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  • 1
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    Elevating the predatory effect: Sensory‐scanning foraging strategy by the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (2015)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 60 (1). pp. 100-109.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-01-01
    Beschreibung: The influential predatory role of the lobate comb jellyfish Mnemiopsis leidyi has largely been attributed to the generation of a hydrodynamically silent feeding current to entrain and initiate high encounter rates with prey. However, for high encounter rates to translate to high ingestion rates, M. leidyi must effectively capture the entrained prey. To investigate the capture mechanisms, we recorded and quantified, using three-dimensional videography, the outcome of encounter events with slow swimming Artemia prey. The auricles, which produce the feeding current of M. leidyi, were the primary encounter structures, first contacting 59% of the prey in the feeding current. Upon detection, the auricles manipulated the Artemia to initiate captures on the tentillae, which are coated with sticky cells (colloblasts). Using this mechanism of sensory-scanning to capture prey entrained in the feeding current, M. leidyi uses a similar foraging strategy to that of feeding-current foraging copepods. As such, M. leidyi has a higher capture efficiency than do medusae, contributing to the greater predatory effect of M. leidyi in both its endemic and invasive ecosystems.
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  • 2
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    Multiple environmental changes induce interactive effects on bacterial degradation activity in the Arctic Ocean (2015)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 60 (4). pp. 1392-1410.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-23
    Beschreibung: The Arctic Ocean faces multiple environmental changes induced by climate change on both global and regional scale. In addition to global changes in seawater temperature and pH, Arctic waters receive organic matter enrichment due to increasing pelagic primary production, enhanced sea ice melting and increasing terrestrial carbon loads. We experimentally tested individual and combined effects of warming, acidification and organic matter amendment on growth, biomass production and extracellular enzyme activities of bacterioplankton in Fram Strait during early summer. Results reveal pH optima of 6.7–7.6 for extracellular leucine-aminopeptidase and below pH 6.0 for beta-glucosidase in the West Spitsbergen Current. These optima well below the current seawater pH imply increasing hydrolytic activity with ongoing ocean acidification. However, the new synthesis of extracellular enzymes during 4-d incubations obscured the biochemical pH effects. Elevated temperature and carbohydrate supply had strongly interactive effects on bacterial biomass production in both Atlantic Water of the West Spitsbergen Current and Polar Water of the East Greenland Current. Activation energies ranged from 45 kJ mol−1 to 52 kJ mol−1 at in situ substrate concentration, while substantially higher values of 122–174 kJ mol−1 could be estimated from incubations with carbohydrate addition. The net loss of total amino acids in carbohydrate-amended incubations was significantly reduced at elevated temperature in all experiments, suggesting enhanced de novo synthesis. Our findings show that the complexity of combined effects must be considered to better assess the potential of climate change to alter biogenic carbon and energy fluxes in marine systems.
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  • 3
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    Combined effects of CO2 and temperature on carbon uptake and partitioning by the marine diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (2015)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 60 (3). pp. 901-919.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-01
    Beschreibung: Carbon uptake and partitioning of two globally abundant diatom species, Thalassiosira weissflogii and Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, was investigated in batch culture experiments under four conditions: ambient (15 degrees C, 400 atm), high CO2 (15 degrees C, 1000 atm), high temperature (20 degrees C, 400 atm), and combined (20 degrees C, 1000 atm). The experiments were run from exponential growth into the stationary phase (six days after nitrogen depletion), allowing us to track biogeochemical dynamics analogous to bloom situations in the ocean. Elevated CO2 had a fertilizing effect and enhanced uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by about 8% for T. weissflogii and by up to 39% for D. fragilissimus. This was also reflected in higher cell numbers, build-up of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and transparent exopolymer particles. The CO2 effects were most prominent in the stationary phase when nitrogen was depleted and CO2(aq) concentrations were low. This indicates that diatoms in the high CO2 treatments could take up more DIC until CO2 concentrations in seawater became so low that carbon limitation occurs. These results suggest that, contrary to common assumptions, diatoms could be highly sensitive to ongoing changes in oceanic carbonate chemistry, particularly under nutrient limitation. Warming from 15 to 20 degrees C had a stimulating effect on one species but acted as a stressor on the other species, highlighting the importance of species-specific physiological optima and temperature ranges in the response to ocean warming. Overall, these sensitivities to CO2 and temperature could have profound impacts on diatoms blooms and the biological pump.
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  • 4
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    Nitrogen Fuelling of the Pelagic Food Web of the Tropical Atlantic (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (6). e0131258.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-23
    Beschreibung: We estimated the relative contribution of atmosphere (ic Nitrogen (N) input (wet and dry deposition and N fixation) to the epipelagic food web by measuring N isotopes of different functional groups of epipelagic zooplankton along 23°W (17°N-4°S) and 18°N (20-24°W) in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic. Results were related to water column observations of nutrient distribution and vertical diffusive flux as well as colony abundance of Trichodesmium obtained with an Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5). The thickness and depth of the nitracline and phosphocline proved to be significant predictors of zooplankton stable N isotope values. Atmospheric N input was highest (61% of total N) in the strongly stratified and oligotrophic region between 3 and 7°N, which featured very high depth-integrated Trichodesmium abundance (up to 9.4×104 colonies m-2), strong thermohaline stratification and low zooplankton δ15N (~2‰). Relative atmospheric N input was lowest south of the equatorial upwelling between 3 and 5°S (27%). Values in the Guinea Dome region and north of Cape Verde ranged between 45 and 50%, respectively. The microstructure-derived estimate of the vertical diffusive N flux in the equatorial region was about one order of magnitude higher than in any other area (approximately 8 mmol m-2 d 1). At the same time, this region received considerable atmospheric N input (35% of total). In general, zooplankton δ15N and Trichodesmium abundance were closely correlated, indicating that N fixation is the major source of atmospheric N input. Although Trichodesmium is not the only N fixing organism, its abundance can be used with high confidence to estimate the relative atmospheric N input in the tropical Atlantic (r2 = 0.95). Estimates of absolute N fixation rates are two- to tenfold higher than incubation-derived rates reported for the same regions. Our approach integrates over large spatial and temporal scales and also quantifies fixed N released as dissolved inorganic and organic N. In a global analysis, it may thus help to close the gap in oceanic N budgets.
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  • 5
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    Nitrate and Nitrite Variability at the Seafloor of an Oxygen Minimum Zone Revealed by a Novel Microfluidic In-Situ Chemical Sensor (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (7). e0132785.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-23
    Beschreibung: Microfluidics, or lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a promising technology that allows the development of miniaturized chemical sensors. In contrast to the surging interest in biomedical sciences, the utilization of LOC sensors in aquatic sciences is still in infancy but a wider use of such sensors could mitigate the undersampling problem of ocean biogeochemical processes. Here we describe the first underwater test of a novel LOC sensor to obtain in situ calibrated time-series (up to 40 h) of nitrate+nitrite (ΣNOx) and nitrite on the seafloor of the Mauritanian oxygen minimum zone, offshore Western Africa. Initial tests showed that the sensor successfully reproduced water column (160 m) nutrient profiles. Lander deployments at 50, 100 and 170 m depth indicated that the biogeochemical variability was high over the Mauritanian shelf: The 50 m site had the lowest ΣNOx concentration, with 15.2 to 23.4 μM (median=18.3 μM); while at the 100 site ΣNOx varied between 21.0 and 30.1 μM over 40 hours (median = 25.1μM). The 170 m site had the highest median ΣNOx level (25.8 μM) with less variability (22.8 to 27.7 μM). At the 50 m site, nitrite concentration decreased fivefold from 1 to 0.2 μM in just 30 hours accompanied by decreasing oxygen and increasing nitrate concentrations. Taken together with the time series of oxygen, temperature, pressure and current velocities, we propose that the episodic intrusion of deeper waters via cross-shelf transport leads to intrusion of nitrate-rich, but oxygen-poor waters to shallower locations, with consequences for benthic nitrogen cycling. This first validation of an LOC sensor at elevated water depths revealed that when deployed for longer periods and as a part of a sensor network, LOC technology has the potential to contribute to the understanding of the benthic biogeochemical dynamics.
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  • 6
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    Identification of Habitat-Specific Biomes of Aquatic Fungal Communities Using a Comprehensive Nearly Full-Length 18S rRNA Dataset Enriched with Contextual Data (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (7). e0134377.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-10-26
    Beschreibung: Molecular diversity surveys have demonstrated that aquatic fungi are highly diverse, and that they play fundamental ecological roles in aquatic systems. Unfortunately, comparative studies of aquatic fungal communities are few and far between, due to the scarcity of adequate datasets. We combined all publicly available fungal 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences with new sequence data from a marine fungi culture collection. We further enriched this dataset by adding validated contextual data. Specifically, we included data on the habitat type of the samples assigning fungal taxa to ten different habitat categories. This dataset has been created with the intention to serve as a valuable reference dataset for aquatic fungi including a phylogenetic reference tree. The combined data enabled us to infer fungal community patterns in aquatic systems. Pairwise habitat comparisons showed significant phylogenetic differences, indicating that habitat strongly affects fungal community structure. Fungal taxonomic composition differed considerably even on phylum and class level. Freshwater fungal assemblage was most different from all other habitat types and was dominated by basal fungal lineages. For most communities, phylogenetic signals indicated clustering of sequences suggesting that environmental factors were the main drivers of fungal community structure, rather than species competition. Thus, the diversification process of aquatic fungi must be highly clade specific in some cases.The combined data enabled us to infer fungal community patterns in aquatic systems. Pairwise habitat comparisons showed significant phylogenetic differences, indicating that habitat strongly affects fungal community structure. Fungal taxonomic composition differed considerably even on phylum and class level. Freshwater fungal assemblage was most different from all other habitat types and was dominated by basal fungal lineages. For most communities, phylogenetic signals indicated clustering of sequences suggesting that environmental factors were the main drivers of fungal community structure, rather than species competition. Thus, the diversification process of aquatic fungi must be highly clade specific in some cases.
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  • 7
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    Establishing functional relationships between abiotic environment, macrophyte coverage, resource gradients and the distribution of Mytilus trossulus in a brackish non-tidal environment (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (8). e0136949.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-12-16
    Beschreibung: Benthic suspension feeding mussels are an important functional guild in coastal and estua-rine ecosystems. To date we lack information on how various environmental gradients and biotic interactions separately and interactively shape the distribution patterns of mussels in non-tidal environments. Opposing to tidal environments, mussels inhabit solely subtidal zone in non-tidal waterbodies and, thereby, driving factors for mussel populations are expected to differ from the tidal areas. In the present study, we used the boosted regression tree modelling (BRT), an ensemble method for statistical techniques and machine learning, in order to explain the distribution and biomass of the suspension feeding mussel Mytilus trossulus in the non-tidal Baltic Sea. BRT models suggested that (1) distribution patterns of M. trossulus are largely driven by separate effects of direct environmental gradients and partly by interactive effects of resource gradients with direct environmental gradients. (2) Within its suitable habitat range, however, resource gradients had an important role in shaping the biomass distribution of M. trossulus. (3) Contrary to tidal areas, mussels were not competitively superior over macrophytes with patterns indicating either facilitative interactions between mussels and macrophytes or co-variance due to common stressor. To conclude, direct environmental gradients seem to define the distribution pattern of M. trossulus, and within the favourable distribution range, resource gradients in interaction with direct environmental gradients are expected to set the biomass level of mussels.
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  • 8
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    Biodiversity, Anti-Trypanosomal Activity Screening, and Metabolomic Profiling of Actinomycetes Isolated from Mediterranean Sponges (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (9). e0138528.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-13
    Beschreibung: Marine sponge–associated actinomycetes are considered as promising sources for the discovery of novel biologically active compounds. In the present study, a total of 64 actinomycetes were isolated from 12 different marine sponge species that had been collected offshore the islands of Milos and Crete, Greece, eastern Mediterranean. The isolates were affiliated to 23 genera representing 8 different suborders based on nearly full length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four putatively novel species belonging to genera Geodermatophilus, Microlunatus, Rhodococcus and Actinomycetospora were identified based on a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 〈 98.5% to currently described strains. Eight actinomycete isolates showed bioactivities against Trypanosma brucei brucei TC221 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 〈20 μg/mL. Thirty four isolates from the Milos collection and 12 isolates from the Crete collection were subjected to metabolomic analysis using high resolution LC-MS and NMR for dereplication purposes. Two isolates belonging to the genera Streptomyces (SBT348) and Micromonospora (SBT687) were prioritized based on their distinct chemistry profiles as well as their anti-trypanosomal activities. These findings demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of utilizing metabolomics tools to prioritize chemically unique strains from microorganism collections and further highlight sponges as rich source for novel and bioactive actinomycetes.
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  • 9
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    Dissolved silicon isotopic compositions in the East China Sea: Water mass mixing vs. biological fractionation (2015)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 60 (5). pp. 1619-1633.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-20
    Beschreibung: We present the first set of dissolved silicon isotope data in seawater (delta Si-30(Si(OH)4)) from the East China Sea, a large and productive marginal sea significantly influenced by the Kuroshio Current and freshwater inputs from the Changjiang (Yangtze River). In summer (August 2009), the lowest surface delta Si-30(Si(OH)4) signatures of +2.1 parts per thousand corresponding to the highest Si(OH)(4) concentrations (similar to 30.0 mu mol L-1) were observed nearshore in Changjiang Diluted Water. During advection on the East China Sea inner shelf, surface delta Si-30(Si(OH)4) increased rapidly to +3.2 parts per thousand while Si(OH)(4) became depleted, indicating increasing biological utilization of the Si(OH)(4) originating from the Changjiang Diluted Water. This is also reflected in the water column profiles characterized by a general decrease of delta Si-30(Si(OH)4) and an increase of Si(OH)(4) with depth on the East China Sea mid-shelf and slope. In winter (December 2009-January 2010), however, the delta Si-30(Si(OH)4) was nearly constant at +1.9 parts per thousand throughout the water column on the East China Sea shelf beyond the nearshore, which was a consequence of enhanced vertical mixing of the Kuroshio subsurface water. Horizontal admixture of Kuroshio surface water, which is highly fractionated in Si isotopes, was observed only beyond the shelf break. Significant seasonal differences in delta Si-30(Si(OH)4) were detected in the surface waters beyond the Changjiang Diluted Water-influenced region on the East China Sea shelf, where the winter values were similar to 1.0 parts per thousand lower than those in summer, despite the same primary Si(OH)(4) supply from the Kuroshio subsurface water during both seasons. This demonstrates significantly higher biological consumption and utilization of Si(OH)(4) in summer than in winter.
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  • 10
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    The modulating effect of light intensity on the response of the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanicato ocean acidification (2015)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 60 (6). pp. 2145-2157.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-10-01
    Beschreibung: Global change leads to a multitude of simultaneous modifications in the marine realm among which shoaling of the upper mixed layer, leading to enhanced surface layer light intensities, as well as increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration are some of the most critical environmental alterations for phytoplankton. In this study, we investigated the responses of growth, photosynthetic carbon fixation and calcification of the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica to elevated inline image (51 Pa, 105 Pa, and 152 Pa) (1 Pa ≈ 10 μatm) at a variety of light intensities (50–800 μmol photons m−2 s−1). By fitting the light response curve, our results showed that rising inline image reduced the maximum rates for growth, photosynthetic carbon fixation and calcification. Increasing light intensity enhanced the sensitivity of these rate responses to inline image, and shifted the inline image optima toward lower levels. Combining the results of this and a previous study (Sett et al. 2014) on the same strain indicates that both limiting low inline image and inhibiting high inline image levels (this study) induce similar responses, reducing growth, carbon fixation and calcification rates of G. oceanica. At limiting low light intensities the inline image optima for maximum growth, carbon fixation and calcification are shifted toward higher levels. Interacting effects of simultaneously occurring environmental changes, such as increasing light intensity and ocean acidification, need to be considered when trying to assess metabolic rates of marine phytoplankton under future ocean scenarios.
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  • 11
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    Proteomic Analysis of Anti-Cancerous Scopularide Production by a Marine Microascus brevicaulis Strain and Its UV Mutant (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (10). e0140047.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-23
    Beschreibung: The marine fungus Microascus brevicaulis strain LF580 is a non-model secondary metabolite producer with high yields of the two secondary metabolites scopularides A and B, which exhibit distinct activities against tumour cell lines. A mutant strain was obtained using UV mutagenesis, showing faster growth and differences in pellet formation besides higher production levels. Here, we show the first proteome study of a marine fungus. Comparative proteomics were applied to gain deeper understanding of the regulation of production and of the physiology of the wild type strain and its mutant. For this purpose, an optimised protein extraction protocol was established. In total, 4759 proteins were identified. The central metabolic pathway of strain LF580 was mapped using the KEGG pathway analysis and GO annotation. Employing iTRAQ labelling, 318 proteins were shown to be significantly regulated in the mutant strain: 189 were down- and 129 upregulated. Proteomics are a powerful tool for the understanding of regulatory aspects: The differences on proteome level could be attributed to limited nutrient availability in the wild type strain due to a strong pellet formation. This information can be applied for optimisation on strain and process level. The linkage between nutrient limitation and pellet formation in the non-model fungus M. brevicaulis is in consensus with the knowledge on model organisms like Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum
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  • 12
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    Long-Term Conditioning to Elevated pCO2 and Warming Influences the Fatty and Amino Acid Composition of the Diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (5). e0123945.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-13
    Beschreibung: The unabated rise in anthropogenic CO2 emissions is predicted to strongly influence the ocean's environment, increasing the mean sea-surface temperature by 4°C and causing a pH decline of 0.3 units by the year 2100. These changes are likely to affect the nutritional value of marine food sources since temperature and CO2 can influence the fatty (FA) and amino acid (AA) composition of marine primary producers. Here, essential amino (EA) and polyunsaturated fatty (PUFA) acids are of particular importance due to their nutritional value to higher trophic levels. In order to determine the interactive effects of CO2 and temperature on the nutritional quality of a primary producer, we analyzed the relative PUFA and EA composition of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis cultured under a factorial matrix of 2 temperatures (14 and 19°C) and 3 partial pressures of CO2 (180, 380, 750 μatm) for 〉250 generations. Our results show a decay of ∼3% and ∼6% in PUFA and EA content in algae kept at a pCO2 of 750 μatm (high) compared to the 380 μatm (intermediate) CO2 treatments at 14°C. Cultures kept at 19°C displayed a ∼3% lower PUFA content under high compared to intermediate pCO2, while EA did not show differences between treatments. Algae grown at a pCO2 of 180 μatm (low) had a lower PUFA and AA content in relation to those at intermediate and high CO2 levels at 14°C, but there were no differences in EA at 19°C for any CO2 treatment. This study is the first to report adverse effects of warming and acidification on the EA of a primary producer, and corroborates previous observations of negative effects of these stressors on PUFA. Considering that only ∼20% of essential biomolecules such as PUFA (and possibly EA) are incorporated into new biomass at the next trophic level, thepotential impacts of adverse effects of ocean warming and acidification at the base of the food web may be amplified towards higher trophic levels, which rely on them as source of essential biomolecules.
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  • 13
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    Warming and Ocean Acidification Effects on Phytoplankton - From Species Shifts to Size Shifts within Species in a Mesocosm Experiment (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (5). e0125239.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-13
    Beschreibung: While the isolated responses of marine phytoplankton to climate warming and to ocean acidification have been studied intensively, studies on the combined effect of both aspects of Global Change are still scarce. Therefore, we performed a mesocosm experiment with a factorial combination of temperature (9 and 15°C) and pCO2 (means: 439 ppm and 1040 ppm) with a natural autumn plankton community from the western Baltic Sea. Temporal trajectories of total biomass and of the biomass of the most important higher taxa followed similar patterns in all treatments. When averaging over the entire time course, phytoplankton biomass decreased with warming and increased with CO2 under warm conditions. The contribution of the two dominant higher phytoplankton taxa (diatoms and cryptophytes) and of the 4 most important species (3 diatoms, 1 cryptophyte) did not respond to the experimental treatments. Taxonomic composition of phytoplankton showed only responses at the level of subdominant and rare species. Phytoplankton cell sizes increased with CO2 addition and decreased with warming. Both effects were stronger for larger species. Warming effects were stronger than CO2 effects and tended to counteract each other. Phytoplankton communities without calcifying species and exposed to short-term variation of CO2 seem to be rather resistant to ocean acidification.
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  • 14
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    The effect of submarine CO2vents on seawater: Implications for detection of subsea carbon sequestration leakage (2015)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 60 (2). pp. 402-410.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-07-03
    Beschreibung: The effect of submarine carbon dioxide (CO2) vents on seawater carbonate chemistry have been determined using hydrographical and marine carbonate data obtained from two submarine hydrothermal vent fields, as well as a reference station, all near the Jan Mayen Island in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. We have shown that one can successfully determine the excess carbon that enters the seawater from the vents by applying a modified version of a back-calculation technique, which is traditionally used to study the invasion of excess atmospheric CO2 in the surface ocean. As a result of this excess carbon, total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the seawater surrounding the vents was on average 12 μmol kg−1 (1-30 μmol kg−1) higher compared to samples obtained from a reference station outside the venting areas. The observed excess CT was most significant between 100 m and 200 m but was noticeable in all depths with the exception of the upper 10-20 m. The absence of a venting CO2 signal in the surface water and the realism of the results are discussed. We believe the present method is promising for monitoring (detection and quantification) of CO2 leakage into the water column due to its high sensitivity and readiness for automation.
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  • 15
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    A toolbox for secondary quality control on ocean chemistry and hydrographic data (2015)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 13 (11). pp. 601-608.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-21
    Beschreibung: High quality, reference measurements of chemical and physical properties of seawater are of great importance for a wide research community, including the need to validate models and attempts to quantify spatial and temporal variability. Whereas data precision has been improved by technological advances, the data accuracy has improved mainly by the use of certified reference materials (CRMs). However, since CRMs are not available for all variables, and use of CRMs does not guarantee bias-free data, we here present a recently developed Matlab toolbox for performing so-called secondary quality control on oceanographic data by the use of crossover analysis. This method and how it has been implemented in this toolbox is described in detail. This toolbox is developed mainly for use by sea-going scientists as a tool for quickly assessing possible bias in the measurements that can-hopefully-be remedied during the expedition, but also for possible post-cruise adjustment of data to be consistent with previous measurements in the region. The toolbox, and reference data, can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC): http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/2nd_QC_Tool_V2/.
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  • 16
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    The Application of DNA Barcodes for the Identification of Marine Crustaceans from the North Sea and Adjacent Regions (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (9). e0139421.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-11
    Beschreibung: During the last years DNA barcoding has become a popular method of choice for molecular specimen identification. Here we present a comprehensive DNA barcode library of various crustacean taxa found in the North Sea, one of the most extensively studied marine regions of the world. Our data set includes 1,332 barcodes covering 205 species, including taxa of the Amphipoda, Copepoda, Decapoda, Isopoda, Thecostraca, and others. This dataset represents the most extensive DNA barcode library of the Crustacea in terms of species number to date. By using the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), unique BINs were identified for 198 (96.6%) of the analyzed species. Six species were characterized by two BINs (2.9%), and three BINs were found for the amphipod species Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947 (0.4%). Intraspecific distances with values higher than 2.2% were revealed for 13 species (6.3%). Exceptionally high distances of up to 14.87% between two distinct but monophyletic clusters were found for the parasitic copepod Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832, supporting the results of previous studies that indicated the existence of an overlooked sea louse species. In contrast to these high distances, haplotype-sharing was observed for two decapod spider crab species, Macropodia parva Van Noort & Adema, 1985 and Macropodia rostrata (Linnaeus, 1761), underlining the need for a taxonomic revision of both species. Summarizing the results, our study confirms the application of DNA barcodes as highly effective identification system for the analyzed marine crustaceans of the North Sea and represents an important milestone for modern biodiversity assessment studies using barcode sequences
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Aerobic Microbial Respiration In Oceanic Oxygen Minimum Zones (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-18
    Beschreibung: Oxygen minimum zones are major sites of fixed nitrogen loss in the ocean. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox, in pelagic nitrogen removal. Sources of ammonium for the anammox reaction, however, remain controversial, as heterotrophic denitrification and alternative anaerobic pathways of organic matter remineralization cannot account for the ammonium requirements of reported anammox rates. Here, we explore the significance of microaerobic respiration as a source of ammonium during organic matter degradation in the oxygen-deficient waters off Namibia and Peru. Experiments with additions of double-labelled oxygen revealed high aerobic activity in the upper OMZs, likely controlled by surface organic matter export. Consistently observed oxygen consumption in samples retrieved throughout the lower OMZs hints at efficient exploitation of vertically and laterally advected, oxygenated waters in this zone by aerobic microorganisms. In accordance, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses identified genes encoding for aerobic terminal oxidases and demonstrated their expression by diverse microbial communities, even in virtually anoxic waters. Our results suggest that microaerobic respiration is a major mode of organic matter remineralization and source of ammonium (~45-100%) in the upper oxygen minimum zones, and reconcile hitherto observed mismatches between ammonium producing and consuming processes therein.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 18
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    INDCs Lower Projected Warming to 2.7°C (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  INDCs Lower Projected Warming to 2.7°C | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 19
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    EU Could Clarify Forestry, Land Use Accounting to Strengthen its INDC (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  EU Could Clarify Forestry, Land Use Accounting to Strengthen its INDC | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
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    2.7 °C Is Not Enough – We Can Get Lower (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  2.7 °C Is Not Enough – We Can Get Lower | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 21
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    Switzerland's INDC (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  Switzerland's INDC | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 22
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    G20 - all INDCs in, but large Gap remains (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  G20 - all INDCs in, but large Gap remains | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 23
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    G7+EU INDCs (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  G7+EU INDCs | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 24
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    Has the EU Commission Weakened its Climate Proposal? Possibly (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  Has the EU Commission Weakened its Climate Proposal? Possibly | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
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    Australia Set to Overshoot its 2030 Target by Large Margin (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  Australia Set to Overshoot its 2030 Target by Large Margin | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 26
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    The Coal Gap (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  The Coal Gap | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 27
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    The CAT Emissions Gap – How Close are INDCs to 2 and 1.5°C Pathways? (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  The CAT Emissions Gap – How Close are INDCs to 2 and 1.5°C Pathways? | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 28
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    How Climate Change Mitigation Makes Economic Sense (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  How Climate Change Mitigation Makes Economic Sense | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 29
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    New Zealand Deploys Creative Accounting to Allow Emissions to Rise (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  New Zealand Deploys Creative Accounting to Allow Emissions to Rise | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 30
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    Are Governments Doing Their 'Fair Share'? (2015)
    Ecofys
    In:  Are Governments Doing Their 'Fair Share'? | Climate Action Tracker Briefing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-21
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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