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  • Other Sources  (53)
  • Elsevier  (48)
  • Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1995-1999  (53)
  • 1996  (53)
  • 1
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    Structural Geology and Personal Computers (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  New York, 546 pp., Elsevier, vol. 15, no. 85, pp. 585, (ISBN 0080424309)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Description: This book will help structural geologists keep abreast of rapid changes in work practices resulting from the personal computer revolution. I Computer-Aided Learning; II Microstructural Analysis; III Analysis of Orientation Data; IV Strain and Kinematic Analysis; V Mathematical and Physical Modeling; VI Structural Mapping and GIS. ISBN: 0-08-043110-0
    Keywords: Structural geology ; software ; Textbook of geology ; Stress ; GIS ; Tectonics ; Geol. aspects ; Stress ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Fracture
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Contouring: A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  New York, 340 pages, Elsevier, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN: 0-08-040286-0)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: Textbook of informatics ; Textbook of geology ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; plotting
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Linear-elastic crack models of jointing and faulting (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Professional Paper, Structural Geology and Personal Computers, New York, Elsevier, vol. 15, no. 16, pp. 359-388, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Fracture ; Elasticity ; Rock mechanics ; Mathematica ; MATLAB ; MAPLE ; Modelling ; J ; w/out ; dot
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Thermal Modelling of Petroleum Generation: Theory and Applications (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 526 pp., Elsevier, vol. 45, pp. ii + 37 pp. + 35 figs. + 4 tabs., (ISBN 975-561-182-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: Applied geophysics ; Geol. aspects ; Borehole geophys. ; Geothermics ; Geochemistry
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Physical Properties of Rocks: Fundamentals and Principals of Petrophysics (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Stuttgart, 403 pp., Elsevier, vol. 18, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 267, (ISBN 3-534-14102-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Physical properties of rocks ; porosity ; permeability ; conductivity ; Density ; susceptibility ; incompressibility ; shear ; modulus ; Lame ; viscosity ; Schoen ; Schon
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Arctic paleoceanography - Quo Vadis? (1996)
    Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung
    In:  Berichte zur Polarforschung, 212 . pp. 19-35.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-06
    Description: Introduction: The new Arctic Challenge Not counting the geographic exploration of the Arctic coast lines by fishermen, commercial traders and a few explorers it is only little more than 100 years ago that systematic investigations of the natural properties of the Arctic Ocean began. It was the German Carl Koldewey who sailed to Fram Strait in 1868 to study the nature of the ice margin, and he was followed by the famous Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen who drifted 1893-1 895 (Nansen, 1904) along with the central eastern Arctic Transpolar Drift - on his newly built polar research vessel FRAM - in his attempt to reach the North Pole (Fig. 1). Both men and their Crews were driven by the desire to understand the special oceanographic properties of the Arctic Oceans as well as the climatic variability and significance of the Arctic sea ice and its distribution. The motive of modern Arctic research is much the Same as more than 100 years ago, but Part of our tools and approaches have been improved over the past 100 years in such a way that we stand a much greater chance to succeed than these scientific pioneers. (...)
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  • 7
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    At-sea intercomparison of two newly designed underway pCO2 systems - Encouraging results (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 52 . pp. 133-145.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: Two newly designed underway systems for the measurement of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in seawater and the atmosphere are described. Results of an intercomparison experiment carried out in the North Sea are presented. A remarkable agreement between the two simultaneously measured (pCO2) data sets was observed even though the spatial variability in surface pCO2 was high. The average difference of all l -min averages of the seawater pCO2 was as low as 0.15 μatm with a standard deviation of 1.2 μatm indicating that no systematic difference is present. A closer examination of the profiles shows that differences tend to be highest during maxima of the pCO2 gradient (up to 14 μatm/min). The time constants of both systems were estimated from laboratory experiments to 45 s, respectively, 75 s thus quantitatively underlining their capability of a fast response to pCO2 changes
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  • 8
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    Late Eocene-Oligocene paleoceanography in the southern Indian Ocean (ODP Site 744) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 130 (1-2). pp. 99-119.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-12
    Description: The late Eocene through Oligocene changes in the paleoceanography of the southernmost Indian Ocean have been reconstructed by means of a coarse fraction analysis of closely spaced samples (20 cm = about 20 kyr) from ODP Site 744, Kerguelen Plateau. Surface water productivity, reconstructed from accumulation rates of opal skeletons and benthic foraminifers is low in the early late Eocene, increases at about 36 Ma and shows a sharp increase to maximum values in the earliest Oligocene. In the early late Oligocene it decreases gradually to a minimum and increases again to a maximum in the latest Oligocene. Beside this general trend productivity varies in short-term cycles of a duration of about 400 kyr (340 kyr in the latest Oligocene) with maxima in productivity in warmer Oligocene periods. These productivity variations are reflected by strong variations in carbonate dissolution. Changes in bottom water mass chemistry have been deduced from the degree of carbonate dissolution and it's relation to productivity proxies. Following Kennett and Stott (1990), it is suggested that a proto-antarctic bottom water (proto-AABW) and an overlying warm, saline deep water (WSDW) from low latitudes shifted vertically and latitudinally with time and exerted their influence on the sediments of Site 744. Proto-AABW is detected by means of strong carbonate dissolution when productivity is low. WSDW is detected by means of an excellent carbonate preservation despite high productivity. Terrigenous material occurs as very coarse ice-rafted detritus (IRD) in the late Eocene (167–168.5 mbsf) and after a main shift in oxygen isotopes in the early Oligocene. Very low amounts of 40–125 μm sized mica and very few quartz grains occur only in high productivity periods and at the transition from low to high productivity periods. These occurrences are attributed to wind/current supply during warmer Oligocene intervals.
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  • 9
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    Monitoring Termination II at high latitude: anomalies in the planktic foraminiferal record (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 131 (1-2). pp. 89-102.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Microfaunal studies of planktic foraminifera carried out on 21 sediment cores from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea (NGS) reveal the spatial and lateral distribution as well as meltwater implication of today's non-polar/subpolar species Beella megastoma (Earland). Previous findings are verified in that this foraminifera is characteristic only of the deglaciation phases of Termination II, III, and VI and not the ensuing interglacial optima, thus, rendering this species a ‘meltwater’ indicator. Its distribution is restricted to cores from the central, i.e., more ‘pelagic’, part of the NGS covering an area as far north as 77 ° latitude. A detailed investigation of Termination II indicates that B. megastoma first appeared in the southwest of the NGS at ~131 ka and then about 6 kyr later in the eastern and northern parts of the NGS. For the entire duration B. megastoma always coincided with the deposition of distinct ice-rafted detritus (IRD) suggesting the presence of drifting icebergs during this period. Two different oceanographic models, each with a two-stepped evolution of the post-Saalian surface water circulation, are proposed to account for this time transgressive character. The mechanism of brine formation as possible oceanic phenomenon forcing Atlantic water northwards is suggested for being responsible for the occurrence of B. megastoma in the NGS during early Termination II. The presence of B. megastoma always ceased with the culmination of the interglacial optimum, oxygen isotopic Substage 5.51 (Eemian), when the subpolar foraminiferal fauna reached highest abundances and a general lack of IRD is observed.
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  • 10
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    Linking physical property records of Quaternary sediments to Heinrich events (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 131 (1-2). pp. 57-73.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Ice rafted debris in high latitude ocean sediments represent a complex record of the changing paleoenvironment of the oceans and, in particular, of the growth and decay of ice sheets along the margins of high latitudes. Physical properties measured on sediment cores taken from the Rockall Plateau were examined to determine the distribution of ice rafted debris layers and Heinrich events in the northeastern North Atlantic. These sediment core records may provide one of the keys to reconstruct the iceberg flow between the northeastern Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) and Gamma Ray Attenuation Porosity Evaluator (GRAPE) density changes of these cores revealed that since about 65 ka, dropstone layers are recorded in both MS and GRAPE data of Rockall Plateau sediments. Rockall Plateau sediments show peaks in physical properties that correlate with Heinrich events (H1, H2, H4, H5, H6). Heinrich layer 3 was not observed. The stratigraphy and physical properties represent the Heinrich layers: H1 = 14–15 ka (MS = 52 μcgs, ϱ = 1.64 g/cm3), H2 = 23 ka (MS = 64 μcgs, ϱ = 1.8 g/cm3), H4 = 41 ka (MS = 53 μcgs, ϱ = 1.75 g/cm3), H5 = 50 ka (MS = 53 μcgs, ϱ = 1.75 g/cm3), H6 = 64 ka (MS = 100 μcgs, ϱ = 1.69 g/cm3). Heinrich events at Rockall Plateau sites point to a northward flow of icebergs in the northeastern Atlantic which may indicate a flow pattern to regions north of 54 °N.
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  • 11
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    Reply to comment of Lars Forsström on "Reflection of Scandinavian ice sheet fluctuations in Norwegian Sea Sediments during the Past 150,000 Years" by Karl-Heinz Baumann, Klas S. Lackschewitz, Jan Mangerud, Robert F. Spielhagen, Thomas C. W. Wolf-Welling, Rüdiger Henrich, and Heidemarie Kassens (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Quaternary Research, 46 . pp. 86-87.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-23
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  • 12
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    Substrate pitting and boring pattern of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga Cedhagen, 1994 (Foraminifera) in a modern deep-water coral reef mound (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Micropaleontology, 28 (2). pp. 199-207.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-26
    Description: Colonization structures of the large parasitic foraminifer Hyrrokkin sarcophaga Cedhagen, 1994 on Lophelia pertusa, Acesta excavata and Delectopecten vitreus are described from a deep-water coral reef mound on the mid-Norwegian shelf at 240 to 300 m water depth. Hyrrokkin sarcophaga is the only epibiont which is capable of attaching itself on the soft tissue-protected coral skeleton where it tends to form clusters of 3 to 8 specimens close to the tentacles of Lophelia. The foraminifer excavates a pit up to 1.5 mm deep and etches a straight channel through the skeleton of the host which ends within the soft tissue. In contrast to Lophelia, infested bivalves show a strong wound repair reaction and seal the etched channels by intense calcification. The etching is only performed by adult specimens. Substrate pitting is considered to improve the attachment strength while boring enables the parasite to secure a persistent nutrient source.
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  • 13
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    The geochemistry of ashes from Vesterisbanken Seamount, Greenland Basin: implications for the evolution of an alkaline volcano (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 70 (1-2). pp. 1-19.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-08
    Description: Sediment cores containing up to twenty-five ash layers were taken at three sites close to Vesterisbanken Seamount in the Greenland Basin. These ash layers imply frequent eruptions of the volcano within the last 60 ka. The eruptions led to airborne transport and volcaniclastic turbidity flows which transported volcanic glassy and crystalline material from the volcano into the surrounding basin. During the eruption and the transport the glass and the crystal particles were mixed. The glasses range in composition between basanites and phonolites/benmoreites with MgO contents of 8 to 0.65%. The glass analyses follow a distinct trend of fractionation suggesting the crystallization of the phases olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, kaersutite, Cr-spinel, Ti-magnetite and apatite. A strong zonation of clinopyroxene and kaersutite phenocrysts implies mixing processes in the magma system although the liquid compositions do not lie on mixing trends. A geochemical study of the bulk ashes shows that some ash layers possess distinct chemical compositions. The ashes are more evolved than the lavas of the volcano, suggesting fractionation of liquid from crystallized material during the eruption or transport of the ashes. Sixteen layers are statistically combined into four groups, of which several can be correlated from core to core reflecting individual eruptive events.
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  • 14
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    Carbon isotope records from extant Caribbean and South Pacific sponges: Evolution of δ13C in surface water DIC (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 139 (1-2). pp. 291-303.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Stable isotope records of demosponges from the Caribbean and Coral Sea are described for the purpose of studying the influence of fossil fuel CO2 on the carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface water. The slow-growing sponges precipitate calcium carbonate in isotopic equilibrium with ambient sea water and are used to detect changes in δ13CDIC from pre-industrial times (early 19th century) to the present. We observed similar shapes and ranges in δ13C curves measured on Caribbean specimens collected from water depths of 25, 84 and 91 m as well as a specimen collected in shallow waters off New Caledonia. The records reveal a highly significant correlation with atmospheric δ13CCO2. δ13CDIC values for Caribbean and Coral Sea surface waters were calculated using the δ13C sponge records. While δ13C of atmospheric CO2 decreased by about 1.4‰ from the early 19th century to 1990, δ13CDIC of Caribbean and Coral Sea surface waters decreased by 0.9±0.2‰ and 0.7±0.3‰, respectively. No isotopic equilibrium between surface water DIC and atmospheric CO2 was observed, either during the pre-industrial steady state or during the last 100 years. The lower amount of depletion in the surface water δ13CDIC with respect to the atmospheric anthropogenic signal is explained by the dilution of the surface waters by biologically altered subsurface water DIC. The lower δ13C decrease in the Coral Sea points to a stronger influence of the subsurface water source compared to the Caribbean.
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  • 15
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    Implications of stratigraphic and paleoclimatic records of the last interglaciation from the Nordic Seas (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Quaternary Research, 46 (3). pp. 260-269.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Climatic reconstruction of glacial to interglacial episodes from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores from the Nordic seas is complicated by strong local meltwater contributions to the oxygen isotope changes. Combination of benthic and planktic foraminiferal isotope data with foraminiferal abundances and ice-rafted debris (IRD) allows separation of local and global effects and subdivision of the marine oxygen isotope events 6.2–5.4, which include the last interglaciation, into: (1) a meltwater phase after glacial stage 6, recorded by large amounts of IRD and low foraminiferal abundance, indicating surface water warming; (2) an IRD-free period with high deposition rates of subpolar foraminifera and other CaCO3pelagic components, recognized here as the “full” interglaciation; and (3) a phase with the recurrence of IRD and the demise of subpolar species. Comparison of ice-core records and marine data implies that the global climate during the last full interglaciation and that during the postdeglacial Holocene were similar. The records show no significantly different variations in the proxy data. In contrast, the oxygen isotopes of planktic foraminifera and ice cores indicate significant differences during each of the deglacial transitions (Terminations I and II) that preceded these two interglaciations. These suggest that during Termination II the climatic evolution in the Nordic seas was less affected by abrupt changes in ocean–atmosphere circulation than during the last glacial to interglacial transition.
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  • 16
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    Late Eocene-Oligocene paleoceanography in the southern Indian Ocean (ODP Site 744) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 130 (1-2). pp. 99-119.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-15
    Description: The late Eocene through Oligocene changes in the paleoceanography of the southernmost Indian Ocean have been reconstructed by means of a coarse fraction analysis of closely spaced samples (20 cm = about 20 kyr) from ODP Site 744, Kerguelen Plateau. Surface water productivity, reconstructed from accumulation rates of opal skeletons and benthic foraminifers is low in the early late Eocene, increases at about 36 Ma and shows a sharp increase to maximum values in the earliest Oligocene. In the early late Oligocene it decreases gradually to a minimum and increases again to a maximum in the latest Oligocene. Beside this general trend productivity varies in short-term cycles of a duration of about 400 kyr (340 kyr in the latest Oligocene) with maxima in productivity in warmer Oligocene periods. These productivity variations are reflected by strong variations in carbonate dissolution. Changes in bottom water mass chemistry have been deduced from the degree of carbonate dissolution and it's relation to productivity proxies. Following Kennett and Stott (1990), it is suggested that a proto-antarctic bottom water (proto-AABW) and an overlying warm, saline deep water (WSDW) from low latitudes shifted vertically and latitudinally with time and exerted their influence on the sediments of Site 744. Proto-AABW is detected by means of strong carbonate dissolution when productivity is low. WSDW is detected by means of an excellent carbonate preservation despite high productivity. Terrigenous material occurs as very coarse ice-rafted detritus (IRD) in the late Eocene (167–168.5 mbsf) and after a main shift in oxygen isotopes in the early Oligocene. Very low amounts of 40–125 μm sized mica and very few quartz grains occur only in high productivity periods and at the transition from low to high productivity periods. These occurrences are attributed to wind/current supply during warmer Oligocene intervals.
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  • 17
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    The Eocene-oligocene preglacial-glacial transition in the atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (ODP site 690) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 131 (3-4). pp. 123-149.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: High resolution interdisciplinary analyses of the clay and coarse (〉40 μm) fractions of ODP Leg 113 Site 690 Eocene-Oligocene sediments on the flank of the Maud Rise, provide information on paleoproductivity, water masses, paleoclimate and erosion in the Antarctic range as well as on the cyclicity of these processes. Three time intervals are distinguished: 1. (1) The middle Eocene, characterized by (a) nearly pure smectites, (b) productivity varying between relatively high values in the 42–44 Ma interval to very low values after 42 Ma, and (c) cyclic variations which correspond to changes in clay mineral associations. A warm saline deep water mass is inferred to have protected carbonate shells against dissolution at Site 690. We interpret the abundant mica in the coarse fraction as distributed by intermediate currents. 2. (2) The latest middle Eocene-late Eocene, characterized by low productivity values increasing with time. Kaolinite and illite concentrations also increase. Since the middle/late Eocene boundary mixing in the water column, which starts during a cooling event, causes similar clay mineral assemblages at Site 690 and at Site 689 on top of Maud Rise. 3. (3) The Oligocene, separated from the Eocene by a hiatus, is characterized by high productivity, highly increased amounts of illite and other minerals originating from erosion and physical weathering of Antarctica, and by cyclic variations of clay mineral indices which appear to be synchronous with productivity variations with a 400–450 kyr cyclicity. Six periods of strong carbonate dissolution associated with low productivity levels are attributed to incursions of cold carbonate aggressive bottom water of a “Proto-AABW” type.
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  • 18
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    Northern Europe climate variations during late Holocene: evidence from marine Skagerrak (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 123 (1-4). pp. 121-145.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Granulometric and stable oxygen isotope analyses of four sediment cores from two high accumulation areas in the Skagerrak (NE North Sea) were carried out in order to reconstruct climate fluctuations and to evaluate climate impact during the upper Holocene. Extremely high sedimentation rates, especially in the eastern Skagerrak, are explained by increased current activity which is responsible for the transport and deposition of high quantities of suspension load during periods of stormy zonal atmospheric circulation patterns. These were most frequent during colder periods, while warmer phases are characterized by calmer meridional to zonal atmospheric circulation patterns. While the Subatlantic climate deterioration and the Subboreal climate optimum left only indistinct traces in the sediments, the Roman climate optimum and a colder period between ca. 400 and 700 AD are well documented. The following Medieval Warm period is characterized by a clear temperature increase of the waterbody in connection with less frequent advances of Atlantic water masses into the Skagerak deep and a decrease in bottom current strength. A mode of sedimentation prevails, similar to that of recent summer conditions, suggesting short and mild winters during that period. The onset of the Little Ice Age (around 1350 AD), however, shows an intensified bottom current circulation most probably due to amplifying westerly winds and a decrease in water temperatures in connection with more frequent advances of higher saline Atlantic waters. The Little Ice Age can be divided into 3 phases: a stormy “zonal” onset, a calm “meridional” maximum and a stormy “zonal” end. The stormy phases are characterized by a sedimentation mode similar to that of recent winter conditions while the Little Ice Age Maximum shows conditions comparable to exceptional cold modern winters. From 1900 AD, at the onset of the Modern Climate Optimum, the winter type sedimentation decreases and conditions change again to a level comparable to the Medieval Warm Period.
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  • 19
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    Comparison of XCTD/CTD data (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43 (6). pp. 859-876.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-30
    Description: XCTD (eXpendable Conductivity Temperature Depth) probes, developed recently by SIPPICAN Inc., have been used simultaneously with a CTD sonde in order to test, in the field, their performance and accuracy (interpreted as ±2 standard deviations of the XCTD-CTD differences). We have taken advantage, during the THETIS-I experiment in March 1992, of both the homogeneous and the stratified areas encountered in winter in the northern part of the western Mediterranean Sea to differentiate the errors due to the experimental conditions from those effectively due to the sensors. Although some intrinsic problems are evident, so that only seven out of the nine probes considered for comparison are usable, the accuracy specified by the manufacturer for the temperature (AT = ± 0.03°C) is reached after standard processing, while the accuracies in conductivity, salinity and potential density are AC ≈ ± 0.06 mS/cm (the specified value is AC = ± 0.03 mS/cm), AS ≈ ± 0.04 and Aσθ ≈ ±3 kg/m3. However, when the experimental errors (in situ natural variability, relatively rough estimation of the XCTD depth) are considered, it appears that the effective accuracies of the XCTD sensors are better than ± 0.02°C and ± 0.04 mS/cm, that is to say better than and close to the specified values of ± 0.03°C and ± 0.03 mS/cm. Occasional offsets in conductivity can further be well corrected for by using a temperature-salinity relation in some limited depth range and area where this relation is known to hold well; the conductivity-sensor accuracy then significantly improves to AC≈ ± 0.02 mS/cm resulting, for our study area, in corresponding salinity and potential density accuracies of AS≈ ± 0.03 and Aσθ ≈ ± 0.02 kg/m3. Thus, such instruments promise to be useful tools for many experimental studies. Complementary comparisons, performed with new versions of the XCTD probes under less convenient experimental conditions, are also presented
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  • 20
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    Sea-Level Changes and δ18O Record for the Past 34,000 yr from Mayotte Reef, Indian Ocean (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Quaternary Research, 46 (3). pp. 335-339.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: New sea-level and δ18O curves for the past 34,000 yr, based on uranium–thorium chronology, are proposed for the southwestern part of the Indian Ocean. The archives include cores drilled from onshore coral reefs and submersed samples from foreslope corals of Mayotte in the Comoro Islands. The Mayotte sea-level curve shows a lowstand of 145 ± 5 m below the present level during the last glacial maximum dated at 18,400 yr. This lowstand is supported by the maximum18O enrichment in the coral colonies. The residual signal (Δδ18O), controlled by sea-surface temperature changes, indicates that surface waters 18,400 yr ago were approximately 5°C cooler than present. The deglacial sea-level rise is clearly recorded, with a mean rate of about 1.7 cm yr−1between 18,400 and 10,000 yr ago. The deglaciation phase is characterized by a strong18O depletion marked by two pulses related to meltwater discharges into the North Atlantic Ocean but also characterized by responses specific to the tropical Indian Ocean.
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  • 21
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    An in-situ filtration/extraction system for the recovery of trace organics in solution and on particles tested in deep ocean water (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 54 . pp. 97-105.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: A system for in-situ filtration and extraction of organics in natural waters has been developed and tested down to 4000 m in the Atlantic Ocean. Up to 2000 dm3 water can be filtered and extracted at low suspended matter concentrations. The sampling equipment has new features for the analysis of trace organic compounds: contamination is extremely low, this can be checked and cured, if necessary, and water flow can be selected and maintained at a constant rate. Various resins can be applied, with different optimum flow rates for the efficient extraction of the compounds of interest. The properties of the resin (here XAD-2) do not change with depth. The operation of the unit is controlled by menu-driven software. All relevant data are stored for later evaluation. Tests in the deep Atlantic resulted in total procedural blanks, including sampling, as low as 0/003 pg dm−3 for individual chlorobiphenyls (CBs), HCB and DDE and 0.5 pg dm−3 for individual PAHs. Actual dissolved concentrations were in the range 0.005–0.1 pg dm−3 for CBs, HCB and DDE and 0.5–140 pg dm−3 for PAHs.
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  • 22
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    The phylogenetic relationship among Ectothiorhodospiraceae. A reevaluation of their taxonomy on the basis of 16S rDNA analyses (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Systematic and Applied Microbiology (165). pp. 106-113.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were determined from all type strains of the recognized Ectothiorhodospira species and from a number of additional strains. For the first time, these data resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the Ectothiorhodospiraceae in detail, confirm the established species, and improve the classification of strains of uncertain affiliation. Two major groups that are recognized as separate genera were clearly established. The extremely halophilic species were removed from the genus Ectothiorhodospira and reassigned to the new genus Halorhodospira gen. nov., to recognize that the most halophilic eubacteria are species of this genus. These species are Halorhodospira halophila comb. nov., Halorhodospira halochloris comb. nov., and Halorhodospira abdelmalekii comb. nov. Among the slightly halophilic Ectothiorhodospira species, the classification of strains belonging to Ectothiorhodospira mobilis and Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii was improved. Several strains that were tentatively identified as Ectothiorhodospira mobilis form a separate cluster on the basis of their 16S rDNA sequences and are recognized as two new species: Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila sp. nov., which includes the most alkaliphilic strains originating from strongly alkaline soda lakes, and Ectothiorhodospira marina, describing isolates from the marine environment.
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  • 23
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    Composition and biomass of plankton in spring on the Cape Hatteras shelf, with implications for carbon flux (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 16 (8). pp. 1087-1116.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The Ocean Margins Program, an interdisciplinary study focussed at Cape Hatteras, is evaluating whether this region is a net source or sink for carbon, while concurrently developing a mechanistic understanding of the production, cycling and fate of organic carbon. Preliminary to a large multi-ship field program in 1996–1997, the first of several short cruises surveyed Cape Hatteras in May 1993. High concentrations of chla occurred across the shelf. Stations and depths at which chla was highest also showed elevated concentrations of large phytoplankton, predominantly chained diatoms, but also single-celled dinoflagellates and obligately photosynthetic ciliates. These populations occurred in deeper waters, however, and their abundance was poorly correlated with proxies of community photosynthesis. Instead, small phototrophic nanoplankton, abundant in surface waters, were positively correlated with primary production. Carbon budgets indicated that inner shelf waters containedca 50% more living POC than outer shelf waters. The relative importance of large phytoplankton and grazers decreased with distance offshore, and they were replaced by photosynthetic nanoplankton and microzooplankton. Even greater changes in living POC occurred in the alongshore direction due to the dramatic reductions in diatoms in southern waters. Estimated herbivory wasca 2–4 gC m−2 d−1. The ratio of heterotrophic : autotrophic POC increased from 38% in northern waters to 137% in southern waters, suggesting that phytoplankton was being converted into consumer carbon as shelf waters advected south. The dominant consumers at most stations were single-celled protozoan zooplankton and small copepods, whose fecal products remain in suspension in energetic shelf environments, suggesting that much of the non-diatomaceous POC was exported as shelf waters exited at Cape Hatteras.
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  • 24
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    Reconstruction of late Quaternary environmental conditions applying the natural radionuclides 230Th, 10Be, 231Pa and 238U: A study of deep-sea sediments from the eastern Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system / Rekonstruktion von spätquartären Umweltbedingungen mit den natürlichen Radionukliden 230T, 10Be, 231Pa und 238U: eine Untersuchung von Tiefseesedimenten aus dem östlichen Sektor des Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstromsystems (1996)
    Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung
    In:  Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 136 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-14
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 25
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    Differentiation of Ectothiorhodospiraceae based on their fatty acid composition (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 19 (2). pp. 223-230.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-24
    Description: The fatty acid composition of 27 strains from 7 described Ectothiorhodospira species, including all type strains, were analyzed and compared using the “Microbial Identification System”. According to their ability to grow in media with 15% total salts and more or to require much lower salt concentrations the comparison of the strains was made in two different groups. The strains grown in the established standard medium for Ectothiorhodospira species at 15% and 25% (w/v) salinity formed four major clusters. Two of these enclosed strains of E. halophila, the others E. abdelmalekii (one strain) and E. halochloris (3 strains), respectively. Those strains with salt optima significantly below 10% (w/v) salinity formed three major clusters. The first included strains of E. mobilis and E. marismortui. The second cluster contained strains of E. shaposhnikovii, E. vacuolata and one strain that had been tentatively identified as E. mobilis but should be considered as a strain of E. shaposhnikovii. The third group contained strains that were assigned to E. mobilis but should be regarded as a separate and new species. The observed similarities support and extend patterns of relationships obtained by other taxonomic investigations on the basis of a smaller number of strains.
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  • 26
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    The Influence of the Agulhas Current on the Adjacent Coastal Ocean: Possible Impacts of Climate Change (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Marine Systems, 7 . pp. 321-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-26
    Description: The dynamics of the coastal ocean along the southeastern coast of Africa is dominated by a strong and intense western boundary current, the Agulhas Current. With a near-uniform, narrow continental shelf and a steep shelf slope that stabilizes this current, the trajectory of the Agulhas exhibits great stability. The only substantial perturbation occurs with the irregular passage of a Natal Pulse, a soliton meander. The initiation of this meander at the Natal Bight is due to a barotropic instability when the intensity of the landward border of the current exceeds a certain threshold value. This may come about with natural fluctuations in the current or with the adsorption of deep-sea eddies onto the current. Under a climate change scenario of altered wind stress curl over the South Indian Ocean it is conceivable that the threshold for the triggering of a Natal Pulse will occur more frequently. This will lead to a situation where the current axis on average lies further offshore. The possible consequences of such a situation on the rainfall of the coast, on the ecology of estuaries and the coastal ocean, and on the socio-economics of the region is discussed.
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  • 27
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    Assessing the reliability of magnesium in foraminiferal calcite as a proxy for water mass temperatures (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60 (5). pp. 803-814.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-26
    Description: Though many studies on the Mg contents in the calcitic tests of foraminifers exist, the processes controlling its uptake are still a matter of debate. Laboratory cultures offer an excellent opportunity to reveal these mechanisms. The Mg concentrations within single chambers of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer (BRADY) maintained under controlled laboratory conditions were measured (1) at variable temperatures (19.5–29.5 °C) and constant salinity and (2) at variable salinity (22–45‰) and constant temperature. The experimental results suggest that under natural conditions, temperature is the leading mechanism controlling the Mg/Ca ratio. Temperature and magnesium are related proportionally. A temperature increase of ca. 10 °C gives rise to an increase of the magnesium concentrations of ca. 130%. Drastic (unnatural) salinity changes dominate the effects of temperature. A 110% change in the Mg/Ca ratio was observed when salinity was elevated or reduced by more than ca. 10‰. Specimens which underwent gametogenesis reveal significantly higher Mg concentrations than specimens that did not release gametes. Partition coefficients for Mg in foraminiferal calcite are orders of magnitude lower than values from inorganically precipitated calcite. When comparing observed Mg/Ca ratios of foraminiferal tests with predicted Mg/Ca ratios calculated according to empirical equations, it becomes evident that foraminiferal tests are undersaturated with respect to Mg for the water temperature they have experienced. Apparently, foraminifers are capable of controlling their Mg concentration. The physiological processes presumably responsible for such depressed Mg/Ca ratios appear to be temperature-controlled as deduced from the close relationship of the observed Mg/Ca ratios and water temperature. This study demonstrates that variations in temperature and salinity are definitely reflected in the Mg content of foraminiferal tests. Magnesium may thus serve as a paleo-proxy for past surface water temperatures, as long as postdepositional changes and salinity variations are of subordinate importance or can be excluded.
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  • 28
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    Production of Secondary Metabolites by Solid-State Fermentation (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Biotechnology Annual Review, 2 . pp. 85-121.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-30
    Description: Microbial secondary metabolites are useful high value products that are normally produced by liquid culture; but could be advantageously produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Particularly if SSF could benefit from a deeper understanding of microbial physiology in a solid environment. Recent research indicates that different kind of secondary metabolites can be produced by SSF: antibiotics, phytohormones, food grade pigments, alkaloids, etc. Physiology in SSF shows several similarities with physiology in liquid medium, so similar strategies must be adapted for efficient processes. However, there are certain particularities of idiophase in solid medium which dictate the need for special strains.
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  • 29
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    Production of secondary metabolites by solid-state fermentation (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Biotechnology Annual Review, 2 . pp. 85-121.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
    Description: Microbial secondary metabolites are useful high value products that are normally produced by liquid culture; but could be advantageously produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Particularly if SSF could benefit from a deeper understanding of microbial physiology in a solid environment. Recent research indicates that different kind of secondary metabolites can be produced by SSF: antibiotics, phytohormones, food grade pigments, alkaloids, etc. Physiology in SSF shows several similarities with physiology in liquid medium, so similar strategies must be adapted for efficient processes. However, there are certain particularities of idiophase in solid medium which dictate the need for special strains.
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  • 30
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    Glacial Climate in the Tropics (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 272 (5270). pp. 1902-1904.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: During glacial cycles, different parts of the Earth cool by different amounts. A growing collection of evidence has begun to show that cooling in the tropical oceans was greater than previously thought. In his Perspective, Broecker discusses the oxygen isotope evidence reported by Schrag et al. (p. 1930) that indicates that the cooling in deep tropical water was close to the freezing point.
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  • 31
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    Deep water masses and transports in the Vema Fracture Zone (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43 (7). pp. 1067-1074.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Recent results from hydrographic, chlorofluoromethane (CFM) and current measurements during an R.V. Meteor cruise in February/March 1994 underscore the importance of the Vema Fracture Zone (VFZ), located near 11°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for the transport of bottom water from the deep western basin of the equatorial Atlantic into the eastern abyss. The eastward transport in the bottom water range, of 1.8-2.0 Sv below 2.0°C, and of 2.1–2.4 Sv below the level of no motion at 3640 m, was determined by a combination of geostrophic calculations and direct current observations by a lowered ADCP. The comparison to former results indicates that the eastward flow in the VFZ is rather persistent. The water mass properties (Θ, S and CFMs) in the VFZ were compared to stations in the Guiana Basin, in the equatorial channel, and in the Brazil Basin at 10°S suggesting a significant contribution of North Atlantic Deep Water to the entire bottom water layer in the VFZ.
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  • 32
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    Atmospheric water vapour and cloud water: An overview (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Advances in Space Research, 18 (7). pp. 5-16.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-11
    Description: Hydro-meteorological parameters i.e. precipitable water, cloud water and ice content, and precipitation are most variable parameters in the atmosphere. This is the main reason why representative direct measurements of these properties are hardly available. Remote sensing with satellite-borne instruments in particular in the microwave spectral range is a way out of this dilemma. A number of algorithms has been developed. The different methods how to proceed in the development of such algorithms are discussed. Verification of the retrieved products in particular the liquid water path is a great problem, a few ideas will be discussed. Results will be shown for the total precipitable water W and liquid water path LWP over the Atlantic Ocean for different time scales. The structure of the W field is very similar for the same month in different years. But LWP is very variable, even for monthly means (October 1987 and 1989) the differences can be larger than 0.1 kg/m2.
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  • 33
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    Automated monitoring of Ni, Cu and Zn in the Irish Sea (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32 (6). pp. 471-479.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-03
    Description: The distributions of Ni, Cu and Zn have been monitored in the Irish Sea using fully automated voltammetric instrumentation and collection of seawater by underway pumping. The continuous real-time measurements provided high resolution data with a minimum risk of sample contamination. The surveys showed that the River Mersey was a significant contributor of Ni, Cu and Zn to the eastern Irish Sea and that the trace metal distribution was consistent with an anti-clockwise residual water movement in the eastern Irish Sea. The automated instrumentation is very useful for monitoring requirements for environmental impact assessments and can provide high resolution trace metal data for marine modelling purposes.
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  • 34
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    Dynamics of picophytoplankton, ultraphytoplankton and bacteria in the central equatorial Pacific (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 43 (4-6). pp. 907-931.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
    Description: Pico- and ultraplankton are known to contribute significantly to overall biomass and primary productivity in the 'high nutrient low chlorophyll' waters of the equatorial Pacific. In order to understand the dynamics of this community on ecologically relevant time-scales, we examined the abundance, distribution and cellular characteristics of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria during two 20-day time-series at 0°N, 140°W in the spring and fall of 1992 (JGOFS time-series cruises. TS-I and TS-II). Prochlorococcus was numerically dominant among the autotrophic groups considered, with mean cell concentrations in surface waters on the order of 1.4 x 105 cells ml-1. Synechococcus and ultraphytoplankton abundances were 17-30-fold lower than those of Prochlorococcus, and heterotrophic bacterial abundances were 5-7-fold higher (during TS-I and TS-II, respectively). Daily cell abundances for all groups varied by factors of 1.5-2 within each time-series. Depth-integrated Prochlorococcus abundance averaged over each time-series was 25 lower during TS-II relative to TS-I; ultraphytoplankton abundance was 42 higher during the same period. Prochlorococcus and ultraphytoplankton both contributed significantly to the estimated total autotrophic biomass; Synechococcus contributed relatively little. Estimated total photosynthetic pico- plus ultraplankton biomass was on average 30 higher than heterotrophic bacterial biomass. Changes in the fluorescence and light scatter properties of individual Prochlorococcus cells were observed during the passage of a tropical instability wave during TS-II, and are hypothesized to reflect a physiological response among these cells to that event Examination of bulk properties alone (e.g. cell numbers or total red fluorescence) would not have revealed these physiological changes. Lower bounds for Prochlorococcus-specific growth rates were calculated based on the DNA distributions of these populations at dusk. These rates were maximal at 15 or 30 m depth, where they approached one doubling per day. Changes in Prochlorococcus forward tingle light scatter (FALS) from dawn to dusk were well correlated with these estimates of specific growth rate, an observation that allowed us to relate measurements of FALS to cell volume for Prochlorococcus.
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  • 35
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    The small-scale squid hand-jig fishery off the northwestern Iberian Peninsula: application of a model based on a short survey of fishery statistics (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fisheries Research, 25 . pp. 253-263.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-09
    Description: A small-scale squid hand-jig fishery targeting the squids Loligo vulgaris and Loligo forbesi exists in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Its importance is evaluated using a model based on a short survey of fishery statistics. A total of 46 ports in Galicia operate this fishery. Theseportswere classified into three categories, according to characteristics relevant to the length of season in the fishery. Again, Cedeira and Muardos were selected as "model ports" for each of the three categories. The catch per unit effort and total catch were estimated for each of these model ports. Total catch for each port was estimated taking into account the catch obtained in each model port multiplied by a suitable correction factor based on the number of boats in each port. The ports of each of the three categories were considered separately. Thus we can obtain the total catch of the 46 Galician ports where this fishing activity takes place. It was calculated that the small-scale hand-jjig fishery unloaded 282 t of squid in Galicia in 1992. The accuracy of the model based on a short survey of fishery statistics was tested by comparing estimates of catches with real squid landing data recorded in Aguiño in 1992. It was observed that the difference between the estimates (15.5 and 14.6 t, respectively) was 5.8%. Information on the characteristics of this fishery, seasonality, type and the number of fishing boats is included in this paper, which represents the first step towards assesing the magnitude of the squid resource in the hand-jig Galician fishery.
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  • 36
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    Swimming behaviour and food searching in planctonic Octopus vulgaris cuvier from hatching to settlement (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 208 . pp. 169-184.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: The planctonic life in Mediterranean Octopus vulgaris lasts about 2 months but we know virtually nothing of this phase of its life history, which represents around 10-15% of the estimated life span. Swimming behaviour from hatching to settlement was studied by video-recording techniques, using five groups aged 1,15,30,42 and 60 days, by when they have become benthic. During the planctonic stage, the backwards, squid.like jet swimming was the predominant type of displacement. Strong morphometric changes, basically in arm growth, influence their jetting capacities and probably the settlement process. Feeding behaviour was analyzed using two species of decapod zoeae as prey, Liocarcinus depurator (L.) and Pagurus prideaux Leach; it is that of a visual predator. The forward displacement typically forms part of this predatory behaviour. During the planctonic phase, the presence of prey increase the turning rate and reduces the swimming speed of Octopus vulgaris individuals. Both responses may improve the exploitation of patchy food environments.
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  • 37
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    Allozyme electrophoretic technique and phylogenetic relationships in three species of Sepia (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 114 (1). pp. 11-18.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-19
    Description: Samples of Sepia officinalis, S. orbignyana, and S. elegans from Galician waters (NW Iberian Peninsula) were obtained from commercial catches in three fishing ports. A preliminary screening for 47 and 33 enzymes in mantle muscle and digestive gland, respectively, was carried out using seven buffer systems. Thirty-seven enzyme loci were resolved from these tissues using only two buffer systems. Most enzymes shpwed equal or higher activity for the digestive gland than for the mantle muscle in freshly-caught samples of S. officinalis and S. orbignyana. The activity of a large number of enzymes decreased faster in the digestive gland than in the mantle muscle after 6-12 h at room temperature. Consequently, we suggest that mantle muscle rather than digestive gland be used for routine electrophoretic studies in Sepia species obtained from commercial catches. A phylogenetic reconstruction analysis, applying the Wagner parsimony method and using the ommastrephid species Illex coindetii as outgroup, showed only one most parsiminious tree. S. orbigyana and S. elegans were found to be a sister group. The topology agreed with that recently obtained from mitochondrial rDNA sequences, and both molecular data are in line with previous morphological results. They confirm the view that S. orbignyana and S. elegans belong to a different subgenus (Rhombosepion) from that of S. officinalis (Sepia "sensu stricto").
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  • 38
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    Age and growth of planktonic squids Cranchia scabra and Licoranchia reinhardti (Cephalopoda, Cranchiidae) in epipelagic waters of the central-east Atlantic (1996)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 18 (9). pp. 1675-1683.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-19
    Description: Statolith microstructure was studied in two abundant planktonic cranchiids, Cranchia scabra (56 specimens, 38-127mm mantle lengh, ML) and Liocranchia reinhardti (34 specimens, 99-205mm ML) sampled in epipelagic waters of the western part of the Gulf of Guinea (tropical Atlantic). Growth increments were revealed in ground statoliths of both species. It was possible to distinguish two growth zones in statolith microstructure by their colour in reflected light of the microscope: the translucent postnuclear zone and pale white opaque zone. Assuming that growth increments in statoliths were produced daily, ages of the largest immature C. scabra and L. reinhardti were 166 and 146 days, respectively. Both cranchiids are fast-growing squids with growth rates in length resembling those of juveniles of tropical ommastrephids and Thysanoteuthis rhombus. Liocranchia reinhardti grows faster: its growth rate in ML is approximately twice that of same-aged C. scabra. The life cycle of both cranchiids consists of two phases. During their epipelagic phase, C. scabra and L. reinhardti feed and grow rapidly from paralarvae to immature young in the epipelagic waters, attaining 120-130 and 170-200 mm ML by ages of 4-5 months, respectively. Then they change their life style to a deepwater phase.
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  • 39
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    Interactions between longline vessels and seabirds in Kerguelen waters and a method to reduce seabird mortality (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Biological Conservation, 75 (1). pp. 63-70.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-19
    Description: A longline fishery for Dissostichus eleginoides has recently developed in the vicinity of South Georgia and Kerguelen islands, two internationally important breeding areas for procellariiform birds. The number of hooked birds and a method to reduce mortality were investigated during 13 days of fishing activity in Kerguelen waters in February 1994. Between 100 and 600 seabirds were always observed behind the longline vessel during daytime. The main ship-following species were the white-chinned petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis (67% of counts), giant petrels Macronectes spp. (8%) and the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans (11%), black-browed albatross D. melanophris (6%) and grey-headed albatross D. chrysostoma (2%). Only diving species were caught on the lines, i.e. the white-chinned petrel (n = 36) and the grey-headed albatross (n = 2). Marked differences in the mortality rate were observed between day and night (1·00 versus 0·38 birds per 1000 hooks), and at night when the decklights were on or off (0·59 versus 0·15 birds per 1000 hooks). Dumping of homogenized offal during line settings greatly reduced incidental capture of seabirds, mainly because birds were more attracted by offal than by hooked baits. We therefore propose that the dumping of offal during line settings should be included in the regulations of the longline fishery for Dissostichus in order to minimize seabird mortality.
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  • 40
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    Do cuttlefish (Cephalopoda) signal their intentions to conspecifics during agonistic encounters? (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Animal Behaviour, 52 (1). pp. 73-81.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-30
    Description: Male cuttlefish adopt a specific body pattern during agonistic behaviour called the Intense Zebra Display. Some components of the Display were variable, especially the chromatic component termed ‘dark face’, which could vary in the degree of darkness. Facial darkness was measured using a video analysis system. Males that eventually withdrew from conspecifics without fighting maintained a lighter face during the initial stage of agonistic encounters. When both males maintained dark faces, physical contact and fighting ensued. Therefore facial darkness could be used to predict which male–male encounters would escalate to physical contact. The strong correlation between facial darkness and subsequent behaviour suggested that males were signalling their agonistic motivation at the early stages of the encounter, which is contrary to what would be predicted from a traditional game theory analysis. It is proposed that males signal intent because the Intense Zebra Display simultaneously serves two functions: (1) it identifies the signaller as male, thus preventing unwanted copulations from other males, and (2) it functions as part of the agonistic behavioural repertoire. By using a modified (i.e. lighter-faced) version of the Display, males may be able to signal their sex, but without inducing another male to attack. In cases in which agonistic displays perform more than one function, signalling intent (i.e. signalling its likely subsequent behaviour) can be an evolutionarily stable strategy.
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  • 41
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    Assessment and management techniques for migratory annual squid stocks: the Illex argentinus fishery in the Southwest Atlantic as an example (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fisheries Research, 28 (1). pp. 3-27.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-22
    Description: Assessment methodology for squid fisheries is presented, extending previous work by considering migration between adjacent fishing grounds. The methods are based on standard Leslie-Delury analysis but make different assumptions about stock movement and the relation between stock abundance and catch per unit effort. The new methodology is applied to data from the Illex argentinus fishery in the Southwest Atlantic, south of 45 °S. Retrospective assessments for the 1987–1991 fishing seasons are presented, focusing on estimates of recruitment and spawning biomass. Management of the fishery around the Falkland Islands is based on effort control. The objective is to maintain the spawning biomass above a threshold level, thus avoiding high probabilities of low recruitment in the following season. The estimates of spawning biomass and recruitment from the analyses are used to estimate an appropriate threshold level of spawning biomass.
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  • 42
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    Signs of an extended and intermitted terminal spawning in the squids Loligo vulgaris Lamrck and Loligo forbesi Steenstrup (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 207 . pp. 177-189.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: The reproductive pattern of Loligo vulgaris and Loligo forbesi was studied on the basis of gonad maturation, mating and spawning in males and females of both species which were present off the northwest coast of Spain (Galicia), between February 1991 and February 1993. The mature females of both species have several modes of egg sizes and development stages within the ovary. Several signs indivate that both female Loligo vulgaris and L. forbesi undergo partial ovulation at the ame time of spawning, the spawning period being relatively long, although in no case representing the greatest fraction of the animal's life before death. Egg-laying occuring in separate batches and somatic growth between egg batchs has not been observed. This reproductive pattern is defined as intermitted terminal spwaning. Some other terms describing different cephalopod reproductive strategies are also defined.
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  • 43
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    Marine parasites as biological tags of cephalopod hosts (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Parasitology Today, 12 (8). pp. 324-327.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: The use of marine parasites as non-intrusive natural tags of their hosts was first broadly applied in fisheries science in the 1940s. Both micro- and macroparasites have been used to assess the status of current stocks of several commercially exploited species of marine animals. Here, Santiago Pascual and Eric Hochberg offer a brief comment on marine parasite tags as a stock assessment methodology, with special reference to cephalopod hosts.
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  • 44
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    The Aegean Sea as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 53 . pp. 41-49.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: During the EGAMES (Evasion of GAses from the MEditerranean Sea) expedition in July 1993 we determined the concentrations of nitrous oxide and methane in the atmosphere and in the surface waters of the Aegean Sea, the northwestern Levantine Basin, the eastern Ionian Sea and the Amvrakikos Bay. Both gases were found to be supersaturated in all sampled areas. Nitrous oxide was homogeneously distributed with a mean saturation of 105 ± 2%, showing no differences between shelf and open ocean areas, whereas methane saturation values ranged from about 1.2 times (northwestern Levantine Basin) to more than 5 times solubility equilibrium (Amvrakikos Bay estuary). Therefore the Aegean Sea and the adjacent areas were sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane during the study period.
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  • 45
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    Authigenic barites and fluxes of barium associated with fluid seeps in the Peru subduction zone (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 144 (3-4). pp. 469-481.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Large deposits of barite were discovered in association with biological communities, indicative of active fluid seepage on the middle slope of Paita and in the Chiclayo Canyon, in the Peru margin. We postulate that the barium source for the deposits is associated with the high concentration of non-detrital barite buried in sediments from this high productivity region. Barite is remobilized within the sediment column due to sulfate depletion. Subsequent flushing of the barium-rich fluids from the sediment to the bottom water, leads to the formation of barite deposits at the cold vent sites. High barium concentrations measured in pore fluids of sediments are consistent with remobilization of barium sulfate below the zone of sulfate depletion. Fluid samples—collected in a time sequence using a benthic chamber in the Paita middle slope vent sites — document a contemporaneous release of barium to the bottom water at a rate of 23 μmol cm−2 yr−1. Fluid seepage in the Peru margin is not restricted to the middle slope of Paita and the Chiclayo Canyon where barite deposits occur, but is also evident in the upper and lower slopes of Paita and in the Chimbote upper slope. Deployment of a benthic chamber on the Chimbote upper slope site show no measurable release of barium; even though the dissolved barium concentration in the pore fluids is high. These observations indicate that the barite deposits associated with fluid seepage in the Peru margin are restricted to areas where slope failure has exposed sequences deep enough such that the barium-rich fluids do not encounter sulfate-bearing pore fluids before emanating at the seafloor.
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  • 46
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    Warming trend in Antarctic Bottom Water flowing into the Brazil Basin (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43 (9). pp. 1461-1473.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-20
    Description: As a contribution to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment's Deep Basin Experiment an array of current meters was deployed across the southern boundary of the Brazil Basin in early 1991 and subsequently recovered in late 1992. On the associated mooring cruises two hydrographic sections were also made. Both the current meter and shipboard temperature measurements show a significant warming of the Antarctic Bottom Water flowing into the Brazil Basin. This amounts to approximately 0.1 °C at 0.2°C, the coldest layer flowing over the Lower Santos Plateau, and 0.03°C in the coldest water that flows northward through the Vema Channel. In the latter, measurements over the past 20 years suggest little variation (〈0.005°C) so the 0.03°C change over a 2 year period is considered quite significant.
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  • 47
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    Early concepts and charts of ocean circulation (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Progress in Oceanography, 37 (1). pp. 1-115.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-07
    Description: Charts of ocean currents from the late nineteenth century show that already by then the patterns of surface circulation in regions away from polar latitudes were well understood. This fundamental knowledge accumulated gradually through centuries of sea travel and had reached a state of near correctness by the time dedicated research cruises, full-depth measurements and the practical application of the dynamical method were being instituted. Perhaps because of the foregoing, many of the pioneering works, critical to establishing what the upper-level circulation is like, the majority of the charts accompanying them, and several of the groundbreaking theoretical treatments on the physics of currents, are only poorly known to present-day oceanographers.
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  • 48
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    Geochemistry of lavas from the Ahu and Tupa volcanic fields, Easter Hotspot, southeast Pacific: Implications for intraplate magma genesis near a spreading axis (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 137 (1-4). pp. 129-143.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Lavas from two young volcanic fields of the Easter Hotspot consist mainly of enriched tholeiites, with incompatible element and isotopic compositions similar to enriched MORB from the neighbouring spreading axis. The major element composition of these intraplate tholeiites suggests that they originate from melting at greater pressures, and REE models indicate slightly lower degrees of partial melting than beneath the ridge. This can be explained by the thickening of the lithosphere away from the spreading axis, accompanied by increasing mantle temperature as the Easter plume is approached. These processes combine to depress the melting zone to greater depth in the intraplate region. The relatively low degrees of partial melting and low volumes of melt compared, for example, to Galapagos imply a low excess temperature (∼ 100°C?) for the Easter plume. A few depleted tholeiites found on the Ahu volcanic field were generated by shallow melting of an extremely depleted (more depleted than MORB
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  • 49
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    Late Quaternary productivity changes in the western equatorial Atlantic: Evidence from 230Th normalized carbonate and organic carbon accumulation rates (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 135 . pp. 127-152.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Paleoproductivity changes in the western equatorial Atlantic have been estimated from carbonate and marine organic carbon accumulation for the last 180,000 yr from a Ceará Rise sediment core GeoB 1523-1. Accumulation rates were calculated by normalizing to excess 230Th activity. Paleoproductivity from carbonate accumulation was estimated by a correlation between carbonate and organic carbon fluxes derived from sediment traps deployed in oligotrophic waters. Results indicate minor productivity changes varying around 30 gC m−2 yr−1 for organic carbon-derived estimations and around 45 gC m−2 yr−1 for carbonate-derived estimations, suggesting that the study area remained a low productivity region throughout the time period examined. Maxima in western Atlantic paleoproductivity occurred during the warm substages of glacials and interglacials, in contrast to the eastern tropical Atlantic where maxima are recorded in the cold substages. This contrast might be caused by a deepening of the thermocline and nutricline in the west connected with a synchronous shallowing in the east. The carbonate preservation record was examined for the last 380,000 yr based on variations in percent planktonic foraminiferal fragments and percent coarse fraction. Only minor carbonate dissolution above 3300 m water depth is observed, except for three main dissolution events at isotope stages 4, 8.4 and 10. Considerable carbonate loss during these intervals is attributed to a decreased production of North Atlantic Deep Water which is associated with vertical expansion of Southern-Source Deep Water.
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  • 50
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    A note on overflow eddies (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43 . pp. 1661-1667.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-20
    Description: Satellite-tracked drifters drogued at 100 m depth show very intensive cyclonic eddies over the Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) along the continental slope of East Greenland between the Denmark Strait and Cape Farewell. Their core of 20 km diameter is probably in near solid-body rotation; azimuthal speed increases with depth, which is consistent with downward velocities in the core, and supports the conclusions of Bruce (1995). At 100m depth, velocities in the eddies reach 50 cm s−1 south of the Denmark Strait and 15 cm s−1 near Cape Farewell. Maximum speed in one of the eddies is found at the top of the DSOW, σθ = 27.80. The eddies may play an important role in water mass conversion in the Irminger Sea.
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  • 51
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    Behaviour patterns as natural antifouling mechanisms of tropical marine crabs (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (203). pp. 245-258.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: The investigations focused on defence (antifouling) adaptations of seven brachyuran species from the Gulf of Thailand against epibionts (bacteria, diatoms, protozoans, macroorganisms). The species were Calappa philargius (Calappidae), Scylla serrata, Charybdis anisodon, Podophthalmus vigil (Portunidae), Hexapus anfractatus (Goneplacidae), Etisus c.f. laevimanus (Xanthidae) and Metapograpsus quadridentatus (Grapsidae). Carapaces of free living crabs were less densely colonized by organisms than other submerged living and inanimate hard substrata in the same region. The significance of potential mechanical (moulting or sloughing, grooming), physical (surface tension), chemical (surface pH, bioactive compounds), behavioural (hiding, burying, night activity) and ecological (grazing by gastropods) mechanisms was assessed. No evidence was found for an antifouling role of surface pH, toxins, surface tension or carapace grazing by gastropods. Intermoult duration was too long to explain low infestation rates although moulting eventually interrupted the colonization process. The present results indicate that behaviour patterns of the crabs are most effective mechanisms for restricting epibiont colonization. These behaviour patterns include burying in the sediment, hiding in rock crevices or below stones, night-time activity and exposure to air (intertidal species). Burying impedes epibiont access to the body surface and may cause mechanical abrasion. Nocturnal activity, as well as preference for shaded habitats reduces algal growth. Intertidal crabs are protected against the settling stages when foraging above the water line. During emersion, epibionts are also subjected to desiccation stress.
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  • 52
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    Age and growth of the squid loligo vulgaris off the south coast of Portugal, using statolith analysis (1996)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 62 . pp. 359-366.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Age composition and growth rates of the squid Loligo vulgaris (Lamark, 1797) were studied by examination of growth increments within statoliths of 419 specimens (mantle length, ML, ranging from 32 to 400mm). The squid were obtained by monthly sampling from the catches of commercial trawls off southern Portugal between March and September, 1993. The total number of growth increments in the mounted and ground statoliths was counted using a semi-automatic image analysis system. ML was significantly correlated with both the statolith length, TSL and the number of increments, NI. The female statolith was slightly larger than the male statolith for the same mantle size. Growth rates of individuals showed high variability with an average estimated at 34.6mm month-1 for males and 33.5mm month-1 for females. Growth in length between 70 and 280 days was best described by a power function for both sexes. The growth index of the statolith (TSL/NI) decreased with individual growth. The result may be related with the onset of sexual maturation. L. vulgaris hatched throughout the year with two distinct peaks, in spring which is the main breeding period, and in autumn. The life cycle of the L. vulgaris population on the south Portugese shelf was completed in one year.
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  • 53
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    Evidence for topography- and current-controlled deposition on the Reykjanes Ridge between 59°N and 60°N (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43 (11-12). pp. 1683-1711.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-28
    Description: Sediment patterns derived from sediment sampling and acoustic subbottom profiling were mapped on the Reykjanes Ridge (North Atlantic) between 59°N and 60°N. Five discrete sediment echo patterns were distinguished and mapped on a regional scale. The prolonged and layered echo facies, which mainly reflect sediment filled basins on the ridge flanks, indicate deposition of predominantly fine-grained sediments deposited by the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water. A combination of westward flowing currents spilling over the ridge crest due to the Coriolis force together with the existing morphology probably caused the N-S trending facies distribution pattern on the northwest flank. Furthermore, the modern surface sediment distribution is controlled by biological productivity, which is closely related to the mixing zone of cold subpolar surface water masses and the warm North Atlantic Current, and bottom water transport processes. The effect of bottom current transport is reflected in the pattern of settling velocity and sediment grain size. The clay mineral composition indicates that most of the fine-grained material is supplied predominantly from the Icelandic province by the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water. Erosional processes are concentrated on narrow zones on top of the axial ridges and on the steep flanks of the Catalonia Seamount. Well-sorted foraminiferal sands on these exposed regions are assumed to represent residual sediments.
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