through losing reaches of rivers. Thus, there is a direct connection between surface water and ground water. The OPA was targeted for an E2 study to assess the potential for adverse health effects to aquatic organisms living in the system. Eight springs, which drain the aquifer, were sampled quarterly. The concentrations of E2 in the OPA ranged from 13 to 80 ng/L. For any one sampling event, the concentrations of E2 at the spring waters were statistically similar; however, the concentrations of E2 at all springs varied throughout the year. At Maramec Spring, one of the larger springs, the E2 concentration, was correlated with discharge. Based on the correlation between discharge and E2 concentration, aquatic organisms living in the plateau or in its discharged waters, including the threatened southern cavefish T. subterraneus, are exposed to concentration of E2 above 25 ng/L ∼60% of the time. This implies that organisms living in karst basins throughout the OPA are likely exposed to E2 concentrations that may adversely impact their reproductive success for a significant portion of each year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02686.x
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    Field Evaluation of Emergency Well Disinfection for Contamination Events (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02444.x
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    Use of Temperature Profiles and Stable Isotopes to Trace Flow Lines: Nagaoka Area, Japan (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In this study, we use borehole temperature data and stable isotopes to delineate the flow system and estimate the effect of urbanization in the Nagaoka area of Japan. Temperature profiles were measured four times in observation wells during the period 2000–2001 and compared with those measured in the same wells during the period 1977–1983 (Taniguchi 1986). Water was sampled in both observation and pumping wells during the same period. The temporal and spatial variability in temperature indicate clearly the effect of urban warming and heavy pumping on the ground water system. Urban warming caused higher temperatures recently as compared to the older values, and pumping caused induced recharge from the river to the ground water. The stable isotope data show the ground water flow system is divided into shallow, intermediate, and deep systems, and that land use and infiltration rate are affecting the shallow flow system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02453.x
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    Small-Scale Electrical Resistivity Tomography of Wet Fractured Rocks (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper describes a series of experiments that tested the ability of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to locate correctly wet and dry fractures in a meso-scale model. The goal was to develop a method of monitoring the flow of water through a fractured rock matrix.The model was a four by six array of limestone blocks equipped with 28 stainless steel electrodes. Dry fractures were created by placing pieces of vinyl between one or more blocks. Wet fractures were created by injecting tap water into a joint between blocks. In electrical terms, the dry fractures are resistive and the wet fractures are conductive. The quantities measured by the ERT system are current and voltage around the outside edge of the model. The raw ERT data were translated to resistivity values inside the model using a three-dimensional Occam's inversion routine. This routine was one of the key components of ERT being tested.The model presented several challenges. First, the resistivity of both the blocks and the joints was highly variable. Second, the resistive targets introduced extreme changes the software could not precisely quantify. Third, the abrupt changes inherent in a fracture system were contrary to the smoothly varying changes expected by the Occam's inversion routine. Fourth, the response of the conductive fractures was small compared to the background variability.In general, ERT was able to locate correctly resistive fractures. Problems occurred, however, when the resistive fracture was near the edges of the model or when multiple fractures were close together. In particular, ERT tended to position the fracture closer to the model center than its true location. Conductive fractures yielded much smaller responses than the resistive case. A difference-inversion method was able to correctly locate these targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02456.x
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    “Methods to Determine Storativity of Infinite Confined Aquifers from a Recovery Test,” by Djaouida Chenaf and Robert P. Chapuis, July-August 2002 issue, v. 40, no. 4: 385–389. (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02459.x
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    “Implications of Observed and Simulated Ambient Flow in Monitoring Wells,” by Alper Elci, Fred J. Molz III, and W. R. Waldrop, November-December 2001 issue, v. 39, no. 6: 853–862. (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02461.x
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  • 28
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    Delineating and Quantifying Ground Water Discharge Zones Using Streambed Temperatures (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Streambed temperature mapping, hydraulic testing using minipiezometers, and geochemical analyses of interstitial water of the streambed were used to delineate the pattern of ground water discharge in a sandy streambed and to develop a flux-based conceptual model for ground water/surface water interactions. A new and simple empirical method was used to relate fluxes obtained from minipiezometer data to streambed temperatures. The relationship allowed flux to be calculated at locations where only streambed temperature measurements were made. Slug testing and potentiomanometer measurements at 34 piezometers indicated ground water discharge ranged from 0.03 to 446 L/m2/day (and possibly as high as 7060 L/m2/day) along a 60 m long by 11 to 14 m wide reach of river. Complex but similar plan-view patterns of flux were calculated for both summer and winter using hundreds of streambed temperatures measured on a 1 by 2 m grid. The reach was dominated by ground water discharge and 5% to 7% of the area accounted for ∼20% to 24% of the total discharge. 〈 12% of the total area consisted of recharge zones or no-discharge zones. A conceptual model for ground water/surface water interactions consisting of five different behaviors was developed based on the magnitude and direction of flux across the surface of the streambed. The behaviors include short-circuit discharge (e.g., high-flow springs), high discharge (e.g., preferential flowpaths), low to moderate discharge, no discharge (e.g., horizontal hyporheic or ground water flow), and recharge. Geological variations at depth played a key role in determining which type of flow behavior occurred in the streambed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02671.x
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    Validation of Numerical Ground Water Models Used to Guide Decision Making (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Many sites of ground water contamination rely heavily on complex numerical models of flow and transport to develop closure plans. This complexity has created a need for tools and approaches that can build confidence in model predictions and provide evidence that these predictions are sufficient for decision making. Confidence building is a long-term, iterative process and the author believes that this process should be termed model validation. Model validation is a process, not an end result. That is, the process of model validation cannot ensure acceptable prediction or quality of the model. Rather, it provides an important safeguard against faulty models or inadequately developed and tested models. If model results become the basis for decision making, then the validation process provides evidence that the model is valid for making decisions (not necessarily a true representation of reality). Validation, verification, and confirmation are concepts associated with ground water numerical models that not only do not represent established and generally accepted practices, but there is not even widespread agreement on the meaning of the terms as applied to models. This paper presents a review of model validation studies that pertain to ground water flow and transport modeling. Definitions, literature debates, previously proposed validation strategies, and conferences and symposia that focused on subsurface model validation are reviewed and discussed. The review is general and focuses on site-specific, predictive ground water models used for making decisions regarding remediation activities and site closure. The aim is to provide a reasonable starting point for hydrogeologists facing model validation for ground water systems, thus saving a significant amount of time, effort, and cost. This review is also aimed at reviving the issue of model validation in the hydrogeologic community and stimulating the thinking of researchers and practitioners to develop practical and efficient tools for evaluating and refining ground water predictive models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02674.x
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    Interactive Models for Ground Water Flow and Solute Transport (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02445.x
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    Multiple-Aquifer Characterization from Single Borehole Extensometer Records (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Measurement and analysis of aquifer-system compaction have been used to characterize aquifer and confining unit properties when other techniques such as flow modeling have been ineffective at adequately quantifying storage properties or matching historical water levels in environments experiencing land subsidence. In the southeastern coastal plain of Virginia, high-sensitivity borehole pipe extensometers were used to measure 24.2 mm of total compaction at Franklin from 1979 through 1995 (1.5 mm/year) and 50.2 mm of total compaction at Suffolk from 1982 through 1995 (3.7 mm/year). Analysis of the extensometer data reveals that the small rates of aquifer-system compaction appear to be correlated with withdrawals of water from confined aquifers. One-dimensional vertical compaction modeling indicates measured compaction is the result of nonrecoverable hydrodynamic consolidation of the fine-grained confining units and interbeds, as well as recoverable compaction and expansion of coarse-grained aquifer units. The calibrated modeling results indicate that nonrecoverable specific storage values decrease with depth and range from 1.5 × 10−5/m for aquifer units to 1.5 × 10−4/m for confining units and interbeds. The aquifer and Potomac system recoverable specific storage values were all estimated to be 4.5 × 10−6/m, while the confining units and interbeds had values of 6.0 × 10−6/m. The calibrated vertical hydraulic conductivity values of the confining units and interbeds ranged from 6.6 × 10−4m/year to 2.0 × 10−3 m/year. These parameter values will be useful in future management and modeling of ground water in the Virginia Coastal Plain.
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    Modeling the Buildup of Iron Oxide Encrustations in Wells (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Ferric iron encrustations are a common problem that seriously affects the performance of wells and drains. Their formation is induced by the mixing of reduced ground water containing ferrous iron with oxic shallow ground water and exposure to air. The process of ferrous iron oxidation is a kinetically controlled reaction. The reaction rate has a quadratic dependency on pH. The precipitating oxides have an autocatalytic effect that further enhances reaction progress. This paper describes the application of kinetic models to the problem of encrustation formation. Influences of pH, residence time, and autocatalysis were modeled. The overall influence of the autocatalytic reaction path is particularly strong when initial amounts of iron oxides are present. Autocatalysis provides a good explanation on the development of well yield commonly measured in the field. Encrustation precipitation is slow at first, but speeds up after a sufficient amount of iron oxide has built up. An incomplete removal of iron oxide encrustations during rehabilitation leads to a renewed increase in catalytic efficiency and encrustation precipitation.
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    Predictability of Surface Mine Spoil Hydrologic Properties in the Appalachian Plateau (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Prevention of acid mine drainage at surface coal mines in the Appalachian region relies to an extent on minimizing ground water contact with acid-forming materials, and maximizing ground water contact with alkalinity-yielding materials. Acid-forming materials are often selectively handled to minimize or prevent contact with ground water. Controlling ground water contact with acidic or alkaline materials depends on forecasting the level and range of fluctuation of the postmining water table within the mine backfill. Physical measurements and aquifer testing of more than 120 wells from 18 reclaimed mines in Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia have led to improved forecasting of the postmining ground water system. Factors that influence the ground water regime include spoil lithology and particle size, age of reclamation, spoil thickness, distance from the final highwall, and pit floor dip angle and direction. Spoil hydraulic conductivity (K) exhibits a 95% confidence interval range of six orders of magnitude about a mean K of 1.7 × 10−5 m/sec. Spoil aquifer saturated thickness is related to the overall thickness of the spoil, the lithology of the spoil, dip of the pit floor, and distance to the highwall. Saturated spoil thickness has a 95% confidence interval of 2.2 to 3.6 m about the mean of 2.9 m. The predicted saturated zone averages 19% of the total spoil thickness.
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    Authors' Reply (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02460.x
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    NGWA Honors Excellence in Science Fair Students' Ground Water Projects (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02718.x
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    Use of Rhodamine Water Tracer in the Marshland Upwelling System (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Rhodamine water tracer (RWT) was used to characterize the migration of waste water within the saline subsurface of a marshland upwelling system (MUS), which is an alternative on-site waste water treatment system for coastal areas. Field tracer studies were performed to investigate the fresh waste water plume movement within the saline ground water. Pore velocities were calculated using first detection times and ranged from 0.68 to 10.7 × 10−4 cm/sec for the loamy sandy soil matrix present at the site. Use of RWT in the field also allowed determination of main and preferential flowpaths. One- and two-dimensional laboratory experiments were performed using silica sand to investigate the interactions of the organically rich waste water with RWT within the zone surrounding the point of injection (one-dimensional) and the impact of background salinity on plume movement (two-dimensional). The results from these studies were used to help explain the field data. One-dimensional breakthrough curves revealed retardation factors for the RWT in the waste water mixture of 1.73 to 1.90. These results were similar to other researchers, indicating little interaction between the waste water and RWT. Variations in pore water salinity (5, 15, 25, and 35 ppt) were found to have a significant effect on pore water velocities of the fresh water plume (two-dimensional), indicating the need to incorporate background salinities into the design process for MUS.
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    South China Karst Aquifer Storm-Scale Hydrochemistry (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The peak cluster and peak forest karst regions of Southeast Asia form one of the earth's most extensive karst regions. Although there exists a rich, descriptive tradition of geomorphic work performed there, little quantitative study has been made of carbonate hydrochemistry and related aquifer/landscape behavior and evolution. In this paper, high-resolution measurements of ground water carbonate chemistry and flow were made and analyzed at two adjacent locations within the subtropical peak cluster karst of the Guilin Karst Experimental Site in Guangxi Province, China. While waters from a large, perennial spring represent the exit for the 2 km2 catchment's conduit flow, a nearby well (within 5 m) measures water in the conduit-adjacent, fractured media. Results indicate that within peak cluster karst aquifer flow systems, spatially heterogeneous flow conditions can exist with respect to timing, magnitude, and, in some cases, direction of responses, as different controls can operate in the different flow system components. Storm-scale chemical responses are controlled by dilution from rapid infiltration of rain water, CO2 gas sources and sinks, and water-carbonate rock interactions. At this particular location, there is also an influence from high pH recharge, apparently buffered by atmospheric limestone dust. An example of the varying controls on storm-scale responses within the flow system is that within the fractured medium, variations in the ground water calcite saturation index, a key parameter influencing rates of aquifer/landscape evolution, are small and controlled by CO2 gas, while in the conduit they are more significant and dominated instead by dilution with rain water.
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    Colonization by Aerobic Bacteria in Karst: Laboratory and In Situ Experiments (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Experiments were carried out to investigate the potential for bacterial colonization of different substrates in karst aquifers and the nature of the colonizing bacteria. Laboratory batch experiments were performed using limestone and PVC as substrates, a natural bacterial isolate and a known laboratory strain (Escherichia coli [E. coli]) as inocula, and karst ground water and a synthetic formula as growth media. In parallel, fragments of limestone and granite were submerged in boreholes penetrating two karst aquifers for more than one year; the boreholes are periodically contaminated by enteric bacteria from waste water. Once a month, rock samples were removed and the colonizing bacteria quantified and identified. The batch experiments demonstrated that the natural isolate and E. coli both readily colonized limestone surfaces using karst ground water as the growth medium. In contrast, bacterial colonization of both the limestone and granite substrates, when submerged in the karst, was less intense. More than 300 bacterial strains were isolated over the period sampled, but no temporal pattern in colonization was seen as far as strain, and colonization by E. coli was notably absent, although strains of Salmonella and Citrobacter were each observed once. Samples suspended in boreholes penetrating highly fractured zones were less densely colonized than those in the borehole penetrating a less fractured zone. The results suggest that contamination of karst aquifers by enteric bacteria is unlikely to be persistent. We hypothesize that this may be a result of the high flow velocities found in karst conduits, and of predation of colonizing bacteria by autochthonous zooplankton.
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    Effects of Water Use on Arsenic Release to Well Water in a Confined Aquifer (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Field-based experiments were designed to investigate the release of naturally occurring, low to moderate (〈 50 ug/L) arsenic concentrations to well water in a confined sandstone aquifer in northeastern Wisconsin. Geologic, geochemical, and hydrogeologic data collected from a 115 m2 site demonstrate that arsenic concentrations in ground water are heterogeneous at the scale of the field site, and that the distribution of arsenic in ground water correlates to solid-phase arsenic in aquifer materials. Arsenic concentrations in a test well varied from 1.8 to 22 ug/L during experiments conducted under no, low, and high pumping rates. The quality of ground water consumed from wells under typical domestic water use patterns differs from that of ground water in the aquifer because of reactions that occur within the well. Redox conditions in the well can change rapidly in response to ground water withdrawals. The well borehole is an environment conducive to microbiological growth, and biogeochemical reactions also affect borehole chemistry. While oxidation of sulfide minerals appears to release arsenic to ground water in zones within the aquifer, reduction of arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides is a likely mechanism of arsenic release to water having a long residence time in the well borehole.
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    Magnetic Resonance Sounding Applied to Aquifer Characterization (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is distinguished from other geophysical tools used for ground water investigation by the fact that it measures a magnetic resonance signal generated directly from subsurface water molecules. An alternating current pulse energizes a wire loop on the ground surface and the MRS signal is generated; subsurface water is indicated, with a high degree of reliability, by nonzero amplitude readings. Measurements with varied pulse magnitudes then reveal the depth and thickness of water saturated layers. The hydraulic conductivity of aquifers can also be estimated using boreholes for calibration. MRS can be used for both predicting the yield of water supply wells and for interpolation between boreholes, thereby reducing the number of holes required for hydrogeological modeling. An example of the practical application of MRS combined with two-dimensional electrical imaging, in the Ker-bernez and Kerien catchments area of France, demonstrates the efficiency of the technique.
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    Effects of Model Sensitivity and Nonlinearity on Nonlinear Regression of Ground Water Flow (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Nonlinear regression is increasingly applied to the calibration of hydrologic models through the use of perturbation methods to compute the Jacobian or sensitivity matrix required by the Gauss-Newton optimization method. Sensitivities obtained by perturbation methods can be less accurate than those obtained by direct differentiation, however, and concern has arisen that the optimal parameter values and the associated parameter covariance matrix computed by perturbation could also be less accurate.Sensitivities computed by both perturbation and direct differentiation were applied in nonlinear regression calibration of seven ground water flow models. The two methods gave virtually identical optimum parameter values and covariances for the three models that were relatively linear and two of the models that were relatively nonlinear, but gave widely differing results for two other nonlinear models. The perturbation method performed better than direct differentiation in some regressions with the nonlinear models, apparently because approximate sensitivities computed for an interval yielded better search directions than did more accurately computed sensitivities for a point. The method selected to avoid overshooting minima on the error surface when updating parameter values with the Gauss-Newton procedure appears for nonlinear models to be more important than the method of sensitivity calculation in controlling regression convergence.
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    CIWEM ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00527.x
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    CIWEM PRESIDENT FOR 2004 – 2005 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00530.x
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    THE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER SCHEMES FOR FISHERIES (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Modern hydro-electric power schemes operate without storage, abstracting a proportion of the flow in the river whenever the level is above a specified minimum. The electricity is passed to the national grid and the water returns to the river without delay or contamination.The ecological aspects of this form of abstraction mean that they are generally acceptable. Fisheries is one of several topics which requires close attention, and another is the consequences and effects brought about by changes to the flow regime. The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between those flows which are reduced (only some are affected) and the associated fishery issues.The effects of typical abstraction regimes on down-river hydrographs, and in particular on the magnitude and timing of flows, are explained in the context of the particularly variable conditions which occur in upland rivers, i.e. the preferred location for many so-called run-of-river hydroelectric schemes. The limited evidence which is available for migratory fish movement through such reaches is used to assess how these movements could be affected by typical abstraction regimes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00534.x
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    CIWEM'S COMMENTS ON CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ENTITLED ‘TAKING IT ON: DEVELOPING UK SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY TOGETHER’ (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00541.x
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    EARTH-BANKED TANKS FOR THE WINTER STORAGE OF ANIMAL SLURRY (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Inadequate animal slurry storage has become an important issue in the agricultural sector in Ireland, and the lack of adequate conventional storage capacity has resulted in the spreading of slurry on land at inappropriate times of the year. This can lead to inefficient nutrient recycling and possible enrichment of adjacent surface and groundwaters. However, the largest contributor from agriculture to this enrichment is considered to be from farmyard leakage, rather than overland flow. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using earth-banked tanks as an alternative and economical means of winter storage for animal and other farmyard wastes. The paper describes an investigation into the use of such a tank at one location. Slurry infiltration rates, groundwater-level changes and groundwater-quality measurements at the tank site are reported. The study demonstrates that, if properly constructed using adequately compacted and suitable soil, earth-banked tanks can be successfully used to temporarily, store highly-polluting liquids such as animal slurries.
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    SLUDGE PHYTO-CONDITIONING: LOW-TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED TREATMENT (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Agricultural recycling of biosolids is coming under increasing regulatory and non-regulatory pressure. The UK Government and the European Commission are introducing new microbiological standards for (a) sludge, (b) expanded nitrate vulnerable zones, and (c) more stringent maximum potentially toxic element concentrations in soils. Public perception continues to play an important and unpredictable role in the acceptability of biosolids agricultural recycling. Sludge phyto-conditioning is a low-technology process, growing grass on sewage sludge to produce a pleasant/low-odour compost-like material and reducing bacterial indicators to below detectable levels, whilst retaining the beneficial energy-recovery aspects of anaerobic digestion.This paper describes the process stream and discusses the benefits for the operator, including treatment to ‘enhanced’status and reduction in volume. The process is batch in nature and results in a high-quality soil conditioner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00532.x
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    ADDRESSING SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT DURING EMERGENCY DROUGHT RELIEF IN MOYALE, NORTH KENYA (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: During the period 1999–2000, North Kenya experienced extended drought, which resulted in severe pressure on available water resources and increased mortality of livestock. In response, Action Against Hunger (an international relief agency with project-specific funding from the EC Humanitarian Aid Office) implemented an emergency water-resource programme in the Moyale District. This paper examines some of the sustainability issues relating to such implementations and their impact upon the fragile semi-arid pastoral environment of the region. Specific aspects are drawn from the Moyale programme to illustrate what is often a complex situation. The challenge is how to strike the balance between the short-term needs of an emergency response and the long-term aims of sustainable development and use of resources.
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    DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF SEPARATORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Laboratory work to improve the performance of storm-water separators, to meet new Environment Agency and European standards, is described in this paper. Residence-time distribution testing, using particulate and dissolved tracers, was used to study the hydraulics of separation. Oil-separation efficiency and head-loss analysis was used to develop additional final coalescing filters to reduce oil concentrations in the discharge to less than 5 mg/l. Field tests found lower oil, but greater metal, concentrations in runoff compared with those previously reported. It is suggested that improved separators could provide part of a multi-barrier design to improve the sustainability of removal of priority pollutants in highway runoff.
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    FLOOD MANAGEMENT, COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A STRATEGY FOR THE SOMERSET LEVELS AND MOORS (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Somerset Levels and Moors have been designated a ‘special protection area’under the EU Habitats Directive and a Ramsar wetland of international importance. Water management is important to their well being, but drainage to improve agricultural productivity has reduced habitat quality and biodiversity interest. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made towards halting and (in some areas) reversing the declining wetland flora and fauna. However, the UK Government's target of achieving favourable conservation status by 2010 is unlikely to be achieved without further change.This paper examines the changes which are needed to achieve sustainable agricultural flood-management and conservation objectives in Somerset as a model for wetlands in England and Wales. Agricultural policy and, in particular, the lack of cross-compliance and limited discretionary modulation, is failing marginal areas such as the Somerset Levels and Moors; also, farmers and the environment are losing out. In order to ensure that objectives are clear and options and constraints are understood, increased dialogue between stakeholders is essential.
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    THE FORMATION OF A RIVER-BASIN AUTHORITY THROUGH LOCAL PARTICIPATION: A CASE STUDY FROM THE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Since Dublin hosted the International Conference on Water and the Environment in January 1992, the importance of (a) managing water resources at the most appropriate level, (b) the catchment, and (c) participation have been stated repeatedly at international forums. The developing principles in ‘integrated water-resources management’have built upon these needs. Much effort and resources have been concentrated at the national and transboundary level; however, it is at the local level, in mainly financially resource-starved countries, that such principles often need to be implemented.This paper examines the progress in the formation of a river-basin authority, through local initiation and consultation, and with limited resources within the Southern Philippines. It highlights the benefits of the process and the problems which were encountered, and draws together lessons that have a wider application than the case study itself.
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    NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF AUTHORS (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    THE IMPACT OF MECHANICAL RELIABILITY ON THE FINANCIAL RETURN OF A WATER-RECYCLING PLANT (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper presents results from the assessment of the financial viability of a water-recycling plant based on an estimate of ‘net present value’, including the impact of mechanical reliability. The ‘net present value’of the former 0.6 Ml/d greywater recovery and re-use plant at the Millennium Dome, London was calculated over an expected lifetime of 20 years and a capital cost of £2.2 million. A detailed analysis of the mechanical faults and shutdowns at the plant showed an improvement in reliability from 73.8% to 91.2%, attainable by investing in a dedicated critical-spares facility. Defining the break-even price of water as the price for which ‘net present value’is zero, the model showed the break-even price to decrease from £1.61/m3 to £1.40/m3 by increasing reliability over the above range of values. The paper discusses the implications of this research for water-recycling applications in general.
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    EARLY ARAB WATER TECHNOLOGY IN SOUTHERN SPAIN (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes many of the ways by which the Arabs in southern Spain, during their eight hundred years occupation. raised, stored and distributed water without pumps, reservoirs or pipelines. The technology which they used in their water mills was simple but ingenious and differed from that evolving in Britain at that time. Using contourhugging open channels, the Arabs transferred snowmelt from the sierra over long distances, to recharge the ground above the mountainside villages and sustain the spring flows to their fountains through the year.
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    CIWEM POLICY POSITION STATEMENT: PROTECTING AND ENHANCING SOILS (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00523.x
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    CIWEM'S COMMENTS ON CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ENTITLED ‘PARTIAL REGULATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON THE PROPOSED GROUNDWATER DIRECTIVE’ (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOIL MICROBIAL QUALITY MEASUREMENTS OF BIOMASS QUOTIENT AND RESPIRATION QUOTIENT (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The soil microbial biomass quotient (expressed as a percentage of the total soil organic carbon) and the specific rate of carbon-dioxide production by soil microbes (respiration quotient) are often used as indicators of stress on soil microbial populations. A low biomass quotient or a high respiration quotient is considered to be an indication of stress from, for example, toxicity from metals in sewage sludge applied to soils. These metabolic quotients are affected by a wide variety of other factors such as the biodegradability of soil organic-carbon amendments, plant inputs of organic carbon into soils, natural variations in microbial population sizes with depth, and in the rhizosphere of plants. These variations could be sufficiently large to make interpretation of changes in biomass quotient and respiration quotient, as a response to stress, problematical.
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    A RISK-BASED CONSENTING TOOL FOR SETTING SUSTAINABLE DISCHARGE CONSENTS (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a guidance tool for assessing the ability of a receiving watercourse to assimilate pollution from point discharges. The ‘sustainable capacity tool’uses a framework that accounts for the ‘no-deterioration’requirement of the Water Framework. Directive, in terms of the downgrading of a river-stretch classification and the requirement to return all rivers to ‘good ecological status’. The second requirement results in a long-term set of river-quality targets or objectives, and it is generally assumed that ‘good’refers to ‘A2 quality in the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency classification system. The resulting sustainable capacity is defined as the risk-based amount of capacity that could be allocated without causing a failure of the target class and which could also result in a negative capacity if the river stretch is currently failing the target class. This is plotted as a GIS layer and is intended to form an overview of water quality to help inform stakeholders who are participating in a water-quality strategy for the next Scottish investment programme on Quality and Standards 3. The sustainable capacity tool could be used in conjunction with integrated catchment modelling for complete management of the Water Framework Directive river-basin districts.
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    CIWEM'S COMMENTS ON CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ENTITLED ‘PROPOSALS FOR A BATHING-WATER IDENTIFICATION STRATEGY’ (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    CONTROLLING AND MONITORING ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS FED WITH THERMALLY HYDROLYSED SLUDGE (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A sludge treatment centre has been constructed at Nigg sewage-treatment works, Aberdeen to receive sewage sludge from a number of plants in the area. The sludge is treated to the USEPA Class A standard in a thermal-hydrolysis plant in which it is heated to 165°C for 30 mins in batch reactors. The hydrolysed sludge, which contains 10–12% dry solids, is then pumped to an anaerobic digestion plant where the temperature is maintained at 39°C for a minimum of 15 days.The commissioning and testing of the anaerobic digesters was different to those which are fed with untreated sludge, and the approach is outlined. The paper discusses (a) the digestion parameters which were monitored during start-up, (b) the performance of the digesters throughout the commissioning and testing period, and (c) the quality of the dewatered sludge.
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    PYROLYSIS AND GASIFICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN A SPOUTED-BED REACTOR (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The use of sewage sludge as the fuel for fluidised-bed gasifiers, which form part of combined heat and power systems, has been studied in an EU funded project. A laboratory-scale spouted-bed reactor was used to investigate the pyrolysis and gasification behaviour of a suite of sewage sludges in the temperature range 770–980°C and pressures between 0.2 and 0.4 MPa. High solids conversions were measured, on a dry ash-free basis, which were consistent with the high volatile-matter content of the sludge-based fuels. It seems that most of the fuel was pyrolysed and converted to gas and condensable tars/oils. The proportion of hydrogen which was formed increased with the gasifier temperature and with the char bed height in the reactor, and this was consistent with an increase in the extent of cracking of the tars/oils. The nitrogen content of the sewage sludge was high, and this led to high ammonia concentrations in the fuel gas. Operating at the higher end of the temperature range tended to decrease the amount of ammonia in the fuel gas.
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    CIWEM'S COMMENTS ON CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ENTITLED ‘DRAFT NATIONAL ALLOCATION PLAN FOR EU EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME’ (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    CIWEM'S COMMENTS ON CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ENTITLED ‘PROPOSED PROVISIONS FOR DRAFT WATER SERVICES (SCOTLAND) BILL’ (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    BOOK REVIEWS (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS in this articles:Feral Future - The Untold Story of Australia's Exotic Invaders, by Tim Low.Keys to the Case-Bearing Caddis Larvae of Britain and Ireland, by I. O. Wallace, B. Wallace, and G. N. Philipson.Sampling for Measurement of Odours, by P. Gostelow, S. A. Longhurst, S. A. Parsons and R. M. Stuetz.The Story of the Fens, by Valerie Gerrard.Tales of Victoria Street – the Story of the Association of Consulting Engineers, by Hugh Woodrow.
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    DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED METALS IN A HIGHLY URBANISED CATCHMENT: BRADFORD, WEST YORKSHIRE (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Urban watercourses are potential hazards because of their rapid flow changes, poor water quality and contaminated sediments. This study is a preliminary field investigation into fine sediment-associated metal contamination and its transport dynamics in a highly urbanised catchment in West Yorkshire, UK. Spatial and temporal changes in the concentration of channel-bed sediment-associated metals are investigated, and the fluxes of selected suspended sediment-associated metals, during an extreme high flow event, are determined. Channel-bed sediments were more contaminated at the most heavily urbanised sites. Data suggest that contaminated bed sediments could accumulate and possibly become increasingly contaminated between high-flow events, prior to being flushed from the system. Fluxes of contaminated suspended sediments were very high at the peak of the high flow event. The spatial and temporal dynamics of contaminated fine sediment which were identified in this study could inform planners with regard to future monitoring strategies.
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    ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW SETTING IN ENGLAND AND WALES: STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING ABSTRACTION IN CATCHMENTS (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes the evolution of methods to set environmental flows in England and Wales. Problems and challenges are reviewed in the context of recent legislative developments, and examples are given of different conceptual approaches. Scenario-based approaches have evolved as a pragmatic means to resolve competing uses of water; in contrast, approaches based on ecological objectives aim to meet more consistent goals. Where rivers or associated wetlands have been designated under national or European conservation legislation, broad ecological objectives are already under discussion. Furthermore, the European Water Framework Directive now requires good ecological status, or its equivalent, to be reached in all waters. Recently, the Environment Agency has developed a new process for managing abstractions in England and Wales; this includes a common methodology for the setting of environmental flows using objective methods.
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    CIWEM'S COMMENTS ON THIRD CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EC WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (2000/60/EC) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    DETERMINATION OF SLUDGE COMPOST QUALITY BY BIOASSAY (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The paper reports the progress on a plant germination and growth trial as part of Thames Water's quality-control procedure for sludge composting and recycling. The experiment was conducted by cultivating two types of plants in a greenhouse under controlled environmental conditions, using (a) standard peat-based multipurpose compost, (b) Terra Eco Systems multipurpose compost, and (c) woodchip-amended sludge compost.Tomatoes and petunias were selected for the trial, and the varieties were first-generation (F) hybrid. Germinated seed counts were used to calculate germination percentages and germination values, to assess compost performance. Calculated germination values for tomato and petunias were 26.52 and 17.76 respectively for the peat-based compost: the values of tomato plants for Woodchip-amended compost and Terra Eco compost were 17.80 and 11.84 respectively; and for petunia, all composts performed similarly, with germination values ranging from 14.00 to 17.76. It was concluded that there were no significant differences between the petunia plants in three composts used in this trial.
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    A HORIZONTAL WELLPOINT AS A LOW-IMPACT WATER SOURCE IN A DUNE-SANDS AQUIFER (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A horizontal wellpoint groundwater source was constructed to supply irrigation water to a golf course from a coastal dune-sands aquifer in an area which has vulnerable wetland habitats of European importance. The source was designed to abstract the required quantities with less drawdown, compared with that from a conventional vertical wellpoint system, thus reducing any potential threat to the nature-conservation sites. Pump testing of the source showed that the yield was more than adequate to meet the needs of the Golf Club and to allow efficient operation of the computer-controlled course irrigation system. Data from observation wells indicated that there was no drawdown beyond the golf-course boundaries and none of the nature-conservation sites would be affected. The horizontal wellpoint method, which has not been widely applied in the UK, could have wider applications for irrigation water users who need to abstract water from shallow aquifers.
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    CIWEM'S COMMENTS ON CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ENTITLED ‘PROCESS FOR HANDLING DISPUTES AND APPEALS: REQUISITIONING OF WATER MAINS AND PUBLIC SEWERS AND ADOPTION OF SELF-LAID WATER MAINS’ (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00511.x
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    PRESIDENT'S AWARD 2004 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF GEOFF BATEMAN (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROLS OF GRAVEL-BED RIFFLES: AN ANALYSES OF DATA FROM THE RIVER-HABITAT SURVEY (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper presents an analysis of data from the UK Environment Agency's River Habitat Survey database relating to bedform type and frequency. Emphasis is given to the gravel-bed riffle which (a) traditionally has been considered to be a fundamental morphological unit diagnostic of river stability, and (b) more recently has become an important design component in channel restoration and rehabilitation schemes. Data were sufficient to support the identification of distinct, catchment-scale controls determining the circumstances under which step-pools and riffles occur, and key local-scale influences upon riffle frequency and spacing. This demonstrates that the database can be used to support a broad geomorphological analysis. Suggestions are made for the interpretation of results obtained from the existing database, and for possible future modifications to enhance its geomorphological value.
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    A REVIEW OF THE DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES AND EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE REGULATIONS IN RELATION TO THE WATER INDUSTRY (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This Technical Note presents the impact on the UK water industry of the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations which became law in December 2002. These regulations introduce (into UK legislation) the requirements of a number of European Union Directives, including the Chemical Agents Directive and ATEX Directives dealing with potentially explosive and hazardous situations. The impact of the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations on thermal-drying installations is relatively clear. However, there are potentially greater and far-reaching implications for the UK water industry.
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    ASSESSING AND MANAGING THE RISKS OF PATHOGEN TRANSFER FROM LIVESTOCK MANURES INTO THE FOOD CHAIN (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 18 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A review was undertaken of (a) the levels and prevalence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli 0157. Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in livestock manure, and (b) factors which affect their survival during storage and following land application. Pathogens are commonly present in livestock manures and can survive in soil for several months or years after spreading or excretion onto land. Temperature was identified as being the most important factor influencing pathogen survival, although pH, UV light and drying were also important. Various practical measures to minimise the risk of pathogen transfer into the food chain were identified, including treatment, extended storage and no/harvest periods following land spreading. Guidelines are being developed on managing farm manures to minimise the risks of microbiological contamination of ready-to-eat crops.
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    Discussion of Papers (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Spatial Variability of In Situ Microbial Activity: Biotracer Tests (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Biotracer tests have been proposed as a means by which to characterize the in situ biodegradation potential for field-scale systems. In this study, field experiments were conducted at two sites to evaluate the utility of the biotracer method for characterizing the spatial variability of microbial activity. The first site is a mixed waste-contaminated sur-ficial aquifer in Utah, and the second site is a chlorinated solvent-contaminated regional aquifer in Tucson, Arizona. Mass recovery of the biotracer decreased approximately linearly with increasing residence time for the Tucson site. Similar behavior was observed at the Utah site, except in the region adjacent to the injection zone, where percent recoveries were much lower than those predicted using a correlation determined using data collected downgradient of the injection zone. First-order biodegradation rate coefficients obtained from model calibration of the tracer data varied between 0.2 and 0.5/day for the Tucson site. For the Utah site, the values varied between 0.1 and 0.6/day downgradient of the injection wells, and between 0.7 and 2.6/day near the injection wells. Considering the large range over which biodegradation rate coefficients can vary, the rate coefficient exhibited relatively minimal spatial variability (factor of 2.5) for the Tucson site. Conversely, the spatial variability of the rate coefficient was an order of magnitude greater for the Utah site. These differences in variability are consistent with conditions associated with the respective sites. For example, the greater microbial activity observed in the vicinity of the injection wells for the Utah site is consistent with the biomass distribution determined from analysis of core samples, which shows larger bacterial cell densities for the region near the injection wells. These results illustrate the utility of biotracer tests for in situ characterization of microbial activity (e.g., biodegradation potential), including evaluation of potential spatial variability.
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    Push-Pull Tests for Assessing In Situ Aerobic Cometabolism (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Three types of single-well push-pull tests were developed for use in assessing the feasibility of in situ aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs). These included transport tests, biostimulation tests, and activity tests. Transport tests are conducted to evaluate the mobility of solutes used in subsequent tests. These included bromide or chloride (conservative tracers), propane (growth substrate), ethylene, propylene (CAH surrogates), dissolved oxygen (electron acceptor), and nitrate (a minor nutrient). Tests were conducted at an experimental wellfield of Oregon State University. At this site, extraction phase breakthrough curves for all solutes were similar, indicating apparent conservative transport of the dissolved gases and nitrate prior to biostimulation. Biostimulation tests were conducted to stimulate propane-utilizing activity of indigenous microorganisms and consisted of sequential injections of site ground water containing dissolved propane and oxygen. Biostimulation was detected by the increase in rates of propane and oxygen utilization after each injection. Activity tests were conducted to quantify rates of substrate utilization and to confirm that CAH-transforming activity had likely been stimulated. In particular, the transformation of injected CAH surrogates ethylene and propylene to the cometabolic byproducts ethylene oxide and propylene oxide provided evidence that activity of the monooxygenase enzyme system, responsible for aerobic cometabolic transformations of CAHs, had likely also been stimulated. Estimated zero-order transformation rates decreased in the order propane 〉 ethylene 〉 propylene. The series of push-pull tests developed and field tested in this study should prove useful for conducting rapid, low-cost feasibility assessments for in situ aerobic cometabolism of CAHs.
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    Influence of Calibration Methodology on Ground Water Flow Predictions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: We constructed a numerical model of transient ground water flow and solute transport for a portion of the Biscayne Aquifer in Florida, and calibrated the model with three different combinations of data from a 193-day period: head (h) data alone, data on h and ground water discharge to a canal (q), and data on h, q, and ground water chloride concentration (C). We used each of the three calibrated models to predict h and q during a 182-day test period separate from the calibration period. All three calibrated models predicted h equally well during the test period (r= 0.95, where r= 1 indicates perfect agreement between measured and simulated values), though the model calibrated on h alone had significantly different parameter values than the other two models. Predictions of q during the test period depended on calibration methodology; models calibrated with multiple targets simulated q more accurately than the model calibrated on h alone (r = 0.79 compared to r = 0.49). Based on the results of these simulations, we conclude: (1) Post-calibration prediction is important in assessing the value of different data types in automated calibration; (2) inverse-solution uniqueness is not a requirement for accurate h predictions; (3) relatively simple models can predict with reasonable accuracy transient ground water flow in a complex aquifer, and parameters governing this prediction can be estimated by nonlinear regression methods that incorporate both h and q data; (4) addition of C data to the calibration did not improve model predictive capacity because the information in the C data was similar to that in the q data, from the perspective of model calibration (the subsurface chemical signal in question was controlled mainly by seepage of high-chloride canal water into the low-chloride ground water system).
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    Hydrogeologic Setting and Ground Water Flow Beneath a Section of Indian River Bay, Delaware (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The small bays along the Atlantic coast of the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia) are a valuable natural resource, and an asset for commerce and recreation. These coastal bays also are vulnerable to eutrophication from the input of excess nutrients derived from agriculture and other human activities in the watersheds. Ground water discharge may be an appreciable source of fresh water and a transport pathway for nutrients entering the bays. This paper presents results from an investigation of the physical properties of the surficial aquifer and the processes associated with ground water flow beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware. A key aspect of the project was the deployment of a new technology, streaming horizontal resistivity, to map the subsurface distribution of fresh and saline ground water beneath the bay. The resistivity profiles showed complex patterns of ground water flow, modes of mixing, and submarine ground water discharge. Cores, gamma and electromagnetic-induction logs, and in situ ground water samples collected during a coring operation in Indian River Bay verified the interpretation of the resistivity profiles. The shore-parallel resistivity lines show subsurface zones of fresh ground water alternating with zones dominated by the flow of salt water from the estuary down into the aquifer. Advective flow produces plumes of fresh ground water 400 to 600 m wide and 20 m thick that may extend more than 1 km beneath the estuary. Zones of dispersive mixing between fresh and saline ground water develop on the upper, lower, and lateral boundaries of the plume. The plumes generally underlie small incised valleys that can be traced landward to streams draining the upland. The incised valleys are filled with 1 to 2 m of silt and peat that act as a semiconfining layer to restrict the downward flow of salt water from the estuary. Active circulation of both the fresh and saline ground water masses beneath the bay is inferred from the geophysical results and supported by geochemical data.
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    Climate Change: Why Should Water Professionals Care? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02715.x
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    Sequential Analysis of Hydrochemical Data for Watershed Characterization (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A methodology for characterizing the hydrogeology of watersheds using hydrochemical data that combine statistical, geochemical, and spatial techniques is presented. Surface water and ground water base flow and spring runoff samples (180 total) from a single watershed are first classified using hierarchical cluster analysis. The statistical clusters are analyzed for spatial coherence confirming that the clusters have a geological basis corresponding to topographic flowpaths and showing that the fractured rock aquifer behaves as an equivalent porous medium on the watershed scale. Then principal component analysis (PCA) is used to determine the sources of variation between parameters. PCA analysis shows that the variations within the dataset are related to variations in calcium, magnesium, SO4, and HCO3, which are derived from natural weathering reactions, and pH, NO3, and chlorine, which indicate anthropogenic impact. PHREEQC modeling is used to quantitatively describe the natural hydrochemical evolution for the watershed and aid in discrimination of samples that have an anthropogenic component. Finally, the seasonal changes in the water chemistry of individual sites were analyzed to better characterize the spatial variability of vertical hydraulic conductivity. The integrated result provides a method to characterize the hydrogeology of the watershed that fully utilizes traditional data.
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    Scale Effect and Calibration of Contaminant Transport Models (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The influence on solute transport of the small-scale spatial variation of aquifer hydraulic conductivity (K) was analyzed by comparing results from fine-grid (2 m by 2 m) simulations of a synthetic heterogeneous aquifer to those from coarse-grid (8 m by 4 m) simulations of an equivalent homogeneous aquifer. Realizations of the K field of the heterogeneous aquifer were generated, using the Monte Carlo approach, from a lognormal distribution with mean log K of 2 (K in m/d) and three levels of log K variance of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0. Numerical simulation results show that the average standard deviation of point concentrations increased from 1.21 to 5.78 when the value of log K variance was increased from 0.1 to 1.0. The average discrepancy between modeled concentrations (obtained from a coarse-grid deterministic numerical simulation) and the actual mean point concentrations (obtained from fine-grid Monte Carlo numerical simulations) increased from 0.91 to 4.23 with the increase in log K variance. The results from this study illustrate the uncertainty in predictions from contaminant transport models due to their inability to simulate the effects of heterogeneities at scales smaller than the model grid.
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    Hydrogeology: A Short History, Part 1 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02734.x
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    A Simple Approach Using Bouwer and Rice's Method for Slug Test Data Analysis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Slug test data obtained from tests performed in an unconfined aquifer are commonly analyzed by graphical or numerical approaches to determine the aquifer parameters. This paper derives three fourth-degree polynomials to represent the relationship between Bouwer and Rice's coefficients and the ratio of the screen length to the radius of the gravel envelope. A numerical approach using the nonlinear least squares and Newton's method is used to determine hydraulic conductivity from the best fit of the slug test data. The method of nonlinear least squares minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the predicted and observed water levels inside the well. With the polynomials, the hydraulic conductivity can be obtained by simply solving the nonlinear least squares equation by Newton's method. A computer code, SLUGBR, was developed from the derived polynomials using the proposed numerical approach. The results of analyzing two slug test datasets show that SLUGBR can determine hydraulic conductivity with very good accuracy.
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    Discussion of Papers (2004)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Comment on the “Keep It Clean and Do the Research” Editorial by Harold R. Wanless, Ground Water 42, no. 2:157 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    “The Water Budget Myth Revisited: Why Hydrogeologists Model,” by John D. Bredehoeft, July–August 2002 issue, v. 40, no. 4: 340–345. (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Management of a Coastal Aquifer (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Ecological Consequences of Ground Water Discharge to Delaware Bay, United States (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Submarine ground water discharge to the ocean has the potential to create estuarine conditions near the point of discharge, thereby dramatically altering local benthic habitats and ecology. Aerial thermal infrared imaging along the southwestern margin of Delaware Bay indicated abundant discharge at Cape Henlopen, Delaware, adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. On the sandflat there, we have documented low salinity in sedimentary pore waters within 20 m of the beachface that are associated with dense assemblages (in thousands per square meter) of a deep, burrow-dwelling polychaete worm, Marenzelleria viridis, otherwise regarded as a species characteristic of fresher, oligohaline conditions. Where present, M. viridis is a numerical and biomass dominant in a benthic community strikingly different from that in nearby nonseep locations. At Cape Henlopen, the ecological role of the ground water discharge appears to be a multifaceted one. Seeps are localized regions of significantly reduced salinity, stabilized temperature, increased nutrient flux, high microalgal abundance, and enhanced sediment stability. M. viridis feeds on sediment diatoms and may provide an important trophic linkage between microalgal growth fueled by nutrients associated with the discharging ground water and worm-feeding predators such as bottom fish or shorebirds common on the Cape Henlopen sandflat. Calculations based on our sampling suggest that nutrients supplied by the ground water substantially exceed what is needed to support benthic biomass and productivity estimated for this site.
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    Septic Tank Impacts on Ground Water Quality and Nearshore Sediment Nutrient Flux (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Field studies were conducted at three coastal plain sites to characterize inorganic nutrient and fecal coliform bacteria ground water quality and intertidal sediment nutrient fluxes under the influence of residential septic tank effluent. Mean drainfield DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) and DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) concentrations varied between 294 to 336 and 4494 to 5391 μmol/L, respectively, with mean fecal coliform bacteria densities ranging from 105.04 to 106.29 MPN (most probable number) /100 mL. DIP and fecal coliform bacteria exhibited a high degree of attenuation with shoreline concentrations at or near background levels. In contrast, septic tank nitrogen loadings to shallow ground water were significant and resulted in mean shoreline DIN concentrations ∼50 to 100 times greater than adjacent surface water concentrations. Mean site sediment DIP and DIN flux to surface waters varied from 1.1 to 1.6 and 52 to 135 μmol/m2/hr, respectively. Whereas DIP sediment fluxes were similar to reported values for sites adjacent to forested and agricultural lands, DIN fluxes were elevated compared to forested lands and near the lower end of the range reported for agricultural lands within the southern Chesapeake Bay region. Maximum measured sediment DIN flux was 1514 μmol/m2/hr. Estimated waste water nitrogen loading to shallow ground water (5.7 to 10.7 kg/household/yr) was significant and with 0.5 to 1 acre lot sizes, comparable to water table nitrogen loadings from dominant row-crop land use in the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Given the trends in population growth in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and other coastal regions, nitrogen loads from septic tanks to these systems should also be expected to increase.
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    Effects of Aquifer Travel Time on Nitrogen Transport to a Coastal Embayment (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen reaction and loading to Popponesset Bay, a eutrophic coastal embayment on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are evaluated through hydrologic analysis of flow and transport. Approximately 10% of the total nitrogen load to the embayment is intercepted by fresh water ponds and delivered to the coast by connecting streams. For the nitrogen load not intercepted by ponds, we compare two steady-state methods of analyzing nitrogen loss in the aquifer, one using a constant-loss factor and the other time-dependent loss rates. The constant-loss method, which assumes that all similar land uses have the same per unit area loading rate to surface water regardless of location within the watershed, predicts that 42% of the nonpond watershed nitrogen load originated within the zero to 2 yr time-of-travel zone, which is 40% of the contributing area. The time-of-travel loss method calculates loss rates based on aquifer travel times and denitrification reaction kinetics, evaluated separately for carbon-unlimited and carbon-limited cases. Time-of-travel loss calculations for percent of nonpond load that originated within the area of 〈 2 yr aquifer residence time are 64% when carbon is not limiting, but only 49% when carbon limitation is included, not greatly different from the constant-loss method. A feature of the kinetics used is that carbon (and the denitrified nitrogen) is lost rather quickly in the aquifer travel path, after which carbon limitation stops denitrification altogether. Carbon limitation causes the time-of-travel loss model to approximate the constant-loss model such that in most of the watershed, a nearly constant fraction of the nitrogen input is lost in both models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x
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  • 93
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    Readers' Forum (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02736.x
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  • 94
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    Applied Stochastic Hydrogeology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02737.x
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  • 95
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    Defining and Managing Sustainable Yield (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Ground water resource management programs are paying increasing attention to the integration of ground water and surface water in the planning process. Many plans, however, show a sophistication in approach and presentation that masks a fundamental weakness in the overall analysis. The plans usually discuss issues of demand and yield, yet never directly address a fundamental issue behind the plan—how to define sustainable yield of an aquifer system. This paper points out a number of considerations that must be addressed in defining sustainable yield in order to make the definition more useful in practical water resource planning studies. These include consideration for the spatial and temporal aspects of the problem, the development of a conceptual water balance, the influence of boundaries and changes in technology on the definition, the need to examine water demand as well as available supply, the need for stakeholder involvement, and the issue of uncertainty in our understanding of the components of the hydrologic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02739.x
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  • 96
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    Integrated Geophysical and Chemical Study of Saline Water Intrusion (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Surface geophysical surveys provide an effective way to image the subsurface and the ground water zone without a large number of observation wells. DC resistivity sounding generally identifies the subsurface formations—the aquifer zone as well as the formations saturated with saline/brackish water. However, the method has serious ambiguities in distinguishing the geological formations of similar resistivities such as saline sand and saline clay, or water quality such as fresh or saline, in a low resistivity formation. In order to minimize the ambiguity and ascertain the efficacy of data integration techniques in ground water and saline contamination studies, a combined geophysical survey and periodic chemical analysis of ground water were carried out employing DC resistivity profiling, resistivity sounding, and shallow seismic refraction methods. By constraining resistivity interpretation with inputs from seismic refraction and chemical analysis, the data integration study proved to be a powerful method for identification of the subsurface formations, ground water zones, the subsurface saline/brackish water zones, and the probable mode and cause of saline water intrusion in an inland aquifer. A case study presented here illustrates these principles. Resistivity sounding alone had earlier failed to identify the different formations in the saline environment. Data integration and resistivity interpretation constrained by water quality analysis led to a new concept of minimum resistivity for ground water-bearing zones, which is the optimum value of resistivity of a subsurface formation in an area below which ground water contained in it is saline/brackish and unsuitable for drinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02721.x
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  • 97
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    Full-Bayesian Inversion of the Edwards Aquifer (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The Bayesian inverse approach proposed by Woodbury and Ulrych (2000) is extended to estimate the transmissivity fields of highly heterogeneous aquifers for steady state ground water flow. Boundary conditions are Dirichlet and Neumann type, and sink and source terms are included. A first-order approximation of Taylor's series for the exponential terms introduced by sinks and sources or the Neumann condition in the governing equation is adopted. Such a treatment leads to a linear finite element formulation between hydraulic head and the logarithm of the transmissivity—denoted as ln(T)—perturbations. An updating procedure similar to that of Woodbury and Ulrych (2000) can be performed. This new algorithm is examined against a generic example. It is found that the linearized solution approximates the true solution with an R2 coefficient = 0.96 for an ln(T) variance of 9 for the test case. The addition of hydraulic head data is shown to improve the ln(T) estimates, in comparison to simply interpolating the sparse ln(T) data alone. The new Bayesian code is also employed to calibrate a high-resolution finite difference MODFLOW model of the Edwards Aquifer in southwest Texas. The posterior ln(T) field from this application yields better head fit when compared to the prior ln(T) field determined from upscaling and cokriging. We believe that traditional MODFLOW grids could be imported into the new Bayes code fairly seamlessly and thereby enhance existing calibration of many aquifers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02726.x
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  • 98
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    Transport of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Saturated Laboratory Columns (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Occurrences of pharmaceutically active compounds in surface water and sewage water have been widely reported. Investigations show the presence of several classes of pharmaceuticals such as antirheumatics (e.g., diclofenac), analgesics (e.g., propyphenazone), and blood lipid regulators (clofibric acid), even in ground water. Compared to their occurrences in surface water, however, the reported incidences of drugs in ground water are much rarer. This may be due to the input, but also to transport processes and degradation in the aquifer.In field studies investigating ground water sampled at a bank infiltration site at Lake Tegel, Berlin, Germany, clofibric acid was found at concentrations up to 290 ng/L, and propyphenazone up to 250 ng/L, whereas concentrations of diclofenac were around the detection limit.The aim of this study was to investigate the ground water transport behavior of the pharmaceuticals clofibric acid, propyphenazone, and diclofenac with a laboratory soil column experiment. Results show that clofibric acid exhibits no degradation and almost no retardation (Rf= 1.1). Diclofenac (Rf= 2.0) and propyphenazone (Rf= 1.6) are retarded, whereas significant degradation was not observed for both pharmaceuticals under the prevailing conditions in the soil column. We conclude that the concentration distribution of the pharmaceuticals at the bank filtration site at Lake Tegel is controlled by sorption, desorption, and input variation, rather than by degradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02730.x
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  • 99
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    Discussion of Papers (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02866.x
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  • 100
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    STANMOD: A Suite of Windows-Based Programs for Evaluating Solute Transport (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 42 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02615.x
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