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  • Artikel  (712)
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  • 1
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    The economic effects of owner distance and local property management in US office markets (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: Using a large dataset of US offices we analyse the relationship between investors’ distance to their assets and the effective rent of these assets, and study the extent to which property managers can influence this relationship. We construct hedonic rent models to control for other known rent determinants. It turns out that proximity matters: holding everything else constant, investors located closely to their office buildings are able to extract significantly higher effective rents from these assets, especially if these buildings are of low quality. This effect is due to significant differences in occupancy levels. Interestingly, property managers can affect this relationship, mitigating the adverse effects of investor distance on effective office rents. Especially if the owner does not reside in the same state as the building, external property management is of importance, most prominently so for class-B office buildings.
    Schlagwort(e): G11 - Portfolio Choice ; Investment Decisions, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis, R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Exporting to Russia? Entry barriers for food suppliers in a territory in transition (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: This article draws on extensive fieldwork conducted in Central Asia to explore food exports to Russia. It takes its theoretical starting point in global value chain theory and pinpoints chain entry barriers relating to financing, transportation and standards. The article also proposes rethinking the aspects of territoriality and institutional context, and suggests their integration into one concept, or rather a process of contextualizing territories. In doing so, the article argues for a methodology that not only examines current events, but also captures change as particularly important in what we term the territory in transition examined here.
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Regions and material flows: investigating the regional branching and industry relatedness of port traffics in a global perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: This article proposes a quantitative analysis of the interdependencies between port specialization and regional specialization across the world. A global database is elaborated, covering about 360 port regions in both developed and developing countries. One goal is to verify how interdependent port traffic and regional characteristics are, in a context of increasingly flexible commodity and value chains. Despite the aggregated dimension of available data and the heterogeneity of local situations, the main results confirm the affinity between the primary sector and raw materials traffic, and between the tertiary sector and general cargo traffic, whereas the industrial sector offers mixed evidence. This allows us to address fundamental questions raised by both economic geography and regional science about transport and local development. The global typology of port regions points to certain regularities in their spatial distribution, and the article discusses the policy implications of particular cases.
    Schlagwort(e): L90 - General, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R40 - General
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Towards a typology of repositioning strategies of GVC/GPN suppliers: the case of functional upgrading and downgrading (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: This article examines various upgrading and downgrading repositioning firm strategies within global value chains (GVCs) or global production networks (GPNs). It builds upon recent evidence that the mode of governance could vary profoundly among firms engaged in the same GVC/GPN. Therefore, the relevance of particular types of upgrading that were originally derived from the ideal types of GVC/GPN governance will be reconsidered. It is argued that the existing dissonance in the literature over possibilities for functional upgrading can be attributed to the different modes of governance that can exist within a particular GVC/GPN and to the diverse nature of functional upgrading. Consequently, a typology of functional upgrading is outlined, and it is argued that these different types vary significantly according to their probability and potential risk-benefit ratios. The article also introduces passive, adaptive and strategic downgrading and outlines their potential negative and positive effects on firms.
    Schlagwort(e): F63 - Economic Development, L23 - Organization of Production, L60 - General
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Infrastructure as a traded product: A relational approach to finance in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: As nations continue to grapple with growing infrastructure demand, financial markets will play an increasingly prominent role in the landscape for urban infrastructure. Yet existing literature tends to depict the ‘financialization’ of urban infrastructure assets as a restless move towards market efficiency aided by the growing transparency of financial information. This article offers a different view, showing how the spatial richness of financial data for infrastructure has progressed towards what we term a more permanent state of ‘informational translucency’. We draw on 53 interviews with participants in the market for infrastructure investment to present this more complicated picture of infrastructure finance, thereby elaborating a more granular understanding of how information flows through and shapes financial market geography. From this we propose a relational model that contributes to theoretical understandings of how financial products are intermediated over time and space.
    Schlagwort(e): O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Islamic charitable infrastructure and giving in East London: Everyday economic-development geographies in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: This article extends research exploring progressive models of reproducing economic life by reporting on research into some of the infrastructure, practices and motivations for Islamic charitable giving in London. In so doing the article: (i) makes visible sets of values, practices and institutions usually hidden in an otherwise widely researched international financial centre; (ii) identifies multiple, hard-to-research civic actors who are mobilising diverse resources to address economic hardship and development needs; and (iii) considers how these charitable values, practices and agents contribute to contemporary thinking about progressive economic possibilities.
    Schlagwort(e): D14 - Personal Finance, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Estimating the impact of Mexican drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of safety (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: We estimate the impact of drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of security in Mexico. Since the location where drug cartels operate might be endogenous, we combine the difference-in-difference estimator with instrumental variables. Using surveys on crime victimization we find that people living in areas that experienced drug-related homicides are more likely to take extra security precautions. Yet, these areas are also more likely to experience certain crimes, particularly thefts and extortions. In contrast, these crimes and perceptions of insecurity do not change in areas where cartels operate without leading to drug-related homicides.
    Schlagwort(e): C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, K49 - Other, R59 - Other
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Provision for expert determination in the unitization of straddling petroleum accumulations (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06
    Beschreibung: Oil and gas fields that straddle a domestic licence boundary or a delimited international border are often unitized so that they can be developed efficiently and effectively as a single entity. The unitization process is usually governed by a pre-unit agreement and a unitization and unit operating agreement. Provision for expert determination in these agreements should include a decision on the basis for tract participation, the determination of initial tract participation around the time of unitization, the formulation of key elements of prescribed technical procedures for any redetermination of tract participation, the redetermination of tract participation post-production, and the enlargement or reduction of the unit area and/or unit interval. The agreements must also define the key issues of how an appointed expert is to arrive at a decision. Expert determination is generally preferred to pendulum decision-making, an expert should carry out an integrated study with a single deliverable as opposed to one that is subdivided into discrete incremental steps, and the expert should table an initial decision for technical and procedural scrutiny by the parties before delivering a final binding decision. Experience has shown that adherence to these principles of prescription facilitates expert engagement during subsequent field life and thereby promotes Pareto-efficiency, fairness and equitability.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    The evolution of municipal structure (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: In most US states, urban expansions are governed by ‘popular determination’, under which residents make annexation decisions through referendum. Yet little research analyzes how urban spatial structure evolves under this system. We develop a model to examine how urban residents’ collective decisions on annexations and property taxes and their interactions with agricultural landowners affect municipal structure under popular determination. We find that the evolution process of an urban area can be divided into four stages similar to human life stages (infancy, juvenile, adulthood and maturity), characterized by the pace of development. The key parameters that determine urban spatial structure include agricultural rents, construction costs, interest rate, and the rate and uncertainty of income growth. Cities tend to be more spread-out and consist of a large number of smaller municipalities, in regions with lower agricultural land rents, lower construction costs, and lower rate and uncertainty of income growth.
    Schlagwort(e): H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects, Q24 - Land, R14 - Land Use Patterns
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Renewables re-energized? The internationalization of green energy investment rules and disputes (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06
    Beschreibung: Renewable energy provides an answer to the most pressing socio-economic challenges governments face today, in particular the effects of climate change. Although efforts have been made throughout the world, it is necessary that investment in renewable energy is further increased if it is to have a marked impact on the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The lack of national investment is inevitably going to trigger the inflow of foreign investment which may be subject to performance requirements which are regulated by a number of economic treaties. The Article reviews all the norms currently applicable and stresses their differences to provide a typology of existing prohibition. The analysis is further refined by a comprehensive review of the case law (both decided by trade and investment tribunals) to identify the type of requirements which have been implemented on renewable energies. It also explains and anticipates the role of the most favoured national treatment in the context of bilateral treaties in a manner hitherto unexplored. In doing so, this Article provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance requirements in international treaties with a view to assessing their impact on the further development of renewable energies.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 11
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    Brief update on the current situation of upstream petroleum investment in Thailand (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06
    Beschreibung: This brief contains an update of the current situation of upstream petroleum investment in Thailand. It is a critical appraisal of the ongoing reformation of the new Petroleum Act, which intends to adopt all three types of upstream contract, namely, concession, production sharing and service contracts, to govern the contractual relationship between Thailand and upstream investors.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 12
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    Knock-for-knock clauses (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 13
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    An assessment of local-content policies in oil and gas producing countries (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06
    Beschreibung: Local-content legislation and policies in oil and gas producing countries have become a key priority of host governments and industry players alike. Increasingly, more resource-rich developing countries are enacting local-content legislation as a means of maximizing the benefits to be gained from their petroleum industries. However, these laws and policies are being implemented with insufficient research into their efficacy, and as a result have often yielded mixed results. This article assesses the effect of local-content legislation and policies in the oil and gas industry presenting insights on the challenges faced by industry players with regard to their implementation. We trace the channels through which local-content legislation advances value creation by evaluating different implementation programmes, using clearly stated local-content targets to measure their efficacy. Nigeria, Ghana, Brazil and Norway are chosen as case study countries to highlight the diversity of local-content strategies for countries at different developmental stages. The motivation for this research is to provide host governments, investors and domestic suppliers with guidelines on how to successfully develop and implement local-content regulations and strategies. The experience of the case study countries above show that the success or otherwise of local-content legislation and policies remains a function of a country’s institutional setting and developmental paradigm. Based on the review of the case studies, we summarize that successful local-content legislation and policies should be anchored on the following principles: (i) local-content policies need to look beyond simple generation of economic rents to focus on the development of linkages; (ii) the tools developed to measure agreed local-content benchmarks must be clearly defined to the acceptance of all industry players; and (iii) entrenching local content depends on the availability of an industrial-supply base that can act as growth levers.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 14
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    Technology and innovation in the Brazilian oil sector: ticket to the future or passage to the past? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06
    Beschreibung: This article demonstrates how the oil regulatory framework enacted in Brazil in 2010 will have detrimental effects on technology and innovation. The shortcomings essentially derive from three of its aspects: (i) operational exclusivity; (ii) the governance structure of the operational committee; and (iii) local content policies which lack adequate focus and strategic planning. All these elements actually stem from an excessively intrusive regulatory approach, within a typical top-down model, disproportionately reliant on command and control procedures. The current regulations will lead to significant drawbacks in technology and innovation in Brazil that will inevitably affect Petrobras. Even worse, however, they will not guarantee the development of a dynamic and sustainable industry of suppliers. Instead of using Petrobras to propel its industry of providers towards higher technological standards, suppliers will be dragging the national oil company downwards at the expense of the whole sector. A less intrusive regulatory framework, based on reflexive and responsive regulations is more suitable in this context, since it induces agents to continuously interact in a favourable way for the intended outcomes, instead of imposing norms and rules on them that most probably lead to other undesirable consequences.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 15
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    Gordon Barrows: The man who helped to educate the petroleum world (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 16
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    What Can We Learn about the Effects of Food Stamps on Obesity in the Presence of Misreporting? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: There is an increasing perception among policy makers that food stamp benefits contribute positively to adult obesity rates. We show that these results are heavily dependent on one’s assumptions regarding the accuracy of reported food stamp participation. When allowing for misreporting, we find no evidence that Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation significantly increases the probability of being obese or overweight among adults. Our results also highlight the inherent bias and inconsistency of common point estimates when ignoring misreporting, with treatment effects from instrumental variable methods exceeding the nonparametric upper bounds by over 200% in some cases.
    Schlagwort(e): C11 - Bayesian Analysis, I10 - General, I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 17
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    Temperature Changes, Household Consumption, and Internal Migration: Evidence from Tanzania (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: Large rural-urban wage gaps observed in many developing countries are suggestive of barriers to migration that keep potential migrants in rural areas. Using long panel data spanning nearly two decades, I study the extent to which migration rates are constrained by liquidity constraints in rural Tanzania. The analysis begins by quantifying the impact of weather variation on household welfare. The results show how household consumption co-moves with temperature, rendering households vulnerable to local weather events. These temperature-induced income shocks are then found to inhibit long-term migration among men, thus preventing them from tapping into the opportunities brought about by geographical mobility.
    Schlagwort(e): O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 18
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    A Declining Farm Workforce: Analysis of Panel Data from Rural Mexico (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: Analysis of nationally representative individual-level panel data from 1980 to 2010 reveals a significant negative trend in the agricultural labor supply from rural Mexico, which is the primary source of hired workers for U.S. farms. These findings offer an explanation for the rise over time in U.S. farm wages. Concomitants of the agricultural transformation, including growth in the non-farm economy, falling birth rates, and an increase in rural education, accelerate the transition of rural Mexicans out of farm work. Higher U.S. farm wages and increased border enforcement slow the transition, but the combined impact of these offsetting variables is relatively small. A diminishing farm labor supply has far-reaching implications for farmers, farm labor organizers, rural communities, and agricultural workers.
    Schlagwort(e): J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure, J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets, O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 19
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    Sugar Coated, a documentary film directed by Michele Hozer. (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 20
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    The Whole is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Complementary Reforms to Address Microeconomic Distortions (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: This paper links microeconomic rigidities and technological adoption to propose a partial explanation for the observed differences in income per capita across countries. The paper first presents a neoclassical general equilibrium model with heterogeneous production units. It assumes that developing countries do not generate frontier technologies but can adopt them by investing in new capital, which requires firm renewal. The model analyzes how this process can be hindered by barriers to the entry of new investment projects and the exit of obsolete ones. It finds that there are nonlinearities in the way entry and exit barriers operate: Barriers have increasing costs, and they reinforce each other's negative impact. The paper then calibrates and simulates the model to measure the impact of these barriers on the GDP per capita gap between the United States and a large sample of developing countries. It accounts for a range of 26 to 60% of the income gap between the United States and 107 developing countries. Most importantly, the model implies that, for the median developing economy, about 50% of the simulated gap is explained by the interaction of entry and exit barriers (and the rest by their individual effects). The paper's main policy implication is that only comprehensive reforms can have substantial effects, especially when initial distortions are large. If they are too narrow (focusing on only one barrier) or too mild (leaving in place a large distortion), microeconomic reforms are unlikely to have significant effects on aggregate productivity and output growth.
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 21
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    Cover (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 22
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    Global Income Distribution: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: We present an improved panel database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008. In 2008, the global Gini index is around 70.5%, having declined by approximately 2 Gini points. China graduated from the bottom ranks, changing a twin-peaked global income distribution to a single-peaked one and creating an important global "median" class. 90% of the fastest growing country-deciles are from Asia, while almost 90% of the worst performers are from mature economies. Another "winner" was the global top 1%. Hence the global growth incidence curve has a distinct supine S shape, with gains highest around the median and top.
    Schlagwort(e): D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 23
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    Subscriptions (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 24
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    Forthcoming Papers (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 25
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    The Government Response to Informed Citizens: New Evidence on Media Access and the Distribution of Public Health Benefits in Africa (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: We use a "natural experiment" in media markets in Benin to examine the impact of community radio on government responsiveness to citizens. Contrary to prior research on the impact of mass media, in this experiment government agents do not provide greater benefits to citizens whose exposure to community radio increased their demand for those benefits. Households with greater access to community radio were more likely to pay for government-provided bed nets to combat malaria than to receive them for free. Mass media changed the private behavior of citizens—they invested more of their own resources in the public health good of bed nets—but not citizens’ ability to extract greater benefits from government. While the welfare consequences of these results are ambiguous, the pattern of radio's effects that we uncover has implications for policy strategies to use mass media for development objectives.
    Schlagwort(e): D72 - Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior, D73 - Bureaucracy ; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations ; Corruption, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, H51 - Government Expenditures and Health, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Deals and Delays: Firm-level Evidence on Corruption and Policy Implementation Times (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Whether demands for bribes for particular government services are associated with expedited or delayed policy implementation underlies debates around the role of corruption in private sector development. The "grease the wheels" hypothesis, which contends that bribes act as speed money, implies three testable predictions. First, on average, bribe requests should be negatively correlated with wait times. Second, this relationship should vary across firms, with those with the highest opportunity cost of waiting being more likely to pay and facing shorter delays. Third, the role of grease should vary across countries, with benefits larger where regulatory burdens are greatest. The data are inconsistent with all three predictions. According to the preferred specifications, ceteris paribus, firms confronted with demands for bribes take approximately 1.5 times longer to get a construction permit, operating license, or electrical connection than firms that did not have to pay bribes and, respectively, 1.2 and 1.4 times longer to clear customs when exporting and importing. The results are robust to controlling for firm fixed effects and at odds with the notion that corruption enhances efficiency.
    Schlagwort(e): K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L51 - Economics of Regulation, O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors ; Shadow Economy ; Institutional Arrangements
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 27
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    The Impact of Business Environment Reforms on New Registrations of Limited Liability Companies (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Panel data for 91 countries are used to study how the ease of registering a business and the magnitude of registration reforms affect new registrations of limited liability companies (LLCs). The costs, days, and procedures required to start a business are found to be important predictors of new LLC registration. Panel regressions also show important synergies in multiple reforms of two or more business environment indicators. These results are consistent with the intuition that to be effective, reforms should be sufficiently large so that the costs of registration are lower than the expected benefits. In addition, countries with relatively weaker business environments prior to reforms require relatively larger reforms to impact the number of newly registered LLCs.
    Schlagwort(e): G18 - Government Policy and Regulation, G38 - Government Policy and Regulation, L51 - Economics of Regulation, M13 - New Firms ; Startups
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 28
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    Risky Business: Political Instability and Sectoral Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment in the Arab World (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Which foreign direct investments are most affected by political instability? Analysis of quarterly greenfield investment flows into countries in the Middle East and North Africa during the period from 2003 to 2012 shows that adverse political shocks are associated with significantly reduced investment inflows in the non-resource tradable sectors. By contrast, investments in natural resource sectors and non-tradable activities appear insensitive to such shocks. Political instability is thus associated with increased reliance on non-tradables and aggravated resource dependence.
    Schlagwort(e): F21 - International Investment ; Long-Term Capital Movements, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O16 - Economic Development: Financial Markets ; Saving and Capital Investment ; Corporate Finance and, P48 - Political Economy ; Legal Institutions ; Property Rights
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
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    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 29
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    The Role of Regulation on Entry: Evidence from the Italian Provinces (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: This paper studies the effects of differences in local administrative burdens in Italy in the years 2005–2007 preceding a major reform that sped up firm registration procedures. Combining regulatory data from a survey on Italian provinces before the reform (costs and time to start a business) with industry-level entry rates of limited liability firms, I explore the effects of regulatory barriers on the average of the annual entry rates across industries with different natural propensities to enter the market. The estimates of the cross-sectional analysis show that lengthier and, to some extent, more costly procedures reduced entry in sectors with naturally high entry. A one-day delay in registration procedures reduces the entry rate in highly dynamic sectors by more than 1 percent. These results hold when I include measures of local financial development and of efficiency of bankruptcy procedures.
    Schlagwort(e): G18 - Government Policy and Regulation, G38 - Government Policy and Regulation, L51 - Economics of Regulation, M13 - New Firms ; Startups
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Digitale ISSN: 1564-698X
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 30
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    Reimagining UKCS transfers: improving the effectiveness of the Master Deed and the UKCS transfer regime (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-30
    Beschreibung: When the Master Deed was conceived one of its core objectives was to expedite and simplify the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS) asset transfer regime. Although the Master Deed has had some successes since its introduction in 2003, its effectiveness in reducing the time and cost of asset transfers in the UKCS has been hindered by an inconsistent application of legal principles and the overtly adversarial legal and commercial culture that prevails in the UKCS. The UKCS’s viability to continue as a profitable producing basin is currently under threat as margins are squeezed by high producing costs and low commodity prices. During such times of increased financial pressure, it is imperative that regulators react to these challenges by developing and nurturing a regulatory environment that reduces administrative obstacles associated with asset transfers encouraging greater liquidity and investment. This article argues that with the support of a proactive and collaborative regulator, which safeguards the consistent application of transfer provisions, discards outdated methodologies and fosters a more collaborative culture between UKCS participants, the UKCS transfer regime has the potential to be one of the most dynamic and user friendly regimes of its kind. Maximizing the effectiveness of the transfer regime will ensure that the UKCS remains a competitive environment to carry out oil and gas operations, elongating its producing life and increasing overall hydrocarbon recovery.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Presidents, 1910-2015 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-31
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 32
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    Russias gas challenge: the consequences for China, Central Asia, Europe and the USA* (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-30
    Beschreibung: Russia is posing a series of challenges to gas consumers and gas producers alike. But the effectiveness of these challenges remains a matter of considerable debate. Overall, prospective Russian actions and policies have profound implications for the development of the European gas market in general, and thus for potential US LNG exports to Europe. Moreover, underlying all this is the most worrisome question of all: do Russia’s policies and actions enable gas consumers—and indeed, some Central Asian gas producers—to regard Russia as a reliable energy partner? This article therefore addresses: Prospects for the full implementation of the Russia–China gas accords; Prospects for Turkmen gas supply to both Russia and China; Prospects for the development of both Gazprom’s Turkish Stream project and the EU-backed Southern Gas Corridor; Prospects for US LNG in Europe; The potential challenge that a change in Russian gas export policies could pose to European gas prices. The article also seeks to answer the question as to whether Russia can be considered a reliable partner, particularly in connection with long-term deliveries to Europe.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 33
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    Gas governance in Indonesia (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-30
    Beschreibung: Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia is the most basic rule that serves as the main source for every policy concerning natural resources in Indonesia. It is interesting that ever since the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, there is no official or formal interpretation with regard to that provision. This article will discuss the Indonesian Constitutional Court’s interpretation of Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. Furthermore, it will discuss overlapping rules and policies, and how derivative rules are in contradiction with Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. An understanding of this provision is crucial in order to understand the general principles of gas governance in Indonesia.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 34
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    Yanez-Pagans, Patricia. "Three Essays in Development and Environmental Economics." PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Honorable Mention (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-31
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 35
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    A Framework to Analyze the Performance of Thinly Traded Agricultural Commodity Markets (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-31
    Beschreibung: Thinly traded agricultural commodity markets are a concern for farmers and policy markers due to the belief that prices in these settings will be highly volatile, subject to manipulation, and incapable of efficiently allocating resources. Analysis of thin agricultural markets has to date been impeded by lack of an appropriate analytical framework from which to study their behavior. In this paper we propose the modern agricultural markets (MAM) framework as an appropriate paradigm through which to view and evaluate thin markets. We argue that thinly traded markets that meet key conditions required for a MAM will generate maximum economic surplus and enable farmers to earn at least a competitive return on their investments. In the absence of these conditions, however, the concerns known as the "thin market problem" have validity. We set forth the MAM framework, interpret it in a thin-market context, and conduct several brief case studies of thin markets to illustrate use of the approach and draw some key inferences about these markets' behavior. The analysis indicates that appropriate government policies directed to thin markets are those that facilitate their convergence to MAM status, but in reality key policies under recent consideration would have the opposite effect.
    Schlagwort(e): L10 - General, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 36
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    Taxing animal-based foods for sustainability: environmental, nutritional and social perspectives in France (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-09
    Beschreibung: This article examines the impact of a consumption tax on environmentally unfriendly animal-based foods. It focuses on three dimensions: environmental emissions, diet quality and social equity. Using scanner data, we derive elasticities from an Exact Affine Stone Index demand system and simulate two scenarios, one including and one excluding nutritional concerns. Our results show that an environmental tax may reduce emissions (by –6.6 to –13.2 per cent based on the indicators) and improve diet quality (1.2 per cent) with a modest impact on the food-at-home budget (–4.0 per cent). This beneficial synergy between environmental and nutritional effects holds across income and age groups, with a small regressive impact.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 37
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    Consumers' welfare and off-season produce imports (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-09
    Beschreibung: In recent years, produce imports to the United States from the southern hemisphere made wintertime consumption common. Focusing on imports of fresh berries – strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and raspberries – this study asks what is the value to consumers of increasing the availability of berries in winter? The study adapts Hausman's new product introduction methods. The largest benefits were associated with initiating trade. Further increases suggest smaller benefits. Among the four berries, consumer benefits of initiating trade are largest for strawberries at $2.5 billion, over twice current expenditures. Further price reductions might generate further benefits of $520 million annually.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 38
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    Nudging farmers to enrol land into agri-environmental schemes: the role of a collective bonus (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-09
    Beschreibung: This article shows that the introduction of a conditional collective bonus in an agri-environmental scheme (AES) can improve farmers' participation and increase land enrolment for lower overall budgetary costs. This monetary bonus is paid in addition to the usual AES payment if a given threshold is reached in terms of aggregate farmer participation. Using a choice experiment, we estimate the preferences of winegrowers in the South of France for such a bonus. We show that it contributes to increased expectations of farmers on others' participation, therefore shifting a pro-environmental social norm and favouring the adoption of less pesticide-intensive farming practices.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 39
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    Balancing public goods in agriculture through safe minimum standards (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-09
    Beschreibung: We develop a general framework in which public goods are conflicting (complementary) if an increase in the provision of one public good raises (lowers) the marginal cost of providing another public good. The framework is used to analyse the policy implications of maintaining safe minimum standards (SMSs) for two public goods. The comparative-static results are illustrated using a sector model for Norwegian agriculture in which the SMSs for food security, agrobiodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions are modelled as constraints. The simulations show that even if public goods are conflicting, better-targeted policies can achieve SMSs at lower social costs.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 40
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    Farm household risk balancing: empirical evidence from Switzerland (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-09
    Beschreibung: Empirical evidence on household risk balancing behaviour is presented by estimating a fixed effects seemingly unrelated regression model using Swiss Farm Accountancy Data Network data. We find that in response to changes in expected business risks, Swiss farm households not only make strategic farm financial risk decisions (original risk balancing), but also make strategic off-farm decisions (household risk balancing) by altering their share of off-farm income and relative consumption. Small farms appear to make more use of household risk balancing strategies whereas large farms conversely make more use of the original risk balancing strategy.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 41
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    Food Price Dynamics and Price Adjustment in the EU (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-09
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 42
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    Analysing farmland rental rates using Bayesian geoadditive quantile regression (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-09
    Beschreibung: Empirical studies on farmland rental rates so far have predominantly concentrated on modelling conditional means using spatial autoregressive models. While these models only focus on the central tendency of the response variable, quantile regression provides more detailed insight by modelling different points of the conditional distribution as a function of covariates. Based on data from the German agricultural census, this article contributes to the agricultural economics literature by modelling conditional quantiles of farmland rental rates semi-parametrically using Bayesian geoadditive quantile regression. Our results stress the importance of using semi-parametric regression models, as several covariates influence rental rates in an explicit non-linear way. Moreover, our analysis allows us to uncover potential heterogeneities of the estimated effects across the conditional distribution of rental rates. By explicitly modelling and visually presenting the spatial effects, we also provide additional insight into the spatial structure of German farmland rental rates.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 43
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    Illiquid Capital: Are Conservation Easement Payments Reinvested in Farms? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Beschreibung: Agricultural conservation easements have positive externalities but few studies examine the supply-side. This paper explores whether easements may also overcome a credit-market failure, as banks may not be lending based on the full developed value of land. Original survey data test our research hypotheses and show profitable owners and nonoperators to be using easement payments to extract capital from their land by using the preservation programs as a bank. The results also show that the unprofitable owners and operators are reinvesting in their agricultural enterprises. Both results are consistent with an underlying credit-market failure, and the latter suggests that easements may provide indirect efficiency enhancement. The results suggest an integration of policies on agricultural finance and land preservation might lead to improved efficiency.
    Schlagwort(e): Q24 - Land
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Drought Index Insurance for the Central Valley Project in California (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Beschreibung: A multi-year drought has taken a severe toll on the agricultural economy of California’s Central Valley. Index insurance is an instrument with the potential to protect water users from economic losses due to periodic water shortages. An index insurance product based on the Sacramento Index and adapted to the Central Valley Project water supply is proposed. To address the potential for intertemporal adverse selection, three product designs are suggested: (1) "early bird" insurance; (2) variable premium insurance; and (3) variable deductible insurance. The performance of the designs are assessed using loss functions from the Westlands Water District in the San Joaquin Valley.
    Schlagwort(e): Q14 - Agricultural Finance, Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 45
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    Estimating the Relationship between Food Prices and Food Consumption--Methods Matter (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Beschreibung: Concerns about the growing prevalence of obesity worldwide have led researchers and policy makers to investigate the potential health impact of fiscal policies such as taxes on unhealthy foods. A common instrument used to measure the relationship between food prices and food consumption is the price elasticity of demand. Using meta-regression analysis we assessed how differences in methodological approaches to estimating demand affected food price elasticities. Most methodological differences had a statistically significant impact on elasticity estimates, which stresses the importance of using meta-estimates or testing the sensitivity of simulation outcomes to a range of elasticity parameters before drawing policy conclusions.
    Schlagwort(e): D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory, H31 - Household, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 46
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    On the dynamics of food demand: a benefit function approach (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-01
    Beschreibung: Adequate food intake being necessary for good health and life suggests that food consumption has significant long-term effects on human welfare. This article develops an economic and econometric analysis of the dynamics of food demand. The model builds on duality and the benefit function. The research involves the specification and estimation of dynamic price-dependent demands as representations of marginal benefits. Applied to US aggregate data over the period 1948–2010, the analysis uncovers strong statistical evidence of demand dynamics, especially for food. We find that the negative effect of food consumption on the marginal benefit of food becomes much stronger in the long run. We also find that, while food and service are always complements, the strength of this complementarity relationship increases sharply in the longer run.
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 47
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    Potential effects of the income stabilisation tool (IST) in Swiss agriculture (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-01
    Beschreibung: We extend the existing literature on the income stabilisation tool (IST) by investigating the influence of farm and farmers' characteristics on potential indemnification applying double-hurdle models on a rich panel data set on Swiss farms. We find more likely and higher indemnifications for part-time and low-income farmers. Thus, the IST might become a new transfer instrument hampering the structural change. Even though the estimated costs of the IST are low compared with the current direct payment level in Switzerland, both policy measures are partly substitutes with respect to income risk reductions implying more frequent and higher indemnification through the IST if direct payments are reduced.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 48
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    The income penalty of farming and fishing: results from a sibling approach (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-01
    Beschreibung: This study explores an apparently paradoxical finding in farming and fishing: low economic returns, but a high rate of occupational transmission across generations of farmers and fishers. Using a sibling model containing 11,924 children of Swedish farmers and fishers in 2012, we estimate that farmers' sons who became farmers received 28 per cent lower income than same-sex siblings with a career outside farming. For farmers' daughters and fishers' sons, the income gap was about 22 per cent relative to same-sex siblings. Our conclusion is that the decision to become a fisher or a farmer is largely determined by non-pecuniary factors.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Understanding producers' motives for adopting sustainable practices: the role of expected rewards, risk perception and risk tolerance (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-01
    Beschreibung: Understanding the motives and risk attitudes of producers to engage in sustainable practices is important for policy-makers who wish to increase the likelihood of adoption and improve the design of incentives. This article examines the underlying motives of producers to adopt sustainable practices. We focus on expected economic, social and personal rewards and analyse the role of producers' financial risk perception and risk tolerance. Results from personal interviews with 164 hog producers show that the adoption of sustainable practices is affected by expected economic rewards but not by social and personal rewards. Further, while perceived risk is a barrier to the adoption of sustainable practices, risk tolerance is a positive moderator of the relationship between economic rewards and adoption. In addition, perceived tax benefits and turnover have a significant positive relationship with adoption, while education and age do not play a role.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 50
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    Multiperiod optimal hedging ratios: methodological aspects and application to a wheat market (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-01
    Beschreibung: This work deals with issues relating to multiperiod hedging ratios (MHRs). First, we derive an analytical formula for the MHR starting from the triangular representation of a cointegrated system. Second, using both overlapping and non-overlapping price changes, we investigate the properties of OLS MHR. Third, we resort to simulated data to investigate the performance of MHR estimators. Unlike previous studies, we do not use real data whose data generating process is unknown; instead we run a Monte Carlo exercise to investigate estimators and compare them with theoretical measures. Finally, we apply our approach to real data for a hedging related to soft wheat.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 51
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    How does space affect the allocation of the EU Rural Development Policy expenditure? A spatial econometric assessment (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-01
    Beschreibung: This article focuses on the main drivers of the distribution of the Rural Development Policy expenditure throughout the European Union (EU). Ex-post funds distribution across EU NUTS3 regions is considered. Three effects are considered as major drivers: a ‘country effect’; a ‘rural effect’ (i.e. the more rural a region the larger the amount of support); a ‘pure spatial effect’ (i.e. the influence of bordering regions and of their degree of rurality). These effects are estimated adopting alternative spatial model specifications: Spatial Durbin Model, Spatial Error Model, Spatial AutoRegressive Model and Spatial Lag of X Model. Results slightly differ across alternative specifications and definitions of rurality, but prevalent evidence suggests that rurality matters in a counterintuitive direction while also spatial spillovers play a role.
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 52
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    Mexican energy reform and NAFTA Chapter 11: Articles 20 and 21 of the Hydrocarbons Law and access to investment arbitration (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-03
    Beschreibung: Mexican energy reforms open the energy sector to foreign participation via different types of contracts, some of which may qualify as investments under North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Chapter 11. Mexican NAFTA reservations exclude some Mexican regulation from the scope of application of specific obligations in Chapter 11, such as those regarding performance requirements, most-favoured-nation treatment, and national treatment. However, Mexico’s legislative restrictions on foreign investors’ right to pursue investor–state arbitration are not covered by its NAFTA reservations and should not affect access to NAFTA Chapter 11 dispute settlement. Those restrictions are inconsistent with NAFTA Chapter 11 and Mexico cannot invoke its domestic laws to justify a violation of its international obligations. Moreover, Mexico’s reservations do not prevent the application of obligations regarding fair and equitable treatment and expropriation.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Protecting the Gulf of Guinea in an oil boom: regulating offshore petroleum pollution in a divided world (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-03
    Beschreibung: Most states of the Gulf of Guinea have discovered significant offshore petroleum resources. The discoveries come at time when petro-states of the Gulf of Guinea do not have adequate regulation or capacity to manage the environmental consequences of offshore petroleum development, and at a time that the international community is yet to agree on any global offshore petroleum regulatory framework. The article, therefore, suggests that it is in the interest of petro-states of the Gulf of Guinea to protect the Gulf of Guinea by negotiating a protocol under the Abidjan Convention to regulate offshore petroleum development despite international disagreement as to the need for global offshore petroleum regulation.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 54
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    Handbook of Water Economics (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 55
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    Indonesia and OPEC (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-03
    Beschreibung: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was established in 1960, and Indonesia became the seventh country to join in 1962. However, Indonesia suspended her membership for seven years from January 2009, and has just rejoined in January of this year. During her initial 27-year tenure, Indonesia’s representatives held the position of Secretary General four times, for a total of 10 years. This article will give a brief historical overview of OPEC, as well as that of Indonesia’s oil and gas sector and her relationship with OPEC.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 56
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    Benjamin K Sovacool and Michael H Dworkin (eds), Global Energy Justice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-03
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 57
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    Escalated interactions between EU energy law and the Energy Charter Treaty (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-03
    Beschreibung: The European Union (EU) has a recognized international legal personality and it has signed the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) as a Regional Economic Integration Organization (REIO). As a result, the ECT, the EU and national legislation together establish different regulatory layers governing energy markets. Although those layers are in principle complementary, rules adopted in different periods and frameworks may cause inconsistencies in their implementation. The arbitral tribunal award on 21 January 2016 in the case Charanne and Construction v Spain , is only the latest illustration of the uneasy boundaries between the EU and ECT. This article will look into some of the dynamics and tensions between the EU internal energy market and policy and the ECT in the areas of transit, long-term contracts, renewable energy and external relations. The review of selected measures and case law will reveal the existence of tensions at regional and international levels and the way they are addressed to simultaneously accommodate regional and international legal orders. This article will help to understand what kind of interactions are happening today between the EU and the ECT legal systems and will offer a particular view to explain and approach those relations.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 58
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    The development of energy law in the 21st century: a paradigm shift? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-03
    Beschreibung: To date there have been limited attempts by energy law scholars to ensure that their research impacts upon legal practice and in particular upon the decision-making of judges. One of the aims of this article is to address this issue and call for the need of energy law scholars to re-engage with what their sub-discipline of law is and also to provide new scholarship that can bridge the gap between academics and professionals in energy law. This article aims to begin a wider movement across the energy law field of scholars with the aim of initiating and advancing the aim and direction of energy law. A central aim of this article is to begin a debate on whether a paradigm shift is needed in energy law. As part of this new initiative, three theoretical frameworks are advanced and these are as follows: (i) The Energy Law and Policy Triangle; (ii) The Theory of Change in Energy Law; and (iii) The Power of Energy Law: Targeted Legislation. These theories outlined in this article aim to highlight some of what scholars and practitioners should focus on, and present them with thinking-tools or theories of how to do so. In order to finalize the emergence of energy law as its own sub-discipline of law it needs its own theory to evolve and grow as other sub-disciplines of law do both in theory and in practice.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 59
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    The Use of Field Experiments in Environmental and Resource Economics (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-17
    Beschreibung: Field experiments provide a useful way to address a number of important issues in environmental and resource economics. This article provides a review of studies that have used field experiments to inform (1) benefit–cost analysis and (2) efforts to promote resource conservation. In these areas, scholars have used field experiments to test existing theories, inform the development of new theories, and guide policymakers. After summarizing these contributions, we discuss new directions for the use of field experiments in environmental and resource economics.
    Schlagwort(e): C93 - Field Experiments, D03 - Behavioral Economics ; Underlying Principles, D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation ; Implementation ; Evaluation, D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, Q25 - Water, Q28 - Government Policy, Q41 - Demand and Supply, Q48 - Government Policy, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects, Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Digitale ISSN: 1750-6824
    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 60
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    Local variety and firm diversification: an evolutionary economic geography perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-20
    Beschreibung: The aim of this article is to investigate whether and how local agglomeration forces—related and unrelated variety—influence firm diversification. Using a large dataset of 5112 Italian manufacturing business groups for the year 2001, and estimating Tobit models, we show the ‘consistency’ between the patterns of firm diversification and that of the local system in which the firm is located. Specifically, firms located in local systems dominated by unrelated variety are more likely to show unrelated diversification patterns, while firms located in local systems dominated by related variety are more likely to show related diversification patterns. This supports the Evolutionary Economic Geography prediction of firm similarity ‘within’ the same local system, and firm heterogeneity ‘between’ different local systems.
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 61
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    Globalization and local profiles of economic growth and industrial change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-20
    Beschreibung: The aggregate German economy is characterized by a secular decline of manufacturing and a rise of modern service industries. This trend of structural change is not uniform across space, however. Some regions exhibit it at an accelerated pace, while other regions reinforced their manufacturing specializations. We first categorize all German regions into one of three groups, with ‘pro-trend’, ‘anti-trend’ or ‘featureless’ growth and provide a detailed comparison of these groups. Afterwards we propose an explanation why a particular region ended up in one of those groups: We argue that the profiles of regional growth and change are systematically related to the initial sizes, and the import and export exposures of the local manufacturing sectors.
    Schlagwort(e): F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 62
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    Cover (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-17
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Digitale ISSN: 1750-6824
    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 63
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    Benefit-Cost Analysis and Distributional Weights: An Overview (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-17
    Beschreibung: Benefit–cost analysis (BCA) evaluates policy choices by summing unweighted monetary equivalents, and is insensitive to distributional considerations. An established scholarly tradition proposes to use distributional weights in BCA—multiplying monetary equivalents by weighting factors that are inversely proportional to individuals’ incomes. This article provides an accessible overview of the topic of distributional weights, with a special focus on environmental policy. The intellectual foundation for weights is the concept of a social welfare function (SWF). Two are considered: a utilitarian SWF and an isoelastic/Atkinson SWF, which incorporates an extra degree of inequality aversion. The article explains the concept of an SWF, discusses in detail how to specify utilitarian and isoelastic/Atkinson weights so as to mimic the corresponding SWFs, and uses the value of statistical life (VSL) to provide an example of weighting. The article then considers two important objections to distributional weighting: that interpersonal well-being comparisons (and thus weights) are undermined by preference heterogeneity, and that distributional considerations are best handled through the tax system.
    Schlagwort(e): D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement, I31 - General Welfare, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects, Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Digitale ISSN: 1750-6824
    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 64
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    On firms product space evolution: the role of firm and local product relatedness (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-20
    Beschreibung: We explore the role of firm- and local product-specific capabilities in fostering the introduction of new products in the Turkish manufacturing. Firms’ product space evolution is characterised by strong cognitive path dependence that, however, is relaxed by firm heterogeneity in terms of size, efficiency and international exposure. The introduction of new products in laggard Eastern regions, which is importantly linked to the evolution of their industrial output, is mainly affected by firm’s internal product- specific resources. On the contrary, product innovations in Western advanced regions hinge relatively more on the availability of local technological- related competencies.
    Schlagwort(e): D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O53 - Asia including Middle East
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 65
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    Measuring industry coagglomeration and identifying the driving forces (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-20
    Beschreibung: Understanding industry agglomeration and its driving forces is critical for the formulation of industrial policy in developing countries. Crucial to this process is the definition and measurement of agglomeration. We construct a new coagglomeration index based purely on the location of firms. We examine what this index reveals about the importance of transport costs, labour market pooling and technology transfer for agglomeration processes, controlling for overall industry agglomeration. We compare the results based on our new measure to existing measures in the literature and find very different underlying stories at work. We conclude that in conducting analyses of this kind giving consideration to the source of agglomeration economies, employees or entrepreneurs, and finding an appropriate measure for agglomeration, are both crucial to the process of identifying agglomerative forces.
    Schlagwort(e): L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L60 - General, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 66
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    Subscription Page (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 67
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    To Invest or Sell? The Impacts of Ontarios Greenbelt on Farm Exit and Investment Decisions (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Beschreibung: This article examines the impact that Ontario’s Greenbelt legislation, a farmland preservation policy implemented in 2005 that permanently protects over 1.8 million acres of land from non-agricultural development, has on farmers’ exit and investment decisions. There are conflicting hypotheses regarding the impacts that farmland preservation could have on farmers’ management decisions with respect to investment or disinvestment, and there is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding the nature of such impacts. To address this issue, this article uses a farm-level panel data set to estimate the impacts of the Greenbelt policy on farm exit and on farm investment. The Greenbelt policy is found to have influenced both farm exit and farm investment decisions, with the impact varying depending on location within the Greenbelt. In particular, the results indicate evidence of a negative impact on farm investment, which is contrary to one of the objectives of the Greenbelt policy.
    Schlagwort(e): Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q24 - Land, R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 68
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    Cuba's Agricultural Transition and Food Security in a Global Perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Beschreibung: This paper reviews the situation in the agricultural sector and food security in Cuba, and particularly the transformations that have (not) taken place since 1990. We compare the Cuban transition with transitions in other "transition countries" and show that Cuba does not easily fit into one of the transition patterns, and, in a way, has characteristics of "a bit of everything". To conclude, we discuss the (potential) effects of the recent policy changes and the new economic reforms that were announced.
    Schlagwort(e): O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 69
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    Data Science and Management for Large Scale Empirical Applications in Agricultural and Applied Economics Research (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Beschreibung: The increased availability of high resolution data and computing power has spurred enormous interest in "Big Data". While analysts typically source data from a wide variety of agencies, even within the USDA no comprehensive data warehouse exists with which researchers can interact. This leads to massive duplication in efforts, inefficient data sourcing, and great potential for error. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of this state of affairs within the community. An overview of a prototype warehouse is also provided, as are thoughts on future directions.
    Schlagwort(e): C80 - General, Q00 - General
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 70
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    Cover Page (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-20
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 71
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    Measuring Consumer Responses to a Bottled Water Tax Policy (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: Using panel data of retail purchases, we measure the effects of the introduction, and later removal, of a bottled-water tax in the state of Washington. We use a difference-in-differences approach to measure effects of the tax against untreated stores (in comparable control states) and untreated weeks (the pre-period). We further estimate triple-difference specifications comparing bottled water to juice and milk substitute products. Our results show that, when imposed, the tax causes bottled water sales to drop by nearly 6% in our preferred specification. Sales never fully recover, even after the tax removal. In terms of the heterogeneity of this effect, we find larger quantity drops in high tax rate areas and in the lowest and highest quintile income areas.
    Schlagwort(e): C23 - Models with Panel Data, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, H20 - General, H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 72
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    Advertising, Habit Formation, and U.S. Tobacco Product Demand (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: The U.S. tobacco market has experienced a shift toward noncigarette tobacco products. We examined the degree of habit formation and the role of advertising for cigarettes, little cigars/cigarillos, large cigars, e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco using market-level scanner data for convenience stores from 2009 to 2013. Results based on a dynamic demand system show that while all tobacco products are habitual, e-cigarettes are the most habitual product. More choices of flavors, less restrictions on its use in public places, less documented harmful effects, and a higher upfront cost might explain the higher degree of habit formation for e-cigarettes. We also find that e-cigarettes did not substitute for or complement cigarettes. The results imply that e-cigarettes may serve as a gateway to nicotine addiction but not necessarily to cigarette smoking. Regarding advertising, cigarette magazine advertising did not affect cigarette demand, while e-cigarette TV advertising increased e-cigarette demand with a positive spillover to cigarette demand. Such results may help explain e-cigarettes’ recent success in sales and imply that e-cigarette TV advertising might undermine efforts to reduce cigarette smoking. Advertising was also found to affect the degree of habit formation for cigarettes, large cigars, and e-cigarettes.
    Schlagwort(e): D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, M37 - Advertising
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 73
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    Who Really Benefits from Agricultural Subsidies? Evidence from Field-level Data (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: If agricultural subsidies are largely capitalized into farmland values through their effect on rental rates, then expanding support for agriculture may not benefit farmers who rent the land they farm. Existing evidence on the incidence of subsidies on cash rental rates is mixed. Identification is obscured by unobserved or imprecisely measured factors that tend to be correlated with subsidies, especially land quality and time-varying factors like commodity prices and adverse weather events. A problem that has received less attention is the fact that subsidies and land quality on rented land may differ from owned land. Since most farms possess both rented and owned acreage, farm-level measures of subsidies, land values, and rental rates may bias estimated incidence. Using a new, field-level data set that, for the first time, precisely links subsidies to land parcels, we show that this bias is considerable: where farm-level estimates suggest an incidence of 42–49 cents of the marginal subsidy dollar, field-level estimates from the same farms indicate that landlords capture just 20–28 cents. The size of the farm and the duration of the rental arrangement have substantial effects. Incidence falls by 5–15 cents when doubling total operated acres, and the incidence falls by 0.1–0.8 cents with each additional year of the rental arrangement. Low incidence of subsidies on rents combined with the farm-size and duration effects suggest that farmers renting land have monopsony power.
    Schlagwort(e): H22 - Incidence, Q14 - Agricultural Finance, Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Trade Policy Coordination and Food Price Volatility (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: Many countries adjust their trade policies counter-cyclically with food prices, to the extent that the use of restrictions by food-exporting countries has occasionally threatened the food security of food-importing countries. These trade policies are inconsistent with the terms-of-trade motivation often retained to characterize the payoff frontier of self-enforcing trade agreements, as they can worsen the terms of trade of the countries that apply them. This article analyzes trade policy coordination when trade policies are driven by terms-of-trade effects and a desire to reduce domestic food price volatility. This framework implies that importing and exporting countries have incentives to deviate from cooperation at different periods: the latter when prices are high and the former when prices are low. Since staple food prices tend to have asymmetric distributions, with more prices below than above the mean but with occasional spikes, a self-enforcing agreement generates asymmetric outcomes. Without cooperation, an importing country uses its trade policy more frequently because of the concentration of prices below the mean, but an exporting country has a greater incentive to deviate from a cooperative trade policy because positive deviations from the mean price are larger than negative ones. Thus, the asymmetry of the distribution of commodity prices can make it more difficult to discipline export taxes than tariffs in trade agreements.
    Schlagwort(e): F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations, Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Agglomeration Effects in Ontarios Dairy Farming (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: This paper examines the agglomeration hypothesis, which states that a firm’s productive efficiency is increased by closer proximity to other firms. Using a stochastic input distant function with heteroskedastic inefficiency effects, we find that the density of Ontario dairy farms has a significant positive economic effect on production efficiency. The finding has implications for understanding agricultural firm location and farmer-led efforts to preserve agricultural farming activities in specific locations.
    Schlagwort(e): D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Empirical Identification of Behavioral Choice Models under Risk (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: The generalized expected utility literature typically assumes an absence of judgment bias in the individual perception of probabilities when inferring risk preferences. This assumption is in disagreement with many other studies that document such bias. We show that models of preference anomalies are mathematically equivalent to models of perception anomalies when estimating perceptions and/or preferences based on observable risky choice data. Empirical models admitting both involve multiplicative functions of common variables and are discernible only by assuming specifications that arbitrarily separate the two. This inability to separately identify preferences and probability perceptions is not readily solved by experimental means. Vastly different combinations of preference and perception modifications fit behavioral data identically, implying that Arrow-Pratt risk aversion estimates are arbitrary. In contrast, the risk premium and certainty equivalent are identifiable without unverifiable and untestable separating assumptions, and provide sufficient statistics for policy and welfare analysis regardless.
    Schlagwort(e): D03 - Behavioral Economics ; Underlying Principles, D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty, D84 - Expectations ; Speculations
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Owen, David. Beyond Taste Buds: The Science of Delicious. National Geographic Magazine. (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Interactions between CAP Agricultural and Agri-Environmental Subsidies and Their Effects on the Uptake of Organic Farming (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: We analyze the effects of the interactions that the two pillars of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy—market support and rural development—have on farmers’ uptake of organic farming practices. Special attention is given to the 2003 reform, which substantially altered the relative importance of the two types of support by decoupling direct agricultural payments from the production of a specific crop. In our empirical analysis we study the case of Sweden, making use of the variation in the timing of farmers’ decisions regarding participation in support programs. We estimate a dynamic non-linear unobserved effects probit model to account for unobserved individual heterogeneity and state dependence. Our results indicate the existence of a negative effect of the market support system in place when organic farming techniques were adopted before the 2003 reform. However, this effect is reversed by the introduction of decoupling. Furthermore, the effects of support differ between certified and non-certified organic production: both pillars have significant effects on non-certified organic farming, whereas certified organic farming is exclusively driven by agro-environmental subsidies.
    Schlagwort(e): C23 - Models with Panel Data, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Contributions of Productivity and Relative Price Changes to Farm-level Profitability Change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: This article investigates the sources of profitability change at the farm level, by farm size and specialization, with an application to a sample of 256 farms in Kansas from 1993 to 2010. Using the Lowe index method, profitability change is decomposed into changes in total factor productivity and terms of trade. The nonparametric data envelopment analysis method is used to further decompose total factor productivity into technical change and different measures of output-oriented efficiency change. Finally, the system-Generalized Methods of Moments approach is employed to investigate the dynamic relationship between different components of productivity on farm profitability. Results indicate that profitability change is mainly driven by total factor productivity change. The main source of total factor productivity change is technical change. The upward-shifting frontier results in declining technical efficiency. Results point towards the need to support research and development without ignoring efforts to encourage the uptake of existing technologies.
    Schlagwort(e): D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth ; Aggregate Productivity ; Cross-Country Output Convergence, Q10 - General
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Permanent and Temporary Policy Incentives for Conservation under Stochastic Returns from Competing Land Uses (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: Rapid conversion of private land for agricultural and urban use has raised concern worldwide over the loss of ecological services. To inform conservation policy, we model privately optimal land use decisions using a real options framework that assumes both the ecological and commercial values of land are stochastic and that land conversion is irreversible. We analyze permanent and temporary land conservation policy incentives using this dynamic framework to guide policy makers interested in designing efficient payment mechanisms to achieve ecological preservation goals. We find that while the financial cost of temporary policy incentives is generally much lower than permanent policy incentives, this difference is very small in scenarios with high discount rates and lower uncertainties in conversion returns and lower expected trend in conservation returns. Alternately, the financial cost of temporary conservation is substantially lower than that of permanent conservation when the expected trend in conservation returns and uncertainties in conservation and conversion returns is high and the discount rate is low. Comparison with net present value and single-source uncertainty models indicates that the presence of a second uncertainty increases the option value of delaying conversion, and shows that permanent and temporary policy incentives based on either of the two simpler models can be seriously misguided if multiple uncertainties are present. We illustrate the analytical results with a case study of tropical deforestation in Indonesia where private landowners can either conserve forests and earn carbon credits, or convert to palm oil agriculture and earn profits from the sale of palm oil.
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Demand for a Simple Weather Insurance Product in India: Theory and Evidence (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: This article analyzes the demand for a simple rainfall-based weather insurance product among farmers in rural India. We explore the predictions of a standard expected utility theory framework on the nature of demand in terms of price, the basis of the hedge, and risk aversion using data from a randomized control trial. We find that demand behaves as predicted: it falls with price and basis risk and is hump-shaped in risk aversion, with price sensitivity decreasing at higher levels of basis risk. We estimate a negative price elasticity of 0.58 and find that doubling the distance to a reference weather station decreases demand by 18%. These results indicate that improving pricing and quality of insurance products can directly increase demand. In addition, we examine the impact of insurance training relative to other mechanisms designed to increase understanding. The evidence suggests that increased incentives to learn or learning by using are more effective at increasing both understanding and demand. Finally, we contribute to the scarce evidence on the demand for insurance over time. In terms of our main interventions, we find that the effect of premium subsidies persists over time, while the impact of investments in new weather stations diminishes and the effect of increased training in the first season seems to disappear during the second season. Importantly, while having previously purchased insurance does not encourage future uptake, receiving a payout does. This could reflect issues of trust in the product or the insurance company, and constitutes an important topic for future research.
    Schlagwort(e): D14 - Personal Finance, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Subscription Page (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cover Page (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Quality Matters More Than Quantity: Asymmetric Temperature Effects on Crop Yield and Quality Grade (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: Climate change affects agriculture by altering not only output quantity, but also crop quality. We quantify the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture through changes in both quantity and quality, where quality is measured by crop grades. Our model controls for methodological issues regarding sample selection, aggregation, phenology, and nonlinearity. The empirical application to Japanese rice production indicates that temperature effects are asymmetric: quantity is especially vulnerable to cold, whereas quality is vulnerable to extremely high temperature. Using these results, we simulate the effect of global warming, and we find that warming (a 3 °C increase) increases farm revenues by improving yield but decreases revenues as a result of deteriorating quality. The net effect is negative, suggesting that quality matters more than quantity. The negative effect, however, can be mitigated by shifting cultivation periods and/or regions. Overall, our results suggest that the estimated impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies could be severely misleading unless quality is considered.
    Schlagwort(e): L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility, Q10 - General, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Effects of the Great Recession on the U.S. Agricultural Labor Market (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-09
    Beschreibung: We empirically test four hypotheses regarding differences between agricultural worker earnings (wages and bonuses) during recession and non-recessionary times, between agricultural worker time use during recession and non-recession times, between outcomes for undocumented and documented workers, and between outcomes for agricultural workers versus those working in other sectors of interest. Regression analyses show that the wages of documented (legal) seasonal agricultural workers increased more during the last three recessions than did the wages of undocumented agricultural workers and low-skilled nonagricultural workers. Bonus pay and weekly hours also increased for some workers, suggesting general increases in the financial wellbeing of employed agricultural workers during recessions.
    Schlagwort(e): E32 - Business Fluctuations ; Cycles, J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Unlocking Mexicos shale gas reserves: folly or fortune? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-02
    Beschreibung: This article examines the potential for shale gas production in Mexico following the recent constitutional reforms. Since the secondary legislation to the Mexican Energy Reform Law was passed, opening the country’s electricity and hydrocarbon sectors to private participation for the first time in over 75 years, participants in the energy industry have turned their attention to Mexico. Thus far in the bidding process for government contracts, Mexico’s deepwater, shallow-water and heavy oil resources have generated the greatest interest from private entities. The returns from these contracts, however, may literally pave the way for large-scale shale gas production in Mexico by providing the private capital necessary for the expansion of gas pipeline infrastructure. This report will address a brief history and the development of Mexican policies and interests, modern Mexican energy policy, shale gas opportunities in Mexico, growing gas demand in Mexico and abroad and obstacles to industry development. This information will be used to analyse the real potential for shale gas production in Mexico and its implications for the country’s future.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Digitale ISSN: 1754-9965
    Thema: Energietechnik , Rechtswissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Subscription (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Digitale ISSN: 1750-6824
    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Alternative Metrics for Comparing Domestic Climate Change Mitigation Efforts and the Emerging International Climate Policy Architecture (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: The availability of practical mechanisms for comparing domestic efforts aimed at mitigating global climate change is important for the stability, equity, and efficiency of international climate agreements. We examine a variety of metrics that could be used to compare countries’ climate change mitigation efforts and illustrate their potential application to large developed and developing countries. Because there is no single, comprehensive, measurable metric that could be applied to all countries, we suggest using a set of indicators to characterize and compare mitigation effort, akin to using a set of economic statistics to indicate the health of the macroeconomy. Given the iterative pledge-and-review approach that is emerging in the current climate change negotiations, participation, commitment, and compliance could be enhanced if this set of indicators is able to show that all parties are doing their "fair share," both prospectively and retrospectively. The latter, in particular, highlights the need for a well-functioning policy surveillance regime. ( JEL : Q54, Q58, F55)
    Schlagwort(e): Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, Q58 - Government Policy, F55 - International Institutional Arrangements
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    The Economics of Wine, Weather, and Climate Change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: In this article, we provide an overview of the extensive literature on the impact of weather and climate on grapes and wine, with the goal of identifying how climate change is likely to affect their production. We first discuss the physical impact of weather on vine phenology (i.e., the timing of biological events such as bud break or flowering), berry composition, and yields. Then we examine the economic literature that measures the effects of temperature on wine quality, prices, costs, and profits and, based on this review, infer how climate change will affect these variables. We also describe what has been learned thus far about possible adaptation strategies for grape growers that would allow them to mitigate the economic effects of climate change. We conclude that climate change is likely to produce both winners and losers, with the winners being those located closer to the North and South Poles. There are also likely to be some substantial short-run costs as growers adapt to climate change. Nevertheless, wine making has survived through thousands of years of recorded history, a history that has included significant climate changes. ( JEL : Q13, Q18, Q54)
    Schlagwort(e): Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cover (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    The Rebound Effect and Energy Efficiency Policy (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: What do we know about the size of the rebound effect, the well-known phenomenon that improving energy efficiency may save less energy than expected due to a rebound of energy use? Is there any validity to the claims that energy efficiency improvements can actually lead to an increase in energy use (known as backfire)? This article clarifies what the rebound effect is and provides a guide for economists and policymakers interested in its existence and magnitude. We discuss how some studies in the literature consider a rebound effect that results from a costless exogenous increase in energy efficiency, whereas others examine the effects of a specific energy efficiency policy—a distinction that leads to very different welfare and policy implications. We present the most reliable evidence available about the size of the energy efficiency rebound effect and discuss situations where such estimation is extraordinarily difficult. With this in mind, we present a new way of thinking about the macroeconomic rebound effect. We conclude that overall, the existing research provides little support for the so-called backfire hypothesis. However, our understanding of the macroeconomic rebound effect remains limited, particularly as it relates to induced innovation and productivity growth. ( JEL : H23, Q38, Q41)
    Schlagwort(e): H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, Q38 - Government Policy, Q41 - Demand and Supply
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    A Word from the Editor (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Price and Market Behavior in Phase II of the EU ETS: A Review of the Literature (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: Since 2005, the EU ETS has provided a market-based price signal for European carbon emissions. This article reviews the literature on the formation of carbon allowance prices during phase II of the EU ETS. A consensus has emerged in the literature that allowance prices are driven by fuel prices and other variables that affect the expected amount of abatement required to meet the EU ETS emissions cap. However, this relationship is not robust, most likely because the relevant abatement technologies change with the economic conditions in which they operate. There is evidence that models that explicitly account for uncertainty about the future demand and supply of allowances are better at explaining allowance price variation during certain periods. However, our understanding of the level of the allowance price remains poor. We cannot say with any degree of confidence whether the allowance price is "right," in the sense that it reflects marginal abatement costs, or whether there is a price wedge caused by uncertainty, transaction costs, or price manipulation. Nevertheless, we find that the EU ETS market has matured in phase II compared with phase I and that banking of allowances has induced the market to incorporate the future scarcity of allowances and, as intended, to smooth the effect of temporary shocks. We argue that further research is needed in several key areas to increase our understanding of the emissions allowance market provided by the EU ETS. ( JEL : Q56, Q58)
    Schlagwort(e): Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounting ; , Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Measuring the Stringency of Environmental Regulations (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: Do environmental regulations discourage investment, reduce labor demand, or alter patterns of international trade? To answer these important policy questions, we need ways to measure the stringency of environmental regulations empirically. While creating measures of stringency is often characterized as a data collection challenge, we identify four fundamental conceptual obstacles to evaluating these measures: multidimensionality, simultaneity, industrial composition, and capital vintage. We then describe recent approaches used by researchers to measure the stringency of environmental regulations, primarily in the United States, and evaluate their success in light of these obstacles. We find that few approaches come close to being the ideal—a theoretically motivated, tractable, single measure that captures environmental regulatory stringency empirically.
    Schlagwort(e): F18 - Trade and Environment, L51 - Economics of Regulation, Q52 - Pollution Control Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects, Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    The Impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on Regulated Firms: What Is the Evidence after Ten Years? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: This article reviews the recent literature on ex post evaluation of the impacts of the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) on regulated firms in the industrial and power sectors. We summarize the findings from original research papers concerning three broadly defined impacts: carbon dioxide emissions, economic performance and competitiveness, and innovation. We conclude by highlighting gaps in the current literature and suggesting priorities for future research on this landmark policy. ( JEL : Q52, Q54, Q58)
    Schlagwort(e): Q52 - Pollution Control Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, Q58 - Government Policy
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    The European Union Emissions Trading System: Ten Years and Counting (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: This article provides an introduction to the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading System (ETS). First we describe the legislative development of the EU ETS, its evolution from free allocation to auctioning and centralized allocation rules, its relationship to the Kyoto Protocol and other trading systems, and its relationship to other EU climate and energy policies. This is followed by an assessment of the performance of the EU ETS, which focuses in particular on emissions, allowance prices, and the use of offsets. We conclude with a discussion of the current debate about the future of the EU ETS and proposals for changes to both the EU ETS and the climate policy environment in which it operates. ( JEL : Q54, Q58)
    Schlagwort(e): Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Digitale ISSN: 1750-6824
    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    The Climate Change Adaptation Literature (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: The December 2015 Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change meetings in Paris are likely to yield a global agreement that will slow the world’s growth of greenhouse gas emissions, but this agreement is unlikely to guarantee a decline in global emissions in the near future. Given this reality, climate change adaptation is an increasingly important topic for discussion and study. Although much research has focused on the macroeconomic relationship between economic growth and temperature at the national and/or annual level, microeconomic analysis also offers valuable insights. This Reflections discusses recent work on household and firm responses to three climate change challenges: increased summer heat, higher food prices, and increased natural disaster risk. ( JEL : Q54)
    Schlagwort(e): Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Digitale ISSN: 1750-6824
    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Improving Incentives for Clean Vehicle Purchases in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-03
    Beschreibung: In recent decades, federal and state policymakers in the United States have adopted a variety of policy incentives to induce drivers to purchase advanced clean vehicles aimed at reducing externalities within the transportation sector. Focusing on plug-in electric vehicles, I examine the challenges to and opportunities for improving these policies. Recent research raises concerns about whether the incentives actually reach the intended consumers because of eligibility restrictions, salience of instruments in consumer decision making, and the impact of incentives across consumers and producers. The targeting of different externalities complicates policy design choices, which are further limited because purchase incentives do not affect driving behavior. Finally, an emerging literature suggests that the efficiency and cost effectiveness of these incentives may be improved by strategically targeting specific types of vehicles and consumers, as well as by combining them with vehicle retirement incentives. ( JEL : Q53, Q55, R40)
    Schlagwort(e): Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling, Q55 - Technological Innovation, R40 - General
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Digitale ISSN: 1750-6824
    Thema: Energietechnik , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    Local entrepreneurship clusters in cities (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-04
    Beschreibung: We show that entrepreneurs are co-located within cities. One plausible source of such spatial clustering is local social interactions, where individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs are influenced by entrepreneurial neighbors. Using geo-coded matched employer–employee data for Sweden, we find that sharing residential neighborhood with established entrepreneurs has a statistically significant and robust influence on the probability that an individual leaves employment for entrepreneurship. An otherwise average neighborhood with a 5% point higher entrepreneurial intensity, all else equal, produces between six and seven additional entrepreneurs per square kilometer, each year. Our estimates suggest a local feedback-effect in which the presence of established entrepreneurs in a neighborhood influences the emergence of new local entrepreneurs. Our analysis supports the conjecture that social interaction effects constitute a mechanism by which local entrepreneurship clusters in cities develop and persist over time.
    Schlagwort(e): J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, L26 - Entrepreneurship, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
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    A gravity equation for commuting with an application to estimating regional border effects in Belgium (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-04
    Beschreibung: This article derives a gravity equation for commuting and uses it to identify the effect of regional borders on commuting. We build on the seminal trade paper by Anderson and Van Wincoop (2003, Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. The American Economic Review , 93: 170–192) and highlight some interesting similarities between our model and Wilson’s doubly constrained gravity equation [Wilson, A. (2010) Entropy in urban and regional modelling: retrospect and prospect. Geographical analysis , 42: 364–394], a workhorse model from spatial interaction theory. The model is estimated by applying a negative binomial regression method on Belgian inter-municipal commuting data. We show that regional borders exert a sizeable residual deterrent effect on commuting, a finding with obvious implications for regional labour market integration. This border effect differs significantly between regions and depends on the direction in which the border is crossed.
    Schlagwort(e): F10 - General, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Digitale ISSN: 1468-2710
    Thema: Geographie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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