ALBERT

Description: [contains vegetation map] ; [contains relief map]. Summary: As studies in the area bordering the Montes de Toledo have shown, the factors influencing soil erosion are vegetation, climate, relief intensity, soil-physical characteristics and human activity. In order to analyse in detail the causes and effects of soil erosion in Central Spain‚ climatic data (rainfall and temperature) of the area were evaluated and special attention was paid to extreme data such as rain storms. Relief intensity. the second important factor determining soil erosion. was extrapolated by measuring slope steepness in the study area and extending these results with the help of the slope steepness map to cover the Montes de Toledo area. On the basis of the "mapa forestal de Espana 1:400 000" the vegetation type of the various sub-areas was established and proved to be a factor impeding erosion. The extent of erosion risk depends on soil-physical characteristics such as cohesion, infiltration capacity and permeability, which are determined by means of soil particle size analysis and the measurement of hydraulic conductivity and infiltration. A comparison of these data with erosion gauge measurements produced the following results: Surfaces with vegetation cover provide the most effective check to erosion. Given a dense plant cover, slope steepness plays only a minor role up to a certain critical angle, which is 20° in the study area; the maximum rate of erosion here averages (-0.1) cm per year. Given sparse plant cover, the values rise to (-0.3) cm per year; given a completely bare surface. erosion reaches an annual average of (-0.4) cm at up to 5° slope steepness. (-1.0) cm at up to 10°. (-1.3) cm at 15°, and (-1.8) cm at 20°. On slopes with an inclination over 20°, up to (-0.9) cm of soil erosion per year were measured, even when the vegetative cover was dense. The relations soil erosion-slope length and soil erosion-slope form are modified according to the Situation of individual gauges on the slopes. As well as vegetation and slope steepness, soil structure was shown to be a differentiating parameter in recent slope erosion. Comparative measurements of K-values on sandy-gritty weathered detritus of granite and on the partly loamy-clayey substrata of the ranas and the weathering mantles in quarzite showed differences in the capacity to absorb water ranging from 1.2 x 10-3 cm/sec to 1.3 x 10-4 cm/sec. The evaluation of the precipitation data showed that, in this Climatic area, each rainfall is an erosion hazard, varying, however, according to type and intensity. It was shown that roughly a third of the annual slope movements take place in the summer half-year (April - September). These are caused by an increase in thunderstorms and a loose ground cover. Two-thirds of the entire movements occur during the winter half-year (October – March), when precipitation in the form of continuous steady and storm rainfall increases. A further cause of increased soil erosion is the human factor. Slope sections that have undergone large-scale cultivation and overgrazing show dear evidence of erosion and denudation. On the other hand, the farming of small units of land, the construction of terraces on the slopes and cultivation on the contour represent effective measures against widespread erosion.

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, FU Berlin

Description: Drainage basins are heterogeneous ecosystems which are governed by the dynamics of the hydrologic process operating between precipitation input and runoff output. The respective positions and interrelationships of spatial subsystems with certain characteristics of topological units are important features of each drainage basin, and each drainage basin has its own individual pattern of subsystems. […] The investigated lakes are typified according to a system based mainly on the seasonal variations of the average water budget of the catchment area. These seasonal variations correlate with certain catchment area characteristics. […] Each of the different lake types is characterized by the type of periodicity of the water level changes. The type of periodicity is related to a certain structure of the catchment area with characteristics which govern the relation between precipitation and water level change in a manner specific to each individual lake type. Seasonal water level changes are mainly due to the evaporation factor; short-term water level changes are due to the short retention period owing to local drainage and groundwater conditions. The method of this lake typology is also applicable to other landscapes in other regions. […]

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, FU Berlin

Description: Zusammenfassung: Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine kritische Untersuchung der Theorien zur Flächenbildung im warm-ariden Raum und die Entwicklung eigener Vorstellungen dazu aufgrund von Feldarbeiten im Tibesti-Gebirge (Zentral-Sahara), die durch Beobachtungen im Südwesten der USA gestützt werden. Im 1. Teil wird ein Überblick über die Entwicklung der Theorien zur Pedimentation gegeben, von den bis in jüngste Arbeiten dominierenden Vorstellungen einer Flächenbildung im festen Gestein und auf Kosten eines höheren Hinterlandes unter ariden Klimabedingungen bis zu Ansätzen, die Pedimente und die Pedimentation als Formen und Prozesse außerhalb des ariden Kontext zu verstehen. Im 2. Teil werden - notwendigerweise noch unter Verwendung der herkömmlichen Begriffsinhalte - Hauptaspekte der „ariden“ Pedimenttheorien, vorwiegend an Beispielen aus dem Tibesti, untersucht. Nachgegangen wird u. a. der Frage nach der Fossilität der Formen, nach der Hangrückverlegung, nach dem Einfluß von Lithologie und Tektonik, nach Rolle und Art der Verwitterung und nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen Inselbergen und Pedimenten. Der Verfasser kommt im Vergleich mit den Befunden aus anderen warm-ariden Regionen zu dem Ergebnis, daß Pedimente - verstanden als schwach geneigte Kappungsflächen in Gesteinen, die unter ariden Bedingungen als hart anzusehen sind -, die ihrer Boden- und Verwitterungsdecke beraubten, degradierten Überreste von tropischen Spülmulden (i. S. BÜDELs) bzw. Flachmuldentäler (i. S. von LOUIS) sind. Sie sind unter wechselfeucht-tropischen tertiären Klimabedingungen gebildet worden und liegen seit ihrer Zerstörung vielfach unter Fanglomeratdecken semiarider Entstehung. Die Theorie der geschlossenen Rückverlegung von Bergfronten und Stufen wird abgelehnt. Ergebnisse von Beobachtungen und Messungen von Hangrückverlegung an Kleinformen, die immer in feinkörnigen Sedimenten oder Decken chemisch verwitterten Materials angelegt sind, lassen sich wegen der unterschiedlichen Gesteinsresistenz nicht auf Großformen übertragen. Für die Becken innerhalb des Tibesti sowie für die Inselberglandschaften des Vorlandes wird eine differentielle Erosion leichter verwitterbarer Bereiche von oben her angenommen, wahrscheinlich in einem vielfachen Wechsel von Phasen der Tiefenverwitterung und der Abspülung der Verwitterungsdecke. Die jeweilige Ausräumung mag in der Verwitterungsdecke durch Mikropedimentation erfolgt sein. Im 3. Teil der Arbeit wird die pleistozäne und holozäne Formung der ehemaligen Spülmuldenbereiche untersucht. Rock fans werden als selten erhaltene Formen der Übergangszeit von der tertiär-tropischen zur pleistozän-semiarid-ektropischen Formung gedeutet. Die verschieden alten Fanglomeratdecken, die nach den vorausgegangenen Ergebnissen — im Gegensatz zu den Theorien arider Pedimentation — nicht als genetisch zusammenhängend mit dem Felssockel angesehen werden können, werden im Zusammenhang mit den Flußterrassenbildungen im Tibesti untersucht. In den mit dem Oberbegriff „Fußfläche“ gekennzeichneten Bereichen lassen sich folgende Formungsphasen in mehrfachem Wechsel unterscheiden: 1. Akkumulation mit Materialzuführung von den Fronthängen und vorwiegend aus dem Hinterland un- unter, oder zum Ende feucht-kühler Klimabedingungen, unter denen aud'i durch Mitwirkung von Frost, aber ohne periglaziale Bedingungen außerhalb der Höhenregion, die Bereitstellung großer Mengen grobblockigen Schutts möglich war; 2. Verwitterung und Bodenbildung bei Abtragungsruhe; 3. vor dem Einsetzen linearer Zerschneidung eine Zeit der Hangglacisbildung mit weitgehendem Export der Schuttdecken von den Hängen; entsprechende Glacisbildungen spielten sich zeitgleich auch auf Flußterrassen in Lockermaterial ab; 4. Lineare Zerschneidung mit Ausweitung der eingeschachtelten Fließrinnen zu Dreiecksflächen in den Fanglomeratdecken, die von der Tiefenlinie her zurückgreifen und ältere Fanglomeratdecken fast vollständig ausräumen können. Dieser Vorgang kann auch bei gleichzeitiger leichter Akkumulation im Distalbereich ablaufen. Trotz geringer örtlicher Erosion des Felssockels handelt es sid1 dabei aber nur um die Umgestaltung einer vorher existenten Fels„fläche“ und nicht um eine Flächenneubildung oder prozeßgleiche Vergrößerung im Sinne der „ariden“ Pedimentation.

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, FU Berlin

Description: Contents: LESER, H.: Incorporation of the GMK 25 of the Federal Republic of Germany in the international development of geomorphological maps ; FISCHER, K.: The ”Königssee” sheet of the 1 : 25 000 geomorphological mapping (GMK 25) of the Federal Republic of Germany ; LIEDTKE, H.: Geomorphological Mapping of the scale 1 : 100 000 in the central uplands of the Federal Republic of Germany (GMK 100, sheet 1, C 5510 Neuwied, as an example) ; FRÄNZLE, O.: Assessment of soil parameters for predicting the potential impact of environmental chemicals by means of geo-scientific maps ; BARSCH, D.: Geomorphic Interpretation of the Geomorphological Map of the Federal Republic of Germany (GMK 25) ; LESER, H. & STÄBLEIN, G.: Legend of the Geomorphological Map 1 : 25 000 (GMK 25) ;

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, FU Berlin

Description: PREFACE: The problem of prevention with regard to floodplains is related to two extremes: Prevention of floods and prevention of droughts, both urgent socioeconomic issues during the last years. „Retard the flow of water in the stream corridor“ is the message to cope with both kind of problems. An amphibian landscape will help to maintain water supply during periods of droughts and by its retention area to reduce peaks of high floods. Flood retention areas will function sustainably only if there is an intact ecological system and equilibrium between erosion and accumulation of sediments which in turn both depend from the evolution of the hydraulic conditions and from the succession of the riparian forest. The RipFor — project laid emphasis on the hydraulic processes and their erosion / accumulation effects in retention areas with the aim to get insight into the interaction between riparian vegetation, sediment transport, hydraulics and ecology. Interdisciplinary and intereurOpean work was carried out in the field, the laboratory and by modelling. Results of the RipFor — project as presented in the scientific report and the attached „guidelines for End-Users “ in this way are a contribution to the international discussion on river restoration and to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directives. The scientific report was compiled by Ingo Schnauder and Jens Bölscher (Karlsruhe and Berlin) from contributions of all partners, whereas the bulk of work on the „Guidelines“ was done by Ingo Schnauder (Karlsruhe), Jens Bölscher (Berlin) and Harald Meixner (Vienna), who also cared for the layout. Reporting of the Romanian NAS partner was directed by Virgil Iordache. Assistance of subcontractors and endusers is highly appreciated, especially by Othmar Huppmann (Regierungspräsidium Freiburg / former Gewässerdirektion Oberrhein). Funding within „Quality of Live and Management of Living Resources“ in the RP5 framework of the European Union was essential for this project and is highly acknowledged. Prof. Dr. Peter-Jürgen Ergenzinger

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, FU Berlin

Description: 0Genetic polymorphism by means of biochemical genetic markers using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system in four barbus fish species has been investigated. Species scientific name were Barbus sharpeyi ; Gunther, 1847 , Barbus grypus ; Heckel, 1843, Barbus xanthopterus ; Heckel, 1843 and Barbus esocinus ; Heckel, 1843.Sampling site and location were mainly in the rivers located in Khoozestan province such as Karoon and Karkheh rivers and the Dez dam. Different organs such as blood, muscle, kidney, eye and heart were sampled and analysed for the presence of tf, es, sod and pgm alleles. High polymorphism and presence of different alleles scored, but populations were not in the H-W equilibrium. Considring results, using current and avaiable genetic markers such as microsattelits is recommended for future works.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Cheshmehkileh River and adjacent mountainous streams, play a strategic role as a historical axis for anthropogenic civilization, human welfare also habitat and migration pathway of commercial – biologic valuable fishes e.g. Caspian trout, Caspian kuttum, members of Cyprinidae family in south Caspian Sea drainage. Treats such as overfishing of Caspian trout and Red spotted trout stocks in mountainous headwaters, barriers construction and manipulations those are out of river carrying capacity developed by human activities, affected normal function of river as well. Sand mining big factories establishment next to the river, legal and illegal trade of river sediments, direct entry of Tonekabon landfill leakage into the river, development of Rainbow trout farms since 3 decades and huge effluents into the river containing dead fish and types of solids, escapement of cultured Rainbow trouts into the river, … are major minimum factors which needs basic information for integrating inclusively drainage management system. Cheshmehkileh River contains Headwaters of Dohezar (Daryasar & Nusha), Sehezar and Valamroud rivers during 13 monthly sampling phases between September 2009 and October 2010 based on macrozoobenthoses investigations by EPT, EPT/C EPA protocols, measurements of nominated physic-chemical and microbiologic parameters. Probability of Rainbow trouts escapement and invasion, existence, nutrition in Cheshmehkileh environment indeed investigated. Data analysis explained significant differences (P〈0.05) between groups of measured parameters in different sampling stations. Dendogram of clustered analysis based on consolidation of major biologic/ physic-chemical and microbiologic parameters, separated stations No. 1, 3, 2, 4 in one group and remained classified in different groups. Station 8 and 9 similarly separated which expressed general similarities according to Sehezar river environment which were differs in comparison with other stations. Station 11 separated according to its natural quality of water and environment. Similarities between station 10 to Sehezar river stations 8 and 9 expressed general influence of Sehezar River more than Dohezar River in Cheshmehkileh condition especially in station No. 10. High scores of EPT and EPT/C indices in upstream stations 1, 3 and 8 also low score of indices in stations 7, 13 and 6 expressed levels of environment quality between these groups of stations. Maximum average biomass of macroinvertebrates belongs to Trichoptera order in Cheshmehkileh River. Significant decrease of biomass in stations 11, 12 and 13 in comparison with other stations stated environment degradation in mentioned stations relevant to excessive sand mining as well. Pollution resistant groups of invertebrates significantly increased in downstreams against upstream stations. Also disappearing of Plecoptera order in station No. 7, 9, 10 and 13 stated low quality of environment in comparison with upstream stations. Confirmation of effects quality and quantity for point and non-point sources of imported pollutants require specific management considerations in order to present exploitations, pollutants control and emergencies for river monitoring in forthcoming years.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published