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  • Articles  (8)
  • Streams  (8)
  • Springer  (8)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Cell Press
  • 2020-2022
  • 1990-1994  (8)
  • 1970-1974
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (8)
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  • Articles  (8)
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Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (8)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Cell Press
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  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (8)
  • Biology  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California, USA (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 235-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Bank erosion ; Trampling ; Streams ; Channel changes ; Channel stability ; River restoration ; Riparian vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Channel changes from 1919 to 1989 were documented in two study reaches of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park through a review of historical photographs and documents and a comparison of survey data. Bank erosion was prevalent and channel width increased an average of 27% in the upstream reach, where human use was concentrated. Here, trampling of the banks and riparian vegetation was common, and banks eroded on straight stretches as frequently as on meander bends. Six bridges in the upper reach constrict the channel by an average of 38% of the original width, causing severe erosion. In the downstream control reach, where human use was minimal, channel widths both decreased and increased, with a mean increase of only 4% since 1919. Bank erosion in the control reach occurred primarily on meander bends. The control reach also had denser stands of riparian vegetation and a higher frequency of large woody debris in channels. There is only one bridge in the lower reach, located at the downstream end. Since 1919, bank erosion in the impacted upstream reach contributed a significant amount of sediment (74,800 tonnes, equivalent to 2.0 t/km2/yr) to the river. An analysis of 75 years of precipitation and hydrologic records showed no trends responsible for bank erosion in the upper reach. Sediment input to the upper reach has not changed significantly during the study period. Floodplain soils are sandy, with low cohesion and are easily detached by lateral erosion. The degree of channel widening was positively correlated with the percentage of bare ground on the streambanks and low bank stability ratings. Low bank stability ratings were, in turn, strongly associated with high human use areas. Channel widening and bank erosion in the upper reach were due primarily to destruction of riparian vegetation by human trampling and the effect of bridge constrictions on high flow, and secondarily to poorly installed channel revetments. Several specific recommendations for river restoration were provided to park management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393764
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of road salt contamination using multiple regression and GIS (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 767-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Road salt ; Statistics ; Streams ; Pollution ; GIS ; NaCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A multiple regression model of atmospheric deposition of salt, combined with geographic information systems (GIS) data on four classes of roads, is used to predict sodium concentrations in 162 randomly chosen streams in Massachusetts. All four classes of roads, as well as atmospheric deposition, were found to be highly significant in a model that explains 68% of the observed variation in sodium concentration. The highest salt loading rates are associated with interstate and major state roads with an estimated 22,500 and 17,700 kg of salt per kilometer, respectively. Our mass balance calculations indicate road salt is the major source of salt to the streams in Massachusetts. We examined some of the common statistical problems associated with the use of multiple regression for this type of analysis. Our confidence in the accuracy of the loading rates estimated above are limited by the collinear nature of environmental data and uncertainties related to model specification. Our results suggest multiple regression techniques can lead to overconfidence in the accuracy of the estimated loading rates and thus should not be used as the basis for policy unless the model is validated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394639
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of channel incision on base flow stream habitats and fishes (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Streams ; Erosion ; Sediment ; Woody debris ; Channel degradation ; Habitat restoration ; Fish ; Diversity indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Channel incision is a widespread phenomenon that results in stream and riparian habitat degradation. Fishes and physical habitat variables were sampled at base flow from three incised stream channels and one reference stream in northwest Mississippi, USA, to quantify incision effects on fish habitat and provide a basis for habitat rehabilitation planning and design. Incised channels were sampled in spring and autumn; the reference channel was sampled only in the autumn. Incised channel habitat quality was inferior to the reference channel despite the presence of structures designed to restore channel stability. Incised channels had physical habitat diversity levels similar to a nonincised reference channel, but contained fewer types of habitat. At base flow, incised channels were dominated by shallow, sandy habitats, moderate to high mean local Froude numbers, and had relatively little organic debris in their beds. In contrast, the reference stream had greater mean water depth, contained more woody debris, and provided more deep pool habitat. Fish assemblages in incised channels were composed of smaller fishes representing fewer species relative to the reference site. Fish species richness was directly proportional to the mean local Froude number, an indicator of the availability of pool habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393749
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of lotic periphyton communities after disturbance (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 589-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Desiccation ; Disturbance ; Floods ; Periphyton ; Streams ; Succession ; Toxic pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Periphyton communities represent potentially excellent candidates for assessing the recovery of lotic ecosystems after disturbance. These communities are ubiquitous, relatively easy to sample and measure (in terms of total community biomass), have short generation times, and may influence the recovery rates of higher trophic levels. The first section of this article analyzes how site availability, species availability, and differential species performance influence periphyton successional dynamics. This background information provides a foundation for understanding how periphytic organisms respond after a disturbance. The second section of this article analyzes how periphyton communities respond to four different types of disturbance (flood events, desiccation, organic nutrient enrichment, and toxic metal exposure). Although data are limited, it is concluded that the fast growth rates and short generation times of periphytic organisms, coupled with their flexible life history strategies and good dispersal ability, allow lotic periphyton communities to recover relatively quickly after a disturbance. In addition, disturbance type and severity, local environmental conditions, and site-specific factors also will influence recovery rates. Future research needs include a better understanding of: (1) what periphyton property(ies) would serve as the best index of recovery; (2) whether or not the robustness of this index varies among different environments and different disturbances; (3) interactions between autotrophs and heterotrophs within the periphyton mat, particularly with respect to nutrient cycling; (4) competitive interactions among organisms; (5) functional redundancy of organisms; and (6) the influence of the riparian zone and channel geomorphology on periphyton recovery rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394711
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of lotic communities and ecosystems from disturbance—A narrative review of case studies (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 547-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Lotic ecosystems ; Streams ; Rivers ; Disturbance ; Recovery ; Case studies ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We present a narrative account of case studies of the recovery of flowing water systems from disturbance, focusing on the investigators' conclusions about recovery time and the factors contributing to recovery. We restrict our attention to case studies in which the recovery of some biological property of the system has been examined, excluding those that deal only with physical or chemical properties. Although natural processes and rates of recovery are emphasized, studies of reclamation or restoration of damaged ecosystems are included where they contribute to an understanding of recovery processes. For the majority of studies examined, the systems recovered quite rapidly. The most commonly cited reasons for short recovery times were: (1) life history characteristics that allowed rapid recolonization and repopulation of the affected areas, (2) the availability and accessibility of unaffected up-stream and downstream areas and internal refugia to serve as sources of organisms for repopulation, (3) the high flushing rates of lotic systems that allowed them to quickly dilute or replace polluted waters, and (4) the fact that lotic systems are naturally subjected to a variety of disturbances and the biota have evolved life history characteristics that favor flexibility or adaptability. In general, longer recovery times were observed in disturbances, such as channelization, that resulted in alterations to physical conditions. This review also indicates that much of our knowledge of recovery in lotic ecosystems is fragmented and uncoordinated. In addition to establishing the bounds of recovery time, our review identifies some research gaps that need to be filled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394709
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery processes in lotic ecosystems: Limits of successional theory (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 725-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Succession ; Disturbance ; Stability ; Streams ; Ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concept of succession has a distinguished history in general ecology and has been applied to stream ecosystems with some success. Succession in streams is largely secondary, follows initial floristics models, and occurs through a variety of mechanisms. The process is moderately predictable but is highly influenced by “climatic” factors, particularly nutrient chemistry. In desert streams, succession does not result in a climax state. While evidence is slim, succession may not be a significant process in streams of certain types or in certain regions. Successional theory is difficult to apply in spatially heterogeneous, hierarchically organized ecosystems. It also suffers in being only one component of a better integrated concept, that of ecosystem stability, which deals more directly with disturbance and ecosystem resistance in addition to resilience (which encompasses succession). Succession has so suffered from a half century of confusion that a strong case can be made for abandoning the term, at least as it applies in streams, in favor of the broader view provided by stability theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394721
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical habitat template of lotic systems: Recovery in the context of historical pattern of spatiotemporal heterogeneity (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 629-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Spatiotemporal heterogeneity ; Physical habitat template ; Streams ; Disturbance ; Recovery ; Community structure ; Natural selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity in lotic ecosystems can be quantitatively described and identified with characteristic levels of ecological organization. The long-term pattern of physicochemical variability in conjunction with the complexity and stability of the substratum establishes a physical habitat template that theoretically influences which combinations of behavioral, physiological and life history characteristics constitute appropriate “ecological strategies” for persistence in the habitat. The combination of strategies employed will constrain ecological response to and recovery from disturbance. Physical habitat templates and associated ecological attributes differ geographically because of biogeoclimatic processes that constrain lotic habitat structure and stability and that influence physicochemical variability and disturbance patterns (frequency, magnitude, and predictability). Theoretical considerations and empirical studies suggest that recovery from natural and anthropogenic disturbance also will vary among lotic systems, depending on historical temporal variability regime, degree of habitat heterogeneity, and spatial scale of the perturbation. Characterization of physical habitat templates and associated ecological dynamics along gradients of natural disturbance would provide a geographic framework for predicting recovery from anthropogenic disturbance for individual streams. Description of lotic environmental templates at the appropriate spatial and temporal scale is therefore desirable to test theoretical expectations of biotic recovery rate from disturbance and to guide selection of appropriate reference study sites for monitoring impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. Historical streamflow data, coupled with stream-specific thermal and substratum-geomorphologic characteristics, are suggested as minimum elements needed to characterize physical templates of lotic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394714
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biogeochemical cycling constraints on stream ecosystem recovery (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 685-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Nutrient limitation ; Streams ; Resilience ; Resistance ; Artificial streams ; Periphyton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In systems where production is limited by the availability of a nutrient, nutrient input to and recycling within the system is related to the resilience, or speed of recovery, of a system to its steady state following a disturbance. In particular, it is shown that the return timeT s of the system to steady state, or the inverse of the resilience, is approximately equal to the mean turnover time of the limiting nutrient in the system. From this relationship, it is possible to understand and predict how various properties of food webs and their environments affect resilience. These properties include nutrient input rate, loss rate, size of the detritus compartment, and trophic structure. The effects of these properties on resilience are described by using simple mathematical models. To test model predictions, experimental studies of the response of periphyton-dominated stream ecosystems to disturbance are being conducted on a set of laboratory streams in which nutrient inputs and grazing intensity are regulated at different levels. In streams without snail grazers (low-grazed streams), 90% recirculation of stream water to reduce nutrient inputs resulted in longer turnover times (T r ) of phosphorus within the stream compared with once-through flow. However, in streams with snail grazers (high-grazed streams), there were no differences in phosphorus turnover time between once-through and partially recirculated treatments. Results on the rate of recovery of periphyton from a flood/scour disturbance to each stream partially support the model prediction of a positive relationship between ecosystem return time (T s ) and nutrient turnover time (T r ) within the streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394718
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