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  • 101
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    The unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): First results of a GNSS-based network at its southeastern edge (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: Two small geodetic subnetworks were established in 2010 and in 2014, respectively, along the southeastern edge of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano. These networks have been monitored since late 2014 with GNSS techniques by the GEOmatic_laboratory of Earth Science Section of the University of Catania. The resulting horizontal velocity field allowed us to observe a westward decay of the rate and a different azimuthal pattern of motion between the two networks. We suggest that both features are due to active deformation of the Nizzeti faults. We also observed that the deforming region is not entirely confined by the Tremestieri-San Gregorio-Acitrezza fault zones, but it extends southwards. Areal upgrades of the networks as well as the scheduling of measurements at least on a monthly basis will improve our knowledge of the current deformation pattern of the investigated area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 418-424
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 102
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    Sulfur Degassing From Steam-Heated Crater Lakes: El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Iceland) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: The composition of the gases released by El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Askja volcano, Iceland) volcanic lakes is examined by Multi-GAS for the first time. Our results demonstrate that H2S and SO2 are degassed by these pH 2–3 lakes. We find higher CO2/H2S and H2/H2S ratios in the lakes’ emissions (31–5,685 and 0.6–35, respectively) than in the fumarolic gases feeding the lakes (13–33 and 0.08–0.5, respectively), evidencing that only a fraction (0.2–5.4% at El Chichón) of the H2S(g) contributed by the subaquatic fumaroles ultimately reaches the atmosphere. At El Chichón, we estimate a H2S output from the crater lake of 0.02–0.06 t/day. Curiously, SO2 is also detected at trace levels in the gases released from both lakes (0.003–0.3 ppmv).We propose that H2S supplied into the lakes initiates a series of complex oxidation reactions, having sulfite as an intermediate product, and ultimately leading to SO2 production and degassing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7504-7513
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 103
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    Fling Effects from Near‐Source Strong‐Motion Records: Insights from the 2016 M w 6.5 Norcia, Central Italy, Earthquake (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: We propose a semiautomatic processing scheme (extended BASeline Correction [eBASCO]) for recovering the tectonic fling from near‐source records. The method, based on a piecewise linear detrend of the strong‐motion (SM) recordings, is applied to reconstruct the ground displacement field of the 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5 earthquake in central Italy. The robustness of the results is checked against geodetic measurements, remote sensing data, ground‐motion simulations, and existing empirical models for fling amplitude. The outcomes of eBASCO are analyzed with the goal of testing its capability to preserve long‐period content in near‐source SM recordings affected by tectonic fling, different from standard processing schemes based on bandpass filtering. Comparison of peak ground displacements, peak ground velocities, and spectral displacements shows that long‐period ground motion recorded over and in proximity of the fault can be underestimated by standard processing. Spectral displacement ordinates can diverge up to the 25% for periods longer than 5 s when an appropriate baseline correction is made.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Permanent Displacement, Fling-Step, Central Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 104
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    A New Approximate Method for Quantifying Tsunami Maximum Inundation Height Probability (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Regional and global tsunami hazard analysis requires simplified and efficient methods for estimating the tsunami inundation height and its related uncertainty. One such approach is the amplification factor (AF) method. Amplification factors describe the relation between offshore wave height and the maximum inundation height, as predicted by linearized plane wave models employed for incident waves with different wave characteristics. In this study, a new amplification factor method is developed that takes into account the offshore bathymetry proximal to the coastal site. The present AFs cover the North-Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (NEAM) region. The model is the first general approximate model that quantifies inundation height uncertainty. Uncertainty quantification is carried out by analyzing the inundation height variability in more than 500 high-resolution inundation simulations at six different coastal sites. The inundation simulations are undertaken with different earthquake sources in order to produce different wave period and polarity. We show that the probability density of the maximum inundation height can be modeled with a log-normal distribution, whose median is quite well predicted by the AF. It is further demonstrated that the associated maximum inundation height uncertainties are significant and must be accounted for in tsunami hazard analysis. The application to the recently developed TSUMAPS-NEAM probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) is presented as a use case.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3227–3246
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 105
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    Mass Eruption Rates of Tephra Plumes During the 2011–2015 Lava Fountain Paroxysms at Mt. Etna From Doppler Radar Retrievals (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: Real-time estimation of eruptive source parameters during explosive volcanic eruptions is a major challenge in terms of hazard evaluation and risk assessment as these inputs are essential for tephra dispersal models to forecast the impact of ash plumes and tephra deposits. In this aim, taking advantage of the 23.5 cm wavelength Doppler radar (VOLDORAD 2B) monitoring Etna volcano, we analyzed 47 paroxysms produced between 2011 and 2015, characterized by lava fountains generating tephra plumes that reached up to 15 km a.s.l. Range gating of the radar beam allows the identification of the active summit craters in real-time, no matter the meteorological conditions. The radar echoes help to mark (i) the onset of the paroxysm when unstable lava fountains, taking over Strombolian activity, continuously supply the developing tephra plume, then (ii) the transition to stable fountains (climax), and (iii) the end of the climax, therefore providing paroxysm durations. We developed a new methodology to retrieve in real-time a Mass Eruption Rate (MER) proxy from the radar echo power and maximum Doppler velocity measured near the emission source. The increase in MER proxies is found to precede by several minutes the time variations of plume heights inferred from visible and X-Band radar imagery. A calibration of the MER proxy against ascent models based on observed plume heights leads to radar-derived climax MER from 2.96 x 10(4) to 3.26 x 10(6) kg s(-1). The Total Erupted Mass (TEM) of tephra was computed by integrating over beam volumes and paroxysm duration, allowing quantitative comparisons of the relative amounts of emitted tephra among the different paroxysms. When the climactic phase can be identified, it is found to frequently release 76% of the TEM. Calibrated TEMs are found to be larger than those retrieved by satellite and X-band radar observations, deposit analyses, ground-based infrared imagery, or dispersion modeling. Our methodology, potentially applicable to every Doppler radar, provides mass load parameters that represent a powerful all-weather tool for the quantitative monitoring and real-time hazard assessment of tephra plumes at Etna or any other volcano with radar monitoring.
    Description: Published
    Description: Article 73
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    The genetic relationship between andesites and dacites at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Volcanic eruptions of intermediary and silica-rich magmas (andesites, dacites and rhyolites) in convergent arc settings generate voluminous and explosive eruptions that can strongly affect human activity and have significant environmental impacts. It is therefore crucial to understand how these magmas are generated in order to anticipate their potential impact. At convergent margins, primitive magmas (primitive basalts and/or andesites) are derived from the mantle wedge and they are progressively modified by physical and chemical processes operating between the melting zone and the surface to produce silica-rich magmas. In order to elucidate the relationship between andesites and dacites, we focus on Tungurahua volcano, located in the Ecuadorian Andes. We collected a set of samples comprising such lithologies that were erupted during the last 3000 year BP. This relatively short period of time allows us to assume that the geodynamic parameters remain constant. Petrology and major-trace element compositions of these lavas have already been examined, and so we performed a complementary Pb-Sr isotope study in order to determine the nature and origin of the components involved in andesite and dacite genesis. Sr isotopes range from 0.70417 to 0.70431, and Pb isotope compositions range from 18.889 to 19.154 for 206Pb/204Pb, from 15.658 to 15.696 for 207Pb/204Pb, and from 38.752 to 38.918 for 208Pb/204Pb. Dacites display a remarkably homogeneous Pb isotopic composition, with higher 206Pb/204Pb values for a given 207-208Pb/204Pb compared to andesites. Andesites show notable 207Pb/206Pb variations for a given SiO2 content, whereas dacites have lower and homogenous 207Pb/206Pb values. Andesite and dacite altogether plot in a roughly triangular distribution, with dacitic magmas systematically plotting at the high SiO2 and 87Sr/86Sr and low 207Pb/206Pb fields. Based on our new dataset, we show that at least 3 different components are required to explain the Tungurahua compositional and isotope variation: one corresponds to the mantle, the second has a deep origin (slab component or lower crust), and a mixture between these two components explains andesite heterogeneity. The third component is derived from the underlying upper continental crust. While andesites are derived fromdeep components, dacites are derived from the andesitic magmas that underwent an assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) process with incorporation of the local metamorphic basement. Finally,we used the geochemical and isotopic data to produce a model of the magmatic plumbing system beneath Tungurahua, consistent with geophysical and experimental petrology constraints. We conclude that melt migration and storage in the upper crust appears to be a key parameter for controlling volcanic behavior though time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 283-297
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 107
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    An improved evaluation of the seismic/geodetic deformation-rate ratio for the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust collisional belt (2019)
    Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: We present an improved picture of the ongoing crustal deformation field for the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt continental collision zone by using an extensive combination of both novel and published GPS observations. The main results define the significant amount of oblique Arabia–Eurasia convergence currently being absorbed within the Zagros: right-lateral shear along the NW trending Main Recent fault in NW Zagros and accommodated between fold-and-thrust structures and NS right-lateral strike-slip faults on Southern Zagros. In addition, taking into account the 1909–2016 instrumental seismic catalogue, we provide a statistical evaluation of the seismic/geodetic deformation-rate ratio for the area. On Northern Zagros and on the Turkish–Iranian Plateau, a moderate to large fraction (∼49 and 〉60 per cent, respectively) of the crustal deformation occurs seismically. On the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, the seismic/geodetic deformation-rate ratio suggests that a small to moderate fraction (〈40 per cent) of crustal deformation occurs seismically; locally, the occurrence of large historic earthquakes (M ≥ 6) coupled with the high geodetic deformation, could indicate overdue M ≥ 6 earthquakes. On Southern Zagros, aseismic strain dominates crustal deformation (the ratio ranges in the 15–33 per cent interval). Such aseismic deformation is probably related to the presence of the weak evaporitic Hormuz Formation which allows the occurrence of large aseismic motion on both subhorizontal faults and surfaces of décollement. These results, framed into the seismotectonic framework of the investigated region, confirm that the fold-and-thrust-dominated deformation is driven by buoyancy forces; by contrast, the shear-dominated deformation is primary driven by plate stresses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 194-209
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Creep and deformation ; Satellite geodesy ; Asia ; Earthquake hazards ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Geodynamics and Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 108
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    The Borehole Experiment: Investigation of Cortical Structures Through 3D Array Techniques (2019)
    Miscellania INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-15
    Description: Over the last few years it is growing the need to monitor the volcanic activity with modern technology in order to mitigate volcanic hazard through the detection of any possible precursor phenomena. The use of high performance seismic stations, such as borehole instruments, may increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR), improving the capability to detect very small signals. Over the past 40 years much attention has been given to the use of seismic arrays to measure the slowness vector of coherent signals. The main advantage of seismic arrays consists in their ability to detect weak or emergent signals, and to allow for an effective noise reduction through multichannel waveform stacking. A reliable prediction of the ray-path back-propagated from the recording site to the source is strongly limited by the poor knowledge of the local shallow velocity structure. Usually in volcanic environments the propagation of seismic signals through the shallow layers is strongly affected by lateral heterogeneity, attenuation, scattering, and interaction with the free surface. Driven by these motivations, on May 2014, in collaboration with the colleagues of Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV), we deployed a 3D seismic array in the area where the borehole seismic station called Pozzo Pitarrone is installed at a depth of about 130 meters. This will improve our knowledge about: • the structure of the top layer and its relationship with geology; • analysis of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of volcanic signals as a function of frequency; • study of seismic ray-path deformation caused by the interaction of the seismic waves with the free surface; • evaluation of the attenuation of the seismic signals correlated with the volcanic activity. The results of these analyses will improve the general knowledge of wave propagation in the shallow layers and will give a new contribution to the seismic monitoring of Etna volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: Nicolosi (Catania), Italy
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Keywords: 3D-Array Techniques ; Mt. Etna
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Extended abstract
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  • 109
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    Historical faulting as the possible cause of earthquake damages in the ancient Roman port city of Ostia (2019)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-07
    Description: This paper presents an original multidisciplinary (geological-structural-geomorphological and seismological) study aimed at investigating the origin of diffused seismic damages affecting several ancient buildings in the Roman port city of Ostia. We also evaluate the possibility to relate these damages to a previously hypothesized ENE-WSW trending fault, bordering the morphological height upon which the Ostia town was founded. Aimed at this scope, we performed seismic noise measures (by using 14 seismic stations) that show no significantly different response and lack of significant ground motion differential amplifications. The coexistence of (i) no local geological heterogeneities and (ii) low amplification of spectral ratios in the recorded seismic signals seems to exclude that the observed seismic damage may be the consequence of significant site effects. When also the large distance from the strongest Apennine’s seismogenic source areas is considered, the possibility that the observed damage may be the consequence of local events should be considered. We discuss the potentiality of the ENE-WSW trending fault as the source of the observed seismic damages, highlighting the supporting evidence as well as the uncertainties of such interpretation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 833–851
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
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    Using a multi-method approach based on soil radon deficit, resistivity, and induced polarization measurements to monitor non-aqueous phase liquid contamination in two study areas in Italy and India (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-15
    Description: Geochemical and geophysical surveys employing radon deficit, resistivity, and induced polarization (IP) measurements were undertaken on soil contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in two different sites in India and in Italy. Radon deficit, validated through the comparison with average soil radon in reference unpolluted areas, shows the extension of contamination in the upper part of the unsaturated aquifers. In site 1 (Italy), the spill is not recent. A residual film of kerosene covers soil grains, inhibiting their chargeability and reducing electrical resistivity difference with background unpolluted areas. No correlation between the two parameters is observed. Soil volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentration is not linked with radon deficit, supporting the old age of the spillage. NAPL pollution in sites 2a and 2b (India) is more recent and probably still active, as demonstrated by higher values of electrical resistivity. A good correlation with IP values suggests that NAPL is still distributed as droplets or as a continuous phase in the pores, strengthening the scenario of a fresh spill or leakage. Residual fraction of gasoline in the pore space of sites 2a and 2b is respectively 1.5 and 11.8 kg per cubic meter of terrain. This estimation is referred to the shallower portion of the unsaturated aquifer. Electrical resistivity is still very high indicating that the gasoline has not been strongly degraded yet. Temperature and soil water content influence differently radon deficit in the three areas, reducing soil radon concentration and partly masking the deficit in sites 2a and 2b.
    Description: Published
    Description: 12515–12527
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 111
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    2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence: strong-motion data analysis and design earthquake selection for seismic microzonation purposes (2019)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-07
    Description: This work describes the analysis of the strong-motion data from the Engineering Strong Motion database (ESM, http://esm.mi.ingv.it), aimed at: (1) extract a dataset of accelero- metric waveforms recorded during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence; (2) iden- tify the recording stations to be used as reference sites for further seismological analysis; (3) select the records to be used as input for seismic microzonation of higher level at 137 municipalities. Firstly, a residual analysis is carried out on the extracted dataset to perform: (1) the quality check of the waveforms recorded by temporary networks installed soon after the occurrence of the rst main shock (M 6.0, 24 August 2016); (2) the estimation of the site-to-site residual term for each recording station with the aim of recognising potential reference rock sites. Finally, the software REXELite, integrated within the ESM website, is adopted to select suites of spectrum-compatible accelerograms, that will be used as input for calculating site ampli cations through 1D and 2D simulations at sites which suf- fered the greatest damage. The results of this work demonstrate the success of the synergy among Italian institutions. The setup of key infrastructures, such as emergency networks and data repositories, together with the knowledge developed during national projects, turned out to be successful in terms of timely intervention during the emergency phase and the planning of the post-emergency.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5533–5551
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 112
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    The response of high latitude ionosphere to the 2015 St. Patrick’s day storm from in situ and ground based observations (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: The storm onset of the so-called “St. Patrick’s day geomagnetic storm”, on March 17th, 2015 triggered several fluctuations of the electron density in the ionosphere causing severe scintillations at high latitudes of both hemispheres. Leveraging on ground-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers we investigate the ionospheric response to the main phase of the most intense storm of the current solar cycle, in terms of phase scintillations on L-band signals recorded simultaneously in Antarctica and in the Arctic. In detail, we analyse phase scintillation index (σϕ) data from Eureka (79.99°N, 274.10°E), Concordia (75.10°S, 123.35°E), Resolute Bay (74.75°N, 265.00°E), Mario Zucchelli (74.41°S, 164.10°E), Ny-Ålesund (78.92°N, 11.98°E) and Zhongshan (69.37°S, 76.37°E) stations. Furthermore, by using ancillary data obtained from in-situ and ground-based observations, we investigate the origin and the evolution of the ionospheric irregularities causing scintillations, reconstructing the ionospheric background in which such irregularities formed and moved. The multi-instrumental approach used in this work allows identifying the Antarctic ionosphere as the most responsive to the solar perturbation driving the storm. Our study reveals how the in-situ electron density data can be used to reconstruct the picture of the ionospheric dynamics, both locally and globally. Finally, our results identify the important role played by particles precipitation in triggering the observed scintillations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 638-650
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High-latitude ionosphere Ionospheric irregularities GNSS scintillations Multi-instrumental observations Ionospheric dynamics Interhemispheric study ; high latitude ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 113
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    How lithospheric subduction changes along the Calabrian Arc in southern Italy: geophysical evidences (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: Recent tomographic investigations performed down to ~300 km depth in the Calabrian Arc region gave insight in favor of the hypothesis that the Ionian subducting slab is continuous in depth beneath the central part of the Arc, while detachment of the deep portion of the subducting structure may have already taken place beneath the edges of the Arc itself. In the present study, we perform new geophysical analyses to further explore the structure of the subduction system and the structure and kinematics of the crustal units in the study area for a more comprehensive view of the local geodynamic scenario. Local earthquake tomography that we address to the exploration of the upper 40 km in the whole region of southern Italy furnishes P-wave velocity domains, suggesting southeast-ward long-term drifting of the southern Tyrrhenian unit with an advancement front matching well with the segment of Calabrian Arc where the subducting slab was found continuous and trench retreat can be presumed to have been active in the most recent times. This scenario of retreating subduction trench inducing drifting of the lithospheric unit overriding the subducting slab is further supported by the analysis of gravity anomalies, allowing us to better constrain the transitional zones between different subduction modes (continuous vs. detached slab) along the Arc. Also, the relocation of recent crustal seismicity, associated with geostructural data taken from the literature, provides evidence for NW-trending seismogenic structures in northeastern Sicily and northern Calabria that we interpret as Subduction-Transform Edge Propagator (STEP) faults guiding the southeast-ward drifting process of the southern Tyrrhenian unit. Crustal earthquake relocations show also seismolineaments in southern Calabria corresponding to the NE-trending longitudinal structures of the Arc where the great shallow earthquakes of 28 December 1908, and 5 and 7 February 1783 occurred. Seismicity and the extensional stress regime detected in these structures find also reasonable location in the proposed scenario, being interpretable in terms of shallow response of the central segment of the Arc to slab rollback and trench retreat.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1949–1969
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gravity anomalies and earth structure ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Seismic tomography ; subduction zone processes ; Europe
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 114
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    L’Osservatorio Vesuviano: storia della scienza e cultura del territorio nell’area vesuviana (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: The Royal Observatory of Vesuvius (ROV) is the oldest volcanological observatory in the world. It was founded in 1841 by the King of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II of Bourbons, in order to study the volcanic activity of Vesuvius for the early warning of the population. Currently, it hosts a permanent exhibition where the visitors are introduced to volcanism and its hazards, the monitoring systems of active volcanoes, and the history of Mt. Vesuvius and the Vesuvius Observatory. It provides an integration between conventional and innovative exhibitions, by implementing the wonderful collections of rocks and minerals, old books, historical instruments, documents and paintings, with computer graphics and multimedia installations. After a long period of about one year – when renovation works were closed – the ROV reopened with a magnificent ceremony, where the rooms of the Museum also hosted an art and photography exhibition by the students of the Karlsruhe Art Academy, the Architecture Faculty of the Zurich University and the Hamburg Academy. The ROV reopening to the public fits in a much wider process of requalification of the Vesuvius region, where, the dissemination of the knowledge of the volcano will promote the proper use of its territory, not only to blow up all the potential of the area, but also to prepare future generations for a more conscious and fruitful use of the resources offered by the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 114-131
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 115
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    Towards Quantitative Volcanic Risk of Pyroclastic Density Currents: Probabilistic Hazard Curves and Maps Around Somma-Vesuvius (Italy) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-09
    Description: Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are hot flowing mixtures of gas and pyroclasts that can cause widespread loss of life and structural damage around the erupting volcano. Hazard assessments that include quantification of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty are a necessary step toward calculating volcanic risk of PDCs in an accurate and complete manner. We develop a three-stage procedure to quantify such uncertainties for dense PDCs. First, the TITAN2D model is parameterized to simulate the PDC phenomenology at the target volcano. Second, TITAN2D is coupled with Polynomial Chaos Quadrature to propagate aleatory uncertainty from model parameters to hazard intensity measures (flow depth and speed). Third, the TITAN2D-PCQ analysis is merged with the Bayesian Event Tree for Volcanic Hazard to include other volcano-specific aleatory uncertainty and estimates of epistemic uncertainty. A comprehensive collection of probabilistic hazard curves and maps for flow depth and speed around the volcano is obtained through this methodology and its application is illustrated at Somma-Vesuvius (Italy). Our results indicate that, given an eruption from the current central crater, exceedance probabilities are around 30% (aleatory uncertainty only) and between 10% and 60% (aleatory and epistemic uncertainty), for flow depth = 1 m and flow speed = 2 m/s, over the first 2–3 km around the vent. Dense PDCs faster than 30 m/s may cover areas about 50 km 2 around the vent, on average, 1 every 10 eruptions. This type of probabilistic hazard assessment represents a crucial step toward quantitative volcanic risk of dense PDCs at Somma-Vesuvius and worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6299-6317
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 116
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    Semi-implicit 3D SPH on GPU for lava flows (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: GPUSPH is an implementation of Weakly-Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics with an explicit predictor–corrector integration scheme, that takes advantage of the parallel nature of the method to run on Graphic Processing Units (GPUs). Despite the massive speed-up granted by the use of GPUs, the application of GPUSPH to the simulation of highly viscous fluids is still problematic, due to the severe time-stepping restrictions imposed by the explicit integration scheme when the viscous term becomes dominant. This is an issue in the simulation of lava flows, where the thermal-dependent rheology can lead to kinematic viscosities in the order of 104m2s−1 or more at low temperatures. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a semi-implicit integration scheme, where only the viscous part of the momentum equation is solved implicitly. Here we show the significant advantages of our approach in terms of simulation run times as well as better quality of the results over the fully explicit scheme.
    Description: Published
    Description: 854-870
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Laser scanning and digital imaging for the investigation of an ancient building: Palazzo d'Accursio study case (Bologna, Italy) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: This paper describes a scientific approach aimed at studying the ancient part of Palazzo d’Accursio (Bologna, Italy), a masonry building which is part of the Italian cultural heritage. Laser scanning and the inspection of digital images are used to detect traces of restoration works and other interesting features related to both architectural marks and natural or anthropic events. One of the main elements of the method is the analysis of residual maps, obtained by computing the differences between the point coordinates of the fac¸ ade and reference fit planes. The obtained results, based on both radiometric and geometrical analysis, are used to provide a reasonable hypothesis as to the original configuration of the studied building, while taking into account the available historical information about the constructive phases of the building
    Description: Published
    Description: 215-220
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Ionosphere Prediction Service (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: The aim of the Ionosphere Prediction Service (IPS) project is to design and develop a prototype platform to translate the prediction and forecast of the ionosphere effects into a service customized for specific GNSS user communities. The project team is composed by Telespazio (coordinator), Nottingham Scientific Ltd, Telespazio Vega Deutschland, the University of Nottingham, the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” and the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). The IPS development is conceived of two concurrent activities: prototype service design and development & research activity that will run along the whole project. Service design and development is conceived into four phases: user requirements collection, architecture specification, implementation and validation of the prototype. A sub-activity analyses also the integration feasibility in the Galileo Service center, located in Madrid. The research activity is the scientific backbone of IPS that will provide the models and algorithms for the forecasting products.
    Description: Published
    Description: University of Exeter United Kingdom
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Keywords: ionosphere ; forecasting
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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    Geosphere coupling and hydrothermal anomalies before the 2009 Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake in Italy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The earthquake anomalies associated with the 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake have been widely reported. Nevertheless,the reported anomalies have not been so far synergically analyzed to interpret or prove the potential lithosphere–coversphere–atmosphere coupling (LCAC) process. Previous studies on b value (a seismicity parameter from Gutenberg–Richter law) are also insufficient. In this work, the spatiotemporal evolution of several hydrothermal parameters related to the coversphere and atmosphere, including soil moisture, soil temperature, near-surface air temperature, and precipitable water, was comprehensively investigated. Air temperature and atmospheric aerosol were also statistically analyzed in time series with ground observations. An abnormal enhancement of aerosol occurred on 30 March 2009 and thus proved quasi-synchronous anomalies among the hydrothermal parameters from 29 to 31 March in particular places geo-related to tectonic thrusts and local topography. The three-dimensional (3-D) visualization analysis of b value revealed that regional stress accumulated to a high level, particularly in the L’Aquila basin and around regional large thrusts. Finally, the coupling effects of geospheres were discussed, and a conceptual LCAC mode was proposed to interpret the possible mechanisms of the multiple quasi-synchronous anomalies preceding the L’Aquila earthquake. Results indicate that CO2-rich fluids in deep crust might have played a significant role in the local LCAC process.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1859–1880
    Description: 6T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori
    Description: JCR Journal
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    The Role of Viscoelastic Stress Transfer in Long-Term Earthquake Cascades: Insights After the Central Italy 2016-2017 Seismic Sequenc (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: Central Italy is characterized by a network of active faults that interact in a complex manner. Coseismic Coulomb stress changes have been invoked by several authors to explain the concentration of moderate-to-strong earthquakes in this region, but none has considered the time-dependent viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle as a possible additional source of stress changes at a regional scale. Here starting from the 1915 M-w 6.90.2 Fucino earthquake, we calculated the coseismic plus postseismic Coulomb failure stress changes (CFS) due to eight moderate-to-strong earthquakes that have struck Central Italy in the last century and culminated with the 2016-2017 sequence. Results from this modeling coupled with some synthetic tests simulating normal fault earthquakes with different magnitudes allowed us to highlight the importance of postseismic processes. In particular, the viscoelastic stress transfer due to events of M-w 〉= 6.5 can modify the spatial distribution of CFS on a centennial timescale and therefore trigger events at larger distances. In addition, using these results, we identified other earthquake clusters in the historical catalogue (last 618 years), which, like the 1915-2017 series, were potentially modulated by both coseismic and postseismic processes. Finally, considering our calculations combined with historical and paleoseismological data, we suggest that several faults in Central Italy may be at present close to failure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3411-3428
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Tyrrhenian sea level at 2000 BP: evidence from Roman age fish tanks and their geological calibration (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: Following the pioneering work of Schmiedt et al. (1972) on establishing the level of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Antiquity, a number of studies have examined this evidence from Roman Period fish tanks but with significantly different outcomes due primarily to different interpretations of the functional level of these pools at the time of their construction. As part of a longer term project to understand the causes of sea-level change around the Italian coast, we have reexamined and resurveyed 12 well-documented fish tanks, all based on the same construction principles, from the Tyrrhenian coast (between Formia and Orbetello) for which it can be established that they were in open contact with the sea at the time of operation. The structural features that tidally control the exchange of water used to define the ancient local sea level are identified as the channel thresholds, the sluice gate and sliding post positions, and the lowest level crepido. These are consistent for all the tanks examined, permitting the local sea-level change over the past 2000 years to be established at each location with a precision of ± 20 cm and against which other coastal archaeological features can be calibrated. We conclude that published local sea levels that are based on the present-day elevations of the foundations of protective walls constructed around the tanks and lie ~ 50 cm above our inferred levels are inconsistent with the successful functioning of the water exchange and have to be rejected. In one case, for Santa Liberata, we have been able to calibrate our interpretation against sedimentary evidence from the nearby Orbetello Lagoon that confirm our interpretation of the functional control level of the tanks and we conclude that the accuracy of our local sea levels is also ± 20 cm. The causes of sea-level change along this section of the coast are several, including land motion driven by tectonic and glacio-isostatic processes and any change in ocean volume. The individual estimates for the observed local sea levels range from − 0.9 to − 1.5 m with a mean value of − 1.22 ± 0.20 m. These values show that the spatial variability of the local levels is small and consistent with model-inferences of the glacioisostatic process that indicate near-constant contributions for this section of coast and with tectonic inference from the elevations of the Last Interglacial shoreline.
    Description: Published
    Description: S69-S80
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Earthquakes in Central Italy in 2016: Comparison between Norcia and Amatrice (2019)
    The European Association for Earthquake Engineering
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: In this paper lessons are extracted from the comparison between the very different consequences that a set of earthquakes had on the neighbouring towns of Amatrice and Norcia during the 2016 central Italy earthquake sequence. The paper initially describes the prevention programs implemented in Amatrice and Norcia starting from the reconstruction after the 1860 Norcia earthquake. The earthquake intensities in Amatrice and Norcia during the 2016 Central Italy events were considering accelerometric recordings of the Italian Strong Motion Network. In the same municipalities, the damage has been assessed through site visits and analysis of the results of the post-earthquake safety assessment performed after the events. It was found that the differences in damage were essentially due to the strengthening of most houses in Norcia done during the previous decades. This is also likely to lead to a much faster recover of the economy and livelihood in Norcia, as Amatrice needs to be entirely rebuilt.
    Description: Published
    Description: Thessaloniki, Greece
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Keywords: 2016 Central Italy earthquakes ; Damage prevention ; Strengthening.
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Monitoring of Anthropogenic Seismicity in Italy: State of the Art (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: In Italy the discussion about anthropogenic seismicity started after the deadly M6 Emilia earthquakes in 2012. Occurring these events in an area of gas and oil production, the question raised, whether exploitation induced crustal stress variations that could have influenced the generation of these events. In 2014 the Government published monitoring guidelines (MGL) describing regulations regarding hydrocarbon extraction, waste-water injection and CO2 storage. The MGL prescribe the monitoring of pore pressure, microseismicity and ground deformation near sites of industrial activity and direct the application of a four-stage traffic light protocol. INGV has been charged to apply the MGL in three test areas and to provide indications about the applicability of these guidelines. We give a general overview about the state of the art, trying to emphasize critical situations as e.g. problems in magnitude calculation or traffic light thresholds, especially in areas with multiple mining rights.
    Description: Published
    Description: Banff, Alberta, Canada
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio
    Keywords: Anthropogenic Seismicity ; Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Directional amplification of horizontal ground motion at rock sites (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: Directional amplifications of horizontal ground motion along site-dependent azimuths are often unexpectedly found in rocky environments and in stiff-rock conditions. Directional amplification has been studied by several authors at sites with fractured rocks across fault damage zones (e.g. Pischiutta et al., 2013), or close to gravitational instabilities (e.g. Burjanek et al, 2012). In the majority of the cases, a transversal relation between the maximum amplification and the orientation of the predominant fracture field is recognized, interpreted as the effect of the stiffness anisotropy. Cracks in fault damage zones also cause the reduction of rock velocity (especially near-surface Vs). Studies performed on high number of rocky sites revealed that directional amplification effects are much more diffuse than expected. A systematic study involving 258 seismological stations of the Italian Seismic Network points out that 56 of stations (20%) are clearly affected by directional site amplification effects. This station sample was studied by analyzing the surface topography in order to unravel the role of topographic irregularities on ground motion amplifications. Models proposed in literature predict amplification at wavelengths comparable to the mountain width (e.g. Géli et al, 1988) and the scatter of wavefield that is polarized in the direction orthogonal to the relief elongation (e.g. Spudich et al., 1996). Since some bias exists in the objective quantification morphological parameters, we use an original methodology that combines morphometric analysis of digital elevation models and principal component analysis to define the dimension and elongation orientation of pronounced ridges. This study showed that the expected relations between the shape/dimension of relief and ground motion were found only at 5 stations (out of 56) , suggesting a major of local morphology, geological complexities and subsurface properties on directional amplification, consistently with Burjanek et al. (2014). Thus, recent findings have suggested that models proposed in literature in many cases are not able to reproduce observations even for damaging earthquakes (Avallone et al., 2014). Much effort has to be devoted in the future to model the amplification mechanism and take it into account in seismic hazard assessment
    Description: Published
    Description: San Francisco
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Keywords: rock-site amplification
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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    Processing of massive seismic datasets at Campi Flegrei (Italy) through Convolutive Indepedent Component Analysis (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: A novel procedure is proposed in order to analyse continuous seismic signal on hourly scale to have a prompt discrimination among the different sources. The case study regards the Campi Flegrei caldera during the year 2006 when a swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes occurred. The necessity to analyse a massive data set has required applying a robust methodology and the introduction of suitable parameters to be monitored over the time. Specifically we apply the Convolutive Independent Component Analysis to the seismic recording at four broadband stations. As a result, we obtain a clear separation among meteo-marine, anthropogenic noise, hydrothermal tremor in absence of volcano-tectonic activity, whereas in non-stationary conditions a contribution connected to the corner frequency of the earthquakes emerges. We introduce a coarse-grained variable to be monitored continuously, i.e. the frequency associated with the maximum amplitude of the power spectral density of the deconvolutive independent components. This parameter is sensitive to the variation in the frequency bands of interest (e.g. that corresponding to the corner frequencies of volcano-tectonic events) and can be used as marker of the insurgence of seismic activity. We propose the following procedure to be applied routinely in the observatory practice: namely, estimate CICs on hourly series; then represent the distribution of the FMPSDA. Significative variations in the frequency bands of interest can be indicative of the insurgence of a renewed activity (e.g. VTs). Once individuated the “hot” periods, then one can go deeper with finer distinctions at a single event scale by using a simple STA/LTA (Short Time Average vs. Long Time Average) technique in order to detect events. This coarse-grained procedure on massive data through CICA would provide fast alert on the occurrence of even very-small VTs and FMPSDA may represent a suitable “observable” to monitor in the observatory practice. Finally, this approach can be employed for the prompt detection in massive data of other kinds of seismic signals such as LP, tremor, fluid-induced seismicity buried in noisy environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: Rome
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; ICA
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Multiple natural hazards at volcanic islands: a review for the Ischia volcano (Italy) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: Volcanic islands pose several major types of natural hazards, often interconnected and concentrated in relatively small areas. The quantification of these hazards must be framed from a multi-hazard perspective whilst building on existing single-hazard analyses. Ischia is a densely inhabited volcanic island with a long eruptive history lasting more than 150 ka (last in 1302 AD) characterized by the significant asymmetric resurgence of a caldera block. Here, we review the state-of-art of the natural hazards of Ischia, aiming at building a solid base for future holistic multihazard quantifications. We frame our analysis in three steps: i) review of geological, historical and current activity; ii) review of available hazard models and analyses; iii) development of an interpretative framework for the interdependent hazards. The results highlight that volcanic activity has been quite intense and many volcanorelated hazardous phenomena have affected the island including in very recent times, both for eruptive (phreatic or magmatic eruptions) and non-eruptive (earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis) phenomena. The effects of some of them (e.g. tsunamis, tephra) are also relevant beyond the island territory. Quantitative hazard assessments are almost absent and should be developed in the future considering the evident interconnections between hazards.To this end, we propose a conceptual interpretative multi-hazard framework that highlights the fundamental role played by the resurgent block in controlling and connecting the different hazards, in terms of both spatial distribution of the sources and temporal clustering.
    Description: Published
    Description: Article number: 5
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: volcanic hazards ; Ischia ; conceptual model ; 05.08. Risk ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Systematic review of geochemical data from thermal springs, gas vents and fumaroles of Southern Italy for geothermal favourability mapping (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: In recent years, two research projects specifically conceived by Italian Institutions of Research to promote the implementation of the use of geothermal energy in Southern Italy has allowed the review of most data on chemical and isotopic compositions of natural thermal manifestations in the territory of Italy. Two large databases, one for thermal springs and CO2-rich springs, and a second one for fumarolic condensates and associated gas phase have been produced and are available on line, with data spanning in time from the early 70's to the present. We have used those data, after careful evaluation of the quality and reliability of them, to produce correlation diagrams and isodistribution maps of some relevant geochemical/geothermal parameters, such as: pCO2 in thermal springs, %CO2 and δ13C in CO2 of gas phases, 3He/4He ratio and %He. In this way, we have been able to delimit the areal patterns of thermal anomalies potentially related with geothermal reservoirs. The cross correlation among the many parameters (〉40) selected has allowed the overview on the circulation of fluids at shallow crust, in one of the most active tectonic boundary of the Earth between the African and the Eurasian continents. Shallow circulation of hot fluids is particularly active in the Roman Comagmatic Province, the Neapolitan area and Sicily (both at Etna, Aeolian Archipelago and Pantelleria island in the Sicily Channel) where active geothermal systems are already known, whose areal extension is probably much larger than what envisaged at present. The geothermometric evaluation of data has not allowed to clearly identity new areas apart from those already known but, nevertheless, some areas in the inner Apennines, as well as Sicily and Sardinia have shown anomalous 3He/4He values that point to the presence of mantle fluids located inside the crust. Being most of active volcanic islands likely much smaller than the thermal anomaly they are associated with, a futuristic perspective of utilizing geothermal fluids off shore is suggested. Moreover, the database and the proposed maps can be a useful tool both scientific community and stakeholders to perform geothermal favourability maps and to identify potential new areas interesting from a geothermal perspective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 514-535
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Optimal time alignment of tide-gauge tsunami waveforms in nonlinear inversions: Application to the 2015 Illapel (Chile) earthquake (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Tsunami waveform inversion is often used to retrieve information about the causative seismic tsunami source. Tide gauges record tsunamis routinely; however, compared to deep-ocean sensor data, tide-gauge waveform modeling is more difficult due to coarse/inaccurate local bathymetric models resulting in a time mismatch between observed and predicted waveforms. This can affect the retrieved tsunami source model, thus limiting the use of tide-gauge data. A method for nonlinear inversion with an automatic optimal time alignment (OTA), calculated by including a time shift parameter in the cost function, is presented. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through a series of synthetic tests and is applied as part of a joint inversion with interferometric synthetic aperture radar data for the slip distribution of the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake. The results show that without OTA, the resolution on the slip model degrades significantly and that using this method for a real case strongly affects the retrieved slip pattern.
    Description: Published
    Description: 11226-11235
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Seismicity of Ischia Island (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-09
    Description: Ischia is a volcanic island, west of the caldera of Campi Flegrei, southern Italy. Since the deployment of a modern seismic network in 1970, until the 21 August 2017 earthquake, the seismicity of Ischia has been characterized by low-magnitude (Md ≤ 2:3) earthquakes located in the northern part of the island, mostly beneath the town of Casamicciola Terme at very shallow depths (∼500 m). Some of these events seem to have occurred on the same seismogenetic structure in the northern part of the island. This area coincides with that where the devastating events of 1881 and 1883 occurred and where the small-magnitude seismicity recorded between 1927 and 1936 was located. The August 2017 seismic sequence affected the same area. The current network configuration is able to locate shallow events with Md ≥ 1:0 and to detect smaller earthquakes or other types of natural and artificial events (e.g., blast fishing, geothermal well explosions; see The Seismic Network section). Here, we present the catalog of earthquakes recorded on Ischia between 1999 and February 2018 and compare the August 2017 seismic sequence with the background seismicity. Furthermore, we identified a sequence of events possibly linked to the explosion of a geothermal well on the island.
    Description: This work benefited of the project “Sale operative integrate e reti di monitoraggio del futuro: l’INGV 2.0,” Fondo integrativo speciale per la ricerca (FISR) anni 2016 e 2017 (Delibera n. 78/2017). Furthermore, this work benefited of the agreement between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1750-1760
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia ; Seismic Network ; Seismicity
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Interference of tectonic signals in subsurface hydrologic monitoring through gravity and GPS due to mountain building (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-08
    Description: Global Positioning System observations in the Alps have now sufficient precision to reliably observe verticalsurface movement rates at the orogen scale. The geodynamic modeling of converging plate margins requiresconstraints on the origin of orogenic uplift, of which the two end members are pure crustal uplift and crustalthickening, respectively. Gravity change rates joint with uplift measurements allows to distinguish the twomechanisms. We use vertical uplift rates over the Alpine range and the southern foreland basin, to predict thegravity change for different geodynamic hypotheses of pure uplift and mantle inflow, or crustal thickening andisostatic Moho lowering. The sensitivity of gravity as a tool to distinguish the two mechanisms is investigated.This model differs from the predicted isostatic movements, based on the glacial history and the mantle viscosity,since the uplift is measured and not predicted. The estimate of this tectonic signal is important, when gravitychange rates, as those obtained from GRACE, are interpreted exclusively in terms of hydrologic changes tied toclimatic variation. It has been already shown that in some areas, as the Tibetan plateau and the Himalayas, thetectonic signal is not negligible. Here we estimate the effect of the tectonic signal for the uplift of smallermountain ranges, as is the Alpine arc. Our results indicate that tectonic and hydrological signals superpose andwe cannot ignore the tectonic signal when using GRACE to invert for the equivalent water height (EWH)
    Description: Published
    Description: 148-159
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Assessing mantle versus crustal sources for non-volcanic degassing along fault zones in the actively extending southern Apennines mountain belt (Italy) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: The actively extending axial zone of the southern Apennine mountain belt of Italy is characterized by a substantial flow of nonvolcanic gas to the surface. In this study, we have analyzed the correlation between the active tectonic framework of the Matese Ridge area and the high gas emissions found to the southwest, which includes large amounts of CO2 (up to 99 vol%), CH4 (up to 0.55 vol%), and He (up to 52 ppmv). We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes of up to 34000 g d–1 and 2000 g d–1, respectively, from zones of focused degassing (gas vents and associated strong diffuse emission). This anomalously high flux of CO2 (advective plus diffusive) indicates that the study area has one of the largest nonvolcanic natural emissions of CO2 ever measured on Earth. The isotope composition of C in CO2 and CH4 shows there is a dominant crustal contribution of emissions (as opposed to a source from the mantle), indicating that thermometamorphism of the buried Apulian Platform carbonates is probably the main cause of CO2 production. This process has likely been enhanced by Quaternary magmatism, which provides an additional local source of heat triggering decarbonation of Apulian Platform limestones and dolostones at depth. The advective flux is concentrated at gas vents located along active fault segments located at the western tip of a major crustal structure, the South Matese fault zone. We believe that the very high gas emission in the Matese Ridge area is the result of both the presence of a dense network of active fault strands, which provides efficient pathways for fluid flow toward the surface, and the dramatically reduced thickness of the clay-rich mélange zone acting elsewhere in the southern Apennines as a top seal overlying the buried Apulian Platform carbonates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1697–1722
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori sismici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A method for automatic detection of equatorial spread-F in ionograms (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-16
    Description: A method is presented for automatic detection of spread-F. The method is based on an image recognition technique and is applied to ionograms recorded at the ionospheric station of Tucumán (26.9°S, 294.6°E). The performance achieved is statistically evaluated and demonstrated with significant examples. The proposed method improves Autoscala's ability to reject ionograms with insufficient information, including those featuring Spread-F. Automatic identification of cases of spread-F is of additional interest in Space Weather applications, when it helps detect degraded radio propagation conditions. The present data analysis is a retrospective study but forms the basis for real-time application as an extension of Autoscala’s capabilities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 337-342
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ionosonde ; Ionograms ; Spread-F ; Automatic scaling ; 01.02. Ionosphere
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    The role of continental margins in the final stages of arc formation: Constraints from teleseismic tomography of the Gibraltar and Calabrian Arc (Western Mediterranean) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-02
    Description: The deep seismicity and lateral distribution of seismic velocity in the CentralWesternMediterranean, point to the existence under the Alboran and Tyrrhenian Seas of two lithospheric slabs reaching the mantle transition zone. Gibraltar and Calabrian narrow arcs correspond to the slabs. Similarities in the tectonic and mantle structure of the two areas have been explained by a common subduction and roll-back mechanism, in which the two arcs are symmetrical end members. We present a new 3-D tomographic model at mantle scale for the Calabrian Arc and compare it with a recently published model for the Gibraltar Arc by Monna et al. (2013a). The two models, calculated with inversion of teleseismic phase arrivals, have a scale and parametrization that allow for a direct comparison. The inclusion in both inversions of ocean bottom seismometer broadband data improves the resolution of the areas underlying the seafloor networks. This additional information is used to resolve the deep structure and constrain the reconstruction of the Central Western Mediterranean geodynamic evolution. The Gibraltar tomography model suggests that the slab is separated from the Atlantic oceanic domain by a portion of African continental margin, whereas the Calabrian model displays a continuous oceanic slab that is connected, via a narrow passage (~350 km), to the Ionian basin oceanic domain. Starting from the comparison of the two models we propose the following interpretation: within the Mediterranean geodynamic regime (dominated by slab rollback) the geometry of the African continental margin, located on the lower plate, represents a critical control on the evolution of subduction. As buoyant continental lithosphere entered the subduction zones, slab pull caused tears in the subducted lithosphere. This tectonic response,which occurred in the final stages of arc evolution and was strongly controlled by the paleogeography of the subducted plates, explains the observed differences between the Gibraltar and Calabrian Arcs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 135-152
    Description: 7T. Struttura della Terra e geodinamica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Teleseismic tomography ; Upper mantle ; Gibraltar Arc ; Calabrian Arc ; Subduction zone ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.01. Earth Interior ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 134
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    Bulk solubility and speciation of H2O in silicate melts (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: The bulk solubility and speciation of H2O in silicate melts of virtually any composition is predicted from first principles with a satisfactory precision. The solubility of molecular water is first predicted from the Scaling Particle Theory (SPT) coupled with an ab initio assessment of the electronic, dispersive and repulsive energy terms based on the Polarized Continuum Model (PCM). The Silver-Stolper ideal homogeneous speciation model is then applied to compute the fractional molar amount of neutral hydroxyl functionals [OH]0 in the melt and the computed [OH]0 amount is added to the molecular form [OH2]. The Hydrogen Bonding (HB) electrostatic contributions to the stabilization of molecular water [OH2] in solution are then resolved through an inverse non-linear minimization procedure on the basis of an extended dataset (970 samples) of experiments concerning the H2O saturation hyper- surface carried out in the last half century. The Gibbs free energy of solution ΔGS, the ΔGHB contributions and the energy terms involved in the homogeneous speciation reaction are shown to be consistent with first principles. The procedure is fully predictive (i.e. no need of an initial hint about approximate bulk amounts of H2O in solution) and sufficiently accurate to be proposed as an exploratory tool (mean absolute accuracy of ~2.1 kJ/mol in terms of energy and ~1.7% in terms of fractional molar amount XH2O per unit mole of liquid).
    Description: Published
    Description: 176-187
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 135
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    Pre-earthquake chain processes detected from ground to satellite altitude in preparation of the 2016–2017 seismic sequence in Central Italy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-08
    Description: lithosphere- atmosphere-ionosphere coupling effects in the preparatory phase of the Central Italy seismic sequence 2016–2017. The major seismic events occurred on 24 August 2016 (Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake), 30 October 2016 (Norcia mainshock, Mw6.5) and on 18 January 2017 (four M5+ events close to Campotosto-Montereale). The work consists of a multi parametric approach over different observables from ground and space: the geomagnetic field (from satellites and observatories), atmospheric chemical/physical composition, with the comparison with other already published results from chemistry of groundwater and seismicity. In particular, we investigated the vector magnetic data from INGV ground L'Aquila and Duronia magnetic Observatories and ESA Swarm three-satellite constellation. In addition, we searched for anomalies in physical/ chemical composition of the atmosphere using MERRA-2 climatological dataset over Central Italy before the start of the seismic sequence. Two anomalous conditions anticipating the seismic sequence by about 275 and 85 days from geomagnetic Observatories and by about 240 days from satellite have been found. Furthermore, two highly perturbed periods in atmosphere chemical/physical composition that precede by 200 and 150 days the start of seismic sequence have been discovered. A comparison with also other published papers' results to validate and integrate our findings is finally presented. We find a chain of some quasi synchronous anomalies and propose a global point of view demonstrating that the earthquake preparation phase affects the equilibrium of the Earth system producing anomalies from around a year in lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-99
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 136
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    Olivine compositional changes in primitive magmatic skarn environments: A reassessment of divalent cation partitioning models to quantify the effect of carbonate assimilation (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-16
    Description: The geochemical evolution of olivine from primitive magmatic skarn environments has been studied by atmospheric pressure experiments carried out at 1250, 1200, and 1150 °C under QFM oxygen buffering conditions. The starting materials were three synthetic basalts (i.e., meltMg#78, meltMg#75, and meltMg#72) doped with variable amounts of CaCO3, in order to reproduce the natural concentration levels of CaO-rich magmas interacting with the skarn rock shells. Results from decarbonation experiments evidence that the crystallization of Fo-CaO-rich, NiO-poor olivines is more favored at higher temperatures when primitive basaltic magmas assimilate increasing amounts of carbonate materials. The number of large size Ca cations entering olivine crystal lattice is proportional to the amount of Ca-O-Si bonds available in the melt. Due to differences between Fe2+ and Mg cation radii, the Ca-Fe2+ substitutions into M2 crystallographic site are more facilitated than CaMg ones, thus enhancing the forsterite component in olivine. The partitioning behavior of Ni, Mg, Fe2+, Mn, and Ca between olivine and melt has been also investigated to better understand cation redistribution mechanisms at the magma‑carbonate reaction zone. In this context, some partitioning models from the literature have been refined to more accurately quantify the geochemical evolution of primitive skarn systems. Under the effect of CaCO3 assimilation, the partitioning of divalent cations, can be parameterized as a function of temperature, bulk composition (mostly, CaO and MgO contents in both olivine and melt) and melt structure (expressed as the number of non-bridging oxygens per tetrahedrally coordinated cations). Conversely, the exchange partition coefficients between Fe2+/Ca/Mn/Ni and Mg do not vary significantly as a function of temperature and meltMg#, due to the limited influence of these parameters on the melt structure. In turn, cation exchange reactions are primarily controlled by the strong depolymerizing effect of CaCO3 assimilation that increases the number of structural sites critically important to accommodating network-modifying cations in the melt phase. The comparison between cumulates and magmatic skarns from the Colli Albani Volcanic District (Italy) and experiments from this study provides quantitative constraints on the geochemical evolution of olivine phenocrysts and their melt inclusions as a function of carbonate assimilation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104-121
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 137
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    Observation and analyses of shear wave splitting at the Larderello-Travale geothermal field, Italy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We measured shear wave splitting (SWS) parameters from a large dataset of local microearthquakes recorded at the Larderello-Travale geothermal field (LTGF; Tuscany, Italy). For that geothermal area, seismic anisotropy is distributed in the upper crust following a complex pattern. Although the overall trend reflects the strike of the normal faults dominating the region, measurements at the southern and central part of the LTGF show large (up to 90°) deviations from the dominant polarization direction. This anomalous pattern suggests that besides the extensive dilatancy anisotropy, the fast wave polarization direction is also likely affected by the presence of over-pressurized geothermal fluids, by local rearrangement of the regional stress, and by the presence of non-vertical cracks. We found large differences in normalised delay times between sparse and clustered seismicity. While the average anisotropy percentage is on the order of 1.7%, a significant amount of our measurements exceeds the 4.5%, reaching values as high as 16%. The highest anisotropy percentages are associated with earthquakes located at the center and at the SE margin of the geothermal area, at depths lower than 5 km and in the 5–10 km range, respectively. This latter occurrence may be interpreted in terms of cracks filled with fluids which, given the expected pressure and temperature conditions, are likely in supercritical conditions. Shear-wave splitting thus confirms to be a powerful tool for better constraining location and extent of those deep fractured rock portions possibly hosting supercritical fluids, that represent the next frontier of geothermal exploitation due to their enhanced heat capacity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-9
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 138
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    Global mean climate and main patterns of variability in the CMCC-CM2 coupled model (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: Euro‐Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change coupled climate model (CMCC‐CM2) represents the new family of the global coupled climate models developed and used at CMCC. It is based on the atmospheric, land and sea ice components from the Community Earth System Model coupled with the global ocean model Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean. This study documents the model components, the coupling strategy, particularly for the oceanic, atmospheric, and sea ice components, and the overall model ability in reproducing the observed mean climate and main patterns of interannual variability. As a first step toward a more comprehensive, process‐oriented, validation of the model, this work analyzes a 200‐year simulation performed under constant forcing corresponding to present‐day climate conditions. In terms of mean climate, the model is able to realistically reproduce the main patterns of temperature, precipitation, and winds. Specifically, we report improvements in the representation of the sea surface temperature with respect to the previous version of the model. In terms of mean atmospheric circulation features, we notice a realistic simulation of upper tropospheric winds and midtroposphere geopotential eddies. The oceanic heat transport and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation satisfactorily compare with present‐day observations and estimates from global ocean reanalyses. The sea ice patterns and associated seasonal variations are realistically reproduced in both hemispheres, with a better skill in winter. Main weaknesses of the simulated climate are related with the precipitation patterns, specifically in the tropical regions with large dry biases over the Amazon basin. Similarly, the seasonal precipitation associated with the monsoons, mostly over Asia, is weaker than observed. The main patterns of interannual variability in terms of dominant empirical orthogonal functions are faithfully reproduced, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere winter. In the tropics the main teleconnection patterns associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation and with the Indian Ocean Dipole are also in good agreement with observations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 139
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    Signatures of Reductive Magnetic Mineral Diagenesis From Unmixing of First-Order Reversal Curves (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Diagenetic alteration of magnetic minerals occurs in all sedimentary environments and tends to be severe in reducing environments. Magnetic minerals provide useful information about sedimentary diagenetic processes, which makes it valuable to use magnetic properties to identify the diagenetic environment in which the magnetic minerals occur and to inform interpretations of paleomagnetic recording or environmental processes. We use a newly developed first-order reversal curve unmixing method on well-studied samples to illustrate how magnetic properties can be used to assess diagenetic processes in reducing sedimentary environments. From our analysis of multiple data sets, consistent magnetic components are identified for each stage of reductive diagenesis. Relatively unaltered detrital and biogenic magnetic mineral assemblages in surficial oxic to manganous diagenetic environments undergo progressive dissolution with burial into ferruginous and sulfidic environments and largely disappear at the sulfate-methane transition. Below the sulfate-methane transition, a weak superparamagnetic to largely noninteracting stable single domain (SD) greigite component is observed in all studied data sets. Moderately interacting stable SD authigenic pyrrhotite and strongly interacting stable SD greigite are observed commonly in methanic environments. Recognition of these characteristic magnetic components enables identification of diagenetic processes and should help to constrain interpretation of magnetic mineral assemblages in future studies. A key question for future studies concerns whether stable SD greigite forms in the sulfidic or methanic zones, where formation in deeper methanic sediments will cause greater delays in paleomagnetic signal recording. Authigenic pyrrhotite forms in methanic environments, so it will usually record a delayed paleomagnetic signal.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4500-4522
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 140
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    The 2011–2012 paroxysmal eruptions at Mt. Etna volcano: Insights on the vertically zoned plumbing system (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-08
    Description: The activity ofMt. Etna volcano from January 2011 to April 2012 was characterized by 24 paroxysmal, short-duration (from a few to several hours) eruptions at the New South-East summit crater. Despite the violence of the activity, no appreciable geophysical signals were recorded during this period, except for an increase in seismic tremors just minutes/hours before the occurrence of the paroxysm. This type of activity represents a significant shift from the mainly effusive eruptions of 2004, 2006, and 2008/2009, as well as from the lateral rift-related events of 2001 and 2002/2003. The 2011–2012 paroxysmal activity thus represents an important opportunity to better understand the effects of different magmatic parameters (i.e., P-T-fO2) and magmatic H2O content on the crystallization and fractionation processes. To this aim the petrographic and geochemical features of lava and scoria clasts from 10 paroxysmal events have been investigated. Fractional crystallization modelling indicates that most of the eruptions are related to magmas rising along the vertically-developed feeding systemof the volcano, accompanied by one main recharge of a more primitive, deep-seated magma feeding the 4/3/2012 event. Olivine-, clinopyroxene-, and plagioclase-melt equilibria and thermobarometric calculations were performed in order to estimate the crystallization conditions of magmas. These calculations reveal that the erupted products contain different phenocryst populations in equilibrium with a spectrum of primitive to more evolved magma compositions. On the basis of crystal composition, crystal-melt equilibriumconditions and thermobarometric estimations, four main magmatic facies have been recognized: F1, 1600 MPa at 1270 °C (Ol Fo88); F2, 800 MPa to 600MPa at 1178 °C to 1151 °C (Ol Fo84–78); F3, 450 MPa to 250 MPa at 1139 °C to 1118 °C (Ol Fo79–74); F4, b250 MPa at b1120 °C (Ol Fo75–70). The overall geochemistry and thermobarometric data allowus to characterize the central feeding systemas continuous and vertically zoned. During the 2011–2012 activity the studied 30/7/11, 29/8/11, 8/9/11, 18/3/11 and 24/4/12 events were fed by magma residing at F3 and F4 facies. Mafic magma influx from deeper F2 facies occurred 18/2/11 and 20/8/11,with a major recharge event before the 4/3/12 eruption. The primitive magma is testified by rare olivine crystals equilibrated at the F1 facies, located at crust-mantle boundary depth and close to liquidus temperature.
    Description: Published
    Description: 370-391
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 141
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    An integrated P-T-H2O-lattice strain model to quantify the role of clinopyroxene fractionation on REE+Y and HFSE patterns of mafic alkaline magmas: Application to eruptions at Mt. Etna (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: A correct description and quantification of the geochemical behaviour of REE+Y (rare earth elements and Y) and HFSE (high field strength elements) is a key requirement for modeling petrological and volcanological aspects of magma dynamics. In this context, mafic alkaline magmas (MAM) are characterized by the ubiquitous stability of clinopyroxene from mantle depths to shallow crustal levels. On one hand, clinopyroxene incorporates REE+Y and HFSE at concentration levels that are much higher than those measured for olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. On the other hand, the composition of clinopyroxene is highly sensitive to variations in pressure,temperature, and melt-water content, according to exchange-equilibria between jadeite and melt, and between jadeite/Ca-Tschermak and diopside-hedenbergite. As a consequence, the dependence of the partition coefficient on the physicochemical state of the system results in a variety of DREE+Y and DHFSE values that are sensitive to the magmatic conditions at which clinopyroxenes nucleate and grow. In order to better explore magma dynamics using clinopyroxene chemical changes, an integrated P-T-H2Olattice strain model specific to MAM compositions has been developed. The model combines a set of refined clinopyroxene-based barometric, thermometric and hygrometric equations with thermodynamically-derived expressions for the lattice strain parameters, i.e., the strain-free partition coefficient (D0), the site radius (r0), andthe effective elastic modulus (E). Through this approach, it is found that the incorporation of REE+Y and HFSE into M2 and M1 octahedral sites of clinopyroxene is determined by a variety of physicochemical variables that may or may not change simultaneously during magma differentiation. The applicability of the P-T-H2O-lattice strain model to natural environments has been verified using clinopyroxene-melt pairs from a great number of volcanic eruptions at Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy). DREE+Y and DHFSE values recovered by the model have been used as input data to quantify fractional crystallization processes in natural MAM compositions. Results from calculation illustrate that the concentration of REE+Y and HFSE in the magma is primary controlled by the geochemical evolution of clinopyroxene in terms of major cation exchange-equilibria and trace cation lattice strain properties.
    Description: Published
    Description: 32-56
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 142
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    Drone Peers into Open Volcanic Vents (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: An unmanned aerial vehicle provided the high-resolution data that allowed scientists to construct their first detailed map of erupting vents at Stromboli, one of the world’s most active volcanoes.
    Description: This study was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF EAR14-27357) and the VERTIGO Marie Curie ITN, funded through the European Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013) under grant agreement 607905.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: UAV ; drone ; Stromboli ; eruptive dynamics ; DEM ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 143
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    Shrinkage Bubbles: The C–O–H–S Magmatic Fluid System at San Cristóbal Volcano (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: New analytical results for the composition of shrinkage bubbles (0·9–7·0 vol. %) in olivine-hosted (Fo 〈80%) primary melt inclusions (MIs) have been incorporated into a novel geochemical model for San Cristóbal volcano, Nicaragua. The vapour, liquid, and mineral components found inside shrinkage bubbles may represent relics of early C–O–H–S fluids exsolved from a magmatic-hydrothermal system. This conclusion is supported by high-resolution Raman microspectroscopy revealing: (1) gaseous CO2 (d = 0·17–0·31 g/cm3 in 31 samples) coexisting with liquid H2O (in seven samples) at ambient temperature (〈22°C) inside the shrinkage bubbles of naturally quenched inclusions; (2) several mineral phases (i.e. Fe, Cu-sulfides, Ca-sulfates and Mg-carbonates) formed along the bubble–glass interface, as confirmed by electron backscattered/energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The presence of liquid water was revealed by applying a novel subtraction method to fitted Raman spectra that isolated an isosbestic liquid-water band at 3460 ± 60/cm-1 (mean ± SD). In MIs, the major oxide composition of glasses containing shrinkage bubbles were analysed by electron microprobe, whereas glass volatile contents were measured with nanoscale secondary-ion mass spectroscopy. According to the water content of the glass inclusions (≤ 3·3 wt %) and the presence of liquid water at the bubble–glass interface, only small amounts of water (0·3 wt %) appear to have migrated inside the bubbles. From pre-eruptive (up to 1200°C) to post-eruptive temperatures, aqueous fluids represent the principal agents for chemical reactions inside MI bubbles involving dissolved ionic species (e.g. SO42-, CO32-, and Cl-) and major and/or trace elements from the inclusion glass (e.g. Mg, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Na, and K). After the initiation of nucleation (1009–1141°C), the volume of shrinkage bubbles expands and the surrounding glass contracts (at 〈530°C). The Fe–Mg–Cu-rich (vapour) shrinkage-bubble paragenetic mineral sequence formed during different cooling stages: (A) high-temperature sulfide precipitation at 500–700°C; (B) low-temperature magnesite precipitation at hydrothermal conditions 〈350°C; and finally (C) low-to-ambient temperature precipitation of carbonates and sulfates in liquid water at 〈150°C. Our findings indicate that the C–O–H–S fluids in shrinkage bubbles can represent an ideal preserved/closed magmatic-hydrothermal system evolving after the exsolution of magmatic fluids during cooling.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2093–2122
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 144
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    Gas and seismicity within the Istanbul seismic gap (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Understanding micro-seismicity is a critical question for earthquake hazard assessment. Since the devastating earthquakes of Izmit and Duzce in 1999, the seismicity along the submerged section of North Anatolian Fault within the Sea of Marmara (comprising the “Istanbul seismic gap”) has been extensively studied in order to infer its mechanical behaviour (creeping vs locked). So far, the seismicity has been interpreted only in terms of being tectonic-driven, although the Main Marmara Fault (MMF) is known to strike across multiple hydrocarbon gas sources. Here, we show that a large number of the aftershocks that followed the M 5.1 earthquake of July, 25th 2011 in the western Sea of Marmara, occurred within a zone of gas overpressuring in the 1.5–5 km depth range, from where pressurized gas is expected to migrate along the MMF, up to the surface sediment layers. Hence, gas-related processes should also be considered for a complete interpretation of the micro-seismicity (~M 〈 3) within the Istanbul offshore domain.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 6819
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 145
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    Gas‐Pyroclast Motions in Volcanic Conduits During Strombolian Eruptions, in Light of Shock Tube Experiments (2019)
    Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: In a Strombolian volcanic eruption, bursting of a pressurized gas pocket produces and accelerates a mixture of gas and pyroclasts along a conduit and out of a vent. While mixture ejection at the vent is the subject of direct geophysical measurements, and a key to eruption understanding, the dynamics of how the mixture moves in the conduit are not observable and only partly understood. Here, we use analog, transparent shock tube experiments to study the dynamics of gas and particles under fast gas decompression in a vertical tube. Maximum particle exit velocity increases linearly with increasing energy (pressure times volume) of the pressurized gas, and, subordinately, with decreasing particle size and depth in the tube. Particles, initially at rest, are at first accelerated and dispersed in the conduit by the expanding gas. When the gas decelerates or even reverts its motion due to pressure changes in the tube, the particles, moving under their inertia, are then decelerated by the gas drag. Deceleration lasts longer for lower initial gas energy and for deeper particle starting position. Experiments and eruptions share two key vent ejection dynamics: 1) particles exit the vent already decelerating, and 2) the exit velocity of the particles decays over time following the same non-linear law. Friction with slower, or even back-flowing gas likely causes pyroclast deceleration in volcanic conduits during Strombolian explosions. Pyroclast deceleration, in turn, affects their exit velocity at the vent, as well as current estimates of the source depth of the explosions.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB019182
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Strombolian explosion ; volcanic conduit ; shock tube ; pyroclast ejection ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 146
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    Rotational motions from the 2016, Central Italy seismic sequence, as observed by an underground ring laser gyroscope (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: We present the analysis of rotational and translational ground motions from earthquakes recorded during October–November 2016, in association with the Central Italy seismic sequence. We use co-located measurements of the vertical ground rotation rate from a large ring laser gyroscope and the three components of ground velocity from a broad-band seismometer. Both instruments are positioned in a deep underground environment, within the Gran Sasso National Laboratories of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. We collected dozens of events spanning the 3.5–5.9 magnitude range and epicentral distances between 30 and 70 km. This data set constitutes an unprecedented observation of the vertical rotational motions associated with an intense seismic sequence at local distance. Under the plane-wave approximation we process the data set in order to get an experimental estimation of the events backazimuth. Peak values of rotation rate (PRR) and horizontal acceleration (PGA) are markedly correlated, according to a scaling constant which is consistent with previous measurements from different earthquake sequences. We used a prediction model in use for Italy to calculate the expected PGA at the recording site, obtaining consequently predictions for PRR. Within the modelling uncertainties, predicted rotations are consistent with the observed ones, suggesting the possibility of establishing specific attenuation models for ground rotations, like the scaling of peak velocity and peak acceleration in empirical ground-motion prediction relationships. In a second step, after identifying the direction of the incoming wavefield, we extract phase-velocity data using the spectral ratio of the translational and rotational components. This analysis is performed over time windows associated with the P-coda, S-coda and Lg phase. Results are consistent with independent estimates of shear wave velocities in the shallow crust of the Central Apennines
    Description: Published
    Description: 705-715
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Rotational seismology ; Surface waves and free oscillations ; Wave propagation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 147
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    Complexity of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake causative fault system (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy) and effects on the Middle Aterno Quaternary basin arrangement (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: An Mw 6.1, devastating earthquake, on April 6, 2009, struck the Middle Aterno Valley (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy) due to the activation of a poorly known normal fault system. Structural analysis of the fault population and investigation of the relationships with the Quaternary continental deposits through integrated field and laboratory techniques were conducted in order to reconstruct the long-term, tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin and hypothesize the size of the fault segment. A polyphasic evolution of the Middle Aterno Valley is characterized by a conjugate, ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking fault system, during the early stage of basin development, and by a dip-slip, NW-striking fault system in a later phase. The old conjugate fault system controlled the generation of the largest sedimentary traps in the area and is responsible for the horst and graben structures within the basin. During the Early Pleistocene the E-W and NS system reactivated with dip-slip kinematics. This gave rise to intra-basin bedrock highs and a significant syn-tectonic deposition, causing variable thickness and hiatuses of the continental infill. Subsequently, since the end of the Early Pleistocene, with the inception of the NW-striking fault system, several NW-strands linked into longer splays and their activity migrated toward a leading segment affecting the Paganica-San Demetrio basin: the Paganica-San Demetrio fault alignment. The findings from this work constrain and are consistent with the subsurface basin geometry inferred from previous geophysical investigations. Notably, two major elements of the ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking faults likely act as transfer to the nearby stepping active fault systems or form the boundaries, as geometric complexities, that limit the Paganica-San Demetrio fault segment overall length to 19 ± 3 km. The resulting size of the leading fault segment is coherent with the extent of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake causative fault. The positive match between the geologic long-term and coseismic images of the 2009 seismogenic fault highlights that the comprehensive reconstruction of the deformation history offers a unique contribution to the understanding faults seismic potential.
    Description: MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project “FIRB Abruzzo - High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake”, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005 and RBAP10ZC8K_007, and by Agreement INGV-DPC 2012–2021
    Description: Published
    Description: 30-66
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Quaternary geology ; L'Aquila earthquake ; structural geology ; Middle Aterno Valley ; neotectonics ; active fault ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The buried caldera boundary of the Vesuvius 1631 eruption revealed by present-day soil CO2 concentration (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: Volcanic risk at Vesuvius is one of the highest in the world due to the ~670,000 inhabitants living in the Red Zone, the area exposed to both pyroclastic flows and tephra fallout, to be evacuated before renewal of any eruptive activity. The national emergency plan for Vesuvius builds its risk zonation on a scenario similar to the last sub-Plinian eruption, which occurred in 1631. This study aims at providing new insights on the geometry of the caldera associated with this historical eruption. The impact of past Vesuvius eruptions on present-day soil CO2 concentration has been investigated by means of an extended geochemical survey carried out for identifying the circulation pathways of hydrothermal fluids inside the volcano. We performed 4,018 soil CO2 concentration measurements over the whole Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex, covering an area of 50 km2. Besides relatively low values, the results show a significant spatial CO2 concentration heterogeneity over Somma-Vesuvius ranging from the atmospheric value (~400 ppm) up to ~24,140 ppm. The summit of Vesuvius shows an area with anomalous CO2 concentrations well matching the crater rim of the 1906 eruption. Along the cone flanks, secondary CO2 anomalies highlight a roughly circular preferential pathway detected along 8 radial profiles at distances between ~840 m and ~1,150 m from the bottom of the present-day crater resulting from the last eruption in 1944. In depth review of the available literature highlights an agreement between this circle-like shaped anomaly and the 1631 sub-Plinian eruption caldera boundary. Indeed, based on the historical chronicles the depression produced by the 1631 eruption had a diameter of 1,686 m, whereas the CO2 circular anomaly indicates a diameter of 1,956 m. Finally, the results were compared with a 3-D density model obtained from a recent gravity survey that corroborates both the literature and the CO2 data in terms of potential buried structure at the base of the Vesuvius cone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-56
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Somma-Vesuvius ; soil CO2 concentration ; 1631 sub-Plinian eruption. ; carbon dioxide ; caldera. ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 149
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    Mediterranean extreme precipitation: a multi-model assessment (2019)
    Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: Abstract Exploiting the added value of the ensemble of high-resolution model simulations provided by the Med- CORDEX coordinated initiative, an updated assessment of Mediterranean extreme precipitation events as represented in different observational, reanalysis and modelling datasets is presented. A spatiotemporal characterisation of the long-term statistics of extreme precipitation is performed, using a number of different diagnostic indices. Employing a novel approach based on the timing of extreme precipitation events a number of physically consistent subregions are defined. The comparison of different diagnostics over the Mediterranean domain and physically homogeneous sub-domains is presented and discussed, focussing on the relative impact of several model configuration features (resolution, coupling, physical parameterisations) on the performance in reproducing extreme precipitation events. It is found that the agreement between the observed and modelled long-term statistics of extreme precipitation is more sensitive to the model physics, in particular convective parameterisation, than to other model configurations such as resolution and coupling.
    Description: Published
    Description: 901-913
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Extreme precipitation · Mediterranean climate · Regional climate modelling ; Mediterranean climate ·
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  • 150
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    The effects of environmental parameters on diffuse degassing at Stromboli volcano: Insights from joint monitoring of soil CO2 flux and radon activity (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Soil CO2 flux and 222Rn activity measurements may positively contribute to the geochemicalmonitoring of active volcanoes. The influence of several environmental parameters on the gas signals has been substantially demonstrated. Therefore, the implementation of tools capable of removing (or minimising) the contribution of the atmospheric effects from the acquired time series is a challenge in volcano surveillance. Here, we present 4 years-long continuousmonitoring (fromApril 2007 to September 2011) of radon activity and soil CO2 flux collected on the NE flank of Stromboli volcano. Both gases record higher emissions during fall–winter (up to 2700 Bq * m−3 for radon and 750 g m−2 day−1 for CO2) than during spring–summer seasons. Short-time variations on 222Rn activity aremodulated by changes in soil humidity (rainfall), and changes in soil CO2 flux that may be ascribed to variations in wind speed and direction. The spectral analyses reveal diurnal and semi-diurnal cycles on both gases, outlining that atmospheric variations are capable to modify the gas release rate fromthe soil. The long-termsoil CO2 flux shows a slow decreasing trend, not visible in 222Rn activity, suggesting a possible difference in the source depth of the of the gases, CO2 being deeper and likely related to degassing at depth of the magma batch involved in the February–April 2007 effusive eruption. To minimise the effect of the environmental parameters on the 222Rn concentrations and soil CO2 fluxes, two different statistical treatments were applied: the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and the Principal Component Regression (PCR). These approaches allow to quantify theweight of each environmental factor on the two gas species and showa strong influence of some parameters on the gas transfer processes through soils. The residual values of radon and CO2 flux, i.e. the values obtained after correction for the environmental influence, were then compared with the eruptive episodes that occurred at Stromboli during the analysed time span (2007–2011) but no clear correlations emerge between soil gas release and volcanic activity. This is probably due to i) the distal location of the monitoring stations with respect to the active craters and to ii) the fact that during the investigated period no major eruptive phenomena (paroxysmal explosion, flank eruption) occurred. Comparison of MLR and PCR methods in time-series analysis indicates thatMLR can bemore easily applied to real time data processing in monitoring of open conduit active volcanoes (like Stromboli) where the transition to an eruptive phase may occur in relatively short times.
    Description: This researchwas partly funded by ItalianMinistry of University and Research (MIUR) and by University of Torino-Fondazione Compagnia di San Paolo. Additional fundswere provided by the Italian “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC)” through the DEVnet Project (a cooperative program between the Departments of Earth Sciences of the University of Torino and the University of Florence) and through the “Potenziamento Monitoraggio Stromboli” project. Additional funds for improving our computing hardware were provided by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Torino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 65-78
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; Continuous geochemical monitoring ; Soil CO2 flux ; Radon activity ; Environmental parameters ; Time series analyses ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 151
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    The European Ionosonde Service: nowcasting and forecasting ionospheric conditions over Europe for the ESA Space Situational Awareness services (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: The Earth’s ionosphere is a magnetoionic medium imbedded in a background neutral atmosphere, exhibiting very interesting refractive properties, including anisotropy, dispersion, and dissipation. As such, it poses a challenge for several radio systems that make use of signal transmission through all or some portion of the medium. It is important therefore to develop prediction systems able to inform the operators of such systems about the current state of the ionosphere, about the expected effects of forthcoming space weather disturbances and about support long-term planning of operations and data post-processing projects for improving modelling and mitigation techniques. The European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Programme has supported the development of the European Ionosonde Service (EIS) that releases a set of products to characterise the bottomside and topside iono- sphereoverEurope.The Service is based on a set of prediction models driven by data from ground based ionosondes and supportive data from satellites and spacecraft. The service monitors the foF2 and the electron density profile up to the height of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) at European middle and high latitudes and provides estimates for forth coming disturbances mainly triggered by geoeffective Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).The model’s performance has been validated and based on these results ,it was possible to issue together with the products, quality metrics characterizing the product’s reliability. The EIS products meet the requirements of various SSA service domains, especially the transionospheric radio link and the spacecraft operations. Currently, the service is freely available to all interested users, and access is possible upon registration.
    Description: Published
    Description: A25
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 01.02. Ionosphere
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  • 152
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    An Alternative View of the Microseismicity along the Western Main Marmara Fault (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: A detailed study, based on ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) recordings from two recording periods (3.5 months in 2011 and 2 months in 2014) and on a high-resolution, 3D velocity model, is presented here, which provides an alternative view of the microseismicity along the submerged section of the North Anatolian fault (NAF) within the western Sea of Marmara (SoM). The nonlinear probabilistic software packages of NonLinLoc and NLDiffLoc were used for locating earthquakes. Only earthquakes that comply with the following location criteria (e.g., representing 20% of the total amount of events) were considered for analysis: (1) number of stations ≥ 5; (2) number of phases ≥ 6, including both P and S; (3) root mean square (rms) location error ≤ 0:5 s; and (4) azimuthal gap ≤ 180°. P and S travel times suggest that there are strong velocity anomalies along the Western High, with low Vp, low Vs, and ultra-high Vp=Vs in areas where mud volcanoes and gas-prone sediment layers are known to be present. The location results indicate that not all earthquakes occurred as strike-slip events at crustal depths (〉 8 km) along the axis of the Main Marmara fault (MMF). In contrast, the following features were observed: (1) a significant number of earthquakes occurred off-axis (e.g., 24%), with predominantly normal focal mechanisms, at depths between 2 and 6 km, along tectonically active, structural trends oriented east–west or southwest–northeast, and (2) a great number of earthquakes was also found to occur within the upper sediment layers (at depths 〈 2 km), particularly in the areas where free gas is suspected to exist, based on high-resolution 3D seismics (e.g., 28%). Part of this ultra-shallow seismicity appears to occur in response to deep earthquakes of intermediate (ML ∼ 4–5) magnitude. Resolving the depth of the shallow seismicity requires adequate experimental design ensuring source–receiver distances of the same order as hypocentral depths. To reach this objective, deep-seafloor observatories with a sufficient number of geophone sensors near the fault trace are needed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2650-2674
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 153
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    Ambient Seismic Noise Image of the Structurally Controlled Heat and Fluid Feeder Pathway at Campi Flegrei Caldera (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Earthquakes at Campi Flegrei have been low magnitude and sparse since 1985, denying onshore monitoring observations of their usual source for structural constraint: seismic tomography. Here we used continuous seismic records from 2011–2013 to reconstruct period-dependent Rayleigh wave group velocity maps of the volcano. The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff rim faults bound high-velocity intracrater products of historical eruptions, which act as a barrier for deep fluid migration. The anomaly with lowest group velocity is aseismic and corresponds to the portion of a fluid storage zone that was fractured during the 1984 volcanic unrest under Pozzuoli town. Earthquake locations show that fluids migrate from this area toward the Solfatara and Pisciarelli fumaroles along shallower low-velocity fractures. The aseismic anomaly is likely fed by a deep-seated offshore magmatic source. Its spatial relation with regional dynamics and observations from historical unrests mark the area as the most likely feeder pathway for fluid and magmatic inputs from depth.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6428-6436
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 154
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    Fiber optic monitoring of active faults at the seafloor: I the FOCUS project (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-29
    Description: Laser reflectometry (BOTDR), commonly used for structural health monitoring (bridges, dams, etc.), will for the first time be applied to study movements of an active fault on the seafloor 25 km offshore Catania Sicily. The goal of the European funded FOCUS project (ERC Advanced Grant) is to connect a 6-km long strain cable to the EMSO seafloor observatory in 2100 m water depth. Laser observations will be calibrated by seafloor geodetic instruments and seismological stations. A long-term goal is the development of dual-use telecom cables with industry partners.
    Description: FOCUS: PHOTONIC TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES
    Description: Published
    Description: 32-37
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: active faults
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  • 155
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    Role of subsurface ocean in decadal climate predictability over the South Atlantic (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: Decadal climate predictability in the South Atlantic is explored by performing reforecast experiments using a coupled general circulation model with two initialization schemes; one is assimilated with observed sea surface temperature (SST) only, and the other is additionally assimilated with observed subsurface ocean temperature and salinity. The South Atlantic is known to undergo decadal variability exhibiting a meridional dipole of SST anomalies through variations in the subtropical high and ocean heat transport. Decadal reforecast experiments in which only the model SST is initialized with the observation do not predict well the observed decadal SST variability in the South Atlantic, while the other experiments in which the model SST and subsurface ocean are initialized with the observation skillfully predict the observed decadal SST variability, particularly in the Southeast Atlantic. In-depth analysis of upper-ocean heat content reveals that a significant improvement of zonal heat transport in the Southeast Atlantic leads to skillful prediction of decadal SST variability there. These results demonstrate potential roles of subsurface ocean assimilation in the skillful prediction of decadal climate variability over the South Atlantic.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 8523
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 156
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    Filtering of noisy magnetotelluric signals by SOM neural networks (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: This work presents a systematic study for testing the effectiveness of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural networks in filtering magnetotelluric (MT) data affected by cultural noise. Although the MT method is widely used for geophysical investigation of the Earth’s interior, it is very sensitive to anthropogenic noise sources (e.g., power lines, electric railways, etc.), which can generate transient artificial electromagnetic fields disturbing the MT records. Thus, when not properly detected, man-made noises could lead to a distortion of the MT impedance tensors and consequently to wrong estimate of the resulting subsoil resistivity distribution. The choice to use SOM networks to filter noisy MT data comes from the expectation that the impedance tensors, estimated by Discrete Wavelet Transform analysis of MT time series, will cluster differently in presence of noise. This expectation is confirmed by the results of our extensive study on synthetic MT signals affected by temporally localized noise, which show that noisy and noise-free impedance tensor values distribute in well separate clusters. Moreover, as the SOM analysis provides a grid of weights (clusters), each one close to a particular subset of the input data, a criterion is proposed for selecting the cluster that gives the most reliable impedance tensor estimate. An application of the proposed SOM-based filtering procedure to actual MT data demonstrates its efficiency in denoising real MT signals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 12-22
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: MT data denoising ; Discrete wavelet transform ; Neural networks ; Self-Organizing Maps
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  • 157
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    The Graham Bank (Sicily Channel, central Mediterranean Sea): Seafloor signatures of volcanic and tectonic controls (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: Graham Bank is a dominant physiographic element of the NW Sicily Channel (central Mediterranean Sea), affected in the last 100 years by numerous well-documented volcanic eruptions.We present the first results of a geomorphological study where the Graham Bank region in the depth interval 7–350 m was mapped for the first time with multi-beam echosounder and high-resolution seismic and multi-channel seismic reflection profiles. We describe in high resolution the detailed geomorphological features of Graham Bank, and how the superficial expression of different process and dynamics occurring in the sub-seafloor evidence volcanic and tectonic controls on seafloor morphology across a relatively small area. The north-eastern part of the study area is dominated by seamounts with heights ranging from 97 to 152mand auxiliary small cones, reaching heights of 2–10 m, on thewhole forming a hummocky surface. In this region, fluid seepages are an important expression of the volcanic processes affecting the study area. Thewestern region comprises a flat seafloor covered by Upper Pleistocene-Holocene outer shelf sedimentary deposits; here aligned mounds and pockmarks are predominantly orientedNW–SE orNNW-SSE, running parallel to the main structural trend of the Sicily Channel. The pockmarks have sub-circular planform shapes and U-shaped cross-section and different depths and mean axis lengths. Numerous Mass Transport Deposits (MTDs) are distributed across the study area. Graham Bank is 45 km from the coast of Sicily and is intersected by submarine cables. Consequently, the mapped volcanic seamounts, pockmarks and MTDs could pose a significant economic risk to the submarine cables.
    Description: Published
    Description: 375-389
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 158
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    Preliminary analysis of site effects in the Ischia island: new insights from md 4.0 earthquake of 21 august 2017 and seismic noise data (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: On August 21, 2017, at 18:57 UTC, an earthquake of MD 4.0 occurred in Casamicciola, district of Ischia island. The damage caused by the earthquake was massive, with two victims and several buildings collapsed, and circumscribed to the areas of uptown Casamicciola, particularly in the Piazza Maio-La Rita area, and in a small area, called Fango, in Lacco Ameno. Medium and minor damages occurred in Piazza Bagni, in the area around the town hall of Casamicciola and in the Sentinella area. Even assuming the poor quality constructions and/or not in compliance with the anti-seismic regulations, such a level of damage has induced the scientific community to analyse the effects of local site amplifications, that usually are not negligible in volcanic areas. As a matter of fact the seismic station IOCA, located very close to the high damage areas, recorded a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 2.6 m/s2. This paper is aimed to study the possible site amplification in the areas heavily affected by the August 21 earthquake in order to better understand the causes of these macroseismic effects and high damage levels already observed in the past.
    Description: Published
    Description: Centro Congressi della Stazione Marittima, Trieste, Italy
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: Site effects ; Polarization analysis ; Ischia Island ; Seismic noise
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 159
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    Transient crustal deformation from karst aquifers hydrology in the Apennines (Italy) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: The increasing accuracy and spatiotemporal resolution of space geodetic techniques have positively impacted the study of shallow crustal deformation in response to the redistribution of water masses. Measurable deformations have been documented in areas where snow and water variability is large and persists over sufficiently long periods. Here we analyze GPS time series and hydrological data from the Central-Southern Apennines, a tectonically-active region hosting large karst aquifers. We document the occurrence of regional-scale horizontal and vertical transient deformation that is clearly correlated to seasonal and multiyear hydrological variability. These transient signals, which are most strongly observed at GPS sites surrounding the main karst aquifers, modulate long term tectonic deformation. Our results suggest that the karst aquifers in this region experience alternating periods of expansion and contraction in response to increasing/decreasing precipitation and, consequently, higher/lower hydraulic head in the aquifers. Thanks to the availability of a dense continuous GPS network and complementary hydrological datasets, we are able to verify the processes causing the observed deformation. We model the shallow crust in the region as a continuous anelastic solid and use Green's functions for finite strain cuboid sources to estimate the strain rate distribution associated with the GPS observations. We use the Mw 6.1 L'Aquila earthquake, which struck the Central Apennines in 2009 and whose effects are evident in geodetic data, to document the potential effects of moderate earthquakes on karst aquifers and to demonstrate the importance of correctly discerning tectonic from nontectonic signals in geodetic time series. Enhanced understanding of the karst aquifers behavior is of primary interest for improved management of this vital water resource and for a better understanding of the possible interactions between groundwater content and pore pressure variations in the crust and seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 23-37
    Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A systematic analysis of directional site effects at stations of the Italian seismic network to test the role of local topography (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: Directional site effects observed at seismological stations on pronounced relief are analysed. We investigate the ground motion properties calculating horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios and horizontal polarization of both ambient vibrations and earthquake records using broad- band seismograms of the Italian seismic network. We find that a subset of 47 stations with pronounced relief results in a significant (〉2) directional amplification of the horizontal component, with a well-defined, site-specific direction of motion. However, the horizontal spectral response of sites is not uniform, varying from an isolated (resonant) frequency peak to a broad-band amplification, interesting frequency bands as large as 1–10 Hz in many cases. Using 47 selected stations, we have tried to establish a relation between directional amplification and topography geometry in a 2-D vision, when applicable, through a morphological analysis of the digital elevation model using geographic information systems. The procedure computes the parameters that characterize the geometry of topographic irregularities (size and slope), in combination with a principal component analysis that automatically yields the orientation of the elongated ridges. In seeking a relation between directional amplification and the surface morphology, we have found that it is impossible to fit the variety of observations with a resonant topography model as well as to identify common features in the ground motion behaviour for stations with similar topography typologies. We conclude that, rather than the shape of the topography, local structural complexities and details of the near-surface structure must play a predominant role in controlling ground motion properties at sites with pronounced relief.
    Description: Published
    Description: 635–650
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Time-series analysis; Site effects; Wave scattering and diffraction; Wave propa- gation; Tectonics and landscape evolution
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    Wilkes Land Late Pleistocene diatom age model: From bio-events to quantitative biostratigraphy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: A new method merges conventional and quantitative biostratigraphic approaches, supported by magnetic polarity data, to develop a chronological framework for sediment core MD03-2595 retrieved on the continental rise off Wilkes Land, East Antarctica before proceeding to paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic analysis. This combined method helped to identify climatic cycles, highlight stratigraphic discontinuities and reworking, and assess regional sedimentological and diatom biostratigraphic evolution. Core MD03-2595 spans the last 0.8 Ma, from the Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT) to the Early Holocene. A hiatus including Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 19, 18 and 17 was identified, and a decreasing trend in sediment accumulation rates from MIS 16 to the Holocene was observed. This quantitative diatom biostratigraphic dataset, placed in its own sedimentological and paleomagnetic context, provides new information regarding the paleobiogeographic distribution and ecological responses of biostratigraphically significant diatom species, such as Thalassiosira elliptipora and T. fasciculata, for the Matuyama–Brunhes (M–B) transition, and Actinocyclus ingens, Hemidiscus karstenii and Rouxia spp. for the middle and late Pleistocene diatom biozonation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-96
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Late Pleistocene ; Quantitative Biostratigraphy ; Matuyama-Brunhes Transition ; Mid Pleistocene Transition ; 04.04. Geology
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    A quantitative approach to the loading rate of seismogenic sources in Italy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: To investigate the transfer of elastic energy between a regional stress field and a set of localized faults, we project the stress rate tensor inferred from the Italian GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) velocity field onto faults selected from the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS 3.2.0). For given Lamé constants and friction coefficient, we compute the loading rate on each fault in terms of the Coulomb failure function (CFF) rate. By varying the strike, dip and rake angles around the nominal DISS values, we also estimate the geometry of planes that are optimally oriented for maximal CFF rate. Out of 86 Individual Seismogenic Sources (ISSs), all well covered by GNSS data, 78–81 (depending on the assumed friction coefficient) load energy at a rate of 0–4 kPa yr−1. The faults displaying larger CFF rates (4–6 ± 1 kPa yr−1) are located in the central Apennines and are all characterized by a significant strike-slip component. We also find that the loading rate of 75% of the examined sources is less than 1 kPa yr−1 lower than that of optimally oriented faults. We also analysed 2016 August 24 and October 30 central Apennines earthquakes (Mw 6.0–6.5, respectively). The strike of their causative faults based on seismological and tectonic data and the geodetically inferred strike differ by 〈30°. Some sources exhibit a strike oblique to the direction of maximum strain rate, suggesting that in some instances the present-day stress acts on inherited faults. The choice of the friction coefficient only marginally affects this result.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2096-2111
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 163
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    Preliminary estimation of the shear wave velocity model of ischia island using ambient noise broad band records (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: On August 21, 2017, at 18:57 UTC, an earthquake of MD 4.0 occurred in Casamicciola, district of Ischia island at about 2 Km km depth. In volcanic areas, such as the Ischia Island, the precise localization of the earthquakes requires specific velocity models, both for the wide lithological variability and for the high geothermal gradient. These models are available, for example, for the Vesuvius and for the Campi Flegrei areas, but not for the Island of Ischia because they need to use the local seismicity. Since 1999, at least 78 earthquakes have been recorded on Ischia (updated to 21 February 2018) (D’Auria et al., 2018) and have been localized using the model used for the Campi Flegrei, on the basis of the similar geological and volcanological context of the two volcanoes. Therefore, the aim of this work is the definition of average 1-D shear-wave velocity model of the shallower crust of Ischia using ambient noise array techniques and spectral ratios evaluated on broad band seismic signals recorded by mobile and permanent networks deployed in the last year.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bologna
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Keywords: Ischia Island ; Shear Wave ; Velocity model ; Seismic noise
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 164
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    A “Geodetic Gap” in the Calabrian Arc: Evidence for a Locked Subduction Megathrust? (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-04
    Description: Subduction of old Ionian seafloor beneath the Calabrian Arc (southern Italy) is the geological process with the greatest mass flux in the central Mediterranean, yet its seismogenic behavior is largely obscured. No unambiguous evidence of subduction-related earthquakes exists in historical times, and local GPS velocities indicate very low strain rates. Nevertheless, the region hosted some of the deadliest normal-faulting earthquakes of the entire Mediterranean basin. We show that the low strain rates recorded in southern Calabria can be reconciled with the regional vigorous seismic moment release by assuming high interseismic coupling but low seismic coupling of the subduction interface. The alternative scenario of steadily creeping subduction cannot be ruled out but requires the historical seismicity record to be dismissed as unrepresentative. We refer to the peculiar spatial pattern of short-term strain rates in southern Calabria as a “geodetic gap” resulting from destructive interference between upper-plate extension and temporary compression due to locking along the subduction interface. Seismic hazard modelers must understand that within such gaps, the long-term seismic hazard is greater than that suggested by the low geodetic strain rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1794-1804
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 165
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    Escalating CO2 degassing at the Pisciarelli fumarolic system, and implications for the ongoing Campi Flegrei unrest (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: This short communication aims at providing an updated report on degassing activity and ground deformation variations observed during the ongoing (2012–2019) Campi Flegrei caldera unrest, with a particular focus on Pisciarelli, currently its most active fumarolic field.We show that the CO2 flux fromthe main Pisciarelli fumarolic vent (referred as “Soffione”) has increased by a factor N 3 since 2012, reaching in 2018–2019 levels (N600 tons/ day) that are comparable to those typical of a medium-sized erupting arc volcano. A substantial widening ofthe degassing vents and bubbling pools, and a further increase in CO2 concentrations in ambient air (up to 6000 ppm), have also been detected since mid-2018. We interpret this escalating CO2 degassing activity using a multidisciplinary dataset that includes thermodynamically estimated pressures for the source hydrothermal system, seismic and ground deformation data. From this analysis, we show that degassing, deformation and seis- micity have all reached in 2018–2019 levels never observed since the onset ofthe unrest in 2005, with an overall uplift of~57 cmand ~448 seismic events in the last year. The calculated pressure ofthe Campi Flegrei hydrother- mal system has reached ~44 bar and is rapidly increasing. Our results raise concern on the possible evolution of the Campi Flegrei unrest and reinforce the need for careful monitoring of the degassing activity at Pisciarelli, hopefully with the deployment of additional permanent gas monitoring units.
    Description: Published
    Description: 151-157
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 166
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    New coring study in Augusta Bay expands understanding of offshore tsunami deposits (Eastern Sicily, Italy) (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-25
    Description: Tsunami deposits present an important archive for understanding tsunami histories and dynamics. Most research in this field has focused on onshore preserved remains, while the offshore deposits have received less attention. In 2009, during a coring campaign with theItalian Navy Magnaghi, four 1 m long gravity cores (MG cores) were sampled from the northern part of Augusta Bay, along a transect in 60 to 110 m water depth. These cores were taken in the same area where a core (MS06) was collected in 2007 about 2.3 km offshore Augusta at a water depth of 72 m below sea level. Core MS06 consisted of a 6.7 m long sequence that included 12 anomalous intervals interpreted as the primary effect of tsunami backwash waves in the last 4500 years. In this study, tsunami deposits were identified, based on sedimentology and displaced benthic foraminifera (as for core MS06) reinforced by X-ray fluorescence data. Two erosional surfaces (L1 and L2) were recognized coupled with grain size increase, abundant Posidonia oceanica seagrass remains and a significant amount of Nubecularia lucifuga, an epiphytic sessile benthic foraminifera considered to be transported from the inner shelf. The occurrence of Ti/Ca and Ti/Sr increments, coinciding with peaks in organic matter (Mo inc/coh) suggests terrestrial run-off coupled with an input of organic matter. The L1 and L2 horizons were attributed to two distinct historical tsunamis (AD 1542 and AD 1693) by indirect age-estimation methods using 210Pb profiles and the comparison of Volume Magnetic Susceptibility data between MG cores and MS06 cores. One most recent bioturbated horizon (Bh), despite not matching the above listed interpretative features, recorded an important palaeoenvironmental change that may correspond to the AD 1908 tsunami. These findings reinforce the value of offshore sediment records as an underutilized resource for the identification of past tsunamis.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1553-1576
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Eastern Sicily ; tsunami ; foraminifera ; sedimentology ; XRF core scanning ; 04.04. Geology
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  • 167
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    Seismic isolation of buildings using composite foundations based on metamaterials (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: Metamaterials can be engineered to interact with waves in entirely new ways, finding application on the nanoscale in various fields such as optics and acoustics. In addition, acoustic metamaterials can be used in large-scale experiments for filtering and manipulating seismic waves (seismic metamaterials). Here, we propose seismic isolation based on a device that combines some properties of seismic metamaterials (e.g., periodic mass-in-mass systems) with that of a standard foundation positioned right below the building for isolation purposes. The concepts on which this solution is based are the local resonance and a dual-stiffness structure that preserves large (small) rigidity for compression (shear) effects. In other words, this paper introduces a different approach to seismic isolation by using certain principles of seismic metamaterials. The experimental demonstrator tested on the laboratory scale exhibits a spectral bandgap that begins at 4.5 Hz. Within the bandgap, it filters more than 50% of the seismic energy via an internal dissipation process. Our results open a path toward the seismic resilience of buildings and a critical infrastructure to shear seismic waves, achieving higher efficiency compared to traditional seismic insulators and passive energy-dissipation systems
    Description: Published
    Description: 174903
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 168
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    Statistical analysis of the oceanic magnetic anomaly data (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: The study of the statistical properties of ocean magnetic anomalies could be very important to get obtain new understanding about on plate tectonics, especially about the past properties of the lithospheric oceanic plates. Here we analyse ocean magnetic anomaly data at global scale in both time and space and prove the Laplace statistical distribution of marine magnetic anomalies. We provide a physical explanation of this statistical distribution of marine magnetic anomalies using a test with synthetic data, and investigate their behaviour during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron. A further comparison of our results with those provided by two global models of the lithospheric magnetic field, heavily based on satellite data, provides new evidence of an intrinsic limit of these global models, and confirms the need to include more near-surface magnetic data to better constrain these magnetic models, in particular over oceanic regions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 28-35
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 169
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    Medium and long period ground oscillatory pattern inferred by borehole tiltmetric data: New perspectives for the Campi Flegrei caldera crustal dynamics (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-07
    Description: We analyse tiltmetric time series recorded at borehole instruments recently installed at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), a volcanic area subjected to the phenomenon of bradyseism, which consists in fast ground uplift phases alternated to slow subsidence. For the first time, we evaluate the crustal response in terms of ground tilting of the entire caldera to external excitations such as long/medium-period tidal constituents, by adopting Independent Component Analysis. Indeed, we recognize diurnal (solar) and long-period (fortnightly and monthly) components, superimposed to the normal deformation trend of the area. They show well defined polarization directions and are associated with an oscillatory deformation pattern with the same periodicity of the corresponding tidal constituents. The comparison with the local geology evidences that the tidal tilting is controlled by the local stress field distribution and the rheology, thus inducing structural and thermoelastic site effects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 21-29
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 170
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    Active Faulting in Source Region of 2016–2017 Central Italy Event Sequence (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The Central Italy earthquake sequence produced three main shocks: M6.1 24 August, M5.9 26 October, and M6.5 30 October 2016. Additional M5–5.5 events struck this territory on 18 January 2017 in the Campotosto area. Fault plane solutions for the main shocks exhibit normal faulting (characteristic of crustal extension occurring in the inner central Apennines). Significant evidence, including hypocenter locations, strike and dip angles of the moment tensors, inverted finite fault models (using GPS, interferometric aperture radar, and ground motion data), and surface rupture patterns, all point to the earthquakes having been generated on the Mt. Vettore–Mt. Bove fault system (all three main shocks) and on the Amatrice fault, in the northern sector of the Laga Mountains (portion of 24 August event). The earthquake sequence provides examples of both synthetic and antithetic ruptures on a single fault system (30 October event) and rupture between two faults (24 August event). We describe active faults in the region and their segmentation and present understanding of the potential for linkages between segments (or faults) in the generation of large earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1557-1583
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 171
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    A sedimentological record of early Miocene ice advance and retreat, AND-2A drill hole, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-11
    Description: The lowest 501 m (similar to 1139-638 m) of the AND-2A core from southern Mc-Murdo Sound is the most detailed and complete record of early Miocene sediments in Antarctica and indicates substantial variability in Antarctic ice sheet activity during early Miocene time. There are two main pulses of diamictite accumulation recorded in the core, and three significant intervals with almost no coarse clasts. Each diamictite package comprises several sequences consistent with ice advance-retreat episodes. The oldest phase of diamictite deposition, Composite Sequence 1 (CS1), has evidence for grounded ice at the drill site and has been dated around 20.2-20.1 Ma. It likely coincides with cooling associated with isotope event Mi1aa. This is overlain by a diamictite-free, sandstone-dominated interval, CS2 that includes three coarsening-upward deltaic cycles, is inferred to mark substantial warming, and has an inferred age range between 20.1 and 20.05 Ma. Above this is an interval with variable amounts of diamictite (CS3), with indicators of ice grounding, that is inferred to record ice advance relative to CS2, and is overlain by an similar to 100-m-thick mud-rich interval (CS4) with no sedimentological evidence for direct glacial influence at the drill site (ca. 19.4-18.7 Ma). A third overlying diamictite-rich interval (CS5) overlies an unconformity spanning 18.7-17.8 Ma (coinciding with isotope event Mi1b), and records a return to more ice-influenced conditions at the drill site in late early Miocene time. The overall picture for the early Miocene (spanning the period 20.2-17.35 Ma) is one of ice advance alternating with periods of ice retreat and hence significant global climate fluctuations after the permanent establishment of the Antarctic ice sheet at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, and preceding the relative warmth of the middle Miocene climatic optimum (ca. 17.5-14.5 Ma). Sedimentary cyclicity in CS1 and CS2 is consistent with similar to 21 k.y. precession but in CS3 the frequency is closer to 100 k.y. (consistent with eccentricity), with a possible change to 20 k.y. precession in CS4. CS5 cyclicity is consistent with obliquity forcing. Provenance data are consistent with local Trans antarctic Mountains glacial activity under precessional control in CS1 and more southerly ice-cap build up under 100 k.y. eccentricity and obliquity control during CS3 and CS5, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1780-1803
    Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 172
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    Was the ancient harbour of Catania (Sicily, southern Italy) buried by medieval lava flows? (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Abstract The question about the existence of an ancient har- bour at Catania is a matter of debate between ancient and modern scholars. No decisive information has been found so far, although numerous hypotheses have been proposed in literature. Since the fifth century BC, historians have docu- mented that numerous naval armadas landed in the port of Catania. However, the current morphology of the Catania coastline has not any protected inlet that could have offered a shelter to hundreds of ships. Starting from historiographical descriptions of the Catania harbour and of the different lava flows occurring since 2500 BC, we sought to infer the most probable area of landing. To address this purpose, literary sources and historical iconographic documentation, combined with geological data and archaeological records, were collect- ed and analysed, in order to verify whether historical docu- ments were consistent with the palaeotopography of the area. The analysis suggests that the main harbour of Catania was probably located north-east of the town, between the S. Giovanni Li Cuti inlet and the Ognina bay, before being filled with some medieval lava flows (during 1100–1400 AD). The apparent silence of the local historical sources on the destruc- tion of the port may well be related to the 1169 earthquake that devastated Catania (causing 15,000 fatalities) and a large part of eastern Sicily. It is therefore likely that the few survivors paid little attention to the lava flow invading the harbour.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1737–1750
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 173
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    Dynamics of Vulcano Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) investigated by long-term (40 years) geophysical data (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Vulcano Island is a composite volcanic edifice located in the south-central sector of the Aeolian Archipelago (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Historic activity has been characterized by frequent transitions from phreatomagmatic to minor magmatic activity. The last eruption in 1888–90 saw powerful explosive pulses and this eruption defines what we call ‘vulcanian’ also for other volcanoes. Since then, volcanic activity has been in the form of fumarolic emanations of variable intensity and temperature, mainly concentrated at “La Fossa” crater. We investigated Vulcano dynamics through ca. 40 years of ground deformation and seismicity data collected by the discrete and continuous INGV monitoring networks. We considered levelling, GPS, EDM, seismic and tilt data. EDM and levelling measurements began in the middle of the 1970s; since the late 1990s, the EDM benchmarks have been measured using GPS. We performed a data inversion identifying, for the 1999–2013 period, the action of a deflating magmatic source, located under Vulcanello at 4–5 km a.s.l, just at the top of a wide regional tectonic tabular source. We analyzed data on different time-space scales, distinguishing the dynamics of different sectors of Vulcano (Piano, Vulcanello, La Fossa cone and Caldera) and three periods (1974–1984, 1984–1999, 1999–2013) and the time evolution of the dynamics of the island. We also show how the regional tectonic stress plays an important role in the transition of the volcanic system from a phase of stability to one of unrest, inducing the heating and expansion of shallow hydrothermal fluids.
    Description: Published
    Description: 521-535
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geodesy ; seismicity ; modeling ; volcano-tectonics ; unrest ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 174
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    Seismically Induced Soft‐Sediment Deformation Phenomena During the Volcano‐Tectonic Activity of Campi Flegrei Caldera (Southern Italy) in the Last 15 kyr (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We report, for the first time, evidence of seismically induced soft‐sediment deformations in the central area of the active Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy). We analyzed the marine‐transitional and continental sequences located along the coastal La Starza cliffs and several stratigraphic logs exposed during the excavation of a 1‐km‐long tunnel in the Pozzuoli area. The successions host several soft‐sediment structures including sand dikes and sand volcanoes, which are largely dated within the 4.55‐ to 4.28‐kyr BP interval. The volcano‐sedimentary sequence, deposited within the Campi Flegrei caldera in the last 15 kyr, is schematically formed by the superposition of three layers with different rheological behaviors; from the base progressing upward we recognize (1) a massive tuff, (2) marine‐transitional sands of the La Starza unit, and (3) a dominance of continental volcanoclastics. We envisage that during unrest episodes of the volcano, which included ground deformation and seismic activity, the whole volcano‐sedimentary pile was deformed through brittle mechanisms with the formation of normal faults. However, the intermediate layer, when subject to seismic shaking, behaved locally as a viscous material facilitating liquefaction processes and lateral spreading deformation. Furthermore, new geophysical, stratigraphic, and structural surveys allowed us to model the deformation evolution of this area over the last 15 kyr. The evidence of seismically induced soft‐sediment deformation within the volcano‐sedimentary record suggests that moderate earthquakes could occur during future volcano‐seismic unrests. Consequently, liquefaction and related gravitational mass movements must be considered as a hazard during these unrest and volcanic crises.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1999–2018
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 175
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    Gas Emissions From Volcanoes of the Kuril Island Arc (NW Pacific): Geochemistry and Fluxes (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: The Kuril Island arc extending for about 1,200 km from Kamchatka Peninsula to Hokkaido Island is a typical active subduction zone with 40 historically active subaerial volcanoes, some of which are persistently degassing. Seven Kurilian volcanoes (Ebeko, Sinarka, Kuntomintar, Chirinkotan, Pallas, Berg, and Kudryavy) on six islands (Paramushir, Shiashkotan, Chirinkotan, Ketoy, Urup, and Iturup) emit into the atmosphere〉90% of the total fumarolic gas of the arc. During the field campaigns in 2015–2017 direct sampling of fumaroles, MultiGas measurements of the fumarolic plumes and DOAS remote determinations of the SO2 flux were conducted on these volcanoes. Maximal temperatures of the fumaroles in 2015–2016 were 5108C (Ebeko), 4408C (Sinarka), 2608C (Kuntomintar), 7208C (Pallas), and 8208C (Kudryavy). The total SO2 flux (in metric tons per day) from fumarolic fields of the studied volcanoes was measured as 1,8006300 t/d, and the CO2 flux is estimated as 1,2506400 t/d. Geochemical characteristics of the sampled gases include dD and d18O of fumarolic condensates, d13C of CO2, d34S of the total sulfur, ratios 3He/4He and 40Ar/36Ar, concentrations of the major gas species, and trace elements in the volcanic gas condensates. The mole ratios C/S are generally 〈1. All volcanoes of the arc, except the southernmost Mendeleev and Golovnin volcanoes on Kunashir Island, emit gases with 3He/4He values of 〉7RA (where RA is the atmospheric 3He/4He). The highest 3He/4He ratios of 8.3RA were measured in fumaroles of the Pallas volcano (Ketoy Island) in the middle of the arc.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1859-1880
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 176
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    Analysis of the San Giuliano di Puglia (Southern Italy) active faults: an integrated approach (2019)
    Rendiconti della Società Geologica Italiana
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The area of San Giuliano di Puglia (Southern Italy) was struck by a moderate earthquake of Mw=5.7 on October 31st, 2002. The aim of this study is to identify and better constrain the geometry of the seismogenic structures (active, outcropping and buried faults) in the area. We used an integrated analysis of geo-structural, seismic and gravimetric data. We built three thematic databases: “faults”, “earthquakes” and “gravimetric" data: 1. The fault database consists of data extracted from the available structural and geological maps: ITHACA (ITaly HAzard from CApable faults) catalogue; DISS (Database of Individual Seismogenetic Sources) database; the "Neotectonic Map of Italy" 1:500.000; the Geological Map 1:100.000, Sheets 154, 155, 162, 163; several geological studies. 2. The earthquakes database was created by merging the data from historical and instrumental Catalogues (CPTI11; ISIDE-INGV). 3. The gravimetric database was created through the Multiscale Derivative Analysis (MDA) of the Bouguer anomaly map of the area, whose maxima show the presence of density lineaments. The integration of these datasets in GIS environment, identified three possible cases of correlation between faults, earthquakes and MDA maxima: ⦁ A clear correlation between epicentral location, fault positions and MDA maxima shows the existence of active faults; ⦁ A good correlation between MDA maxima and epicentral positions, without correspondence with faults known from geological data, can suggest the presence of buried active faults; ⦁ A good correlation between faults from geological datasets and literature and MDA maxima, without correlation with earthquakes, can indicate the existence of inactive or silent faults. Previous studies show that the main shock in the area of San Giuliano di Puglia was generated by a deep and subvertical strike-slip structure E-W trending, with a right lateral focal mechanism (Galli & Molin, 2004). Nevertheless, Vezzani et al. (2009) proposed a reverse fault mechanism. Valensise et al. (2004) suggested that the 2002 events could be related to the Mattinata fault, a major active right lateral strike-slip fault cutting across the Gargano promontory, In order to better constrain the structural framework of this area, we combined faults seismic data and a multiscale approach of gravity data in GIS environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: Napoli
    Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Keywords: Multiscale potential field analysis, Mattinata fault, Seismogenic faults
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 177
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    The Monitoring of Urban Environments and Built-Up Structures in a Seismic Area: Web-Based GIS Mapping and 3D Visualization Tools for the Assessment of the Urban Resources (2019)
    European Spatial Agency (ESA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: In this paper, a non-invasive infrastructural system called MASSIMO is presented for the monitoring and the seismic vulnerability mitigation of cultural heritages. It integrates ground-based, airborne and space-borne remote sensing tools with geophysical and in situ surveys to provide a multi-spatial (regional, urban and building scales) and multi-temporal (longterm, short-term and near-real-time scales) monitoring of test areas and buildings. The measurements are integrated through web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) and 3-dimensional visual platforms to support decision-making stakeholders involved in urban and structural requalification planning. An application of this system is presented over the Calabria region for the town of Cosenza and a test historical complex.
    Description: The present work is supported and funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) under the research project PON01-02710 "MASSIMO" - "Monitoraggio in Area Sismica di SIstemi MOnumentali".
    Description: Published
    Description: 9-13
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Monitoring ; Building ; Seismic Areas ; GIS MAPPING ; 3D VISUALIZATION ; MONITORING OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND BUILT-UP STRUCTURES
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  • 178
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    The liquefaction features in the area of the May-June 2012 Emilia seismic sequence: An investigation approach coupling Electric Resistivity Tomography (ERT) with coring (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: In order to geometrically characterize the liquefaction features observed in the epicentral sector of the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence and to evaluate the potential for recording palaeoseismic features of the area, we performed two electric resistivity tomographic sections and 4 shallow corings, coupled with 14C datings and archaeological age estimates in selected sites. Preliminary results show that there is a good agreement between ERT sections and core-logs; moreover a major role in determining the scalar relationships of the liquefaction features is played by the local geomorphological and topographic setting. The high sedimentation rates obtained through core datings (4 – 20 mm/yr) suggest that the described methodological approach can cover time windows of only a few centuries, thus hardly encompassing, in this tectonic setting, a significant period for paleoseismological purposes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 206-209
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: liquefaction ; earthquake ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 179
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    MeMoVolc consensual document: a review of cross-disciplinary approaches to characterizing small explosive magmatic eruptions (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: A workshop entitled “Tracking and understanding volcanic emissions through cross37 disciplinary integration: A textural working group.” was held at the Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand, France) on the 6-7th November 2012. This workshop was supported by the European Science Foundation (ESF). The main objective of the workshop was to establish an initial advisory group to begin to define measurements, methods, formats and standards to be applied in the integration of geophysical, physical and textural data collected during volcanic eruptions so as to homogenize procedures to be applied and integrated during both past and ongoing events. The working group comprised a total of 35 scientists from six countries (France, Italy, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland and Iceland). The group comprised eleven advisors from the textural analysis field, eleven from deposit studies, seven geochemists and six geophysicists. The four main aims were to discuss and define: 1) Standards, precision and measurement protocols for textural analysis; 2) Identify textural, field deposit, chemistry and geophysical parameters that can best be measured and combined; 3) Agree on the best delivery formats so that data can be sheared between, and easily used by, each group; 4) Review multi-disciplinary sampling and measurement routines currently used, and measurement standards applied, by each community. The group agreed that community-wide cross-disciplinary integration, centered on defining those measurements and formats that can be best combined, is an attainable but key global focus. Consequently, we prepared a final document to be used as the foundation for a larger, international textural working group to serve as the basis of fully realizing such a pandisciplinary goal in volcanology. Thus, we here report our initial conclusions and recommendations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 49
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 180
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    The 6 May 1976 Friuli earthquake: re-evaluating and consolidating (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The aim of this paper is to propose the creation, in terms of European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98), of the entire macroseismic fi eld of the 6 May 1976 Friuli earthquake. Only forty odd years have passed, and nothwithsatnding that there is a huge quantity of existing data, it was still disturbing to fi nd that much of the original data are missing and probably lost forever Efforts have therefore been made to fi nd additional and still unknown primary data. For the majority of the collected national data sets, a reevaluation was then possible. This study presents the comprehensive macroseismic data set for 14 European countries. It is, to our knowledge, one of the largest European data sets, consisting of 3423 intensity data points (IDPs). The earthquake was felt from Rome to the Baltic Sea, and from Belgium to Warsaw. The maximum intensity 10 EMS-98 was reached in eight localities in Friuli (Italy). Compared to previous studies, the Imax values have changed from country to country, in some cases being lowered due to methodological differences, but in the case of three among the most hit countries, Imax is now higher than in the previous studies, mainly due to the new data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 417-444
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 181
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    Maximum-Likelihood Retrieval of Volcanic Ash Concentration and Particle Size From Ground-Based Scanning Lidar (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: An inversion methodology, named maximum likelihood (ML) volcanic ash light detection and ranging (Lidar) retrieval (VALR-ML), has been developed and applied to estimate volcanic ash particle size and ash mass concentration within volcanic plumes. Both estimations are based on the ML approach, trained by a polarimetric backscattering forward model coupled with a Monte Carlo ash microphysical model. The VALR-ML approach is applied to Lidar backscattering and depolarization profiles, measured at visible wavelength during two eruptions of Mt. Etna, Catania, Italy, in 2010 and 2011. The results are compared with those of ash products derived from other parametric retrieval algorithms. A detailed comparison among these different retrieval techniques highlights the potential of VALR-ML to determine, on the basis of a physically consistent approach, the ash cloud area that must be interdicted to flight operations. Moreover, the results confirm the usefulness of operating scanning Lidars near active volcanic vents.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5824 - 5842
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 182
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    Anatomy of a fumarolic system inferred from a multiphysics approach (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: Fumaroles are a common manifestation of volcanic activity that are associated with large emissions of gases into the atmosphere. These gases originate from the magma, and they can provide indirect and unique insights into magmatic processes. Therefore, they are extensively used to monitor and forecast eruptive activity. During their ascent, the magmatic gases interact with the rock and hydrothermal fluids, which modify their geochemical compositions. These interactions can complicate our understanding of the real volcanic dynamics and remain poorly considered. Here, we present the first complete imagery of a fumarolic plumbing system using three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography and new acoustic noise localization. We delineate a gas reservoir that feeds the fumaroles through distinct channels. Based on this geometry, a thermodynamic model reveals that near-surface mixing between gas and condensed steam explains the distinct geochemical compositions of fumaroles that originate from the same source. Such modeling of fluid interactions will allow for the simulation of dynamic processes of magmatic degassing, which is crucial to the monitoring of volcanic unrest.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 7580
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 183
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    Impact of depositional regimes on biogeochemical cycling of iron in sediments of the ARgentina Continental Margin (2019)
    In:  EPIC382 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-25
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Thesis , notRev
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  • 184
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    Assimilation of Global Total Chlorophyll OC‐CCI Data and Its Impact on Individual Phytoplankton Fields (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, pp. 470-490
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-19
    Description: The coupled ocean circulation‐ecosystem model MITgcm‐REcoM2 is used to simulate biogeochemical variables in a global configuration. The ecosystem model REcoM2 simulates two phytoplankton groups, diatoms and small phytoplankton, using a quota formulation with variable carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll contents of the cells. To improve the simulation of the phytoplankton variables, chlorophyll‐a data from the European Space Agency Ocean‐Color Climate Change Initiative (OC‐CCI) for 2008 and 2009 are assimilated with an ensemble Kalman filter. Utilizing the multivariate cross covariances estimated by the model ensemble, the assimilation constrains all model variables describing the two phytoplankton groups. Evaluating the assimilation results against the satellite data product SynSenPFT shows an improvement of total chlorophyll and more importantly of individual phytoplankton groups. The assimilation improves both phytoplankton groups in the tropical and midlatitude regions, whereas the assimilation has a mixed response in the high‐latitude regions. Diatoms are most improved in the major ocean basins, whereas small phytoplankton show small deteriorations in the Southern Ocean. The improvement of diatoms is larger when the multivariate assimilation is computed using the ensemble‐estimated cross covariances between total chlorophyll and the phytoplankton groups than when the groups are updated so that their ratio to total chlorophyll is preserved. The comparison with in situ observations shows that the correlation of the simulated chlorophyll of both phytoplankton groups with these data is increased whereas the bias and error are decreased. Overall, the multivariate assimilation of total chlorophyll modifies the two phytoplankton groups separately, even though the sum of their individual chlorophyll concentrations represents the total chlorophyll.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 185
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    Retrieval of Phytoplankton Pigments from Underway Spectrophotometry in the Fram Strait (2019)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Remote Sensing, MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: Phytoplankton in the ocean are extremely diverse. The abundance of various intracellular pigments are often used to study phytoplankton physiology and ecology, and identify and quantify different phytoplankton groups. In this study, phytoplankton absorption spectra (aph(λ)) derived from underway flow-through AC-S measurements in the Fram Strait are combined with phytoplankton pigment measurements analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the retrieval of various pigment concentrations at high spatial resolution. The performances of two approaches, Gaussian decomposition and the matrix inversion technique are investigated and compared. Our study is the first to apply the matrix inversion technique to underway spectrophotometry data. We find that Gaussian decomposition provides good estimates (median absolute percentage error, MPE 21–34%) of total chlorophyll-a (TChl-a), total chlorophyll-b (TChl-b), the combination of chlorophyll-c1 and -c2 (Chl-c1/2), photoprotective (PPC) and photosynthetic carotenoids (PSC). This method outperformed one of the matrix inversion algorithms, i.e., singular value decomposition combined with non-negative least squares (SVD-NNLS), in retrieving TChl-b, Chl-c1/2, PSC, and PPC. However, SVD-NNLS enables robust retrievals of specific carotenoids (MPE 37–65%), i.e., fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, which is currently not accomplished by Gaussian decomposition. More robust predictions are obtained using the Gaussian decomposition method when the observed aph(λ) is normalized by the package effect index at 675 nm. The latter is determined as a function of “packaged” aph(675) and TChl-a concentration, which shows potential for improving pigment retrieval accuracy by the combined use of aph(λ) and TChl-a concentration data. To generate robust estimation statistics for the matrix inversion technique, we combine leave-one-out cross-validation with data perturbations. We find that both approaches provide useful information on pigment distributions, and hence, phytoplankton community composition indicators, at a spatial resolution much finer than that can be achieved with discrete samples.
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  • 186
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    White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, 5(8), pp. eaax1157
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-23
    Description: Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous, and considerable quantities prevail even in the Arctic; however, there are large knowledge gaps regarding pathways to the North. To assess whether atmospheric transport plays a role, we analyzed snow samples from ice floes in Fram Strait. For comparison, we investigated snow samples from remote (Swiss Alps) and populated (Bremen, Bavaria) European sites. MPs were identified by Fourier transform infrared imaging in 20 of 21 samples. The MP concentration of Arctic snow was significantly lower (0 to 14.4 × 103 N liter−1) than European snow (0.19 × 103 to 154 × 103 N liter−1) but still substantial. Polymer composition varied strongly, but varnish, rubber, polyethylene, and polyamide dominated overall. Most particles were in the smallest size range indicating large numbers of particles below the detection limit of 11 μm. Our data highlight that atmospheric transport and deposition can be notable pathways for MPs meriting more research.
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  • 187
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    A decade of shaping the futures of polar early career researchers: A legacy of the International Polar Year (2019)
    CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3Polar Record, CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, ISSN: 0032-2474
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-21
    Description: The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) is an important legacy of the International Polar Year (IPY). APECS continues to foster engagement in education, outreach and communication (EOC) activities relating to the polar regions and provide training for early career researchers (ECRs). We highlight opportunities for training, leadership and skills development, such as the annual Polar Weeks and Antarctica Day celebrations. Participation and engagement in EOC activities actively contributes to career development by enabling ECRs to develop valuable soft skills such as networking, communication and interdisciplinary knowledge. A pilot survey on EOC engagement highlighted that those who organise events also gain leadership skills such as team management. We discuss several factors contributing to the success of APECS in training the next generation of polar leaders. These include the geographical rather than discipline-specific focus of the organisation, utilisation of online resources, including social media, and the strong links with partner organisations. These examples demonstrate how the EOC legacy of IPY has continued due to APECS’ targeted efforts to create EOC opportunities and provide skills and leadership training for ECRs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 188
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    Trackline map and processing report for navigation sensors from POLARSTERN cruise PS116 (2019)
    Alfred Wegener Institute
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-25
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Data Processing Reports , notRev
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  • 189
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    Checklist of digital platforms for scientific research (2019)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-30
    Description: The purpose of this list of digital platforms is to facilitate the research of scientific data (articles, books, conferences, websites, indexers, etc.) by students of all undergraduate levels. The interface of platforms have similarities and because of this, low degree of difficulty of use. I emphasize that the key to an excellent literature search on digital platforms is to choose the right "keyword".
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 190
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    LITTERBASE: Online Portal for marine litter and microplastics and their Implications for marine life (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Arctic Frontiers 2019, Tromsoe, 2019-01-21-2019-01-25
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-28
    Description: Contamination of the oceans with anthropogenic litter is a global environmental problem which currently receives increasing attention by scientists, policy makers, public authorities, media and the general public. Although research efforts have been intensified, they often do not provide stakeholders with easily understandable information about the dimensions and the extent of the problem. We have developed an online portal to provide easily digestible and continuously updated information on marine litter and microplastics to stakeholders based on scientific literature on a global scale. LITTERBASE gives insight about the distribution of marine litter and its effects on marine biota. Data from 1,905 scientific studies (status 26/11/2018) have been compiled into global maps and real-time graphs to make scientific knowledge accessible to the public. Bibliometric data of all publications were entered, as were metadata pertaining to litter type, litter size, litter quantity unit, aquatic system, biome and total litter quantity. Litter quantities were standardised to the most frequently used units to achieve comparability. Data on biological interactions with litter were also extracted: location of field records, number of species affected, percentage of individuals affected, type of interaction, effects on biota, litter type, litter size, aquatic system and biome. Currently, 2,220 species (status 26/11/2018) have been found to interact with marine litter resulting in mortality in almost 12% of the cases reported. Web statistics reveal that the information displayed in the LITTERBASE online portal is continuously being retrieved by users from all over the world.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 191
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    Müll im Meer: ein globales Umwelt-Problem auf dem Vormarsch in die Arktis (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Plastik in Natur und Umwelt, Münster, 2019-03-09
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 192
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    Toward Consistent Subgrid Momentum Closures in Ocean Models (2019)
    Springer Nature Switzerland
    In:  EPIC3Energy Transfers in Atmosphere and Ocean, Energy Transfers in Atmosphere and Ocean, Springer Nature Switzerland, 1, pp. 145-192, ISBN: 978-30-030-05703-9, ISSN: 2524-4264
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-18
    Description: State-of-the-art global ocean circulation models used in climate studies are only passing the edge of becoming “eddy-permitting” or barely eddy-resolving. Such models commonly suffer from overdissipation of mesoscale eddies by routinely used subgrid dissipation (viscosity) operators and a resulting depletion of energy in the large-scale structures which are crucial for draining available potential energy into kinetic energy. More broadly, subgrid momentum closures may lead to both overdissipation or pileup of eddy kinetic energy and enstrophy of the smallest resolvable scales. The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, it reviews the theory of two-dimensional and geostrophic turbulence. To a large part, this is textbook material with particular emphasis, however, on issues relevant to modeling the global ocean in the eddy- permitting regime. Second, we discuss several recent parameterizations of subgrid dynamics, including simplified backscatter schemes by Jansen and Held, stochastic superparameterizations by Grooms and Majda, and an empirical backscatter scheme by Mana and Zanna.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 193
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    Transcriptomic responses to grazing reveal the metabolic pathway leading to the biosynthesis of domoic acid and highlight different defense strategies in diatoms. (2019)
    BIOMED CENTRAL LTD
    In:  EPIC3BMC Molecular Biology, BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 20(7), ISSN: 1471-2199
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-11
    Description: Background A major cause of phytoplankton mortality is predation by zooplankton. Strategies to avoid grazers have probably played a major role in the evolution of phytoplankton and impacted bloom dynamics and trophic energy transport. Certain species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), as a response to the presence of copepod grazers, suggesting that DA is a defense compound. The biosynthesis of DA comprises fusion of two precursors, a C10 isoprenoid geranyl pyrophosphate and l-glutamate. Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) may derive from the mevalonate isoprenoid (MEV) pathway in the cytosol or from the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastid. l-glutamate is suggested to derive from the citric acid cycle. Fragilariopsis, a phylogenetically related but nontoxic genus of diatoms, does not appear to possess a similar defense mechanism. We acquired information on genes involved in biosynthesis, precursor pathways and regulatory functions for DA production in the toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, as well as genes involved in responses to grazers to resolve common responses for defense strategies in diatoms. Results Several genes are expressed in cells of Pseudo-nitzschia when these are exposed to predator cues. No genes are expressed in Fragilariopsis when treated similarly, indicating that the two taxa have evolved different strategies to avoid predation. Genes involved in signal transduction indicate that Pseudo-nitzschia cells receive signals from copepods that transduce cascading molecular precursors leading to the formation of DA. Five out of seven genes in the MEP pathway for synthesis of GPP are upregulated, but none in the conventional MEV pathway. Five genes with known or suggested functions in later steps of DA formation are upregulated. We conclude that no gene regulation supports that l-glutamate derives from the citric acid cycle, and we suggest the proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor. Conclusions Pseudo-nitzschia cells, but not Fragilariopsis, receive and respond to copepod cues. The cellular route for the C10 isoprenoid product for biosynthesis of DA arises from the MEP metabolic pathway and we suggest proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor for l-glutamate. We suggest 13 genes with unknown function to be involved in diatom responses to grazers.
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  • 194
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    Infection by invasive parasites increases susceptibility of native hosts to secondary infection via modulation of cellular immunity (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, pp. 427-438, ISSN: 0021-8790
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-12
    Description: 1.Parasite spillover from invasive aliens to native species increases the risk of disease emergence within native biota - either by direct harm to the new host or by indirect effects like increased risks of secondary infection. 2.One example for such a detrimental effect is the parasitic copepod Mytilicola intestinalis that infected blue mussels Mytilus edulis after being introduced into the North Sea in the early 20(th) century. Since 1949, the parasite was blamed for multiple mass mortalities of infested blue mussels but evidence for a direct causal involvement of M. intestinalis remained circumstantial. 3.Here, we now examine the potential effects of primary infections by the invasive parasite on the susceptibility to secondary infections with virulent bacteria (Vibrio spp.) in a full factorial infection experiment combining parasite infection (control vs. infected) with different Vibrio infection treatments (control, bath challenge, injection) in environmental conditions that either favored the host (ambient temperature) or the bacterium (elevated temperature). The influence of primary and secondary infections on cellular immunity (phagocytosis) and Vibrio load in the hemolymph was used to correlate these results to host survival. 4.Our results suggest that the rate of secondary Vibrio-infection is increased due to lower efficiency of the cellular immune response. As a consequence, the failure of clearing Vibrio from the hemolymph might increase mortality of mussels infected by M. intestinalis. 5.This demonstrates that indirect effects of parasite invasions can outweigh direct effects of the infection highlighting the need for a more integrative approach to understand and predict the consequences of parasite invasions.
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  • 195
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    Strategies for Earth System Modelling (2019)
    In:  EPIC3ESiWACE2 Kick-off meeting, Hamburg, Germany, 2019-03-11-2019-03-13
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-18
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 196
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    Temporal Trends in Marine Litter at Three Stations of the HAUSGARTEN Observatory in the Arctic Deep Sea (2019)
    In:  EPIC3OceanVisions2019, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 2019-04-01-2019-04-04
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-18
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  • 197
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    The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007 - the data (NCEI Accession 0186034), NDP-100 Version 1.1. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (2019)
    NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
    In:  EPIC3NDP-100 Version 1.1. Dataset., NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
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  • 198
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    Ice Complex formation on Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago, East Siberian Arctic) since about 200 ka (2019)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Research, Cambridge University Press, ISSN: 0033-5894 (Print), 1096-0287 (Online)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-30
    Description: Late Quaternary landscapes of unglaciated Beringia were largely shaped by ice-wedge polygon tundra. Ice Complex (IC) strata preserve such ancient polygon formations. Here we report on the Yukagir IC from Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island in northeastern Siberia and suggest that new radioisotope disequilibria (230Th/U) dates of the Yukagir IC peat confirm its formation during the MIS 7a-c Interglacial. The preservation of the ice-rich Yukagir IC proves its resilience to Last Interglacial and lateglacial-Holocene warming. This study compares the Yukagir IC to IC strata of MIS 5, MIS 3 and MIS 2 ages exposed on Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island. Besides high intrasedimental ice content and syngenetic ice wedges intersecting silts, sandy silts, the Yukagir IC is characterized by high organic matter (OM) accumulation and low OM decomposition of a distinctive Drepanocladus moss-peat. The Yukagir IC pollen data reveals grassshrub-moss tundra indicating rather wet summer conditions similar to modern ones. The stable isotope composition of Yukagir IC wedge ice is similar to those of the MIS 5 and MIS 3 ICs pointing to similar atmospheric moisture generation and transport patterns in winter. Ice Complex data from glacial and interglacial periods provide insights into permafrost and climate dynamics since about 200 ka.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 199
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    Ecological network analysis metrics: The need for an entire ecosystem approach in management and policy (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ocean and Coastal Management, Elsevier, 174, pp. 1-14
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 200
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    The Global Carbon Budget (2019)
    In:  EPIC3RECCAP2 Workshop, Gotemba, Japan, 2019-03-18-2019-03-21
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-10
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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