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  • Synapses  (38)
  • Metabolism
  • Springer  (55)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (48)
  • 1965-1969  (7)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 97 (1974), S. 103-114 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Diatom ; Nitzchia alba ; Silicic Acid ; Transport ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. In the heterotrophic diatom, Nitzschia alba, 31Si(OH)4 appears to be transported by a carrier-mediated membrane transport system which conforms to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics with a K s of 4.5×10-6M and a V max of 3.35 gmmoles/g wet wt/min at 30°C. A Q10 of 2.0 was calculated from rates of silicic acid uptake at 20°C and 30°C. Calculations from the same data showed that energy of activation for uptake is 12.1 Kcal/mole. Optimum pH for transport is broad, ranging between 6 and 9. 2. During pulse-labelling with 31Si(OH)4, the label increases in the cytoplasm more rapidly than in the cell wall, indicating the build-up of a cytoplasmic pool of silicic acid or its derivatives, and suggesting a possible chemical transformation of silicic acid in the cytoplasm. The concentration of 31Si in the cytoplasm reaches 30 to 40 times the external concentration, but the accumulated 31Si does not flow out into a Si-free medium or exchange with non-radioative Si(OH)4. 3. The metabolic inhibitors DNP, CCCP, iodoacetamide, azide, and antimycin A strongly inhibit the uptake of silicic acid by 90–97%, whereas the ionophorous compounds, nigericin and valinomycin, have no effect. 4. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide inhibits silicic acid uptake by 50–70%. 5. Germanic acid, an inhibitor of diatom growth, inhibits silicic acid uptake; the K i is 2.2×10-6. 6. Sub-cellular fractionation of cells exposed to 31Si(OH)4 for 10 min showed that 90% of the label is in the cell wall; the remaining 10% is distributed in various cytoplasmic fractions including the “soluble fraction”. 7. The data demonstrate that metabolic energy is required for net uptake of silicic acid by N. alba cells, and suggest that an active transport system may be involved. The possible role and nature of the silicic acid pool are discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 101 (1974), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate ; Extracellular Polysaccharides ; Metabolism ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation and utilisation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and extracellular polysaccharide (ECPS) have been studied in Rhizobium NZP 2037 and it was found that PHB synthesis was slow during growth whereas ECPS formation was not affected. PHB synthesis only was dependent on the pH of the medium. PHB and ECPS were both used as carbon sources in the absence of other exogenous carbon. ECPS when given to starved cells as sole carbon source in the absence of nitrogen was used for PHB synthesis by the organism. In the presence of nitrogen ECPS was found to support growth. The extracellular breakdown of ECPS was demonstrated and was accompanied by the release of its constituent glucose. This was favoured by low pH.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Locus coeruleus ; Tegmentum ; Mesencephalon ; Adrenergic centers ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The locus coeruleus of cat is populated by two types of neurons: medium sized ones, with plump cell bodies and relatively short dendrites; and small ones, with triangular bodies and relatively long dendrites. The former type is regarded here as typical of the centre, whereas the second type could simply represent displaced neurons from the adjacent griseum centrale. Electron microscopy failed to reveal any outstanding richness in pigment granules in kittens up to five weeks old. Very characteristic somatic appendages were found, mostly in the medium sized neurons. These somatic “spines” communicate with the perikaryon by means of a narrow neck region. A complex, multilayered, glial sheath surrounds the cells. This glial sheath is pierced by the somatic appendages, which are not surrounded by glia and make contact with axonal knobs. Typical dendritic spines appear to be absent. Axodendritic synapses are made on medium sized dendritic trunks. By and large, most of the synaptic vesicles present in the centre are of the small, clear-centered type. However, dense core vesicles extremely variegated in size and appearance were found, both in presynaptic and postsynaptic profiles. The possibility that dense core vesicles should be regarded as atypical lysosomes rich in by-products of the metabolism of catecholamines (melanine) has been considered.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sense organ ; Lateral line ; Synapses ; Ambystoma mexicanum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lateral line organs in young salamanders of the species Ambystoma mexicanum were investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were found to differ from the lateral line organs in adult animals (1) by being lower, having short hair cells and supporting cells, (2) by the hair cells having areas of lateral contact, (3) by the occasional presence, at the edge of the organ, of hair cells at an early developmental stage. Two types of nerve endings are seen: (1) afferent, and (2) less commonly, efferent vesiculated ones. Synaptic bodies have been seen in the cytoplasm without association to afferent synapses.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Embryo (Xenopus laevis) ; Spinal cord ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation found in vertebrate embryos has been utilized to examine the sequence of synaptic junction development in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis at a late embryonic stage. Uniform samples were taken at various points along the cord of a stage 27 embryo and examined in the electron microscope. The general ultrastructure of the cord demonstrated the rostro-caudal gradient of development. The sequence of synaptic junction development was like that in the cervical region (Hayes and Roberts, 1973). “Membrane-vesicle clusters” and “immature” synaptic junctions were found most caudally followed by synaptic junctions, first with cleft and subsynaptic membrane density, then with only cleft density and finally, most rostrally, with cleft, subsynaptic membrane, and subsynaptic cytoplasmic density. Mature synaptic junctions were found in increasing numbers from the mid to anterior trunk cord and could mediate alternating trunk flexions made by the embryos at this stage of development. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were found near processes containing irregular vesicles and also near membrane outlines. These may be signs of dendritic growth. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were also found in varicosities, facing the space around the spinal cord and in nerve fibres peripherally between the skin and myotomes. This suggests an association of early stages in synaptogenesis with axon growth. This and other possible inferences about axon and dendrite growth in relation to synaptogenesis are discussed.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Americium ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Skeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La rétention du47Ca et du241Am au niveau de 14 régions du squelette de rats adultes et en croissance a été déterminée 7 jours après injection. Ces diverses régions présentent des activités variables en ces éléments. Les os de rats jeunes présentent des concentrations significativement plus élevées en241Am, mais non en47Ca. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur la dosimétrie de contamination interne par241Am sont envisagées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 7 Tage nach Injektion wurde die47Ca- und die241Am-Retention in 14 Regionenen des Skelets von weiblichen, im Wachstum begriffenen sowie ausgewachsenen Ratten gemessen. Die verschiedenen Skeletteile zeigten sehr unterschiedliche Fähigkeiten, diese beiden Elemente anzureichern.241Am wurde in den Knochen der jüngeren Ratten signifikant besser angereichert als47Ca. Die aus diesen Resultaten zu ziehenden Folgerungen werden im Hinblick auf die Strahlungsdosimetrie bei interner Kontamination durch241Am erörtert.
    Notes: Abstract The retention of47Ca and241Am by 14 parts of the skeleton of growing and mature female rats 7 days after injection has been measured. The various parts of the skeleton possessed widely differing abilities to concentrate both these elements. The bones of the younger rats had a significantly greater ability to concentrate241Am but not47Ca. The implications of these results for the radiation dosimetry of internal contamination by241Am are discussed.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 197-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Metabolism ; Bone ; Thyroidectomy ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lapins blancs néo-zélandais adultes sont répartis selon les groupes suivants: 1) témoin, sans traitement; 2) administration intramusculaire de 5 mg/kg de poids d'acétate de cortisone (CA); 3) thyroidectomie totale avec administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 25 μg de thyroxine; 4) thyroidectomie totale avec traitement à l'acétate de cortisone et de thyroxine, selon 2 et 3. Après 21, 28 et 35 jours de traitement, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux sont étudiés histologiquement, radiographiquement et par détermination du poids par unité devolume. Le calcium total, l'hydroxyproline et la rapport hexosamine-collagène sont déterminés dans les côtes, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux. La calcémie et la phosphorémie ont également été déterminées. Les animaux traités à la cortisone, non opérés ou thyroidectomisés, présentent une diminution de la masse osseuse: la diminution de tous les paramètres étudiés est surtout nette dans le groupe 4. Ces animaux étant surtout déficients en calcitonine, on peut penser que la décroissance de la masse osseuse est en rapport avec une telle déficience. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la calcitonine endogène contribue au maintien de la masse osseuse au cours des stades précoces d'hyperactivité surrénalienne, vraisemblablement induite par une hyperactivité de compensation de la parathyroide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Erwachsene männliche weiße neuseeland-Kaninchen wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: 1) Kontrolle, keine Behandlung; 2) Cortison-Acetat (CA) 5 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag intramuskulär; 3) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit täglicher Ersatzgabe von 25 μg Thyroxin, i.m. wie bei Gruppe 2; 4) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit Thyroxingabe wie in Gruppe 3 und Ca-Gabe wie in Gruppe 2. Nach 21, 28 und 35 Behandlungstagen wurden die Femora und Wirbel histologisch, röntgenographisch und durch die Bestimmung des Gewichtes pro Volumeneinheit untersucht. Rippen, Femora und Wirbel wurden auf Gesamtcalcium, Hydroxyprolin und Hexosamin-Collagen-Verhältnis analysiert. Es wurden auch Serienbestimmungen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphor im Serum gemacht. Cortisonbehandelte Tiere, mit oder ohne Thyreoidea, zeigten alle eine verminderte Knochenmasse, aber die Verminderung war in allen Parametern signifikanter in Gruppe 4. Da diese Tiere bekanntlich genügend Thyroxin aber einen Calcitoninmangel hatten, kann die verminderte Knochenmasse in der Gruppe 4 wahrscheinlich mit einer Calcitonin-Insuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß endogenes CT zur Erhaltung der Knochenmasse in den Frühstadien der Nebennierenrinden-Hyperfunktion beiträgt, vermutlich indem es der Hyperaktivität der Parathyreoidea entgegenwirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following groups: 1) control, no treatment; 2) cortisone acetate (CA) 5 mg/kg body weight/day intramuscularly; 3) total thyroidectomy with daily replacement of 25 μg thyroxine given intramuscularly as in Group 2; 4) total thyroidectomy with thyroxine replacement as above and CA treatment as in Group 2. After 21, 28, and 35 days of treatment, the femora and vertebral bodies were examined histologically, roentgenographically, and by determination of mass per unit volume. Ribs, femora and vertebral bodies were analyzed for total calcium, hydroxyproline, and hexosaminecollagen ratio. Serial determinations of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were also made. Cortisone-treated animals, intact or thyroidectomized, had decreased bone mass, but by all parameters the decrease was more significant in Group 4. Since these animals were known to be euthyroid but calcitonin-deficient, the decreased bone mass observed in Group 4 may be correlated with CT insufficiency. These observations suggest that endogenous CT contributes to the maintenance of bone mass in the early stages of hyperadrenocorticism, possibly by offsetting hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Granule-containing cells ; Synapses ; Three-dimensional analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of 4 granule-containing cells, in a cluster within the rat superior cervical ganglion, was studied by a serial sampling technique for electron microscopy. The result shows that all the 4 cells receive one, or three afferent synaptic boutons from the preganglionic fibers impinging upon their somata, and a somatic efferent synapse exists at two locations on each soma of the 2 of these cells. The postsynaptic element of the efferent synapse is observed to be represented by non-vesiculated and vesiculated segments of dendrites, soma and a possible axon collateral of the adrenergic principal neuron of the ganglion. There is a remarkably constant development of the attachment plaque between the granule-containing cells themselves, representing 1.7–2.3% of surface area for each cell. The surface area exposed to the extracellular space (covered only by a basal lamina) varies from 0.1 to 2.3% of the total perikaryal surface of the 4 cells. A tendency is noted that those cells without efferent synapses possess a more extensive area exposed to extracellular space than those forming somatic efferent synapse to the postganglionic elements.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Intra-mesogleal nervous system ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence is given of the occurrence of nervous elements in the mesoglea of Ctenophores based on the presence of the typical synapses of this phylum. In Beroids, nervous fibers from the ectodermal nerve-net cross the epithelial basal membrane and run through the mesoglea; they are devoid of any ensheathing cell. These neurites build highly differentiated synapses upon the muscles and upon peculiar cells, tentatively named mesenchymal cells. In Cydippids, nerve fibers and nerve cell-bodies have been observed in the mesoglea of the tentacles. The mesogleal core of each tentacle contains mesenchymal cells and a thick strand of neurons and neurites, forming a kind of elongated ganglion. Neurites of either the axial neurones or the epithelial nerve-net neurones form numerous radial nerve strands across the tentacular muscles. Interneural, neuro-muscular and neuro-mesenchymal junctions are very frequent in the tentacle. As far as the organization of the mesoglea is concerned, the Ctenophora thus appear closer to Turbellaria than to Cnidaria.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 369-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Giant fibres ; Ventral nerve cord ; Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die proximalen Kollateralen der dorsalen Riesenfasern des Regenwurms wurden in Serienschnitten vom Soma bis zum Eintritt in die Riesenfaser verfolgt und im Hinblick auf ihre Feinstruktur und ihre synaptischen Kontakte Untersucht. Es finden sich sowohl chemische als auch elektrische Synapsen. Ihre Feinstruktur wird mit der bekannter Synapsen anderer Wirbellosen und Wirbeltiere verglichen. In beiden Riesenfasersystemen kommen efferente chemische Synapsen mit feinen postsynaptischen Verzweigungen vor, die anscheinend von Bauchmark-Motoneuronen stammen. Das Axon der medianen Riesenfaser weist darüber hinaus nur noch eine elektrische Synapse mit den Rieseninterneuronen auf. Demgegenüber erhalten die Kollateralen der lateralen Riesenfasern zahlreiche Afferenzen, die zum Teil als sensorische Fasern der Epidermis, multisegmentale Fasern der Hauptfaserzüge und Rieseninterneurone identifiziert werden konnten. Weitere Afferenzen stammen vermutlich von unisegmentalen Interneuronen her. Beide lateralen Riesenzellaxone bilden außerdem miteinander eine elektrische Chiasma-Synapse mit besonderen Membraneinfaltungen.
    Notes: Summary The proximal collaterals of the dorsal giant fibres of the earthworm were traced through serial sections from the cell bodies to the giant axons. Their structure and synaptic connections were examined. There are chemical as well as electrical synapses. Their fine structure is compared to that of other known invertebrate and vertebrate synapses. Both giant fibre systems have efferent chemical connections with thin postsynaptic arborizations which probably belong to ventral cord motoneurons. Moreover the median giant axon is connected by an electrical synapse with the giant interneurons. The lateral giant collaterals on the contrary receive many afferences through chemical synapses which were partly identified as sensory fibers from the epidermis, multisegmental axons from the main fibre bundles or giant interneurones. Other afferences probably come from unisegmental interneurones. In addition both lateral giant axons form an electrical chiasma synapse with special membrane folds.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 301-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cnidaria ; Nervous system ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nervous system of juvenile and adult Ceriantheopsis americanus has been examined with the electron microscope. The nervous system is exclusively ectodermal, forming a plexus of fibres lying between the epithelium and the muscle layer. The plexus consists of three types of nerve fibre that vary in diameter from 0.1 to 20 μ, and a fourth type of fibre of uncertain nature. The reticulum, previously thought to be the ectodermal nervous system, is redescribed as the peduncles of epithelial supporting cells. Intraneural and neuromuscular synapses are described. About 97% of the interneural are polarized. The unpolarized synapses are a variety not previously described, consisting of a series of polarized zones, for which the name multipolarized synapse is proposed. Structurally, the interneural synapses are more complex than those previously seen in the Cnidaria. Presynaptic projections, periodic cleft densities, and a postsynaptic web are described. By contrast, the neuromuscular synapses bear no membrane specializations. On the basis of observed synaptic interactions of its components a preliminary model of the functional organization of the nervous system is proposed.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 223-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Nerve-net, Nervous concentration ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A subectodermal nerve-net is demonstrated in ten species of Ctenophores by means of either Methylene Blue vital staining or silver impregnation. There is no evidence of subendodermal nerve-net. The ectodermal nerve-net displays a characteristic polygonal pattern which is thought to result from morphogenetic events. Both bipolar and tripolar neurones occur. Three types of concentrations of nervous tissue are described: a) a high accumulation of nervous perikarya at the aboral sensory pole; b) a noticeable densification of the net along the eight meridional ciliary strands of every species, and around the lips of Beroidea; c) in the Cydippids Pleurobrachia and Hormiphora two thick strands of fibers and neurones interconnecting the aboral organ and the tentacles: the tentacular nerves. Ultrastructural evidence is given for the presence of nervous elements under and amidst ectodermal epithelial cells. Three features allow the recognition and characterization of neurites and neurones: a) numerous clear and/or granulated vesicles; b) microtubules in variable amounts; c) frequent and highly differentiated synaptic contacts. The very peculiar arrangement of the presynaptic elements is observed in all the species of Ctenophores so far studied. These synaptic contacts suggest chemical transmission in the nerve-net. On the basis of ultrastructural evidence the author refutes the nervous nature previously attributed to the ciliated cells of the meridional grooves. A parallel is drawn between nervous systems of Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart innervation (Turtle) ; Monomamine-containing cells ; Synapses ; Fluorescence and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fluorescence and electron microscopy of the turtle heart indicates the presence of monoamine-containing, granulated cells in the wall of venous sinus and near the openings of the aortic trunks. These cells occur in clusters and are always in association with nerve fibers and/or ganglion cells within the turtle heart. Vesiculated axon terminals make a synaptic contact with the cytolemma of the granulated cell which in turn makes a synapse to the processes from the other granulated cell and to the cardiac nerve fibers. The close contact occurs also between the granulated cell process and the smooth muscle cell membrane in the wall of large vessels. The granulated cell has no special relationship to the blood capillaries. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to nervous control of the cardiac activity of the turtle.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Development ; Chick embryo ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation and development of synaptic contacts between dissociated chick spinal cord neurons has been investigated. By the 6th day in vitro “immature” profiles with few vesicles were observed. By 14–18 days “mature” types with numerous vesicles were found, indistinguishable from those of newly hatched chick spinal cord. After this period degeneration occurred, and was especially marked in the post-synaptic element. Such degeneration could be postponed by the addition of small numbers of somatic muscle cells. The Kanaseki and Kadota (1969) technique was applied to the study of coated vesicles at various stages of synaptic development.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 80-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Cells ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le contenu moyen en calcium d'une population mixte de cellules osseuses viables, fraichement séparées de la matrice osseuse calcifiée, est de 194,5±7,3 mmoles/kg de poids sec chez le porc et 176,6±8,7 mmoles/kg chez le rat. Le calcium semble intracellulaire. La majorité (90% ou plus) sédimente avec des particules intracellulaires au cours de la centrifugation et le reste se situe dans le liquide cellulaire. Des études cinétiques à l'aide de45Ca indiquent un passage rapide du calcium, en rapport avec la température, à la fois dans les réserves solubles et les particules de calcium d'homogénats de cellules osseuses. Ils indiquent aussi un échange direct entre la phase liquide et les particules, d'une part, et le milieu extracellulaire, d'autre part. Ces échanges se font à une vitesse différente et, probablement, selon des mécanismes différents, la portion comportant les particules étant la plus rapide. Les résultats indiquent que ces dernières pourraient correspondre aux petites granules denses identifiées récemment en microscopie électronique et l'acquisition, le stockage et la libération de calcium de ces compartiments pourraient être importants pour le métabolisme squelettique du calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der mittlere Calciumgehalt einer gemischten Population von lebensfähigen, frisch aus der verkalkten Matrix gewonnenen Knochenzellen betrug beim schwein 194,5±7,3 mmol/kg Naßgewicht und bei der Ratte 176,6±8,7 mmol/kg. Das Calcium scheint intracellulär zu liegen, wobei der größte Teil (90% oder mehr) in einem Zentrifugalfeld leicht mit intracellulären Partikeln sedimentiert, während die Zellflüssigkeit im Gleichgewicht bleibt. Kinetische Studien mittels45Ca zeigen einen raschen, temperaturabhängigen Umbau von Calcium sowohl im löslichen als auch im unlöslichen Calcium-Pool von Knochenzellhomogenaten, ferner einen direkten Austausch zwischen jedem Pool und dem extracellulären Medium, wobei jeder mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten und wahrscheinlich durch verschiedene Mechanismen abläuft, wobei der unlösliche Pool der raschere ist. Diese Resultate lassen vermuten, daß der unlösliche Pool den kleinen dichten Granula entsprechen könnte, welche kürzlich durch Elektronnmikroskopie in Knochenzellen identifiziert wurden, und daß die Aufnahme, Lagerung und Abgabe des Calciums aus diesen Speichern für den Skelet-Calcium-Metabolismus wichtig sein könnte.
    Notes: Abstract The mean calcium content of a mixed population of viable bone cells freshly separated from the calcified bone matrix has been found to be 194.5±7.3 mmoles/kg wet weight in pigs and 176.6±8.7mmoles/kg in rats. The calcium appears to be intracellular, the major portion (90% or more) sedimenting readily with intracellular particles in a centrifugal field and the balance being largely in the cell sap. Kinetic studies using45Ca indicate rapid temperature-dependent turnover of the calcium in both soluble and particulate calcium pools of bone cell homogenates and a direct exchange between each pool and the extracellular medium, each occurring at a different rate and possibly by different mechanisms, the particulate pool being the more rapid. These data suggest that the particulate pool may correspond to the small dense granules recently identified in bone cells by electron microscopy and that the uptake, storage and release of calcium from these stores may be important in skeletal calcium metabolism.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 240-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Brain ; Corpora pedunculata ; α-lobe ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Organisation der α-Loben der Pilzkörper im Gehirn von Acheta domesticus L. wird nach licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden beschrieben. Der säulenartige Faserkomplex des α-Lobus besteht aus Fortsätzen von Pilzkörperzellfasern (intrinsischen Fasern, IF) und pilzkörperfremden Fasern (extrinsischen Fasern, EF), die in den Lobus eindringen. Die feinen IF durchziehen den Lobus hauptsächlich parallel zu seiner Längsachse, während die EF zumeist senkrecht zur Längsachse angeordnet sind. Der Lobus erscheint von seiner Peripherie bis zu seinem Zentrum durch IF-Zonen gegliedert. Die Verteilung der EF weist auf eine zusätzliche Ordnung von der Basis zur Spitze des Lobus hin. Zahlreiche polarisierte Synapsen verbinden IF mit EF. Die IF zeigen Vesikelanhäufungen und präsynaptische Apparate besonders in Erweiterungen, die auch in Golgi-Präparaten lichtmikroskopisch zu sehen sind. Es werden zwei EF-Typen unterschieden: 1. Postsynaptische EF (zahlreich) und 2. EF mit prä- und postsynaptischen Kontakten, die nur in einigen Regionen des α-Lobus gefunden wurden. Präsynaptische IF konvergieren auf „dendritische“ EF, die Verbindungen mit anderen Teilen des Hirns und des Nervensystems herstellen. Funktionelle Gesichtspunkte werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The organization of the α-lobes of the corpora pedunculata in the brain of the cricket Acheta domesticus L. has been investigated in the light and electron microscopes. The cylindrical fibre complex is composed of branches of “mushroom-body” fibres (intrinsic fibres) and extrinsic fibres, which penetrate the α-lobe. Intrinsic fibres (IF) run through the α-lobe in the same direction, but not strictly parallel to each other or to the axis of the α-lobe. Extrinsic fibres (EF) and their fine branches are often arranged perpendicular to the axis of the α-lobe. There is some evidence that different IF zones occur in the α-lobe when passing from its periphery to its centre. The distribution of EF may reflect a structural order when passing from the base of the lobe to its top. Numerous polarized synapses connect the IF with the EF. The IF show clusters of vesicles and presynaptic figures especially in their “blebs”, which can be seen in Golgi preparations for light microscopy. Two types of EF are distinguished on the basis of their synaptic junctions: (1) postsynaptic EF (abundant) and (2) EF with pre- and postsynaptic sites (perhaps restricted to some regions of the α-lobe). Presynaptic IF converge on EF, which may transfer excitation from the α-lobe to different parts of the brain and nervous system.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Crustacea ; Abdominal Ganglia ; Lateral glant fibers ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The abdominal ganglia of the crayfish Astacus pallipes contain numerous vertebrate-like synapses which are characterized by presynaptic vesicles, darkened pre- and post-synaptic membranes, cleft material, and post-synaptic “fuzz”. Such synapses occur throughout the ganglia but are most easily found dorsally, where the neuropile is relatively coarse. The neuropile is far from homogeneous. Regional variations in fiber size, in degree of profile tortuosity, and in kind, magnitude, and distribution of vesicular content result in conspicuous textural variations. The structural polarity of synapses between the lateral giant fibers and other neurons is consistent with known physiological polarity and, hence, validates our criteria for recognition of synapses within the ganglion.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic junctions in intact rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining. In the presynaptic ending the network has a hexagonal arrangement, while the dense projections are regularly placed along the presynaptic membrane. Cleft densities occupy the intracleft region. The postsynaptic thickening extends uninterrupted along the length of the junction. Qualitatively, the majority of junctions fall into the ‘discontinuous-continuous’ category, in which the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane together with its associated dense projections is discontinuous along the length of the junction, whereas the postsynaptic thickening is continuous. By contrast, a small number of junctions are ‘continuous-continuous’. In an attempt to analyze the junctions quantitatively, nine indices were measured. Histograms of the size distributions of seven of these appear to be bimodal, and from this it is concluded that two junction populations may be distinguishable on quantitative grounds. It is also shown that the distance separating dense projections at the presynaptic membrane is of the order of 10–15 nm. This surprisingly low value has consequences for current ideas on the relationship between synaptic vesicles and dense projections, and these are discussed at length.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 432-447 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Working with glutaraldehyde fixed, PTA stained rat cerebral cortex, the authors compared the ultrastructural features of synaptosomes with those of intact synaptic junctions. In general there is close correspondence between the two, although the cleft densities and postsynaptic focal densities of synaptosomes show a greater degree of focalization than their counterparts in synaptic junctions. The dense projections have similar profiles in both preparations, but are more difficult to distinguish clearly in synaptosomes on account of the closer packing of the presynaptic network around their apices. The limiting membrane of the presynaptic terminal is usually visible in synaptosomes, but not in synaptic junctions. Comparing the preparations quantitatively reinforces the qualitative findings, and points to their overall similarity. However a number of the indices in synaptosomes are significantly smaller than the corresponding ones in synaptic junctions, and this points to the operation of a shrinkage factor during fractionation procedures. This is confined to the pre- and post-synaptic components and does not affect the intervening contact region. Histograms of the size distributions of the indices are similar to those obtained for intact synaptic junctions, the majority displaying two peaks. It is concluded that synaptosomes accurately reproduce the major ultrastructural features of synaptic junctions.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean ; Muscle ; Nerve ; Blood vessel ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to study the innervation and vascular supply of crayfish skeletal muscle. Blood vessels and nerve terminals identified by TEM were often closely associated. Synaptic regions of the nerve terminals were always located under sarcolemma and contained both dense-cored and agranular synaptic vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses of several different types were observed. Blood vessels consisted of several “vessel cells” or “supporting cells” enclosing a lumen, which was connected to the exterior by fine channels between the “supporting cells”. SEM of whole freeze-dried muscles revealed two types of ramifying structure, which often ran in parallel over the muscle surface. One, identified as nerve, was more cylindrical and had a smoother surface than the other, which was identified as blood vessel. Fine nerve branches disappeared under the sarcolemma, probably near synaptic regions, but synapses could not be seen. Blood vessels also had fine terminations which merged into the sarcolemma.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 362-377 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lorenzinian ampullae ; Polyodon spathula ; Sensory epithelium ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic observations on the ampullary organs of Polyodon spathula (Chondrostei, Osteichthyes) reveal a sensory epithelium similar to that found in the Lorenzinian ampulla, an electroreceptor found in marine Elasmobranchs. The sensory cells have a very small luminal part provided with a cilium. They are innervated by many nerve endings. Each nerve fibre apparently makes synaptic contact with several sensory cells. The synaptic structure in the sensory cell is composed of a flat sheet, the outermost part of which is surrounded by 3 or 4 annuli of densely staining material. The sheet extends into a protrusion of the sensory cell, and there is a corresponding invagination in the nerve terminal. The conclusion that these organs are electroreceptors, is supported by the finding that the fish responds to the introduction of an iron tube in the aquarium, whereas a wooden rod introduced in the same way causes no response.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 481-488 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limulus heart ; Neurogenic heart ; Neuromuscular junctions ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of the neuromuscular junctions were studied in the neurogenic heart of Limulus polyphemus. Several types were encountered. The first type consisted of nerve terminals which synapsed along the borders of the myocardial fibers, embedded just under the sarcolemma. A second type of terminal was ensheathed in glial cells, synapsing on the outer sarcolemmal membrane. The third, and most prevalent type of junction consisted of terminals which synapsed with arms of granular sarcoplasm, remote from the fibrillar portion of the muscle fibers. Junctional complexes of the third type were often observed near intercalated discs and were often formed by several axons synapsing with arms of sarcoplasm from several muscle fibers. The results are discussed in relation to the previously reported electrophysiological characteristics of the neuromuscular junctions.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teleost brain (Brachydanio rerio) ; Metabolism ; Autoradiographic investigation ; Motor stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 125 Zebrafischen (Brachydanio rerio) wurde der Einbau von RNS-, Protein-, Polysaccharid und Lipoid-Tracern unter Normalbedingungen, sowie der Einbau von 3H-Uridin und 3H-Histidin in Abhängigkeit von einer adäquaten Motilitätsstimulation im Tectum opticum, in den Valvulae cerebelli und im Cerebellum autoradiographisch untersucht. 1. 3H-Uridin, 3H-Histidin und 3H-Palmitinsäure werden im ZNS besonders stark in die entsprechenden makromolekularen Verbindungen des Tectum opticum eingebaut, während das Cerebellum und die Valvulae einen geringeren Tracer-Einbau aufweisen. 2. 3H-Glucose wird dagegen vornehmlich in das Cerebellum inkorporiert. 3. Während die 3H-Uridin-markierte RNS nach ihrer Synthese vornehmlich im Perikaryenbereich des Nervengewebes verbleibt, werden mit 3H-Histidin-markierte Proteine proximo-distal mit dem axonalen Transport transloziert. Die Lipoid-Synthese erfolgt im Nervengewebe ubiquitär, Polysaccharide werden vornehmlich in den Nervenfaser-Endformationen gespeichert. 4. Nach einer schwachen motorischen Belastung werden 3H-Uridin und 3H-Histidin mit regionsspezifischen Unterschieden verstärkt in die drei untersuchten Strukturen des ZNS eingebaut; nach einer starken motorischen Stimulation findet hingegen ein verminderter Tracer-Einbau in das Tectum opticum und die Valvulae statt, während das Cerebellum eine weitgehend konstant bleibende Tracer-Inkorporation aufweist. 5. Motorisch inaktivierte Tiere zeigen sowohl nach kurzen als auch längeren Versuchszeiten eine signifikant verminderte Tracer-Inkorporation.
    Notes: Summary The incorporation of 3H-uridine, 3H-histidine, 3H-glucose, and 3H-palmitic acid into RNA, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids of the optic tectum, the valvulae cerebelli and the cerebellum of 125 zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) was investigated autoradiographically after incorporation periods of 11 min to 16 days under normal conditions. Additionally, the incorporation of 3H-uridine and 3H-histidine was investigated following different motor stimulations. 1. 3H-uridine, 3H-histidine, and 3H-palmitic acid are strongly incorporated into the corresponding macromolecular compounds of the optic tectum, whereas the cerebellum and the valvulae cerebelli show significantly decreased tracer incorporation. 2. 3H-glucose, on the other hand, is especially incorporated into the cerebellum. 3. While 3H-uridine-labelled RNA after its neosynthesis mostly remains within the region of the perikarya, 3H-histidine-labelled proteins are translocated proximo-distally by axonal flow. While lipids are synthesized ubiquitously in the nervous tissue, polysaccharides are mostly stored in the nerve fibre endings. 4. Following a weak motor stimulation, 3H-uridine and 3H-histidine are increasingly incorporated into the three CNS-structures investigated; following a strong motor stimulation, there is a decrease of tracer incorporation into the optic tectum and the valvulae cerebelli, whereas the cerebellum shows a constant incorporation. 5. Animals inhibited in their motility show a significantly decreased incorporation of RNA- and protein precursors.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 278-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anura ; Pineal organ ; Synapses ; Acetylcholinesterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Epiphyse von Bombina kommen durch „synaptic ribbons“ gekennzeichnete Synapsen und konventionelle Synapsen vor. Bei den „ribbon“-Synapsen handelt es sich um axodendritische und axosomatische Formen. Die axodendritischen „ribbon“-Synapsen lassen sich aufgrund der Zahl der Dendriten und der „synaptic ribbons“ in 2 Typen gliedern. Es kommen Dendriten vor, die nacheinander in „ribbon“-Synapsen und konventionelle Synapsen einbezogen sind. Neben konventionellen und durch „ribbons“ gekennzeichneten synaptischen Verbindungen finden sich weitere Kontakte zwischen Sinnes- und Nervenzellen und Interrezeptorkontakte, die jedoch beide nicht als echte Synapsen angesprochen werden können. Anhand der Befunde zur Synaptologie werden Probleme der neuronalen Schaltung der Epiphyse diskutiert. Beim Acetylcholinesterase-Nachweis findet sich das Reaktionsprodukt vor allem in den Neuropilzonen der Epiphyse. Eine eindeutige Zuordnung zu Fortsätzen bestimmter Zelltypen ist nicht möglich. Das Ergebnis des Acetylcholinesterase-Nachweises in der Epiphyse wird mit entsprechenden Befunden in anderen Bereichen des ZNS und in der Netzhaut verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Both conventional and ribbon synapses occur in the pineal organ of Bombina. Ribbon synapses are both axodendritic and axosomatic. Two axodendritic types can be distinguished on the basis of the number of dendrites and synaptic ribbons. Both conventional and ribbon synapses can be formed with the same dendrite. Other contacts, which cannot be classified as true synapses, are also found between sensory cells and nerve cells and likewise between sensory cells. The synaptology of the pineal organ permits a discussion of the problems of its neurocircuitry. Products of the acetylcholinesterase reaction occur mainly in the plexiform layer of the pineal organ. It is not possible to correlate the reaction products with definite cell types. The results of the acetylcholinesterase reaction in the pineal is compared with corresponding findings in other parts of the CNS and in the retina of the lateral eyes.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 299-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Lactation ; Strontium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de dépôt du calcium et l'ampleur du calcium total échangeable sont déterminés chez le rat entre le 12ème et 17ème jour de lactation, après une injection intrapéritonéale unique de47Ca et85Sr. L'activité spécifique du sérum et la rétention des deux isotopes radioactifs dans l'organisme entier et le tibia (diaphyse et épiphyses) sont déterminées. L'analyse des résultats est réalisée à l'aide du modèle cinétique de Bauer à un compartiment unique. C'est ainsi qu'on observe une diminution du taux de dépôt et une augmentation du calcium total échangeable pendant la lactation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit der Calciumzunahme und die Größe des austauschbaren Calciumpools wurde bei Ratten zwischen dem 12. und 17. Tag der Lactation nach einer einmaligen intraperitonealen Injektion von47Ca und85Sr bestimmt. Die spezifische Aktivität beider radioaktiven Isotopen im Serum und ihre Retention im ganzen Körper und in der Tibia (Schaft und Epiphysen) wurden bestimmt. Das kinetische Modell von Bauer für ein Kompartiment wurde für die Datenanalyse verwendet. Die Resultate zeigen eine Verminderung der Zunahmegeschwindigkeit und eine Erhöhung des austauschbaren Calciumpools bei laktierenden Tieren, verglichen mit unbegatteten Ratten.
    Notes: Abstract The calcium accretion rate and the size of the exchangeable calcium pool was determined in rats between the 12th and 17th day of lactation after a single intraperitoneal injection of47Ca and85Sr. The serum specific activity and the retention of both radioactive isotopes in the whole body and tibia (shaft and ends) was determined. The single compartment kinetic model by Bauer was used for the analysis of data. The results show a decrease in the accretion rate and an increase in the exchangeable calcium pool in lactating rats as compared to unmated animals.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 450-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk DNA ; Polychaetes ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exposure of the polychaeteOphryotrocha labronica to3H-thymidine during vitellogenesis leads to substantial incorporation of label in the ooplasm, especially in yolk granule DNA. In embryos from oocytes labelled in this way it was possible to follow the amount and localization of the labelled material (DNA) throughout early development by means of light microscopical and electron microscopical autoradiography; liquid scintillation measurements also were carried out. Within the embryonic cells the bulk of the labelled DNA was localized in the yolk granules and noticeable amounts were associated with minor structural elements, whereas mitochondria and lipid droplets were only slightly labelled. Nuclear labelling was weak. Early development was found to be characterized by rapid loss of labelled DNA, so that larvae, ready to leave the egg packs, retained only about 30% of the amount originally present. It was concluded that yolk granule DNA cannot be a store of precursor material for nuclear DNA synthesis, as has been suggested sometimes, but most likely represents an informative DNA which upon release from the yolk granules is rapidly metabolized. Possible roles for yolk granule DNA is discussed.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 494-500 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axon ; Synapses ; Astrocytes ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies and three-dimensional graphic reconstructions from serial sections have shown that the large axon terminals of synaptic glomeruli in the ventrobasal nucleus of the rat are invaginated by spine-like protrusions from the astrocyte processes surrounding the glomeruli (“micro-trophospongium”). The astrocytic protrusions are similar in dimensions and internal morphology to the synapse-bearing dendritic excrescences that also invaginate the large axon terminals. Consequently astrocytic protrusions may be overlooked, or confused with dendritic excrescences sectioned at a non-synaptic level. The intimate neuronal—neuroglial relationship at such large axon terminals may reflect ion-exchange or metabolic interactions between the astrocytes and the axon terminal.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 557-579 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Tissue Culture ; Synapses ; Retinal Rods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Netzhäute von 2–3 Tage alten Ratten wurden in Plasma auf Deckgläsern in Rollerröhrchen zur Kultur angesetzt. Nach 7–17 Tagen in vitro wurden die Kulturen mit Aldehyden und Osmiumsäure fixiert und für elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung weiterverarbeitet. Gewebsquerschnitte (senkrecht zum Deckglas) zeigten histotypische Organisation, besonders in den dickeren Abschnitten der Explantate. Die Schichtung der Zellen entwickelte sich ganz ähnlich derjenigen in der Retina in situ aus dem relativ primitiven ausgepflanzten Netzhautepithel, jedoch enthielten die verschiedenen Schichten weniger Zellen als in der Retina in vivo. Alle Hauptnervenzelltypen konnten auf Grund ihrer Lokalisation und ihrer cytologischen Merkmale unterschieden werden. Die Entstehung von membranösen Lamellen in den Außengliedern der Sinneszellen konnte als Einfaltung der Plasmamembran beobachtet werden. Synaptische Bandkomplexe in ausgereifter Form wurden in der äußeren plexiformen Schicht nachgewiesen, während konventionelle Synapsen in der inneren plexiformen Schicht häufig angetroffen wurden. Synaptische Bänder waren ebenfalls in den Axonen bipolarer Zellen in der inneren plexiformen Schicht nachweisbar. Amakrine und Ganglienzellen waren in diesen Regionen ziemlich selten vertreten. Da die Untersuchung von nicht kultivierten Netzhäuten drei Tage alter Tiere keinerlei Synapsen zeigte, wird geschlossen, daß die Synapsen in den Kulturen in vitro entstanden sein müssen. Die Netzhaut stellt ein günstiges Modell für die Synaptogenese in vitro dar, indem sie verschiedene Vorzüge vor Explantaten aus anderen Regionen des Zentralnervensystems aufweist, nämlich eine klare Schichtung, zahlreiche identifizierbare Zellfortsätze mit charakteristischen synaptischen Beziehungen und eine wohl definierte Folge von Entwicklungsvorgängen.
    Notes: Summary Retinae from two- and three-day-old rats were explanted in plasma clots and grown in vitro with the flying coverslip method. After seven to seventeen days in culture, the retinal tissue was fixed with aldehydes and osmium tetroxide and embedded for examination with the electron microscope. Study of cross sections (perpendicular to the coverslip) revealed a histotypic pattern of organization, especially in the thicker regions of the explants. Layering of cells quite similar to that in the intact retina was seen to develop from the relatively primitive, explanted retinal epithelium. However, each layer contained fewer cells than its counterpart in vivo. All major neuronal cell types were distinguished by their location and cytological characteristics. Development of the saccules of sensory cell outer segments was observed to occur in vitro by an infolding of the plasma membrane. Synaptic ribbon complexes developed to the mature form in the outer plexiform layers, while conventional synapses were numerous in the inner plexiform layers. Synaptic ribbons were also seen in bipolar cell axons in the inner plexiform layers. Amacrine and ganglion cells in these regions were relatively sparse. A survey of posterior regions of noncultured three-day-old rat retinae showed no synapses of any sort; therefore the synapses in the cultures formed in vitro. The retina is recommended for studies of synaptogenesis in tissue culture, for it offers several advantages over expiants from other areas of the neuraxis, including a clear layering pattern, many identifiable cell processes with characteristic synaptic relationships between them, and a well-defined sequence of developmental events.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 532-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomera coronaria ; Cat ; Chemoreceptor cell ; Blood supply ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gefäße der zwischen Aorta ascendens und Truncus pulmonalis, an der Vorder- und Hinterwand des Truncus pulmonalis gelegenen Glomera, sowie das sogenannte „Glomus pulmonale“ der Katze lassen sich von den Coronararterien aus durch Tusche-Gelatine-Lösungen füllen. Die erwähnten Paraganglien sind als Chemoreceptorenfelder dem Coronarkreislauf angeschlossen und daher als Glomera coronaria zu bezeichnen. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ergaben eine morphologische Übereinstimmung mit dem Glomus caroticum. Vagusdurchtrennungen verursachen eine Degeneration der an den Glomuszellen gelegenen synaptischen Formationen sowie Veränderungen in Glomuszellen.
    Notes: Summary The vessels of the glomera that lie between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, on the anterior and posterior wall of the pulmonary trunk, as well as the so-called glomus pulmonale of the cat have been injected with gelatine-india ink mixture. The paraganglia mentioned above are associated with the coronary circulation as chemoreceptors and are designated as the glomera coronaria. The investigations demonstrate a morphologic similarity with the glomus caroticum. Section of the vagus causes a degeneration of the synaptic structures on the glomus cells as well as changes in the cells themselves.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 396-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Synapses ; Interneuron ; Transneuronal degeneration ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Two neuron types are distinguished by electron microscopy in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the monkey-a large cell (P cell) interpreted as a geniculostriate relay cell, and a small cell (I cell) interpreted as an inhibitory interneuron. The I cell, distinguished by its small size, infolded nucleus, small mitochondria, cilium and small granular bodies, forms about 10% of the total neuron population. It could not be determined whether this cell has an axon, but its dendrites, which contain aggregates of flattened vesicles, are thought to form a proportion of the “F processes”, profiles which are post-synaptic to the retinal (RLP) axons and presynaptic to the dendrites of the P cells. The small dark (RSD) axon terminals of unknown origin contact the dendrites of both cell types. After eye enucleation the P cells of the affected laminae of the LGN shrink and partially withdraw their dendrites from the neuropil. By 29 months' survival, they have only a narrow cytoplasmic rim around the nucleus. A necrotic process also occurs, affecting fine dendrites by 22 days and large profiles by 45 days, but it is not clear whether whole cells are destroyed by this process. At 45 days the I cells are commonly seen to form somatodendritic synapses. The appearance of these synapses is interpreted as the result of a withdrawal to the soma of the presynaptic dendrites. It is concluded that the I cells are probably inhibitory interneurons subject to excitation and presynaptic inhibition by the RLP and RSD axons, and a diagram is presented to demonstrate the possible significance of these connections for the transmission of information through the LGN.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 564-577 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axons ; Dendrites ; Microtubules ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Synapses
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of neural processes in the cerebellum, optic tectum, and cerebral hemisphere of the frog reveal a distinctive system of SER cisternae lying at intervals (commonly 1–2 μm apart) perpendicular to the long axis of axons and dendrites, interconnected by tubular, longitudinally orientated SER elements, and in direct continuity with the outer membrane of mitochondria. The transverse cisternae are fenestrated, with a single mierotubule (or rarely, two) passing through the centre of each 50–75 nm fenestration. Extensions of the SER-microtubule complex may be located parasynaptically in axon terminals and dendrites. The SER of dendritic spines also appears to be continuous with the fenestrated cisternae. Possible roles for the specialized SER (particularly of the parasynaptic extensions), such as calcium ion sequestration and ATP or monoamine oxidase transport, are discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Metabolism ; Heparin ; Thyroid ; Parathyroid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'héparine est administrée à de jeunes chats, des chats adultes entiers, des chats thyroidectomisés ou parathyroidectomisés et des chats thyroidectomisés et parathyroidectomisés. La calcémie s'est élevée chez tous les animaux pendant 2 ou plusieurs mois. Le fait que ce résultat soit obtenu chez des animaux privés ou en possession de leurs thyroides et parathyroides, indique que l'effet de mobilisation du calcium, induit par l'héparine est dû à une action directe.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Junge Katzen, intakte erwachsene Katzen und Katzen, bei welchen die Thyreoidea oder die Parathyreoidea oder beide Drüsen entfernt worden waren, erhielten Heparin. Während zwei oder mehr Monaten stiegen die Serumcalcium-Werte bei allen Tieren an. Da dieses Resultat bei Tieren ohne Thyreoidea und Parathyreoidea und bei Tieren, die die Drüsen noch hatten, beobachtet werden konnte, kann angenommen werden, daß die Calcium-mobilisierende Wirkung des Heparins eine direkte war.
    Notes: Abstract Heparin was administered to kittens, to intact cats, and to cats whose thyroids, or parathyroids, or both thyroids and parathyroids had been removed. Over 2 or more months, the serum calcium levels rose in all animals. This result, occurring both in the animals lacking thyroids and parathyroids and in those still having them, suggests that the calcium mobilizing effect of heparin was a direct one.
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 265-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de la PTH et de la CT sur l'excrétion d'hydroxyleproline et des électrolytes, le calcium et le phosphate plasmatique, l'équilibre calcique et l'excrétion du radiocalcium est étudié à l'aide de rats thyro-parathyroïdectomisés et déficients en vitamine D. Les résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus chez des animaux recevant de la vitamine D. Une augmentation de l'hydroxleproline urinaire, qui persiste plusieurs heures, est observée chez les animaux, déficients en vitamine D, environ 30 heures après thyro-parathyroïdectomie. Cette augmentation disparait après administration élevée de calcium. L'administration de la PTH et de la CT accroit même l'hydroxyleprolinurie chez les animaux soumis à la vitamin D, mais la CT provoque une diminution nette. Chez les animaux déficients en vitamine D, la PTH et la CT diminuent la calciurie, et augmentent l'équilibre calcique, déjà positif. Chez les animaux recevant la vit. D, la CT a des effets analogues, mais la PTH provoque une augmentation nette de l'excrétion calcique, ainsi qu'un équilibre calcique négatif. De jeunes ani maux, recevant du45Ca, alors qu'ils sont soumis à un régime pauvre en vit. D, sont examinés, trois semaines plus tard, en avitaminose D. Lorsque ces animaux sont thyro-parathyroïdectomisés et perfusés, de façon constante, en glucose et électrolytes, l'excrétion calcique est relativement constante et l'activité spécifique du calcium urinaire ne diminue que fort peu en 28 heures. Lorsqu'on administre de la PTH, l'excrétion, à la fois, du calcium total et radioactif diminue initialement en provoquant une décroissance nette de l'activité spécifique. L'activité spécifique décroit pendant les 3 premières heures d'administration d l'hormone, puis s'élève progressivement et devient plus élevée que la normale, au cours des 4 denières heures d'administration. Lorsque la CT est administrée simultanément, l'excrétion calcique totale s'abaisse et reste à des niveaux inférieurs à ceux des témoins pendant toute l'expérience. L'activité spécifique s'élève nettement pendant les 2 premières heures, puis s'abaisse rapidement à des niveaux inférieurs que ceux des témoins jusqu'à la fin de l'expérience.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von PTH und CT auf Hydroxyprolin- und Elektrolytausscheidung, auf Plasma-Calcium und-Phosphat, Calciumbilanz und die Ausscheidung von radioaktivem Calcium wurde in Vitamin D-defizienten, thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten untersucht. Die Resultate wurden mit denjenigen von Ratten verglichen, welche Vitamin D erhielten. Es wurde eine Zunahme von Hydroxyprolin im Urin D-defizienter Tiere festgestellt, welche etwa 30 Std nach der Thyroparathyreoidektomie auftrat und viele Stunden anhielt. Tiere mit Vitamin D zeigten keine solche Zunahme. Hohe Calciuminfusionen unterdrückten diese Zunahme. Bei D-defizienten Tieren wurde die Hydroxyprolinurie durch Infusion von PTH oder CT noch weiter erhöht. Bei mit Vitamin D gefütterten Tieren steigerte PTH die Hydroxyprolinurie, CT jedoch bewirkte eine signifikante Abnahme. Bei den D-defizienten Tieren bewirkten PTH und CT eine Abnahme der Calciumausscheidung im Urin und eine Zunahme der bereits positiven Calciumbilanz. Bei mit Vitamin D gefütterten Tieren hatte CT ähnliche Wirkungen, aber PTH bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme in der Calciumausscheidung und eine negative Calciumbilanz. Jungen Tieren wurde45Ca injiziert, während sie eine D-Mangel-Diät erhielten, und sie wurden 3 Wochen später — zu einer Zeit, da sie eine D-Defizienz entwickelt hatten — untersucht. Nachdem diese Tiere thyroparathyreoidektomiert worden waren und auf einer konstanten Glucose- und Elektrolyt-Perfusion gehalten wurden, blieb die Calciumausscheidung relativ konstant und die spezifische Aktivität des Urincalciums nahm während einer Periode von 28 Std nur wenig ab. Eine PTH-Gabe verminderte anfänglich die gesamte und die radioaktive Calciumausscheidung und führte zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der spezifischen Aktivität. Die spezifische Aktivität nahm während der ersten 3 Std der Hormoninfusion ab, dann nahm sie allmählich zu und wurde während der letzten 4 Std der Hormoninfusion größer als normal. Wurde CT zusammen mit PTH gegeben, so fiel die Gesamtcalciumausscheidung und blieb während der ganzen Untersuchungsperiode unter dem Kontrollwert. Die spezifische Aktivität stieg während der ersten 2 Std stark an, fiel dann rasch auf Werte unterhalb des Kontrollniveaus und verblieb während der restlichen Untersuchung auf diesen Werten.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of PTH and CT upon hydroxyproline and electrolyte excretion, plasma calcium and phosphate, calcium balance, and the excretion of radiocalcium was examined in vitamin D-deficient thyroparathyroidectomized rats. The results were compared to those obtained in D-fed animals. An increase in urinary hydroxyproline, which persisted for many hours, occurred in D-deficient animals approximately 30 h after thyroparathroidectomy, but was not seen in D-fed animals. It was suppressed by high calcium infusion. Infusion of PTH or CT increased the hydroxyprolinuria even further in D-deficient animls. PTH increased hydroxyprolinuria in D-fed animals, but CT caused a significant decrease. In the D-deficient animals both PTH and CT caused a decrease in urinary calcium excretion, and an increase of the already positive calcium balance. In D-fed animals CT had similar effects, but PTH caused a significant increase in calcium excretion and a negative calcium balance. Young animals injected with45Ca while on a D-deficient diet were studied 3 weeks later at a time when they had developed D-deficiency. When these animals were thyroparathyroidectomized and maintained on a constant glucose and electrolyte perfusion, the excretion of calcium was relatively constant and the specific activity of urnary calcium declined only slightly over a 28 h period. When PTH was given, both total and radioactive calcium excretion diminished initially, leading to a significant decrease in specific activity. The specific activity declined for the first 3 h of hormone infusion, then rose gradually and became greater than normal during the last 4 h of hormone infusion. When CT was given with PTH, total calcium excretion fell and remained below the control rate throughout the experiment. Specific activity rose markedly during the first 2 h, then fell rapidly to values below the control levels for the remainder of the experiment.
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 454-465 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neuron ; Synapses ; Myelin sheath ; Tissue culture
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In long-term organized cultures of newborn mouse cerebellum, granule cell neurons were studied with silver impregnation and electron microscopy. In silver impregnated cultures, small neurons are defined as granule cell neurons from their size, morphology and location. There are also occasional large nerve endings with the morphology typical of mossy fiber endings. In correlative electron micrographs, granule cell neurons revealed a faithful reproduction of characteristic structures seen in vivo. The fine structural details of cerebellar glomeruli and myelinated granule cell bodies developed in vitro were also described.
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 508-521 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Axo-axonal ; Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The relations between adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were studied in rat iris and rat heart with the electron microscope. Adrenergic terminals were identified by treating the animals with 5-hydroxydopamine, which produces dense-cored synaptic vesicles in adrenergic terminals in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium. The specificity of this observation was verified. It was found that adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often come in close contact with one another, the distance between the adjoining membranes being about 250 Å. At times, faint membrane thickenings could be observed in these places. The available pharmacological, physiological, and morphological evidence leaves little room for doubt that cholinergic terminal fibres can influence the adrenergic fibres. From mainly morphological evidence, it is also postulated that adrenergic terminals influence cholinergic ones.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 572-585 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Intraventricular cellular processes ; Ependyma ; Lateral ventricle ; Synapses
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ependym und subependymale Strukturen der Seitenventrikel von Katzen aus dem Bereich des Nucleus caudatus und des Corpus callosum wurden nach Perfusionsfixierung elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Dort findet sich eine Reihe von Neuritenanschnitten, deren kolbenförmige Auftreibungen leere Vesikel, “dense core granula” und Mitochondrien enthalten. Neben diesen neuronalen Elementen werden auch Zellfortsätze nichtneuronaler Natur im Ventrikellumen beobachtet, die Ependym- und intraventrikulären Zellen entstammen. An umschriebenen Stellen nehmen diese kolbig aufgetriebenen Fortsätze desmosomenartige Kontakte mit dem Ependym auf. An diesen Orten umgeben Mikrovilli die Fortsätze korbartig. Ob es sich bei diesen Kontakten um synapsenartige Strukturen handelt, oder um „Rezeptoren“ für unbekannte chemische Stoffe, wird diskutiert. Die Kontakte sind unabhängig von der Form der Ependymzellen und davon, ob diesen graue oder weiße Substanz unterliegt. Zwischen und in den Ependymzellen finden sich — bedingt durch den unterschiedlichen Gehalt an Zellorganellen — drei verschiedene Arten von Fortsätzen. Die Zahl der neuronalen Fortsätze in diesem Bereich ist sehr viel kleiner als im Ventrikellumen.
    Notes: Summary Ependyma and subependymal regions of the lateral ventricles of cats (area of Nucleus caudatus and Corpus callosum) were fixed by perfusion and investigated electronmicroscopically. Intraventricular axons showing a beaded shape with smaller and thicker parts were found. The varicosities contain empty vesicles, dense core granules and mitochondria. Beside those certainly neuronal elements there exist intraventricular cell processes originating from ependymal cells and free cells. The neuronal processes make desmosome-like contacts with the ependyma. These regions of contact are surrounded by basket-like arranged microvilli. It is discussed, whether the contacts function like synapses or as receptors for a substance, which is still unknown. Contacts do not depend on the shape of ependymal cells. They exist with the ependyma of Nucleus caudatus (grey substance) as well as with the ependyma of Corpus callosum (white substance). Because of the different contents of cell-organelles one can differentiate three different sorts of processes situated inter- or intracellularly in the ependyma. Neuronal processes within the lateral ventricles are more numerous than those found within the ependymal layer.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 179-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Rat cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Postnatal development
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    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes (nerve-ending particles) prepared from the cerebral cortex of rats, aged 2–21 days, were examined after fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, in order to study the development of the contact region between their pre- and postsynaptic components. Synaptosomes were present at all ages studied, although they increased in number and underwent morphological changes, e.g. a decrease in ribosomes and increase in synaptic vesicles, during development. The seventh postnatal day appeared to be a critical period for development, as many adult features were first observed at this time. The synaptic contact region was characterized by desmosome-like symmetrical thickenings until the fourth postnatal day, after which it became increasingly asymmetrical. The postsynaptic thickening, which had been undifferentiated until the seventh day, underwent a focalization of its material at this stage to form postsynaptic densities typical of the adult synapse. Cleft material was present at all ages, although for the first few days it was sparse and comparatively unorganized. An attempt has been made to distinguish between synaptosomes derived from axosomatic and axodendritic endings. The possible significance of the early desmosome-like thickenings is discussed, and the role of the cleft material and post-synaptic densities in the development of the synapse is analysed.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 540-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Rat ; Postnatal differentiation ; Morphology
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of layers I and II of the motor cerebral cortex of rat brain has been studied at birth, 4, 7 and 14 days postnatal and in the adult. Compared with the adult, neonatal rat motor cortex exhibited a large extracellular space which decreases with increasing age. At all stages studied the neurons were seen to contain the organelles usually found in adult neurons. Growth cones were present in decreasing numbers up to 14 days old. Synapses were detectable at birth and there was an obvious increase in their number throughout the postnatal development. At the earliest stages studied there was a lack of specialization characteristic of the adult. Many synapses were either avesicular or relatively so and lacked the high degree of modification of adult pre- and postsynaptic membranes. By 7 days after birth many synapses existed which in all morphological respects resembled those of the adult, and by 14 days, the majority were of the adult type. These findings, particularly with reference to the postnatal development of synapses, have been discussed in relation to the known electrophysiological findings.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 282-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Complex ; Nuclei vestibulares ; Lampetra planeri
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    Notes: Summary The vestibular fibres of ammocoetes of Lampetra planeri form a peculiar type of synaptic contact with the large nerve cells of the vestibular nuclei. In fact, a large expansion of the fibre is enveloped by the nerve cell cytoplasm, which makes a sort of spoon or actual channel by sealing its own plasma membrane with adhesion plaques around the fibre. In the whole area of juxtapposition between the fibre and the cell membranes, three different types of specialized contacts occur: desmosomoid junctions, which are the most numerous; zones having the characteristics of chemically active synapses on account of the presence of vesicles clustered on the presynaptic side; gap-junctions, where electrical transmission might occur. A puzzling feature is the presence of an enormous number of presynaptic vesicles located in the central part of the axoplasm of the fibre expansion.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 563-581 
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    Keywords: Insect ; Brain ; Deutocerebrum ; Synapses
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur des Glomerulineuropils im Antennenhügel (sensorisches Zentrum) der Wanderheuschrecke Locusta migratoria wird beschrieben. Die Glomeruli stellen ein kompliziertes Netzwerk von sensorischen Antennennervenfasern und interneuronalen hirneigenen Elementen dar. Die Nervenfasern sind in ihrer großen Mehrheit von klaren synaptischen Vesikeln gefüllt, die sich mit Zinkjodid-Osmiumsäure färben (Akert und Sandri, 1968). Zwei Synapsentypen treten auf, die sich vor allem durch die Form und Ausdehnung des Synapsenspaltes unterscheiden. Beide Typen zeigen eine morphologische Polarität. Paramembranöses synaptisches Material läßt sich besonders deutlich mit der Wismutjodid-Methode von Pfenninger et al. (1969) darstellen. Diese Methode, die den gleichen Effekt wie bei Wirbeltieren zeigt, scheint zur Beurteilung synaptischer Verhältnisse (Verteilung, Häufigkeit) besonders geeignet. Normalerweise sind über synaptische Kontakte drei aneinandergrenzende Nervenfasern miteinander verknüpft. Obwohl Degenerationsexperimente vorgenommen wurden, konnte die synaptische Verschaltung der verschiedenen Fasern nur teilweise geklärt werden. Sensorische Fasern sind mit interneuronalen Fortsätzen verbunden, die prä- und postsynaptische Zonen haben. Es gibt einige Hinweise, daß auch sensorische Fasern miteinander synaptisch verknüpft sind. Vesikelfreie postsynaptische Elemente sind sehr selten, während eine synaptische Verbindung über „axo-axonale“ Kontakte häufig vorkommt. Die Antennalglomeruli mit ihrer großen Anzahl von kleinen, mit synaptischen Vesikeln gefüllten Fasern sind deutlich anders organisiert als die Glomeruli im Pilzkörperkelch (vgl. Lamparter et al., 1969).
    Notes: Summary The fibre anatomy of the glomeruli neuropil of the antennal lobes (sensory centres) of Locusta migratoria has been analysed by electron microscopy. The glomeruli consist of interneuronal and sensory elements of the antennal nerve, forming a complicated mesh-work of fine fibres. The great majority of nervous fibres is filled with clear synaptic vesicles, which stain with zinc-iodide-osmic-acid (Akert and Sandri, 1968), Two types of synaptic junctions are found, differing especially in shape and size of their synaptic gap. Both types show a clear morphological polarity, so that the distinction of pre- and postsynaptic fibres is possible. Inter- and intracellular paramembraneous synaptic material can be demonstrated by the bismuth iodide impregnation of Pfenninger et al. (1969) This method, showing the same effect as in vertebrate nervous systems, seems to be very adequate for the identification of synaptic structures and synaptic distribution. Normally presynaptic structures are situated in angles of nerve fibres. Although degeneration experiments were made, the synaptic interaction of the various fibre types could only partially be explained. Sensory fibres interact with intemeurons, which show pre- and postsynaptic zones. They seem to be responsible for the integration of different glomeruli. There is some evidence that sensory fibres have synaptic connections, too. Postsynaptic profiles with several synaptic contacts and free of vesicles are very rare, whereas “axo-axonic” contacts are found quite often. These glomeruli with their great number of vesicle-filled profiles differ from corpora pedunculata calyx glomeruli (see Lamparter et al. 1969).
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 336-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Flies ; Intermediate retina (Lamina) ; Centrifugal fiber system ; Synapses
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    Notes: Summary By combining the Golgi and the electronmicroscope techniques it has been possible to identify accurately the system of centrifugal fibers which arborizes in the lamina of muscoid flies forming the so-called nervous bags. Each of them originates from a single fiber entering the lamina at the site in which the second order and the long visual fibers leave it. This single fiber represents the peripheral portion of a T-shaped trunk stemming from a small neuronal body located in the external region of the medulla. The central branch terminates within the first synaptic field of this visual center. After entering the lamina the centrifugal fiber ramifies profusely and its branches can be seen climbing and synapsing on the surface of the photoreceptor axon endings. The synaptic loci show characteristic synaptic ribbons located within the nervous bag fibers. This fact suggests that direction of conduction is from the medulla to the lamina. This study has also revealed that the intramedullar terminals of the centrifugal fibers establish intimate contacts with one of the two second order fiber endings.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Rat ; Synapses ; Postnatal ; Quantitation
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    Notes: Summary Quantitation of synapses at different postnatal ages has been undertaken in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In this study axial ratios of presynaptic bags, proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags and numbers of synapses per unit volume of cortex have been estimated. Observations on synaptic vesicle packing densities have also been made. Synaptic bags become increasingly spherical up to 7 days of age and become more elongated thereafter. The proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags increases rapidly up to 7 days of age and then at a decelerated rate up to maturity. The number of synapses per unit volume increases slowly over the first four days after which there is a rapid increase to 14 days, followed by a decelerated rate. The average presynaptic bag shows marked changes in volume with increasing age which indicate the probability of two stages of synaptic development. This two stage development is further reflected in the estimates on vesicle packing densities. The implications of the results are discussed in relationship to changes in functional activity of the cortex during postnatal development.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 195-208 
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    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Rat cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/PTA ; Synapses ; Postnatal development
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    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes derived from 2–21 days postnatal rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and block PTA staining, with the aim of investigating the maturation of the paramembranous densities at the contact region between the pre- and postsynaptic components. The internal coats of pre- and postsynaptic membranes first appear as undifferentiated plaque-like thickenings, which gradually develop into, or are replaced by, dense projections and postsynaptic focal densities respectively. Both sets of densities pass through an interconnected phase before starting to emerge as discrete entities at 5–7 days. The external coats of the pre- and postsynaptic membranes coalesce to form a plate-like structure which breaks down during development to form the cleft densities or transverse bars of the adult contact region. Although for the first few days of postnatal development only one type of synaptosome can be identified, from 5 days onwards two types corresponding to types A and B of adult life become recognizable. Increase in height of the dense projections has been correlated with increase in the number of synaptic vesicles per synaptosome during postnatal development, indicating that the synaptic vesicles may play a role in the formation and maturation of dense projections. The possible importance of other factors in this process is also discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 129-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteropneusts ; Nerve fibre ; Neurocord ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nerve fibre layer and the neurocord of the Enteropneusts Saccoglossus horsti, Harrimania kupfferi and Ptychodera flava have been examined with the electron microscope. The nerve fibres vary in diameter between 0.15 to 10 μm. The majority of the fibres are of the smaller diameters. The nerve fibre layer is intraepidermal, and is divided by processes running radially from the epithelial cells to the basement membrane that separates the nerve fibre layer from the muscle cells. The cells of origin of these nerve fibres are situated mainly in the innermost layers of the epidermal cells. The nerve fibre profiles contain numerous vesicles of very varied diameter and contents, together with larger granular inclusions that are also found in the nerve cell bodies. Morphologically recognisable synapses are rare, but the majority of fibres are in intimate contact with one another. Sometimes the mass of fibres is divided into bundles by the epithelial cell processes. The majority of giant fibres are situated near to the basement membrane of the neurocord. The giant fibres also have a varied content of vesicles as well as neurofilaments and neurotubules. The central canal in Ptychodera flava and the remnants of the central canal in Saccoglossus horsti are both lined by columnar cells that bear microvilli as well as cilia with the typical 9 + 2 pattern of tubules. Scattered amongst these cells are mucus secreting cells which open into the cavity of the canal.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 365-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Brain ; Corpora pedunculata ; Mushroom bodies ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Stiele der Corpora pedunculata im Gehirn von Acheta domesticus L. weisen eine Zonierung auf, die auf einer bestimmten Gruppierung von Globulizellfasertypen in der Stielsäule beruht. 2. Pilzkörperfremde Fasern durchziehen das Stielneuropil in allen Richtungen. Sie sind besonders klar zu erkennen, wenn sie senkrecht zu den Globulizellfasern verlaufen. 3. Sog. chemische Synapsen treten hauptsächlich in der Zone III, die den größten Teil des Stielvolumens einnimmt, und im basalen Stiel in der Zone IV auf. Außer synaptischen Vesikeln, die sich mit Zinkjodid-Osmiumsäure imprägnieren lassen, finden sich in den Pilzkörperfasern zahlreiche osmiophile Grana vom Typ der „dense core vesicles“. 4. Globulizellfasern sind mit pilzkörperfremden Fasern im Stiel synaptisch verknüpft. Sehr wahrscheinlich konvergieren im unteren Stielteil Globulizellfasern auf postsynaptische extrinsische Fortsätze. Wahrscheinlich haben auch Globulizellfasern untereinander synaptischen Kontakt. 5. Synaptische SpezialStrukturen (elektronendichte Auflagerungen, Massierungen von synaptischen Vesikeln) finden sich größtenteils in den anliegenden Winkeln von zwei benachbarten Axonen. Oftmals kann eine Entscheidung über die Polarisierung der Synapsen nicht getroffen werden. 6. Die verschiedenen Fasertypen und ihre Kontakte über Synapsen werden im Hinblick auf die Funktion der Corpora pedunculata diskutiert, die nach verbreiteter Ansicht assoziative Hirnzentren verkörpern.
    Notes: Summary 1. The stalk of the mushroom-bodies (Corpora pedunculata) of the cricket Acheta domesticus L. is composed of nerve fibers from different types of globuli cells. These fibers are arranged into four groups. 2. Extrinsic nerve fibers run through the pedunculus neuropil in different directions. 3. Synapses occur primarily in stalk zone III and in basic stalk parts of zone IV. Intrinsic nerve fibers of globuli cells contain synaptic vesicles, which stain with ZIO-impregnation (Akert and Sandri, 1968), and dense core vesicles. 4. Intrinsic and extrinsic nerve fibers make synaptic contacts. There is some evidence, that globuli cell fibers interact by chemical synapses too. 5. Special synaptic structures such as electron dense projections and accumulations of vesicles are situated predominantly in the angles of two neighbouring axons. The question of synaptic polarization can not always be resolved. 6. The different fiber types and their synaptic contacts are discussed with respect to the function of the corpora pedunculata. The results support the general view, that mushroom bodies represent an important brain center for association.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 48-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Glutaraldehyde/PTA ; Synapses ; Octopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Octopus synaptosomes have been examined after glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining of non-osmicated tissue. The results concentrate on the appearance of the contact region between the presynaptic component of synaptosomes and their postsynaptic processes. Membranes have a triple-layered appearance, consisting of an electronopaque internal coat, an electrontranslucent band and an electronopaque external coat. Good examples of this are found in synaptosomal, dendritic and axonal membranes. At specialized synaptic contact regions the external coats of the pre- and postsynaptic membranes coalesce to form a prominent synaptic plate, which has a width of 18 nm and is subdivided into zones of varying electronopacity. It is suggested that this plate is formed from the specialized external coat of the postsynaptic membrane and the unspecialized external coat of the presynaptic membrane. Presynaptic spicules extend from the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane. They are closely associated with elements of the presynaptic network. It is suggested that the synaptic plate is probably composed of mucopolysaccharides, while the relation of the plate to acetylcholinesterase is discussed. It is proposed that functional localization at the synapse is less precise in octopus than vertebrates.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 276-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Passer domesticus ; Synapses ; Nervous pathway ; Sympathetic innervation ; Photo-neuro-endocrine organ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Parenchym der Epiphysis cerebri von Passer domesticus kommen Nervenzellen vor. Ihre Neuriten ziehen im langgestreckten Epiphysenstiel zur Commissura habenularum. Im proximalen Endabschnitt des Epiphysenstiels wird ein Teil dieser Fasern myelinisiert. Zwischen die Nervenfasern schieben sich zahlreiche Pinealocytenausläufer; synaptische Bänder helfen die letzteren eindeutig zu identifizieren. Im Bereich der synaptischen Bänder liegen: 1. 300 Å Vesikel, 2. 300 Å Vesikel und 800–1200 Å Granula, 3. nur 800–1200 Å große granulierte Vesikel. Die Tatsache, daß in Pinealocytenausläufern nebeneinander synaptische Bänder und Granula vorkommen, und daß apikal in zilientragenden Zellen ebenfalls Granula nachweisbar sind, spricht dafür, daß bei Passer domesticus ein Pinealzelltyp sensorische und sekretorische Strukturmerkmale besitzen kann. Außerdem werden Kontaktsynapsen beobachtet; ihre praesynaptischen Fasern enthalten die gleichen Strukturelemente wie die Fasern mit synaptischen Bändern. Die Zahl der Mikrofibrillen und Mikrotubuli variiert in den Pinealocytenausläufern, in den postsynaptischen Dendriten und in den Neuriten so stark, daß es mitunter schwierig ist, diese Fortsatztypen einwandfrei zu unterscheiden und die Zahl der zum Gehirn ziehenden Neuriten exakt zu ermitteln. Efferente sympathische Nervenfasern dringen in die Bindegewebssepten der Epiphyse ein. Sie enthalten Granula mit einem Durchmesser von 300–500 Å und 800–1200 Å. Nach Injektion von Nialamid zeigen beide Granulatypen einen elektronendichten Kern. Mikrospektrographisch ist Serotonin und Noradrenalin in diesen Nervenfasern nachweisbar. Das Material dieser Studie enthält keinen fluoreszenzmikroskopischen oder elektronenmikroskopischen Hinweis darauf, daß die sympathischen Nervenfasern durch die Basalmembran in den Zellverband des Epiphysenparenchyms eintreten. Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild haben manche Pinealocytenausläufer eine Ähnlichkeit mit autonomen Nervenfasern. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Vogelepiphyse als photo-neuro-endokrines Organ wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of Passer domesticus contains nerve cells within its parenchyma. Axons of the nerve cells run within the elongated stalk of the pineal organ to the habenular commissure. At the proximal end of the stalk, some axons become myelinated. In the stalk, the axons intermingle with pinealocyte processes containing synaptic ribbons. The synaptic ribbons are in contact with (1) vesicles with a diameter of 300 Å; (2) 300 Å diameter vesicles and 800–1,200 Å diameter dense-core granules; or (3) the dense-core granules only. Dense-core granules are also present in pinealocytes with 9+0 type cilia. These results suggest that sensory and secretory structures are present in the same pineal cell type. Furthermore, “conventional” synapses are present between receptor and nerve cells: The presynaptic fibers have the same structure as the fibers containing synaptic ribbons. The numbers of microfibrils and microtubules vary among postsynaptic fibers (dendrites), the pinealocyte processes, and the neurites. Thus it is difficult to obtain an exact count of the number of axons running to the brain. Efferent sympathetic nerve fibers enter the pineal organ associated with the connective tissue surrounding blood vessels. The fibers show granules of 300–500 Å diameter or 800–1,200 Å diameter. After nialamide injection, both types of granules contain a dense core. Microspectrographically serotonin and noradrenaline are demonstrated in the sympathetic nerve fibers. There is no evidence found in the material of this study to suggest that sympathetic nerve fibers perforate the basement membrane and enter the parenchymal cell complexes of the pineal organ. Pinealocyte processes and sympathetic nerve fibers often show a very similar ultrastructural pattern. The role of the avian pineal organ in photo-neuro-endocrine regulation is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 94-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid ; Base equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Bone ; Resorption ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration chronique de chlorure d ammonium à des rats adultes normaux, soumis à un régime contenant un taux approprié de vitamine D, provoque une ostéoporose. Celle-ci est provoquée par une perte de substance d'os et de minéral osseux, associée à l'augmentation de la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Chronische Verabreichung von Ammoniumchlorid an normale ausgewachsene männliche Ratten, die eine entsprechende Vitamin-D-haltige Diät erhalten, verursacht die Entwicklung einer Osteoporose. Die Osteoporose entsteht auf Grund eines Verlustes von Knochensubstanz und Knochenmineral, in Begleitung einer erhöhten Knochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract Excessive administration of ammonium chloride to normal adult male rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin D caused the development of osteoporosis. The osteoporosis was due to loss of bone substance and bone mineral associated with increased bone resorption.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 188-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serum ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Calcitonin ; Thyroidectomy ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après ablation des glandes thyroïdes de chiens, sans lèser les glandes parathyroïdiennes supérieurs, les taux en calcium et phosphate sériques et la gravité spécifique sont comparées avec des valeurs d'un groupe de chiens, chez lesquels une intervention simulée est réalisée. Immédiatement après thyroïdectomie, le taux de phosphate est plus élevé que le taux de calcium. Ce taux de phosphate se maintient plus longtemps à un niveau élevé que le taux de calcium, après thyroïdectomie. Le rapport entre l'augmentation du phosphate et le taux initial de phosphate sérique chez chaque animal indique des variations normales de la calcitonine d'un animal à l'autre.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Hunden wurde die Thyreoidea entfernt, ohne die Parathyreoidea zu verletzen. Der Gehalt des Serums an Calcium und Phosphat sowie sein spezifisches Gewicht wurden mit den Werten verglichen, welche nach einer Scheinoperation bei einer Kontrollgruppe von Hunden bestimmt wurden. Unmittelbar nach der Thyreoidektomie war der Phosphatspiegel höher als jener des Calciums. Der Phosphatspiegel blieb nach der Thyreoidektomie länger hoch als der Calciumspiegel. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem Phosphatanstieg und dem Ausgangswert des Serumphosphates bei jedem Tier wies auf normale Variationen der Calcitonin-Konzentration bei verschiedenen Tieren hin.
    Notes: Abstract The thyroid glands were removed from dogs without interfering with the superior parathyroid glands. Levels of serum calcium, phosphate, and specific gravity were measured subsequently for 24 hours, and these values were compared with values obtained from a control group of dogs in which a mock operation was done. Immediately after thyroidectomy, the level of phosphate was greater than the calcium level. The phosphate level remained high longer after thyroidectomy than did the calcium level. The relationship between the increase in phosphate level and the initial serum phosphate value in each animal indicated normal variations in calcitonin levels in different animals.
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Action ; Therapeutics
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    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 598-606 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Spinal cord ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic profiles have been identified in the outgrowth from chick embryo spinal cord maintained in vitro for short periods. Profiles corresponding to types that may be excitatory and inhibitory in the intact central nervous system have been found. Their presence outside expiants, and in occasional relation to glial cells, suggests that neurites themselves may possess a generalised capacity for synapse formation under appropriate circumstances, rather than be limited to specific targets.
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 115-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Oxalate-Calcium ; Metabolism ; Metabolic diseases ; Urinary calculi
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Boen ; Metabolism ; Rats ; Strontium ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'on a procédé à une étude approfondie sur l'incorporation et l'enlèvement du strontium des os et des dents de rats dans les cas de régimes alimentaires à forte et faible teneur en strontium. Dans le cas d'un régime par ailleurs en tous points satisfaisant, l'adjonction d'une quantité de strontium de masse égale à celle du calcium provoque un phénomene débilitant très severe chez le jeune rat en pleine croissance, et peut même conduire à la mort du sujet. Les effets pathogéniques du strontium ont été découverts par des méthodes utilisées seulement en recherche dans les tissus durs. L'excédent de cellules osseuses, formées à l'origine du fait de la présence de grandes quantités de strontium dans l'alimentation, se résorbe si l'on passe à un regime à faible teneur en strontium. Il apparait qu'il y a deux types d'élimination dustrontium de l'organisme: a) par excrétion, et b) par assimilation dans les tissus durs. L'on n'a plus à démontrer que le strontium s'intègre par transfert dans les incisives. L'on a également observé, chez les sujets expérimentaux aussi bien que chez ceux du groupe de vérification, que des différences dans le taux de sodium et de potassium apparaissent dans les semi-mandibules.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Einlagerung sowie die Resorption von Strontium wurde an Rattenknochen und-zähnen mittels Zugabe von niedrigen und hohen Strontiumdosen zu der Diät untersucht. Wird bei einer sonst befriedigenden Diät Calcium durch äquimolare Strontiummengen ersetzt, so entsteht eine Schwächung bei jungen wachsenden Ratten, die bis zum Tode führen kann. Die pathologischen, durch Strontium entstandenen Veränderungen wurden nur mit denjenigen Methoden verfolgt, die zur Untersuchung der harten Gewebe angewendet werden. Das Übermaß an osteoidem Gewebe, welches ursprünglich bei Zugabe großer Strontiummengen zu der Nahrung entsteht, wird in einer darauffolgenden strontiumarmen Diätperiode resorbiert. Die Resorption des Strontiums scheint an zwei physiologische Prozesse gebunden zu sein: a) Ausscheidung aus dem Organismus; b) Eingliederung in die harten Gewebe. Der Strontiumtransport in den Schneidezähnen ist bewiesen worden. Es wurden auch Unterschiede im Natrium- und Kaliumgehalt des halben Unterkiefers bei Experiment- und Kontrollgruppen beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation and removal of strontium from the bones and teeth of rats under conditions of low and high dietary levels of strontium were investigated. In an otherwise satisfactory diet, an amount of strontium equimolar to that of calcium seriously debilitates the young growing rat and may culminate in death. The pathology due to strontium was found by the methods used only in the hard tissues. The excess osteoid formed originally in the presence of large amounts of dietary strontium is removed during a subsequent period of feeding on a low strontium regimen. Strontium removal from participation in physiologic processes appears to be of two types, (a) excretion from the body, and (b) incarceration within the hard tissues. The translocation of strontium to the incisor teeth has been demonstrated. Differences of sodium and potassium contents of the hemi-mandibulae of the experimental and control groups were also observed.
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Metabolism ; Ascorbic Acid ; Tissue Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du tissu osseux, cultivé pendant 5 jours dans un milieu chimiquement défini, présente une augmentation de la consommation en O2 et une diminution de la production d'acide lactique lorsqué de l'acide lactique (50 μg/mI) est présent dans le milieu de culture. Ces paramètres ont été mesurés pendant des incubations de courte durée, en cultures de tissus. En n'ajoutant de l'acide lactique qu'au dernier jour de culture ou pendant les 4 premiers jours, et non le dernier jour, les valeurs en O2 et en acide lactique sont identiques à celles observées lorsque la vitamine est présente pendant 5 jours. Des produits similaires à l'acide ascorbique (50 μg/ml), administrés pendant 5 jours donnent des résultats identiques à ceux de la vitamine C. Une expérience préliminaire pour évaleur la vitesse d'oxydation de l'acide ascorbique dans le milieu de culture a permis de montrer que la vitamine doit être remplacée quotidiennement lorsque les cultures sont traitées avec 20% d'O2 et plus fréquemment avec des concentrations d'O2 plus élevées. Les changements dans le métabolisme énergétique, liés à l'acide ascorbique et observés dans cette étude, indiquent que la vitamine pourraît être un facteur important de stimulation du métabolisme squelettique aérobique.
    Notes: Abstract Bones cultured for 5 days in a chemically defined medium showed an increased O2 consumption and decreased lactic acid production when ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) was present in the culture medium. In this and the following experiments these parameters were measured in short-term incubations following tissue culture. Adding ascorbic acid for only the final day of culture or for the first 4 days and not the final day gave O2 and lactic acid results similar to those obtained when the vitamin was present for all 5 days. Ascorbic acid analogs (50 μg/ml) added for 5 days also exhibited results similar to those for vitamin C. A preliminary experiment to evaluate the oxidation rate of ascorbic acid in the culture medium established that the vitamin must be replenished daily when cultures are gassed with 20% O2 and more frequently with higher O2 concentrations. The ascorbic acid-dependent changes in energy metabolism seen in this study suggest that the vitamin may be an important factor in stimulating skeletal aerobic metabolism.
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