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  • General Chemistry  (10,168)
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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • ddc:330
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (16,118)
  • Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie  (25)
  • Brussels : Joint Inst. for Innovation Policy  (2)
  • Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy  (2)
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  • 1
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Mit fortschreitender Energiewende steigt der Anteil erneuerbarer Energien im Strommix. Deren Angebot variiert im Tagesverlauf, nach Wetterlage und saisonal. Um Angebot und Nachfrage zur Deckung zu bringen, benötigt es daher Speicher mit großen Kapazitäten. Von allen technologischen Optionen mit großer Speicherkapazität sind Wasser-Pumpspeicherwerke die einzige, die langjährig erprobt und wirtschaftlich ist. Diese könnten in Braunkohletagebauen, welche im Zuge der Energiewende aufgegeben werden, errichtet werden. Unsere Überschlagsrechnung am Beispiel eines Pumpspeicherwerks in den heutigen Tagebauen Hambach, Garzweiler und Inden zeigt, dass diese mit bis zu 400 GWh ein signifikantes technisches Speicherpotenzial haben. Dies entspricht etwa der kontinuierlichen Maximalleistung eines Kernkraftwerks über zwei Wochen. Im Kontext der Diskussion um den Braunkohleausstieg skizziert das Papier ein netzdienliches Nachnutzungskonzept für Braunkohletagebaue, das zumindest für einen Teil der heute in der Kohleförderung und -Verstromung Beschäftigten mögliche Zukunftsperspektiven bietet.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 2
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-11-09
    Description: Die Autoren verdeutlichen in diesem Papier, dass der Megatrend Digitalisierung nicht zwingend unkontrollierbar über die Wirtschaft und die Gesellschaft hereinbricht. Seine Wirkung hängt vom menschlichen Verhalten, von der Gestaltung neuer Prozessen in Organisationen, aber auch Anpassungen der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen ab. Dieses sozio-kulturelle, organisatorische und institutionelle Umfeld der digitalen Innovationen könne und müsse im Sinne ökologischer Nachhaltigkeit beeinflusst werden. Politik sei hier aufgefordert auf der Basis fundierter Analysen flankierend tätig zu werden. Die Autoren fordern daher, für die Digitalwirtschaft eine eigene sektorspezifische Politik zu entwickeln, wie sie für andere umweltrelevante Sektoren - etwa die Energiewirtschaft, Chemieindustrie oder Autoindustrie - bereits etabliert ist.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Mit fortschreitender Energiewende steigt der Anteil erneuerbarer Energien im Strommix. Deren Angebot variiert im Tagesverlauf, nach Wetterlage und saisonal. Um Angebot und Nachfrage zur Deckung zu bringen, benötigt es daher Speicher mit großen Kapazitäten. Von allen technologischen Optionen mit großer Speicherkapazität sind Wasser-Pumpspeicherwerke die einzige, die langjährig erprobt und wirtschaftlich ist. Diese könnten in Braunkohletagebauen, welche im Zuge der Energiewende aufgegeben werden, errichtet werden. Unsere Überschlagsrechnung am Beispiel eines Pumpspeicherwerks in den heutigen Tagebauen Hambach, Garzweiler und Inden zeigt, dass diese mit bis zu 400 GWh ein signifikantes technisches Speicherpotenzial haben. Dies entspricht etwa der kontinuierlichen Maximalleistung eines Kernkraftwerks über zwei Wochen. Im Kontext der Diskussion um den Braunkohleausstieg skizziert das Papier ein netzdienliches Nachnutzungskonzept für Braunkohletagebaue, das zumindest für einen Teil der heute in der Kohleförderung und -Verstromung Beschäftigten mögliche Zukunftsperspektiven bietet.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt die Zielsetzung, den Beitrag verschiedener politischer Handlungsoptionen zur Steigerung der betrieblichen Energieeffizienz zu ermitteln. Eingangs wird aufgezeigt, inwieweit die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz aufgrund ihrer vielfältigen Vorteile eine Einstufung als eigenständige Zielgröße rechtfertigt im Gegensatz zu einer bloßen Betrachtung als Mittel zum Zweck des Klimaschutzes. Für die anschließende quantitative Analyse wurden Daten aus dem Projekt Energieeffizienz Impulsgespräche des Rationalisierungs- und Innovationszentrums der Deutschen Wirtschaft (RKW) e.V. aus den Jahren 2011 bis 2013 mit eigens für diese Arbeit erhobenen Daten von 2017 für dieselben Unternehmen verglichen. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein difference-in-differences-Ansatz genutzt. Im Ergebnis erweisen sich Preise im Gegensatz zu anderen Maßnahmen wie Energieberatungen, Fördermitteln und Energiemanagementsystemen als zumindest teilweise wirksame Einflussgröße für die Energieeffizienz. Der Autor empfiehlt auf dieser Basis eine stärker marktwirtschaftlich ausgerichtete Effizienzpolitik.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts "Wirtschaftsförderung 4.0" leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der systematischen Stärkung zivilgesellschaftlicher Nachhaltigkeitsinitiativen. Das Ziel der Analyse besteht darin, Ansatzpunkte möglicher Unterstützungsmaßnahmen aufzuzeigen, die im Zuge kommunaler Wirtschaftsförderung aufgegriffen werden können. Zur Erarbeitung wurden zunächst mithilfe theoretischer Grundlagen aus der Transition- und Diffusionsforschung zentrale Einflussfaktoren zusammengetragen, die förderlich oder hemmend auf transformative Nachhaltigkeitsinitiativen wirken können. Mit dem Ziel, kontextangepasste Maßnahmen zu entwickeln, wurden die literaturbasierten Faktoren anschließend in einer qualitativen Befragung mit einer Praxisperspektive verglichen und ergänzt: Mittels leitfadengestützter Experteninterviews mit nachhaltigkeitsorientierten Initiativen in der Region Osnabrück wurden kommunale Gegebenheiten sowie die jeweiligen Erfolgsfaktoren, Herausforderungen und Bedarfe der Graswurzelinitiativen erfasst. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich sieben übergreifende Bedarfsfelder, die vor allem aus der empirischen Erhebung abgeleitet wurden. Aus ihnen wurden Handlungsempfehlungen und Ansatzpunkte kommunaler Unterstützung erarbeitet und diskutiert.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Description: Germany's waste management system is one of the world's most advanced - its primary objective is to dispose of waste in a way that is safe for both people and the environ- ment. However, only about 14 per cent of the raw materials used in industry are derived from recycling processes; the remainder are still sourced from primary materials. The circular economy is not yet being implemented on a large enough scale. Recyclates or recycled materials, i.e. secondary raw materials recovered from waste, are being fed back into production and usage processes at volumes that are far below what is possible. If this system were to be improved, loss of value, dependence on volatile commodity markets, lower resource productivity, and externalities in the form of environmental pollution could be avoided. A drive towards digitalisation in industry and the waste management sector could make this happen. A study by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) indicates that no other lead market in the environmental sector stands to benefit from digitalisation more than the circular economy - and that, at the same time, no sector has ever been so poorly positioned.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ist ein bewährtes Mittel, um die Rentabilität einer Energieeffizienzmaßnahme zu bewerten: Die Investitionskosten werden mit den eingesparten Energiekosten verglichen. Investitionsentscheidungen für Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen erfolgen allerdings häufig nicht nach einer reinen Erwägung der direkten Kosten und Nutzen. Gründe hierfür sind unter anderem "versteckte" Kosten und Risiken (z. B. Kosten für die Beschaffung von Informationen, Unsicherheiten über zukünftige Energiepreise und Einsparungen), aber auch nicht-monetäre Hemmnisse, die bei Entscheidungen eine Rolle spielen (z. B. beschränkte Rationalität, Präferenzen, Zeitverfügbarkeit). Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt der Bericht das Ziel, ein besseres Verständnis der Kosten-Nutzen-Erwägungen von Investoren und deren Entscheidungswirklichkeit zu erlangen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass Energieeffizienzdienstleistungen (EEDL) generell die versteckten Kosten - Transaktionskosten - reduzieren können. Das setzt aber voraus, dass EEDL sachgerecht durchgeführt werden. Transaktionskosten werden allerdings im Zusammenhang mit Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen von den Akteuren kaum wahrgenommen und entsprechend nicht quantifiziert. Des Weiteren zeigt sich, dass insbesondere bei Unternehmen die EEDL-Kosten für bestimmte Maßnahmen hoch sein können. Doch werden gerade in diesen Fällen die Transaktionskosten reduziert. Grundsätzlich erscheinen kostenaufwendigere EEDL, wie umfassendere Vor-Ort-Beratungen, im Gegensatz zu den preiswerteren Vor-Ort-Checks besser geeignet, um Transaktionskosten zu reduzieren.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Dieses Inputpapier soll für japanische Entscheidungsträgerinnen und -träger aufzeigen, was die Hintergründe der in Deutschland zu beobachtenden Welle an Stadtwerke-Neugründungen und Rekommunalisierungen sind. Dabei wird auf aktuelle energiewirtschaftliche Entwicklungen und Rahmenbedingungen in Deutschland eingegangen, die ein besseres Verständnis vermitteln werden. Das Inputpapier soll vor allem japanische Kommunalpolitikerinnen und -politiker in die Lage versetzen, in ihren eigenen Gemeinden fundierte Diskussionen über eine mögliche Stadtwerkegründung zu führen und Entscheidungen vorzubereiten. Dies können sie auf Basis wichtiger Grundkenntnisse und Erfahrungen deutscher Städte und Gemeinden initiieren. Im Laufe des Gesamtprojektes wird im Herbst 2018 ein Werkzeugkasten entwickelt, der zur Unternehmens-Neugründung in Japan wichtige Hilfestellungen wird leisten können. Ergänzend dazu bleiben juristische und energiewirtschaftliche Fachberatungen unerlässlich, um einen erfolgreichen Start der neuen kommunalwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen zu gewährleisten. Dieses Inputpapier versteht sich daher als erste Handreichung und Hilfestellung für kommunale Entscheidungsträgerinnen und -träger in Japan, damit dort ein Grundverständnis des "Stadtwerkeprinzips" entstehen kann.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: Japanese
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-11-09
    Description: Deutschland verfügt über eines der weltweit führenden Systeme im Bereich der Abfallwirtschaft - vorrangiges Ziel ist es, Abfall sicher und umweltschonend zu entsorgen. Allerdings kommen nur ca. 14 Prozent der in der Industrie eingesetzten Rohstoffe aus dem Recycling, der Rest sind noch immer Primärmaterialien. Kreislaufwirtschaft findet noch nicht ausreichend statt: Rezyklate, aus Abfällen gewonnene Sekundärrohstoffe, werden noch weit unterhalb der möglichen Mengen in Produktions- und Nutzungsprozesse zurückführt. Werteverlust, Abhängigkeit von volatilen Rohstoffmärkten, geringere Ressourcenproduktivität und Externalitäten in Form von Umweltverschmutzung ließen sich damit vermeiden. Eine Digitalisierungsoffensive in Industrie und Abfallwirtschaft könnte dies bewirken. Eine Studie des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) verweist darauf, dass kein Umweltleitmarkt so stark von der Digitalisierung profitieren könnte wie die Kreislaufwirtschaft - und dass gleichzeitig kein Sektor bisher so schlecht aufgestellt ist.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Stadtwerke spielen für die Energiewende eine zentrale Rolle. Zum einen stellen sie in Deutschland weit über die Hälfte der Versorgung an Strom, Gas und Wärme sicher, zum anderen haben Stadtwerke aufgrund ihrer kommunalen Verankerung eine besondere Position im Spannungsgefüge von Politik, Wirtschaft und Privathaushalten. Wenn es aber um die Frage geht, was den Erfolg von neugegründeten Stadtwerken ausmacht, besteht in der Literatur in gewissem Maße eine Forschungslücke. Die vorliegende Studie, die vom Wuppertal Institut und der BLUBERRIES GmbH gemeinsam erstellt wurde, behandelt ausgewählte Handlungsfelder, bei denen ein Einfluss auf den Unternehmenserfolg von neugegründeten Stadtwerken zu vermuten ist. Dabei werden als Rahmen die Ziele der Rekommunalisierung herangezogen und konkret vier Handlungsfelder in den Vordergrund gerückt. Der Fokus der Studie liegt auf Fragestellungen nach dem wirtschaftlichen Erfolg neugegründeter Stadtwerke sowie deren Zielerreichung. Dabei wird auf den klassischen Ansatz der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung zurückgegriffen. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Formulierung erster Aussagen darüber, wie einerseits die unterstellten Handlungsfelder in ihrer Ausgestaltung, andererseits die Erfolgsmaße durch neugegründete Stadtwerke beurteilt werden. Aufgrund der im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung vorgenommenen Online-Befragung lassen sich für die in den Focus genommenen vier Handlungsfelder (Kooperationen, Digitalisierung, Resilienz und Soziale Verantwortung) die wichtigsten Ergebnisse wie folgt zusammenfassen: Kooperationen und verschiedene Formen der Zusammenarbeit in der Gründungsphase spielen für den Erfolg neu gegründeter Stadtwerke eine sehr große Rolle. Neu gegründete Stadtwerke legen meist großen Wert auf nachhaltige Geschäftsbeziehungen zu örtlichen Unternehmen, was einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Public Value darstellt. Insbesondere gut ausgearbeitete Geschäftsstrategien in den Bereichen Erneuerbare Energien, Verteilnetzbetrieb, Vertrieb und Diversifikation unterstützen die Umsetzung der Unternehmensziele in Bezug auf Resilienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Die eher durchschnittliche Bewertung der Resilienz-Relevanz für den Ausbau eines Smart Grids im Verteilnetzbereich ist ein Indiz dafür, dass der Ordnungsrahmen so geändert werden müsste, dass Investitionen in diesem Bereich attraktiver werden. Aufgrund des explorativen Charakters der vorgelegten Studie, der keine repräsentativen Aussagen über die Erfolgsfaktoren von neugegründeten Stadtwerken zulässt, werden folgende vier Hypothesen abgeleitet: 1. Der Einsatz von horizontal-kooperativen Ansätzen in der Gründungsphase als ein spezifisches Wesensmerkmal der deutschen Stadtwerkelandschaft hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Verbesserung des wirtschaftlichen Erfolgs und der Rentabilität. 2. Der Fokus auf Resilienz, Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz als zentrale Werte des Stadtwerks und als integrale Bestandteile des Unternehmensleitbildes unterstützt die Erreichung der strategischen Ziele des neugegründeten Stadtwerks. 3. Das Anbieten von Smart Metern zur Erhöhung der Kundentransparenz, zur Verbesserung des Kundennutzens und zur Optimierung des Verteilnetzmanagements kann als Erfolgsfaktor eingestuft werden und unterstützt seitens der Stadtwerke eine positive Unternehmensentwicklung nicht nur in der Startphase. 4. Die explizite Wahrnehmung von sozialer Verantwortung wirkt sich positiv auf den Unternehmenserfolg aus. Es müsste nun anschließend auf der Basis einer größeren Grundgesamtheit geprüft werden, ob und inwieweit die beschriebenen Tendenzen (die sich aus der Online-Befragung ergeben) und die explorativen Hypothesen im Rahmen eines konfirmatorischen Untersuchungsansatzes wissenschaftlich verifiziert werden können.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre ist in Deutschland ein Großteil der Konzessionsverträge für örtliche Strom-Verteilnetze ausgelaufen. Dies eröffnete den Kommunen vielerorts die Möglichkeit ihre bis dahin in privatem Besitz befindlichen Strom-Verteilnetze zu rekommunalisieren. Vor dem Hintergrund der Energiewende und dem damit einhergehenden Umbau der deutschen Energielandschaft hin zu dezentralen Versorgungsstrukturen eröffnete sich kommunalen Verantwortlichen so die Möglichkeit die Umsetzung energiepolitischer Ziele der Bundesregierung auf kommunaler Ebene aktiv mitzugestalten. Eine im Jahr 2013 durch das Wuppertal Institut durchgeführte Sondierungsstudie erfasste für den Zeitraum 2005 bis 2016 zahlreiche Stadtwerke-Neugründungen, welche einen Trend zur Rekommunalisierung im Bereich der Energieversorgung andeutete. Darüber hinaus versuchen sich Institutionen wie das Deutsche Institut für Urbanistik (Difu) und der Verband kommunaler Unternehmen e.V. (VKU) bereits seit Jahren einen Überblick über die Entwicklung von Rekommunalisierungen zu verschaffen. Trotzdem existiert bis heute keine flächendeckende Erhebung über Rekommunalisierungen in Deutschland. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher eine Bestandsaufnahme über die Rekommunalisierung von Strom-Verteilnetzkonzessionen im Untersuchungsraum Nordrhein-Westfalen zwischen 2005 und 2016 vorzunehmen. In diesem Zeitraum konnten für den Untersuchungsraum insgesamt 119 Rekommunalisierungen festgestellt werden. Damit lagen bis Ende 2016 bereits zwei Drittel aller nordrhein-westfälischen Strom-Verteilnetzkonzessionen in kommunaler Hand, womit der Trend zur Rekommunalisierung eindeutig belegt werden konnte.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Kern des Projektes war es zu untersuchen, wie der Untersuchungsraum in Bezug auf die Energiewende aufgestellt ist und welche Entwicklungspotenziale künftig im Zuge einer gesellschaftlich und politisch gewollten Energiewende genutzt werden können. Zur Qualifizierung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs wurde im Rahmen der hier bearbeiteten Forschungsfragen Studierende darin angeleitet, im Bereich der energiebezogenen Transformationsforschung eigenständig Teilaspekte zu untersuchen. Dementsprechend wurden vom Wuppertal Institut insgesamt vier Studienarbeiten mit verschiedenen Themenschwerpunkten ausgeschrieben. Diese sollten am konkreten Beispiel der zu untersuchenden Region aufzeigen, welche Stärken und Schwächen, aber auch Chancen und Risiken in Bezug auf die pro-aktive Gestaltung der Energiewende bestehen. Zusätzlich sollte untersucht werden, wie stark kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) in der Region Unna davon betroffen sind beziehungsweise inwieweit sie als Akteure der Energiewende die Nachhaltigkeit ihrer unternehmerischen Tätigkeit stärken und sichern können. Auch die regionalwirtschaftlichen Effekte wie Wertschöpfungs- und Arbeitsplatzeffekte, die erzielbar wären, wenn die mittelständischen Unternehmen der Region pro aktiv die Herausforderungen der Energiewende in den Bereichen Energieeffizienz, erneuerbare Energien und dezentrale KWK aufgreifen, waren Bestandteil der Studienarbeiten. Der Schwerpunkt lag hier insbesondere im Bereich Energieeffizienz.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Mit der Nachhaltigkeitsanleihe NRW erschließt das Land das international wachsende Segment des nachhaltigen Investments für die Kreditfinanzierung des Landeshaushalts. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Bewertung positiver Nachhaltigkeitseffekte für die in 2016 emittierte Nachhaltigkeitsanleihe NRW zu erproben und Handlungsempfehlungen zur Bewertung zukünftiger Nachhaltigkeitsanleihen zu entwickeln. Für eine umfassende Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse ist aufgrund der Vielschichtigkeit der finanzierten Projekte und fehlender Standards zur Bewertung sozialer Kriterien eine umfangreiche Untersuchung erforderlich, wodurch sie für eine regelmäßige und standardisierte Wirkungsanalyse zukünftiger Anleihen nicht in Frage kommt. Stattdessen verfolgt die vorliegende Studie einen pragmatischen Ansatz zur Bewertung. Der Fokus liegt auf der Evaluation der potenziellen Treibhausgas-Minderung (THG-Minderung), da deren Bewertung sich derzeit als Standard für eine Wirkungsanalyse solcher Anleihen abzeichnet. Darüber hinaus werden die nächsten Schritte für eine Weiterentwicklung der Methodik und des Indikatorensets im Rahmen zukünftiger Wirkungsanalysen aufgezeigt.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 16
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Seit 2005 ist ein Großteil der deutschen Strom- und Gaskonzessionsverträge ausgelaufen und eröffnete vielen Kommunen die Chance, die Energieversorgung wieder in die eigenen Hände zu nehmen. Gleichzeitig übernimmt die kommunale Ebene in einem zunehmend dezentral strukturierten Energieversorgungssystem eine immer wichtigere Rolle, da die Umsetzung der energiepolitischen Ziele der Bundesregierung vor allem vor Ort, in den Kommunen stattfindet. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, zu ermitteln wie viele Kommunen im Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2016 durch die Gründung neuer Unternehmen im Bereich der Energieversorgung tätig geworden sind und welche Rolle die kommunalen Energieversorgungsunternehmen im Rahmen der Energiewende einnehmen können. Auf Grundlage der bereits 2013 vom Wuppertal Institut durchgeführten Sondierungsstudie, die zahlreiche Neugründungen bis 2012 erfasste, konnten in dieser Arbeit insgesamt 139 kommunale Energieversorgungsunternehmen ermittelt werden, deren Gründung zwischen 2005 und 2016 stattfand. Dieses Ergebnis belegt für diesen Zeitraum einen ausgeprägten Trend zur Rekommunalisierung im Bereich der Energieversorgung. In einer umfangreichen Literaturanalyse sowie acht Experteninterviews mit kommunalen Ansprechpartnern und Geschäftsführern junger Stadtwerke, konnte darüber hinaus belegt werden, dass die kommunalen Energieversorger aufgrund ihrer Fachexpertise und ihrer ausgeprägten Vernetzung mit den Bürgern, örtlichen und regionalen Akteuren und der Kommune, wichtige Instrumente zur Umsetzung kommunaler Klimaschutzziele darstellen. Sie sind nicht nur in der Lage, sich im energiewirtschaftlichen Wettbewerb zu beweisen und zu positionieren, sondern können aufgrund ihrer lokalen Verankerung auch Potenziale erschließen, die von privaten Versorgern weitgehend ungenutzt bleiben. Diese umfassen beispielsweise Potenziale zur Energieerzeugung und -einsparung auf Kundenseite, aber auch die Möglichkeiten regenerativer Wärmeversorgung durch Nah- oder Fernwärme und eine stärkere Beteiligung der Bürger. Neben den zusätzlichen Wertschöpfungseffekten, von denen die Kommunen profitieren, ermöglichen die kommunalen Energieversorgungsunternehmen somit auch die aktive Mitgestaltung der Energiewende vor Ort, unter Einbeziehung der lokalen Akteure und Bürger.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Stadtwerke sind im Ruhrgebiet strukturprägend und haben eine lange Tradition. Sie sind fester Bestandteil der Akteurskonstellation im Energiebereich der Emscher-Lippe-Zone. Schon heute zeichnen sich die Stadtwerke des Ruhrgebiets vielfach dadurch aus, dass sie die mit der Energiewende verbundenen Chancen nutzen. Ihre technische und gesellschaftliche Struktur entspricht weitgehend den mit der Energiewende verbundenen Transformationsprozessen hin zu einer stärkeren Dezentralität der Erzeugung und der Demokratisierung der Energieversorgung. Die meisten Stadtwerke des Ruhrgebiets sind auf mehreren Wertschöpfungsstufen im Energiebereich tätig. In der Stromerzeugung haben sie einen Schwerpunkt im Bereich der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung und bei erneuerbaren Energien. Zudem sind sie vielerorts Partner und teilweise sogar Mitinitiator bürgerschaftlichen Engagements zum Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien. Als Verteilnetzbetreiber für Strom, Gas und Wärme sorgen sie vielerorts für die Integration und Verteilung erneuerbarer Energien. Die Energiewende findet weitgehend in den örtlichen Verteilnetzen statt und bedeutet für die Stadtwerke des Ruhrgebiets eine Zunahme an komplexen Koordinierungsfunktionen und teilweise auch die Herausbildung völlig neuer Aufgaben.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Die Energiewende gilt als eine der zentralen gesellschaftlichen Projekte unserer Zeit. Ihre Bedeutung beschränkt sich nicht nur auf ihren bekannten Beitrag zum globalen Klimaschutz und auf die Reduzierung der Gefahren durch den Gebrauch von Atomenergie. Sie soll auch dazu dienen, die Energieimportabhängigkeit Deutschlands, mögliche Auswirkungen von Energiepreisschocks und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Einbeziehung in zukünftige Ressourcenkriege zu reduzieren. Neben diesen Schutzfunktionen kann sie aber auch neue Geschäftsfelder und Arbeitsplätze schaffen und Innovationen in den Bereichen Effizienz und erneuerbare Energien voranbringen und damit einen Beitrag zu einer zukunftsorientierten, ökologischeren wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung beitragen. Bereits 2010 hat die Bundesregierung Ziele in Bezug auf den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien, die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz sowie die Reduktion des CO2-Ausstoßes formuliert. Während die Ziele hinsichtlich des Ausbaus erneuerbarer Energien im Stromsektor und am Wärmeverbrauch voraussichtlich erreicht werden, sind im Bereich der Energieeffizienzsteigerung weitere Anstrengungen notwendig. Zwar gibt es zahlreiche Energiedienstleistungsangebote und Förderprogramme, mit denen die Energieeffizienz gesteigert werden sollen, allerdings haben diese - insbesondere bei kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) - bisher nicht zu den gewünschten Ergebnissen geführt. Daher ist es Ziel der Arbeit, Ansätze für ein Konzept zur Realisierung von Energieeffizienzpotentialen in KMU zu entwickeln. Der Untersuchungsraum der Arbeit liegt im östlichen Ruhrgebiet in der Region Unna/Kamen/Bergkamen/Bönen/Holzwickede und ist auf das Projekt "SWOT-Analyse zur Energiewende Unna/Kamen/Bergkamen/Bönen/Holzwickede“ des Wuppertal Instituts zurückzuführen, in dessen Rahmen diese Arbeit entstand. Im Zuge der Analyse wurden zentrale interne und externe Einflussfaktoren auf die Entscheidung regionaler KMU zur Durchführung von Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen analysiert sowie Praxisbeispiele zur Realisierung von Energieeffizienzpotentialen ausgewertet. Abschließend wurden die Analyseergebnisse zu ersten Ideen für ein Konzept zur Realisierung von Energieeffizienzpotentialen in KMU ausgearbeitet und als Handlungsempfehlungen formuliert.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 21
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    Wiesbaden : Springer VS | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: Alexandra Seibt untersucht Wirtschaftsverbände im Längsschnitt anhand eines Mehrmethodendesigns, bestehend aus Dokumentenanalysen, Inhaltsanalysen und teilstandardisierten Leitfadeninterviews. Die Autorin kann bei den Verbänden einen zunehmenden kombinierten Einsatz von öffentlichen und nicht öffentlichen Kommunikationsstrategien im Sinne des PA-Managements nachweisen. Verbände nutzen hierbei - wie Protestgruppen und NGOs - die Öffentlichkeit, um über die externe Kommunikation Aufmerksamkeit und Zustimmung für ihre Interessen im politischen System zu generieren. Als Fallbeispiel dienen die Verbände der Branche der erneuerbaren Energien während der Novellierungen zum Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: After a wave of privatizations in the end of the 1990s, the electrical power supply of many municipalities in Germany has been returned into public hands. Many municipalities discover chances and possibilities for local action, which arise with remunicipalisation. The local policy-makers realize that remunicipalisation offers the opportunity of implementing an independent energy policy at local level which is critical in creating a transformation to a sustainable energy system based on energy efficiency and renewable energies. This scoping study provides an introduction to the topic of establishing municipal utilities in Germany. The findings of the authors' study provide important new insights into the possibilities to decentralise and democratise the German power sector. The findings were identified on the basis of a comprehensive screening of all newly established municipal utilities in Germany. As most network concession contracts in Germany expire by 2016, there has now existed a window of opportunity to rebuild the local energy supply. As a result, 72 new local power companies were established in Germany within just seven years (between early 2005 and late 2012). The results of this unique study will inform about details regarding regional concentration, the size of municipalities, the legal forms of the newly founded municipal public utility and the role of strategic partnerships. Furthermore, the founding of 72 municipal utilities since 2005 leads us to ask for the reasons. The study reviews the German trend towards municipal ownership of local utilities, assessing their performance based on 10 targets related to the energy transition, climate protection, and the local economic impact. Based on expert opinions, the study finds out that the likelihood of these targets being reached is "high to very high". The Japanese translation of the scoping study is completed by a foreword by Prof. Dr. Jörg Raupach-Sumiya (Professor, College of Business Administration, Ritsumeikan University) highlighting the importance of this study for Japan's energy policy.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: Japanese
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Die Produktion von Kunststoffen ist eine Geschichte extremen Wachstums: waren es global 1950 noch 1,7 Millionen, sind es 2012 weltweit 288 Millionen Tonnen (Mt). 57 Mt davon werden in der EU erzeugt mit einem gleichzeitigen Abfallvolumen von 25 Mt. Einher gehen hohe Verbräuche fossiler Rohstoffe mit entsprechenden Umweltbelastungen und massiven Schäden, die durch Plastikmüll verursacht werden. Das Wuppertal Institut hat im Auftrag des Naturschutzbunds Deutschland (NABU) untersucht, wie sich dieser Wachstumstrend in Deutschland ohne Gegensteuerung fortsetzen wird und mit welchen Strategien die Plastikflut eingedämmt werden kann. Die Autoren der Studie errechneten einen Steigerung um 28 Prozent bis zum Jahr 2030, insbesondere in den Bereichen Verpackungen und Bau. Für die künftig wichtigsten Anwendungsbereiche wurden in der Studie jeweils drei konkrete Ansätze zur Verringerung des Kunststoffeinsatzes aus den Bereichen Industrie, Handel und Haushalte ausgewählt. Diese neun Optionen wurden an Fallbeispielen auf ihre Vor- und Nachteile und die grundsätzliche technische, rechtliche und ökonomische Machbarkeit hin diskutiert. Umsetzungsansätze liefert die Studie für den politischen Raum, für Unternehmen und den privaten Konsum.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 27
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    München : Oekom-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Unternehmen sind heutzutage mit einer Vielzahl von Herausforderungen und Veränderungen konfrontiert, die zugleich Chance und Risiko für ihre wirtschaftliche Weiterentwicklung darstellen. Dazu gehören nicht nur grundlegende Trends wie Klimawandel, Ressourcenknappheit oder Urbanisierung, sondern auch der Wandel von Technologien, Geschäftsmodellen, gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen oder der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz. All dies hat globale und nationale Veränderungen in Märkten zur Folge und stellt die darin operierenden Unternehmen vor konkrete Herausforderungen. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Zukunft gewinnt somit immer mehr an Bedeutung und stellt einen wichtigen Faktor für den langfristigen und nachhaltigen Erfolg eines Unternehmens dar. Die Strategische Frühaufklärung unterstützt Unternehmen dabei, Herausforderungen und Veränderungen rechtzeitig zu identifizieren und darauf zu reagieren. Stefan Reicherz erstellt eine flexible Blaupause hierfür: Individuell an ein Unternehmen angepasst, liefert sie diesem die notwendigen Informationen und Hilfsmittel, um erfolgreiche Strategische Frühaufklärung durchzuführen - und damit aus Risiken Chancen werden zu lassen.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Ziel dieser Studie ist es, einen aktuellen Überblick über den Stand der Recyclingwirtschaft in Deutschland zu geben. Der Fokus liegt dabei vor allem auf den Marktprozessen, die bereits heute ökonomische Anreize zur Schließung von Stoffkreisläufen geben, bzw. auf spezifischen Hemmnissen, die genau solchen Entwicklungen im Wege stehen. Aufbauend auf der Analyse spezifischer Hemmnisse für einzelne Abfallfraktionen (rechtliche und institutionelle Hemmnisse, Marktmacht, Informationsdefizite etc.) leitet die Studie verschiedene Instrumente und handlungsorientierte Ansätze ab, die zu einer Verbesserung der Kreislaufführung beitragen könnten; dabei kann Deutschland auch von bestehenden Best-Practice-Ansätzen im Ausland profitieren. Dazu gehören unter anderem der verstärkte Einsatz ökonomischer Instrumente, Maßnahmen zur verstärkten Integration von Abfallwirtschaft und Produktionssektor, Urban Mining Konzepte, internationale Vereinbarungen zum Rohstoffrecycling sowie Green Tech Funds.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Dieses Wuppertal Paper befasst sich mit folgenden Leitfragen: Wie wichtig sind Stadtwerke für die Energiewende? Was sind dabei die besonderen Beiträge von Stadtwerken? Hier ist insbesondere zu berücksichtigen, dass kommunal betriebene Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungs-Anlagen (KWK-Anlagen) ein wichtiger Komplementär zum Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien darstellen und dass kommunale KWK-Anlagen inzwischen einen nennenswerten Beitrag zur Sicherstellung der Residuallast liefern. Zudem geht es um die Leitfrage, welche Rahmenbedingungen die Rolle von Stadtwerken als zentrale Akteure der Energiewende und insbesondere als Betreiber von KWK-Anlagen erschweren.
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 31
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of dynamic contact (elastic impact) problems is complicated by the changing nature of the contact area. If a finite element approach is used, the system matrices vary with the contact area. If the problem is properly formulated, such changes are rank one. Rank one changes produce easily determinable changes in the LDLT decompositions of the system matrices. This renders a class of dynamic contact problems soluble with the same accuracy and computational effort as is associated with the solution of any dynamic problem using finite element procedures. Consideration of an example problem involving the impact of spring-mass systems confirms this claim.
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 101-119 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is described to derive finite element schemes for the scalar convection equation in one or more space dimensions. To produce accurate temporal differencing, the method employs forward-time Taylor series expansions including time derivatives of second- and third-order which are evaluated from the governing partial differential equation. This yields a generalized time-discretized equation which is successively discretized in space by means of the standard Bubnov-Galerkin finite element method. The technique is illustrated first in one space dimension. With linear elements and Euler, leap-frog and Crank-Nicolson time stepping, several interesting relations with standard Galerkin and recently developed Petrov-Galerkin methods emerge and the new Taylor-Galerkin schemes are found to exhibit particularly high phase-accuracy with minimal numerical damping. The method is successively extended to deal with variable coefficient problems and multi-dimensional situations.
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A two-noded, straight element with one-point quadrature is introduced for the unsymmetrical bending of orthotropic axisymmetric shells. The numerical results indicate that the present simple element performs accurately for both thick and thin shell applications.
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical results using uniform h-refinement approaches to the solution of a pair of elasticity problems with singularities are presented and compared to recently published results based on the uniform p-refinement approaches.
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 143-167 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Steady-state, free surface seepage through a heterogeneous porous medium underlain by a drain at a finite depth is solved using a fixed domain solution technique. The problems investigated are axisymmetric seepage from a circular pond and plane seepage from a symmetric channel. These ponds and channels may have variable shaped bottoms. Since the Baiocchi transformation was used to define a new dependent variable, the form of the permeability function was restricted to a product of functions of the independent variables. Herein the permeability was chosen to be a function of the depth only. For certain forms of this function, namely those having negative gradients, part of the flowfield becomes unsaturated and this violates the assumed saturation of the flowfield in the flow theory. The governing differential equation, which holds in the sense of distributions, is derived for a fixed solution domain and a simple algorithm (a finite difference successive over-relaxation scheme with projection) is given to obtain the solution to these free surface problems. Numerous comparisons are made with published results. Rigorous mathematical justification of the methods used herein can be found in the references cited.
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 195-195 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 39
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Bathe's basic algorithm of subspace iteration for the solution of the symmetric eigenvalue problem is improved by including a Chebyshev filtering mechanism. To obtain satisfactory convergence for the largest eigenvalues, a shifting strategy is adopted. The shift factor is approximately computed by the Lanczos process.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 479-503 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A transfer-matrix analysis is presented for determining the static behaviour of thick beams of ‘multimodular materials’ (i.e. materials which have different elastic behaviour in tension and compression, with nonlinear stress-strain curves approximated as piecewise linear, with four or more segments). To validate the transfer-matrix method results, a closed-form solution is also presented for cases in which the neutral-surface location is constant along the beam axis. Numerical results for axial displacement, transverse deflection, bending slope, bending moment, transverse shear, axial force and location of neutral surface are presented for multimodular and bimodular models of unidirectional aramid cordrubber. The transfer-matrix method results agree very well with the closed-form solutions.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 523-528 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An 8-node brick element based on the assumed stress hybrid formulation is described. With three additional stress fields, the element stiffness matrix now has the required rank of 18, and the ‘bending’ response is exact with rectangular elements. Surprisingly, the 2 × 2 × 2 Gauss rule suffices for all numerical integrations, to satisfy the constant stress patch test.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 529-548 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An assumed stress hybrid curvilinear triangular finite element is described which is based upon the Kirchhoff theory of plate bending. The derivation extends the assumed stress hybrid technique to curvilinear boundaries where the twelve connectors are related to those of an equilibrium rectilinear element and to Semiloof. The solution process demands only first derivatives of the shape functions.The element is subjected to various patch tests for constant bending, e.g. where the central element is in close approximation to a circle. All tests are passed for stress couples and vertex displacements, but values of the remaining connectors do not resemble exact results. Patch tests for rigid-body movements are passed exactly in every respect.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 505-514 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical technique has been developed to solve a system that consists of m linear parabolic differential equations with coupled nonlinear boundary conditions. Such a system may represent chemical reactions, chemical lasers and diffusion problems. An implicit finite difference scheme is adopted to discretize the problem, and the resulting system of equations is solved by a novel technique that is a modification of the cyclic odd-even reduction and factorization (CORF) algorithm. At each time level, the system of equations is first reduced to m nonlinear algebraic equations that involve only the m unknown grid points on the nonlinear boundary. Newton's method is used to determine these m unknowns, and the corresponding Jacobian matrix can be computed and updated easily. After convergence is achieved, the remaining unknowns are solved directly. The efficiency of this technique is illustrated by the numerical computations of two examples previously solved by the cubic spline Galerkin method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 549-553 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: It is demonstrated that finite element discretizations may not, in general, satisfy the maximum principle; and sufficient conditions are presented to guarantee that solutions based on bilinear elements do satisfy the maximum principle.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 515-522 
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    Notes: The efficiency and computational accuracy of the boundary element and finite element methods are compared in this paper. This comparison is carried out by employing different degrees of mesh refinement to solve a specific illustrative problem by the two methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 565-572 
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    Notes: The BEM is shown to be superior to FEM with respect to economy (man hour and data processing) and convergence (with increasing number of boundary nodes) in the elasic notch stress analysis of compact components.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 555-563 
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    Notes: This note discusses the numerical solution of the kinematic wave equation under those conditions when the solution contains a discontinuous shock. A finite element solution is described in which shocks are represented by discrete nodal discontinuities. The implementation of the method follows conventional finite element practice over the shockless regions of the solution domain which are coupled by frontal constraints. The basis of the method and examples of its application to the solution of the kinematic wave equation in one and two dimensions are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 887-914 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A concise survey of formulation methods of geometric and material nonlinearity problems is given. Differences between existing formulations in the literature are discussed. A consistent Lagrangian and updated Lagrangian formulations are derived from the energy balance equation transformed to the proper reference configuration. Differences between the existing formulations and similar ones in the literature are found to be in specific geometric nonlinear terms in the final incremental equation as well as in the definition of the load increment vector. Specific forms of constitutive equations for elastic and elastoplastic materials are presented. Some of the forms used by other authors in application to elastoplastic materials are shown to be inconsistent. Sample numerical examples intended for checking some particular points in the formulation are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 845-849 
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    Notes: Two numerical methods for solving two-point boundary-value problems associated with systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations are described. The first method, which is based on Lobatto quadrature, requires four internal function evaluations for each subinterval. It does not need derivatives and is of order h7, where h is the space chop. The second method, which is similar to the first but is based on Lobatto-Hermite quadrature, makes the additional use of derivatives to achieve O(h9) accuracy. Results of computational experiments comparing these methods with other known methods are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 915-929 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: An almost linear optimization problem of importance in vibration isolation has been identified and algorithms were developed to minimize the forced vibrational response of structural systems. The constraints can be either displacements or accelerations. These algorithms have been studied for transient response, frequency response and stationary random using the direct dynamic solution. Multiple response points and loading conditions may be used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 949-966 
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    Notes: When applied to large sparse sets of simultaneous equations, classical iterative methods may yield very poor convergence rates. This paper gives an incomplete Choleski-conjugate gradient algorithm (ICCG) which has reliably good convergence rates at the expense of computing and using at each iteration an incomplete Choleski factor of the coefficient matrix. The method is applicable to any problems in which the coefficient matrix is symmetric positive definite and is likely to be advantageous with respect to elimination when it is not possible to represent the equations in a dense band form.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 931-948 
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    Notes: A method is presented for performing efficient and stable finite element calculations of heat conduction with quadrilaterals using one-point quadrature. The stability in space is obtained by using a stabilization matrix which is orthogonal to all linear fields and its magnitude is determined by a stabilization parameter. It is shown that the accuracy is almost independent of the value of the stabilization parameter over a wide range of values; in fact, the values 3, 2 and 1 for the normalized stabilization parameter lead to the 5-point finite difference, 9-point finite difference and fully integrated finite element operators, respectively, for rectangular meshes; numerical experiments reported here show that the three have identical rates of convergence in the L2 norm. Eigenvalues of the element matrices, which are needed for stability limits, are also given. Numerical applications are used to show that the method yields accurate solutions with large increases in efficiency, particularly in nonlinear problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 979-979 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 980-980 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 967-977 
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    Notes: A simple dynamic finite element algorithm for analysing a propagating mixed mode crack tip is presented. A double noding technique, which can be easily incorporated into existing dynamic finite element codes, is used together with a corrected Ĵ integral to extract modes I and II dynamic stress intensity factors of a propagating crack. The utility of the procedure is demonstrated by analysing test problems involving a mode I central crack propagating in a plate subjected to uniaxial tension, a stationary slanted central crack in a plate subjected to uniaxial inpact loading and an extending slanted-edge crack in plate subjected to uniaxial tension.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1370-1371 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1407-1414 
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    Notes: The paper describes the development of an eight-node plane rectangular finite dynamic element and presents detailed descriptions of the associated numerical formulation involving the higher order dynamic correction terms pertaining to the related stiffness and inertia matrices. Numerical test results of free vibration analyses are presented in detail for the newly developed eight-node element and also the corresponding four-node element in order to make a clear comparison of the relative efficiencies of the corresponding finite element and dynamic element procedures. Such results indicate a superior pattern of solution convergence of the presently developed dynamic element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1415-1431 
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    Notes: A computational strategy for the evaluation of delamination stresses in multilayered fibre-reinforced composites is presented. The approach uses special inter-laminar shear elements and an iterative procedure in the calculation of out-of-plane stresses. Both regular and singular elements for the free edge are presented. The solutions are carried on by switching between direct matrix solution methods of small systems of equations and an iterative conjugate gradient method. The proposed discretization avoids ill-conditioning problems, modelling difficulties and large computational cost associated with three-dimensional analysis of delamination of holes, cut-outs, joints and areas of complex stress states.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1433-1441 
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    Notes: A general, consistent and accurate procedure for obtaining difference equations from differential equations is presented and illustrated by several examples. The procedure is an extension of the integral method and incorporates what is known of the solution to the differential equation in the formation of the corresponding difference equation. For the same accuracy, large increases in grid size over that obtained by standard Taylor's series approximations are possible. Both boundary-value and initial-value problems are treated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1443-1459 
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    Notes: The standard isoparametric transformation for finite element analysis is shown to be only a special case of a more general transformation which allows for flexibility in locating side and interior element nodes. Side nodes positioned at the same relative distance from corner nodes in both local and global space, and interior nodes positioned such that they do not affect the Jacobian of the co-ordinate transformation, provide improved accuracy over nodes positioned locally without regard for the global configuration. This concept is demonstrated in the context of two-dimensional quadratic quadrilateral isoparametrics, but is also applicable to higher orders and dimensions. In the test cases examined, the new formulation provides a reduction in error of up to three orders of magnitude and also provides accurate solutions for nodal placements which are not allowed using the standard transformations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1461-1475 
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    Notes: A weighting function by which the mass matrix is made to be diagonal is deduced on the two-dimensional simplex element. Adopting the weighted residual method with the deduced weighting function for spatial domain and the two-step Lax-Wendroff method for time differentiation, the two-dimensinoal tidal flow in a model basin is calculated by means of the explicit finite element method. The water mass transport integrated over one tidal period at some cross-sections of the basin is also estimated, in order to verify the water mass conservation. It is found that the water mass is nearly conserved in the present method, although the usual lumped mass matrix technique fails to conserve.The present explicit finite element method with the conservative form of governing equations is also investigated and the water mass conservation is found to be a little more improved in this case than in the case of non-conservative forms. Application to a real bay indicates that the method with the conservative form of equations could be used for the estimation of tidal residual flow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1477-1489 
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    Notes: In this work, the plastic stress-strain relation and the incremental elastoplastic stiffness matrix for materials obeying the principal stress yield criterion are derived in the context of the associated theory of plasticity. Particular attention is paid to the treatment of the singularity conditions associated with this yield criterion.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1491-1506 
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    Notes: It is demonstrated that the residual in a compatible (displacement) finite element solution can be partitioned into local self-equilibrating systems on each element. An a posteriori error analysis is then based on a complementary approach and examples indicate that the guaranteed upper bound on the energy of the error is preserved.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1507-1519 
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    Notes: The paper develops a new discrete transform pair which economizes on the number of samples of F(s) and f(t) compared with the standard pair. Whereas the standard pair used uniform sampling along the Bromwich contour, the new method allows a progressive increase in the sampling interval, thereby reducing the number of samples required to meet a specified bandwidth requirement. In the case of the computation of transient responses of physical systems, a reduction by a factor of 10 is not unrealistic. The new transform pair is based on the generalization of fundamental sampling principles. In particular, this leads to an integration contour different from the Bromwich contour.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1553-1554 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1581-1597 
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    Notes: A new family of coupled time integration operators of different orders is developed. It permits different time integration operators to be used simultaneously in various regions of the model. This approach has the advantage of applying a very accurate time integrator, such as Runge Kutta method of order two to four, to the local nonlinear region of interest and a simple time integrator, such as the implicit-explicit or mixed time implicit-explicit method of order one, for the remaining region. The computer implementation aspects, stability analysis as well as the numerical evaluations of these new methods are presented. This is another attractive addition to the repertoire of time integration methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1613-1628 
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    Notes: A finite element formulation for elastoviscoplasticity problems in the presence of large strains and deformations is presented in this paper. The formulation is capable of using any of a class of combined creep-plasticity constitutive models with state variables for the description of material behaviour. The specific problem considered is plane strain extrusion using the constitutive model originally proposed by Hart. Numerical results are presented for sample problems and the important effects of extrusion speed and friction (at the die-workpiece interface) on the residual stresses in an extruded sample are investigated. The computer program developed here is quite general and can be modified to solve problems for other manufacturing processes like rolling, sheet forming, etc.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1643-1660 
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    Notes: A new direct search package is presented. Typical test functions solved establish the robustness and efficiency of the package. The most significant features of the package are that it works satisfactorily even in single precision and requires much less memory. It needs only the function values and the unidimensional search is totally dispensed with. Methods such as different descent techniques, the RMS procedure, the co-ordinate movement technique and the gallop-canter equalization scheme form the sequence of strategies.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1629-1641 
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    Notes: This paper attempts to answer two commonly raised questions during the preparation of a finite element mesh, for the linear elastic fracture analysis of cracked structure: how to set up the finite element mesh around the crack tip, and what level of accuracy is to be expected from such a modelling.Two test problems, with known analytical expressions for their stress intensity factors, are analysed by the finite element method using the isoparametric quadratic singular element. The modified parameters were the order of integration, aspect ratio, number of elements surrounding the crack tip, use of transition elements, the singular element length over the total crack length, the symmetry of the mesh around the crack tip. Based on these analyses, a data base is created and various plots produced. The results are interpreted, the accuracy evaluated and recommendations drawn.Contrary to previous reports, it is found that the computed stress intensity factor (SIF) remains within engineering accuracy (10 per cent) throughout a large range of l/a (singular element length over crack length) for problems with a uniform non-singular stress distribution ahead of the crack tip (i.e. double edge notch), and l/a should be less than 0·1 for problems with a non-singular stress gradient (i.e three-point bend). Also, it is found that the best results are achieved by using at least four singular elements around the crack tip, with their internal angles around 45 degrees, and a reduced (2 × 2) numerical integration.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1661-1670 
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    Notes: This paper presents and analyses methods for design sensitivity analysis of static response for structural systems when general boundary conditions are used during the analysis phase. The design sensitivity analysis methods where the boundary conditions are used to reduce the equilibrium equation have been presented earlier. In such procedures, the reduced stiffness matrix is non-singular. This fact is used to show differentiability of the displacement vector. When reduction procedures are not used, the global structural stiffness matrix may be singular. In such a case, differentiability of the displacement vector may be questionable. However, it is shown that the displacement vector is still differentiable. Several forms of the structural design sensitivity equations are presented. Although these equations are derived with Lagrange multiplier treatment of general boundary conditions, it is shown that they are applicable with any treatment of general boundary conditions. For example, they can also be used with co-ordinate reduction schemes. Therefore, design sensitivity analysis can be carried out with any existing finite element analysis computer code. Moreover, the procedures presented can be used to calculate sensitivity of a force of constraint can that is desired. The formulations are kept quite general such that design dependent boundary conditions can be routinely treated. An example is used to illustrate the procedures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1671-1683 
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    Notes: In this paper, an efficient, exact zooming technique is developed which employs static condensation and exact structural reanalysis methods. For a multiple level of zooming such that the successive level of zooming is contained within the prior levels of zoom, repeated application of static condensation will reduce the system to one that is associated only with the degrees-of-freedom (dof) of the original model. Then, application of an exact static reanalysis technique permits the displacements at the dof of the original model that are contained in the final zoomed portion of the structure to be obtained first. Next, the response external to the zoom, as well as the response of additional dof within various levels of zooming, can be computed. With the triangular factor of the stiffness matrix of the original system available, this approach involves only the solution of a system of equations of small order. The proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1697-1702 
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    Notes: An inversion formula based on expansion in a Fourier sine series, proposed by Koizumi in 1935, is examined. It is found to give results of moderate accuracy with relatively little work.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1685-1695 
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    Notes: A new method for the formulation of hybrid elements by the Hellinger-Reissner principle is established by expanding the essential terms of the assumed stresses as complete polynomials in the natural coordinates of the element. The equilibrium conditions are imposed in a variational sense through the internal displacements which are also expanded in the natural co-ordinates. The resulting element possesses all the ideal qualities, i.e. it is invariant, it is less sensitive to geometric distortion, it contains a minimum number of stress parameters and it provides accurate stress calculations. For the formulation of a 4-node plane stress element, a small perturbation method is used to determine the equilibrium constraint equations. The element has been proved to be always rank sufficient.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1703-1709 
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    Notes: The strain space and traditional stress space formulations of plasticity theory are compared. We show how plasticity theory has been implemented numerically to solve static and dynamic problems, and conclude that the numerical loading criteria that have been used for two decades are identical to the strain space loading criteria proposed by Naghdi and co-workers.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1729-1733 
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    Notes: A PERQ single user computer can be used to animate structure plots, which is of great assistance when interpreting the results from finite element programs. Excellent appreciation may be obtained of a structure oscillating in complicated natural modes. The technique is also useful for studying deformations due to static forces.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1711-1728 
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    Notes: Simple solutions are extracted from the exact compatibility equations of inextensional bending for a special class of shell shapes, and it is speculated that these solutions provide useful criteria towards evaluating finite elements for these and closely related shapes. Curved finite elements of a quadratic parametric representation, which do not belong to the special class, are then studied. By using a series of exact inextensional bending displacements, it is concluded from numerical evidence that the criteria apply to finite element shapes in this representation when they are shallow, as is usually the case in practice. Criteria for homogeneous membrane actions follow from Gol'denveizer's static-geometric analogue.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1745-1749 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Using the partial-boundary element approach, in which only a part of the boundary in problem is discretized, the elastic torsion problem of a prismatic beam of a cracked rectangular cross-section has been solved in this brief paper, together with a numerical example to show the accuracy and versatility of the approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1751-1755 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The radial symmetry of the cable results in circular finite elements to evaluate the potential distribution in a multi-dielectric cable. Owing to this, a two dimensional analysis used in conjunction with triangular finite elements is reduced to one-dimensional analysis. This method therefore suggests an alternative proposal to calculate the potential distribution in a multi-dielectric cable with better accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1756-1756 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1757-1757 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1757-1758 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1758-1759 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1791-1796 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Contour plots of finite element solutions, especially for derivatives, often are discarded due to poor plotting algorithms. This note shows how a smoothing scheme based on a minimum surface theory can significantly improve the quality of the graphical results. The scheme proposed is compared with many other smoothing schemes, including least squares, on a simple problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1763-1790 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the stages of development of an optimum structural design scheme. Any attempt to generate the optimum scantlings of a structure of even moderate complexity usually poses nonlinear programming problems for which there exist no universally accepted solution method. The structure considered here is a complete compartment of a single-hulled ship acted upon by multiple load cases. The elastic responses under four different load types are obtained by a quasi finite element analysis routine developed specifically for this purpose. Sequential linear programming (SLP) with appropriate artifices to achieve rapid convergence has been successfully employed as an optimization routine to minimize the object function, which in this case was the total weight of the major structural members. The test problem has 490 basic degrees-of-freedom, 21 free design variables and more than 100 mixed constraints, the majority of which are nonlinear implicit stress functions. The method is then applied to a number of cases representative of small warship designs. Suggestions for future extensions and general conclusions are included at the end of the paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1815-1821 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The approach of Cermak and Zlamal1 for solving quasilinear parabolic equations is modified and improved. The modified approach leads to a normal system of ODE, which may be solved with a standard program. The numerical solution of a specially selected example is compared with the exact solution. The method is applied on a system of quasilinear parabolic equations, which describes a real process - crystallization of a metal ingot.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1797-1813 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The simulation of a large-scale gas transmission network involves the numerical solution of a large system of initial valued, stiff algebraic/differential equations. Rapid changes in the solution are present due to the disturbances generated by the varying consumer demand and the operation of network controlling devices such as compressors. This paper discusses the design of an efficient variable-step integrator for the solution of the problem. Two sets of strategies are presented for implementing the variable-step integrator; one for the implicit numerical method such as the diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta methods, and the other for the linearly implicit Rosenbrock-type method. The performance of the numerical methods implemented are compared with the British Gas simulation program PAN on a number of large, realistic transmission networks.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1823-1840 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The optimality conditions for the optimal shape remodelling of linearly elastic plates are obtained by introducing the total variation of a function defined on a variable domain, although the variation of a function has been taken on a fixed domain in most literature on calculus of variations. Using these optimality conditions, a solution scheme involving an iterative algorithm is proposed, together with several numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1863-1884 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a simple scheme for analysing shells subject to the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis. The method combines a previously developed, statically determinate truss model with the static-geometric analogy of elastic thin shell theory. In this way, both in-plane and flexural mid-surface actions are obtained by simply repeating the elementary computations performed on an essentially ‘membrane’ truss.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1841-1861 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the modelling of open shells, such as those used in roof construction, by means of a single-layered, pin-jointed truss. The latter exhibits several advantages over existing framework models, such as, for example, statical determinacy and the capacity to cope with arbitrary material constants. In the present article, the truss model is developed for and applied to the numerical analysis of shells subject to the membrane hypothesis. However, the same statically determinate model forms the basis for a computational scheme for analysing shells according to the more formal, statically indeterminate bending theory; the latter application of the truss model will be presented in a subsequent paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1951-1952 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1952-1952 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1957-1958 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1953-1956 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1959-1964 
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    Notes: A new method for static condensation is presented. This method utilizes Choleski decomposition with some modification to obtain the effective stiffness matrix and the effective load vector. A comparison between this modified decomposition method and the usual matrix decomposition method shows that the former is more efficient than the latter.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1965-1990 
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    Notes: An approach for the fully automatic generation of three-dimensional finite element meshes is presented. The method is specifically designed for use with solid modelling systems which provide a complete and unique definition of the geometry of a part. The method follows from the basic concepts of the octree encoding technique with specific modifications made to produce valid, user controllable finite element meshes. Example problems are included to demonstrate the technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2065-2075 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method which combines the finite element technique and the singular-integral equation method is presented. The association of the two methods is obtained with the help of Schwarz's alternating method (SAM). The method was applied with satisfactory results to the solution of a series of problems of a circular arc crack lying inside a finite thin plate for various lengths of the circular arc and for various dimensions of the rectangular cracked sheet.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2121-2141 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A 48 degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.) quadrilateral thin elastic shell finite element using variable-order polynomial functions, B-spline functions and rational B-spline functions to model the shell surface is developed. This development may allow the stiffness formulation of the shell element to be linked to the geometry data bases created by computer aided design systems. The displacement functions are that of bicubic Hermitian polynomials. The displacement functions and d.o.f. are expressed and investigated in both the curvilinear and Cartesian forms. The cuivilinear form is simpler and can provide the proper solution for a certain class of shell problems. For certain highly curved shells such as bellows, however, the curvilinear form fails to properly model some rigid body modes even with either the explicit inclusion of rigid body terms or the high order displacement functions. It is suggested in this study that such difficulty can be circumvented and the rigid body modes can be properly included if a Cartesian form is used for displacement functions. The strain-displacement equations are expressed in curvilinear co-ordinates. Thus, the Cartesian displacement functions require a transformation to curvilinear displacement at each numerical integration point. Examples include a pinched cylinder, a translational shell under central load, a uniformly loaded hypar shell, a pressurized ovel shell, a semi-toroidal bellows and a U-shaped bellows. For the first four examples, geometric modellings consist of polynomials of second-order (subparametric), third-order (isoparametric), and fourth and fifth-order (both superparametric) as well as B-spline functions of fourth- and fifth-order. The geometries of the pinched cylinder, the semi-toroidal bellows, and the U-shaped bellows were modelled exactly using rational B-spline functions. All the results obtained are in good agreement with alternative existing solutions.
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