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  • Articles  (7,085)
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  • 1
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    New synthetic fiber armored cable for freezing-in thermal ice probes (2020)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-03
    Description: A series of new synthetic armored cables were developed and tested to ensure that they were suitable for use with the RECoverable Autonomous Sonde (RECAS), which is a newly designed freezing-in thermal ice probe. The final version of the cable consists of two concentric conductors that can be used as the power and signal lines. Two polyfluoroalkoxy jackets are used for electrical insulation (one for insulation between conductors, and the other for insulation of the outer conductor). The outer insulation layer is coated by polyurethane jacket to seal the connections between the cable and electrical units. The 0.65 mm thick strength member is made from aramid fibers woven together. To hold these aramid fibers in place, a sheathing layer was produced from a polyamide fabric cover net. The outer diameter of the final version of the cable is ~6.1 mm. The permissible bending radius is as low as 17–20 mm. The maximal breaking force under straight tension is ~12.2 kN. The cable weight is only ~0.061 kg m−1. The mechanical and electrical properties and environmental suitability of the cable were determined through laboratory testing and joint testing with the probe.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 2
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    Ice stream subglacial access for ice-sheet history and fast ice flow: the BEAMISH Project on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica and initial results on basal conditions (2020)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: Three holes were drilled to the bed of Rutford Ice Stream, through ice up to 2154 m thick, to investigate the basal processes and conditions associated with fast ice flow and the glacial history of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. A narrative of the drilling, measuring and sampling activities, as well as some preliminary results and initial interpretations of subglacial conditions, is given. These were the deepest subglacial access holes ever drilled using the hot-water drilling method. Samples of bed and englacial sediments were recovered, and a number of instruments were installed in the ice column and the bed. The ice–bed interface was found to be unfrozen, with an existing, well-developed subglacial hydrological system at high pressure, within ~1% of the ice overburden. The bed itself comprises soft, water-saturated sediments, consistent with previous geophysical interpretations. Englacial sediment quantity varies significantly between two locations ~2 km apart, and possibly over even shorter (~20 m) distances. Difficulties and unusual observations encountered while connecting to the subglacial hydrological system in one hole possibly resulted from the presence of a large clast embedded in the bottom of the ice.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 3
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    A new percussion hammer mechanism for a borehole deployable subglacial sediment corer (2020)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: Subglacial sediments have the potential to reveal information about the controls on glacier flow, changes in ice-sheet history and characterise life in those environments. Retrieving sediments from beneath the ice, through hot water drilled access holes at remote field locations, present many challenges. Motivated by the need to minimise weight, corer diameter and simplify assembly and operation, British Antarctic Survey, in collaboration with UWITEC, developed a simple mechanical percussion corer. At depths over 1000 m however, manual operation of the percussion hammer is compromised by the lack of clear operator feedback at the surface. To address this, we present a new auto-release-recovery percussion hammer mechanism that makes coring operations depth independent and improves hammer efficiency. Using a single rope tether for both the corer and hammer operation, this modified percussion corer is relatively simple to operate, easy to maintain, and has successfully operated at a depth of 〉2130 m.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 4
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    A stratigraphy-based method for reconstructing ice core orientation (2020)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-11
    Description: Ever since the first deep ice cores were drilled, it has been a challenge to determine their original, in-situ orientation. In general, the orientation of an ice core is lost as the drill is free to rotate during transport to the surface. For shallow ice cores, it is usually possible to match the adjacent core breaks, which preserves the orientation of the ice column. However, this method fails for deep ice cores, such as the EastGRIP ice core in Northeast Greenland. We provide a method to reconstruct ice core orientation using visual stratigraphy and borehole geometry. As the EastGRIP ice core is drilled through the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, we use information about the directional structures to perform a full geographical re-orientation. We compared the core orientation with logging data from core break matching and the pattern of the stereographic projections of the crystals’ c-axis orientations. Both comparisons agree very well with the proposed orientation method. The method works well for 441 out of 451 samples from a depth of 1375–2120 m in the EastGRIP ice core. It can also be applied to other ice cores, providing a better foundation for interpreting physical properties and understanding the flow of ice.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 5
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    Deep ice core drilling to a depth of 3035.22 m at Dome Fuji, Antarctica in 2001–07 (2020)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-22
    Description: The Japanese second deep ice coring project was carried out at Dome Fuji, Antarctica. Following the drilling of the pilot hole in 2001, deep ice core drilling led by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) was conducted over four austral summer seasons, beginning with the 2003/04 season and reached a depth of 3035.22 m near the bedrock in January 2007. The new drill was designed and developed with the goals of (1) solving the problems encountered during the first JARE deep coring drill and (2) achieving more efficient drilling. In particular, the maximum core length that can be drilled at one time was increased from 2.30 m to 3.84 m and the chip storage efficiency was enhanced by a special pipe with many small holes. This paper gives an outline of the improved drilling system, the progress of drilling and various drilling data.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermediation in Search Markets (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In markets, in which exchange requires costly search for trading partners, intermediaries can help to reduce the trading frictions. This intuition is modeled in a framework with heterogeneous agents, who have the choice between intermediated exchange and search accompanied by some bargaining procedure. The equilibria of such a game are characterized. In the case of a monopolistic intermediary, the tradeoff between the bid-ask spread and the costs of delay during private search determine the intermediary's clientele. In equilibrium the monopolist charges a positive spread. Traders with large gains from trade prefer to deal with him, whereas traders with relatively low gains from trade engage in search. In case of competition among intermediaries, the classical Bertrand result obtains, and bid and ask prices converge to the (unique) Walrasian equilibrium price. Thus, in the confines of the model, the Walrasian auctioneer of the market under consideration can be replaced by competing intermediaries. In addition a multiplicity of subgame perfect Nash equilibria emphasizes the coordination problems inherent in models of intermediation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00097.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Refusals to Deal, Price Discrimination, and Independent Service Organizations (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A number of recent Canadian and U.S. antitrust cases have involved allegations that manufacturers of durable products have refused to supply parts to independent service organizations, apparently to monopolize the market for repairs of their products. This paper provides a theory of these strategies and considers the welfare implications of judicial orders to supply. The refusals here are seen as necessary to protect manufacturers' program of price discrimination: Expensive repairs represent a way to select high-intensity, high-value users and charge them more. In addition to the usual ambiguity associated with the welfare effects of prohibitions of price discrimination, forcing competition in repairs can have the further damaging effect of reducing social welfare by inducing manufacturers to lower product quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00593.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Future of the Accounting Profession (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The litigation crisis in this country is a subject of great importance to the chief executive officers of public uccounting firms. 1 will first address the problem's magnitude and its source and then speculate on the developments we might expect in the future. Like all forecasts, mine will certainly be wrung. I hope that my degree of error on the pessimistic side will be considerable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00367.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Marked-to-Market Accounting on Capital Markets and Life Insurance Company Investment Policies (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00401.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion: Limiting Auditors' Liability (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00435.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is It Time To Createa New Theoryofthe Firm? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00003.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competing Research Joint Ventures (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research and development (R&D) competition among firms has recently been extended to R&D competition involving research joint ventures. It was previously shown that in an industry conducting cost-reducing R&D followed by competition in the product market, if all firms both fully share R&D information and coordinate investments to maximize pint profits, final products prices are lower, and firms' profits are higher than with information shriving alone, joint profit maximization alone, or no cooperation. In this paper we question whether a single research joint venture (RJV) cartel is the best form of industry R&D coordination. We show that there are circumstances in which splitting a single RJV cartel into several competing ones yields lower product prices. Moreover, we show that in these circumstances, splitting the industry into exactly two competing RJV cartels would be best.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00023.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Commitment to a Process Innovation: Nucor, USX, and Thin-Slab Casting (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the order of adoption of a process innovation, thin-slab casting, by U.S. steel makers. A game-theoretic model of technology adoption with capacity constraints indicates that incumbents are likely to trail entrants in adopting process technologies that reduce the minimal scale required to compete. Evidence from the case study also indicates, however, that the sorts of interactive effects emphasized by game-theoretic models may be dominated by the effects of competitors' heterogeneous precommitments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00135.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collusive Bidding in Hostile Takeovers (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Bidders in hostile takeovers have colluded in five separate instances. It is found that these collusive agreements did not affect the target's price significantly. A model is developed to explain this observation. A welfare analysis indicates that a positive probability of cartel formation can be socially beneficial and may or may not be beneficial to the target's shareholders, depending on the process generating takeover attempts. This sheds light on the existing policy debate concerning regulations of collusive agreements. An analysis of the existing case law is provided, which indicates that such collusive arrangements are legal at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00449.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction: Auditors' Legal Liability in the United States (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: 〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉The Directors of … Companies … being the managers rather of other people's money than of their own, it cannot well be expected that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in private copartnery frequently watch over their own.—Adam Smith, 1776, Wealth of Nations
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00333.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Global Look at Accountants' Litigation (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00395.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion: The Evolution of Lawsuits Against Auditors—Determinants, Consequences, and Solutions (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00427.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auditors' Liability: Opportunities for Research (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00349.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Liability Crisis: Its Impact on Clients (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00361.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Reviewof Dixitand Nalebuff'sThinking Strategically: The Competitive Edgein Business, Politics, and Everyday Life (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Thinking Strategically: The Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life, by Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00325.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is It Time To Createa New Theoryof the Firm? Discussion (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this comment on James Emshoff's (1993) paper,/〉 I will begin by briefly summarizing the paper. Then I will give my reaction to the issues raised in the paper from the perspective of an economist and professor of business strategy. As I discuss later, it is the work of Alfred Chandler, Jr., rather than work of economists, that is most relevant to the issues raised by Emshoff. In my view economists must understand the limitations of standard economic approaches to organizational issues in order to begin to make progress on issues raised by Chandler and Emshoff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00015.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paying For Joint Costs in Health Care (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper analyzes a regulatory game between a public and a private payer to finance hospital joint costs (mainly capital and technology expenses). The public payer (inspired by the federal Medicare program) may both directly reimburse for joint costs (“pass-through” payments) and add a margin over variable costs paid per discharge, while the private payer can only use a margin policy. The hospital chooses joint costs in response to payers' overall payment incentives. Without pass-through payments, under provision of joint costs results front free-riding behavior of payers and the first-mover advantage of the public payer. Using pass-through policy in its self-interest, the public payer actually may moderate the under provision of joint costs; under some conditions, the equilibrium allocation may be socially efficient. Our results bear directly on directly Medicare policy, which is phasing out pass-through payments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00071.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advertising as Information: Matching Products to Buyers (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We consider communication of quality via cheap talk and dissipative advertising expenditures, when consumers have heterogeneous tastes for quality, and price information must be acquired through costly search. For search pods, cheap talk communicates quality when fixed costs are roughly constant across quality levels, while if fixed costs vary greatly with quality, then firms having the higher fixed-cost quality level use dissipative advertising. For experience goods, quality can be communicated by cheap talk in a range where low-quality firms have greater fixed costs, and low-quality firms use dissipative advertising if their fixed costs are greater still.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00199.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Financial Distress and Optimal Capital Structure Adjustments (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We show that asymmetric information may prevent firms with pure discount bonds from renegotiating their capital structure prior to the maturity of the debt, although this would increase the value of the firm when its prospects are poor. This inefficiency can be reduced if the firm issues debt with a risky intermediate debt payment, such as a coupon or a sinking fund payment. We also demonstrate that bankruptcy institutions leading to deviations from absolute priority can improve the timing of recapitalizations by financially distressed firms. Finally, we show that, under certain conditions, the optimal capital structure adjustment during financial distress consists of a convertible debt-for-straight debt swap.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00531.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Audit Services and Fees of Large Accounting Firms (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the audit literature, it was postulated that audit firms are differentiated due to their quality and, thus, the fees charged are a function of quality. We hypothesize that this may lead to audit firm specialization in different amounts of auditing, leading to a differential audit fee structure. This hypothesis is empirically tested by using a very large sample of audit fees paid to then Big Eight auditors. The results are consistent with the hypothesis in that three Big Eight auditors are observed to charge significantly different fees when compared with the other firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00339.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Liability Crisis: Its Impact on Accounting Practitioners (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00375.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Liability Crisis: Audit Failures or Accounting Principles Failures? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00411.x
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Appendix: Schedule For“The Liability Crisis in the Us and its Impact on Accounting” (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00445.x
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic R&D Competition, Research Line Diversity, and Intellectual Property Rights (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a simple model of sequential innovations with a diversity of research lines. Competitive strategies of firms for R&D are analyzed at each stage in a sequence of innovations. We compare two alternative regimes of enforcing patent law, as a mechanism to provide adequate incentives for R&D at each stage. The regime that protects the research line gives monopoly rights to an entire line of research, hence limiting the utilization of the previous knowledge and retarding subsequent innovations. The other regime protects the product, which facilitates the use of previous knowledge at the expense of providing inadequate protection to the ideas embodied in the product, and results in underinvestment in the first stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Editorial: Executive Forum (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00001.x
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    Diversificationas a Strategic Preemptive Weapon (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article examines the role that multimarket operations play in a firm's ability to preempt entry into new markets when presence in a market does not commit the firm to remain there. Success in one market affects a firm's incentives and, in turn, strategic power, to fight a rival fur survival in a related market. This is modeled as a way of attrition, and the risk-dominant equilibrium is derived. The model supports brand proliferation as a credible preemptive strategy for an established firm and also has implications regarding the strategic role of economies of scope and “deep pockets.”
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00041.x
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    Editorial: Do Firms Differ? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00121.x
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    Eastern European Economic Integration and Foreign Direct Investment (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Economic transition in Eastern Europe should generate market growth. In addition, current discussions on economic integration and the development of a free-trade area in Eastern Europe will improve market accessibility. These two forces will significantly affect the strategies by which external firms will choose to supply markets in Eastern Europe. This paper examines the ways in which supply strategy is likely to change. We show that both market growth and improved market accessibility will lead the external firms to switch from exporting to foreign direct investment. However, market growth is likely to lead to dispersed investment in the growing economies, whereas increased market accessibility, by establishing an integrated regional bloc in Eastern Europe, is more likely to lead to concentrated investment plus infra-regional exports to the remainder of the regional bloc. The switch from exporting to local production through foreign direct investment will favor consumers through lowered prices but will harm national producers by depressing profit margins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00483.x
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    Rent Division, Restructuring, and Managerial Risk Taking: A Strategic Bargaining Model (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper demonstrates that, when the manager of a poorly performing firm generates firm-specific rents, strategic considerations associated with anticipated future restructuring may lead to the adoption of risky operating policies. Furthermore, this bias toward risky policies may be exacerbated by increases in managerial entrenchment. This is the case even when the manager does not have an ownership stake in the firm. On the other hand, a manager of a firm that is performing well will prefer safer policies. These results are driven by endogenously determined management-borne costs of financial distress, and obtain under both restructuring regimes that enforce the priority of creditor claims as well as restructuring regimes that induce deviations from absolute priority.
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    Task Assignmentand Agency Structures (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers an agency model in which a principal delegates an agent authority to choose investment projects. The performance of the project depends stochastically on the agent's evaluation and operating efforts. The paper examines the conditions under which the principal prefers to assign production to a second agent. It is shown that the tasks will be assigned to two agents of the agent chooses an unobservable operating effort. The tasks will be assigned to one agent if the agent's evaluation and operating efforts are both unobservable and if disutilities of efforts are large relative to the profit from the risky project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00299.x
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    A Theory of the Distribution of Underpriced Initial Public Offers by Investment Banks (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: It is well documented that a firm may choose to offer underpriced securities in an initial public offer. An open question is why investment banks do not retain underpriced offers in their portfolio. We argue that the distribution of underpriced securities allows banks of high qualify to signal their value to their customers, promoting in this way their other product lines. We show that the total dollar value of underpriced securities distributed (rather than the percentage value) acts as the signal. We also find that, all else equal, larger customers and those with more elastic demand functions receive n larger total dollar value of underpricing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00509.x
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    Managerial Reaction to Takeover Bids: A Theory of Strategic Resistance (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a theory to explain the frequently observed resistance offered by the management of target firms to high-premium takeover bids. Contrary to the popular perception of managerial entrenchment at the expense of the shareholders' interests, such resistance may be strategically designed to increase shareholder wealth by threatening to initiate an informal auction process fur the target involving other potential bidders. Remarkably, this strategy can be effective even when it is common knowledge that the other bidders do not have a higher reservation price for the target. The analysis also offers insights into division of takeover gains and several other takeover-related issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00567.x
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    Acountants' Liability: Researchable Issues (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00385.x
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    Accountants' Liability: Regulatory and Legal Issues (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1993.00419.x
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    Power in Profit-Maximizing Organizations (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 2 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: I study how profit-maximizing organizations make decisions. Members of organizations tend to have incompatible preferences over decisions, but willingness to pay for decisions plays a very limited role in actual decision making. A sizable empirical literature documents that people who provide critical services, are hard to replace, or deal effectively with external shocks are powerful; they have disproportionate influence over decisions. This can be profit maximizing because the right to shape the firm through its decisions renders the firm more attractive as an employer. Thus, the relative costliness of employees' departures should affect their relative power.
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  • 41
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    Influence of cattle trampling on soil porosity under alternate dry and ponded conditions (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The impact of cattle trampling on the porosity of a representative soil (Typic Natraquoll) of the flooding Pampa of Argentina was studied from 1984 to 1987. Water content, total porosity (TP), macroporosity (〉 30 μm) and mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates (MWD) were determined in undisturbed topsoil samples taken from adjacent continuously grazed (1.0 animal unit/ha/yr) and ungrazed (since 1976) areas. It was expected that trampling would decrease macroporosity when the soil was ponded, and that the damaged macropores would regenerate during the subsequent soil drying. This was only partly verified. The soil varied in TP from 58 to 64% in the ungrazed area, and from 53 to 78% in the grazed area. This variation resulted mainly from shrink-swell processes. Trampling decreased soil macroporosity (mainly 〉60 μm) from 8 to 5% and decreased MWD from 5.35 to 4.58 mm under dry soil conditions. The damaged soil pores regenerated and aggregate stability recovered during the subsequent period of surface water ponding, when soil swelling increased macropores in the grazed area but not in the ungrazed area. There was no evidence of poaching damage in this soil.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Soils and the Environment By Alan Wild.Nitrate. Processes, Patterns and Management Edited by T.P. Hurt, A.L. Heathwaite and S.T. Trudgill.Urban Soil and Landscape Design By P.J. Craul.Bullock, P. & Gregory, P. J. 1991. Soils in the urban environment.
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    Minimizing nitrate losses from arable soils (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Recent experiments on soils overlying sand, chalk and limestone aquifers have shown that nitrate leaching losses can be decreased by modifying crop husbandry. Green cover during winter, if established early enough, can reduce nitrate loss. Cultivations can be timed to minimize leaching, and the advantages of irrigation (increased nitrogen offtake and smaller post-harvest soil mineral nitrogen residues) outweigh the potential disadvantage of increased leaching risk during the growing season. It is important not to over-fertilize crops. Using these techniques within farm rotations has decreased nitrate losses in small plot experiments. The next step is to measure the effects on commercial farms where the scale of operation might preclude the high level of husbandry that is required for successful nitrogen management.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Lysimeter Studies of the Fate of Pesticides in the Soil Edited by F. Führ and R. J. Hance.
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    Preliminary investigations of soil patterns in large-scale agricultural projects in Nigeria (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effects of increasing periods of mechanical cultivation on soil properties under maize and cassava are compared with those under savanna in south-western Nigeria. Bulk density is significantly greater under cultivation and total porosity, pH, organic matter and extractable nutrients are all significantly less than under savanna. However, the amounts of nitrate-nitrogen and extractable nutrients do not show clear decreases with increasing mechanical cultivation. As the periods of mechanization increase, changes in most soil properties indicate increasing soil degradation. The implications of these results for agricultural policies in Nigeria arc discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00931.x
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    Effects of cropping system and rates of nitrogen in animal slurry and mineral fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a sandy loam (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Leaching of nitrate from a sandy loam cropped with spring barley, winter wheat and grass was compared in a 4-year lysimeter study. Crops were grown continuously or in a sequence including sugarbeet. Lysimeters were unfertilized or supplied with equivalent amounts of inorganic nitrogen in calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or animal slurry according to recommended rates (1N) or 50% above recommended rates (1.5N).Compared with unfertilized crops, leaching of nitrate increased only slightly when 1N (CAN) was added. Successive annual additions of 1.5N (CAN) or 1N and 1.5N (animal slurry) caused the cumulative loss of nitrate to increase significantly. More nitrate was leached after application of slurry because organic nitrogen in the slurry-was mineralized.With 1N (CAN) the leaching losses of nitrate were in the following order: continuous spring barley undersown with Italian ryegrass 〈 continuous ley of perennial ryegrass 〈 spring barley in rotation and undersown with grass 〈 perennial ryegrass grown in rotation = winter wheat grown in rotation 〈 sugarbeet in rotation 〈 continuous winter wheat 〈 continuous barley 〈 bare fallow.At recommended levels of CAN (1N), cumulative nitrate losses over the four years were similar for the crops when grown in rotation or continuously. When crops received 1.5N (CAN) or animal slurry, nitrate losses from the crops grown continuously exceeded those from crops in rotation. Including a catch crop in the continuous cropping system eliminated the differences in nitrate leaching between the two cropping systems.
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    Nutrient balances in calcareous soils after application of different rates of pig slurry (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in amounts of macro-(N, P, K) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined in two calcareous soils amended over an eight-month period with pig slurry applications ranging from 0 to 500 m3/ha, and planted in containers with green pepper (Capsicum annuum). Total N and exchangeable K increased after slurry applications of 300 m3/ha or more, and available P increased after the smallest application rate (100m3/ha). Maximum crop nutrient uptakes of 41, 40 and 91% for N, P and K occurred with the smallest dose of slurry. Large losses of N, ranging from 27 to 74% (mean 55%) of N added to soil, occurred with all slurry treatments. From 41 to 71% (mean 55%) of the total P added in pig slurry was fixed in non-assimilable forms. Most of the K from the pig slurry was available to the plants. Most of the micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) from the slurry were immobilized in the soil, probably because of the high pH and the small amounts of organic matter in both the slurries and soils tested.
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    Seasonal variation of pyrite oxidation rates in colliery spoil (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Oxidation rates of pyrite in colliery spoil were measured under both field and laboratory conditions. Meld oxidation rates varied through the year, depending primarily upon temperature. Rates of acid release of 7–15 μmoles H+/day were measured in field lysimeters in the period May to November. Little oxidation of the pyrite occurred between November and May; the rates in the summer months were approximately 5–10 times those during die winter. The rate of oxidation in the summer was limited by the solubility of amorphous iron oxides. Slow oxidation during the winter is probably related to the inactivity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans at low temperatures. The rates of acid production in the laboratory in the temperature range 0–18°C were similar to those in the field. Materials inhibiting pyrite oxidation should be added when oxidation rates are slow, so that they are not overwhelmed by large amounts of acid.
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    Decreasing the impact of surface crusting on seedling: emergence by spray wetting (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. . A soil crust, produced by applying 44 mm of distilled water at an intensity of 290 mm/h using a rainfall simulator, was sufficiently rigid to significantly decrease emergence of barley from 76 to 40% and of oil seed rape from 82 to 61%. If the crust was kept wet by regular application of water as a fine mist, its strength was significantly decreased, but emergence remained poor because of prolonged soil wetness. After mist-spraying the crusted surface just before emergence, per cent emergence was greater than uncrusted controls.Application to the soil of a static pressure after sowing but without crusting either had no effect or increased emergence, probably because of improved seed-soil contact. However, crusting of the compacted soil decreased emergence severely. If the crust was allowed to dry it became very strong (〉 300 kPa). Mist-spraying at the time of emergence only also improved seed emergence almost to that in the uncrusted controls. Repeated mist spraying after crusting decreased the strength of the crust, but the resulting waterlogging decreased emergence to less than half those of the controls and of the treatments sprayed just before emergence only. Compared with other management techniques available for amelioration of crusted seedbeds, carefully timed fine spray watering seems to offer the best opportunity for ensuring rapid seed emergence comparable to that in uncrusted soils.
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    MONETARY VALUATION OF NON-MARKET PRODUCTIVE TIME METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: After defining households' productive time in non-SNA activities, the paper discusses the most lie quently used wage-based methods for imputing a value to this time. It argues that because the relation between market wages and household output is, at best, unknown, such valuations are not fruitful for economic analysis purposes. The paper then proceeds to show that it is possible to establish an output-related valuation of productive time which per se is relevant for economic analysis. Combined with time-use data, it can be used as a transitional measure for valuing household production at factors cost in a satellite account.
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    PERSPECTIVES ON POVERTY (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00462.x
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    INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF INTER-INDUSTRY WAGE DIFFERENTIALS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We use OECD data to examine inter-industry wage differentials (relative wages among industries) for 14 OECD countries over the period 1970–85. We find, first, that the industrial wage structures have shown remarkable stability over time in terms of rank order for all the countries in the sample. Second, despite their rank order stability, wage structures show a tendency to expand or contract. While the U.S. has shown increasing industry wage dispersion between 1970 and 1985, the pattern is very mixed for other countries. Unionization is a significant factor in explaining cross-country differences. Third, industry wage rankings show some evidence of becoming increasingly similar across nations over time, and this movement is associated with a convergence of per capita incomes. Fourth, industry wage differentials are positively related to an industry's productivity growth, output growth, capital intensity, and export orientation.
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    Aldi Hagenaars (1954–1993) (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00464.x
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    Announcements (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00465.x
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    ELECTRONIC DISSEMINATION EXPERIENCES OF THE U.S. BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the experiences of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in the electronic dissemination of its statistical products. Section I describes the institutional setting. Section 11, the heart of the paper, is based on a review BEA recently undertook with a view to improving its procedures and policies for disseminating its information to the public. Section III draws conclusions from the review and raises some questions as a basis for comparisons among agencies.
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    ESCAPING POVERTY THROUGH WORK: THE PROBLEM OF LOW EARNINGS CAPACITY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1973–88 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper documents the changes in earnings capacity poverty that occurred between 1973 and 1088. Families are “Earnings Capacity Poor” if they are unable to generate enough income to lift them out of poverty, even if all working-age adults in the family work full-time, year-round. Data from the March 1974 and March 1989 Current Population Surveys indicate that earnings capacity poverty increased more rapidly than official poverty. Much of this increase can be attributed to the rise in earnings capacity poverty among whites, intact families, and family heads with more than a high school diploma. Most alarming, the percentage of children in earnings capacity poor families is considerably higher than it is among persons over eighteen; in 1988, nearly 15 percent of children under six lived in families that could not have escaped poverty even if the adults in their family were working and earning at their full capacity levels.
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    RANKING INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS WHEN NEEDS DIFFER (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We derive criteria for ranking income distributions where households differ in equity-relevant non-income characteristics (‘needs’). using methods which do not require cardinal specifications of equivalence scales. We consider comparisons for situations where the distributions of needs differ (eg. Cross nationally or intertemporally), building on the results of Atkinson and Bourguignon (1987) and Atkinson (1992). The modifications required when the individual rather than the household is the income-receiving unit are also discussed. We illustrate the methods with an analysis of changes in social welfare and poverty in the U.K. between 1981 and 1986.
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    ROBERT J. GORDON'S CONCEPT OF CAPITAL (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Estimates of capital stock normally equate different models of capital goods by their production costs at a base date (a concept known as method 1 or K), not by their current marginal products (method 3, or J). Some economists advocate that, instead, different models be equated by the base-date costs of providing characteristics of the goods, not of the goods themselves. The characteristics selected have, however, excluded the amounts of other inputs used in the production to which the good is devoted. Hence the method does not equate capital goods by their marginal products but instead by the gross products of the capital goods together with various amounts of associated inputs. Gordon recognizes this defect and believes he has remedied it empirically, but the steps he takes are too slight to support this view. It remains impractical to construct estimates that equate goods by their marginal products.
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    Using expert systems and simulation modelling for land evaluation at farm level: a case study from New York State (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A land evaluation at farm level was made for a toposequence of three New York soils, using the FAO framework and the LEACHN simulation model. The land utilization type (LUT) was continuous corn, using three varieties with different growing periods. Ten experts identified the same land qualities but three different types of land characteristics, as derived from soil survey data, field observations and simulation modelling. Differences could be explained by the backgrounds of the experts. A land evaluation procedure according to framework criteria using decision trees rather than matching tables was more accessible and transparent. Simulation of the soil-water regime provided quantitative data for all land qualities considered, and this procedure was preferred to qualitative estimates based on poorly defined procedures. When some land qualities cannot be characterized by simulation, however, a mix of qualitative and quantitative decision tree branches may be considered. The standard scheme of land evaluation, which is scale independent, provides irrelevant results at farm level because farmers’ questions are different from those of regional planners who are well served by the traditional land evaluation procedure. For the farmer, development of decision support systems should be focused on optimal management decisions.
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    Soil losses under simulated rainfall in semi-arid shrublands of the Ebro Valley, Spain (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Runoff and soil loss were measured using simulated rainfall at nine shrubland sites on gypsiferous soils in the Ebro Valley. The sites represented diverse physiographical situations, including three soil types, three slopes and different percentages of rock outcrop and vegetation cover. Soil type, slope and vegetation cover significantly affected runoff and soil losses. An average of 40% of the simulated rainfall (48 mm/h) appeared as runoff and amounts were positively correlated with soil losses. The greatest runoff and soil losses were from plots with the steepest slopes. Rock outcrops decreased soil losses.
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    THIS ISSUE (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Utilizing the nitrogen content of organic manures on farms—problems and practical solutions (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Organic manures contain valuable quantities of nitrogen, phosphate and potash, but many farmers regard them as ‘waste materials’ rather than as sources of plant nutrients. Utilization of the plant-available nitrogen content is poor at present because of manure management practices which lead to leaching and atmospheric losses. Experiments studying the effect of timing suggest that, in order to decrease nitrate leaching, applications of manures which contain much available nitrogen should not be made during the period September to December on freely draining grassland and arable soils. Spring top dressings of dilute pig or cattle slurries and poultry manures to growing cereal crops are generally more efficient than autumn applications, particularly on freely draining soils. Legislation requiring manures to be applied in an environmentally acceptable manner and the economic need for farmers to realize the nutrient value of organic manures are likely to change the farming industry's perception of manures as ‘waste materials’.
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    Use of limestone wastes from metal mining as agricultural lime: potential heavy metal limitations (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Finely ground limestone waste from lead mining is discarded as useless but could be a valuable alternative to agricultural limestone. A glasshouse pot experiment established that it is an effective liming material. Two kinds were used: one from north Wales (HMT) represented metal-rich waste produced by the older water-gravity separation of ores; the other (NLB) was a modern flotation tailings. A commercial lime (CLS) was used for comparison. The materials were applied to an acid soil in quantities sufficient to raise the pH to 7 (single liming) and at much greater rates equivalent to annual limings for 369 years. All treatments were replicated five times and the soil/lime mixtures were analysed for EDTA-extractable lead, zinc and cadmium. Radish was grown as the test plant and hypocotyl and leaf tissue were analysed for the same metals. The larger additions of HMT and NLB caused chlorosis and decreased yields. The cadmium and lead concentrations of leaves and hypocotyls suggested that the HMT material could be safely applied to soil annually for 79 years and NLB for 277 years. It is concluded that NLB can be used as agricultural limestone.
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    Soil vulnerability to pollution in Europe (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Pollution by inorganic and organic substances is increasingly disrupting the natural functions of soils. Some soils seem capable of receiving and holding chemical compounds, at the same time retaining their ecological flexibility, but others are readily damaged and should be regarded as vulnerable to particular pollution scenarios.At the request of the Chemical Time Bombs (CTB) Project, the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) organized an international workshop to assess the feasibility of increasing awareness of ‘soil vulnerability’ by a mapping exercise for Europe (SOVEUR), at a scale of 1:5 M, with reference to selected organic and inorganic contaminants. The workshop participants outlined procedures for a GIS-based approach to determining areas where vulnerable soils occur, and formulated proposals for the implementation phase of the SOVEUR programme. Funding is now sought for continuation of the work outlined in this paper.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:The Evaluation of Land Resources By D.A. Davidson.
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    THE SECTORAL PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE O F JAPAN AND THE U.S., 1885–1990 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides a disaggregated productivity comparison between Japan and the U.S. for the period 1885–1990. It combines two detailed productivity comparisons for 1939 and 1975 with time series to provide a long-term sectoral perspective. There is much diversity in the Japanese experience. The agricultural sector has shown relative stagnation since 1885. The service sector showed considerable growth before the Second World War and reached high productivity levels in the post-war period. Within services there is great diversity in productivity levels. Japan's manufacturing sector has shown the fastest catch-up and its productivity level is currently close to that of the U.S.
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    U.S. INCOME MOBILITY IN THE SEVENTIES AND EIGHTIES (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper focuses on three questions: (1) Was mobility within the income distribution in the 1980s different from the 1970s? (2) Is there as much mobility when some measure of permanent income is used? and (3) Does movement within the income distribution imply real income changes'? Income mobility between 1969 and 1976, and between 1979 and 1986 is examined using real family income from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results show that there is considerable movement within the income distribution when both annual and permanent income is used. This movement, however is generally not very great in either direction.
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    CONSISTENCY BETWEEN MACRO- AND MICRO-DATA SETS IN THE JAPANESE HOUSEHOLD SECTOR (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper makes a comparative analysis of the micro-data, the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) and the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFIE) data, with the macro-data, the System of National Accounts (SNA), figures for the Japanese household sector. The overall FIES/SNA ratio is about 80 percent. In comparing the results to those of other countries, the figure seems to be not bad. However, the treatment of categories such as Gross Rent, Fuel and Power, and Medical Care and Health Expenses, require further consideration. In this regard we consider imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings for the SNA and a sampling scheme for the FIES.
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    COMPARING ECONOMIC WELL-BEING AMONG ELDERLY AMERICANS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Income-only and income-net worth measures of elderly economic well-being are derived from a single public welfare function-optimizing model of household production and intertemporal resource allocation. These measures are estimated with data on United States elderly in 1984 from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. The income-net worth measure also incorporates independently estimated work-life expectancies and earnings replacement rates. Under both measures, minority, moderately disabled, and unmarried female elderly are the poorest sub-populations. Increasing poverty with age is found under the income-only measure, but not the income-net worth measure.
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    THE DISAGGREGATION OF THE GIN1 COEFFICIENT BY FACTOR COMPONENTS AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO AUSTRALIA (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper demonstrates the proper use of the disaggregation of the Gini coefficient by factor components by deriving a formula of the elasticity of the Gini coefficient with respect to specific income components. The method is then applied to Australian household expenditure survey data to find the effects of various components of income on overall income inequality. The results are important in examining the effects of growth in specific components on the overall inequality and hence in policy decisions with respect to redistribution of income.
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    A COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTUAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ANNUAL AND LIFETIME INCOME: SWEDEN 1951–89 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses register data on tax assessed income from 1951 to 1989 for a representative sample of Swedish men in order to compare the distributions of annual income and “lifetime” income. It is found that the dispersion of lifetime income is around 35 to 40 percent lower than typical cross-sections of annual income. It is income up to around 30 years of age that mainly explains this discrepancy in the magnitude of dispersions. From the age of 30 until 65 years the correlations between annual and lifetime income are quite high and the dispersion of annual income is not very much higher than the dispersion of lifetime income. An analysis of the evolution of income mobility shows that there is a slight tendency to rising mobility over time. This finding implies that the common approach to study the development of income distribution by using only annual income can be misleading.
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    Announcements (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    THE EARNINGS-RELATED STATE PENSION, INDEXATION AND LIFETIME REDISTRIBUTION IN THE U.K. (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The redistributive impact of the U.K. state pension scheme is examined. Benefit-cost ratios are calculated using individual lifetime earnings profiles constructed for a cohort of men drawn from cross-section data. The scheme is investigated at maturity and revenue neutrality is imposed in order to isolate the intra-generationally redisiributive effects of the pension scheme.The results suggest that differences in returns to the pension scheme are driven by differential mortality, which outweigh the redistributive effect of the two-tier benefit structure. Various reforms of the pension scheme are then simulated, and solved for revenue neutrality. The results suggest that a great deal of care is needed in formulating reforms if redistributive objectives are to be achieved.
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    INTRODUCTION OF THE SNA INTO THE OFFICIAL STATISTICS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The work on the introduction of the elements of the SNA into the official statistical practice of the former U.S.S.R. began in 1988 when estimates of the GDP using conversion keys were prepared. In 1991 the decision was made to implement the entire SNA gradually on the basis of the international standards. The methodology of compilation of the main accounts was formulated by the Statistical Committcc of the C.I.S. with the assistance of the OECD. It originally drew on the ESA with introduction of elements of the revised SNA and adaption to specific economic processes in the country. It required solution of a number of conceptual and statistical problems referring to the treatment, allocation and valuation of selected activities. The estimates of the main accounts were made for the former U.S.S.R. by sectors and by industries for 1988–90. This project has provided the basis for further work on implementation of the SNA in C.I.S. countries.
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    POVERTY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH APPLICATION TO CÔTE D'IVOIRE (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the relation between economic growth and poverty, and develops the methodology to measure separately the impact of changes in average income and income inequality on poverty. The paper also provides a link between the growth rates in various sectors of the economy and the total poverty. The methodology proposed is applied to the data taken from the Côte d'lvoire Living Standards Survey conducted in 1985.
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    THE SHADOW ECONOMY: ILLICIT WORK AND HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION: A MICROANALYSIS OF WEST GERMANY (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This microanalysis of the shadow economy is on informal family income achieving strategies. In particular we analyze both sexes' paid illicit work as well as unpaid work in household production based on the representative West German Sfb3–Secondary Occupation Survey 1984. We estimate the influence of various socioeconomic variables including a legal occupation. As a result, illicit work and household production “Do-It-Yourself” activities are important informal family income achieving strategies. The respective regional state of the formal economy or one's own activities in social networks is of greater importance for informal economic activities than an individual income from formal economic activities.
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    Value Added Tax and Holding Companies: A major change of policy or a small problem of translation? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Budgetary Reform: The Impact of a December Budget on the Finance Bill and the Development of Tax Legislation (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Changing Tax for the Self-Employed (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    The Welfare Economics of Tax Co-ordination in the European Community: A Survey (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    A Guide to Poverty Statistics (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Tax Expenditures: The Case of Occupational Pensions (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Budgetary Reform (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS' HOUSEIIOLD INCOME AND MACROECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN: 1963–88 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An attempt is made to examine empirically the relationship between the size distribution of workers' household incomes and the variables expressing macroeconomic activities. As a preliminary implementation, the income shares are first estimated by decile groups and several subdivided top income groups. Applying Blinder and Esaki's regression approach to the estimated data, the ratio of job offers to applicants, inflation rate, and the terms of trade arc found to significantly affect the distribution. Of these variables, the terms of trade should be taken into account to ascertain precisely the income distribution in Japan where foreign trade heavily affects economic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00469.x
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    FIFTY YEARS O F MEASUREMENT: A CAMBRIDGE VIEW (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A Review of Ernst R. Berndt and Jack E. Triplett (eds.), Fifty Yeom of Economic Measurerement : The Jubilee of the Conference on Research in Income arid Wealth, Studies in Income and Wealth, Volume 54, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. 1990.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00472.x
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    POVERTY, TNEQUALTTY, AND FAMTLY LIVING STANDARDS IMPACTS ACROSS SEVEN NATIONS: THE EFFECT OF NONCASH SUBSIDIES FOR HEALTH, EDUCATION AND HOUSING (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The main aim of this paper has been to summarize the impact of noncash income–health and health education benefits, and imputed rent-on living standards, income distribution and poverty in seven nations at the beginning of the 1980s using the Luxembourg Income Study database. Our results do not give rise to a pattern of national differences in poverty rates or income inequality which are markedly different from that which emerges from previous LIS research based on cash income alone. While these results may be sensitive to the techniques used to measure and value noncash benefits in this paper, it appears that noncash income reinforces the redistributive impact or conventional (cash) tax-transfer mechanisms rather than acting to offset them in any major way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00458.x
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    NATIONAL WEALTH AND STOCKS OF FIXED ASSETS IN SWEDEN 1981–90 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper gives an overall description of sources and methods for a System of National and Sectoral Balance Sheets which recently has been added to and integrated with the System of Swedish National Accounts. The main results of the new estimates are also summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00445.x
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    SAVINGS: BUBBLES AND FUNDAMENTALS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A Review of Laurence J. Kotlikoff, What Determines Savings?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00448.x
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    CHANGE OR PERMANENCE? GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CAPITALIST ECONOMIES (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A Review of W. Lazonick, Competitive Advantage on the Shopfloor
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00449.x
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    INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S.S.R. IN THE 1980s (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In 1989 Soviet authorities released unprecedented new data on the size distribution of income in the U.S.S.R. in the 1980s, including the distributions by republics. With the goal of providing a benchmark for evaluating the effect of current and future economic reforms on income distribution in the former Soviet Union, this paper estimates inequality measures for the new data. The estimation uses a simple nonparametric technique based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to fit the Soviet data to a lognormal distribution. The results suggest that, for income from official sources, (1) inequality in the Soviet Union as a whole declined throughout the 1980s-both before and after Gorbachev's accession in 1985, and (2) income inequality was greater in the poorer, southern republics of the U.S.S.R. than in the north. While the inclusion of unofficial (unreported) private income would probably reinforce the second of these two trends, its effect on the first cannot be determined on the basis of available information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00435.x
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    A FEMINISATION OF POVERTY IN GREAT BRITAIN? A CLARIFICATION (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00441.x
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    IN MEMORIAM (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00442.x
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    IN MEMORIAM (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00450.x
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    SAVINGS BEHAVIOR IN 17 OECD COUNTRIES (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article compares savings behavior in a sample of 17 OECD countries over 24 years. On the basis of an analysis of variance and of a life-cycle-hypothesis-based equation, we test the homogeneity of households' savings behavior. It appears that one cannot really speak of a homogeneous saving behavior across countries. This is a relevant finding in times of increasing economic and financial integration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00436.x
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    THE “REAL” CHINESE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) FOR THE PRE-REFORM PERIOD 1952–77 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops an econometric method based on the relationship between GDP and NMP to estimate an unknown Chinese GDP series of 1952–77 using recently available Chinese GDP data of 1978–90 and a reconstructed NMP series of 1952–90. In this manner, a long-term (1952–90) series of China's GDP has been obtained for long-term analyses. A reassessment of Chinese economic performance of 1952–90 using this series suggests that the paper's estimate provides a reasonable reflection of both the Chinese pre-and post-reform economic growth in terms of production structure, growth pattern and policy changes. A series of China's per capita GDP in U.S. dollars which is comparable to the World Bank's estimate for the early 1980s has also been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00438.x
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    REPLY: THE CONCEPT OF CAPITAL (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 39 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Edward Denison and I agree that the correct theoretical concept of capital is to consider two capital goods equivalent if they generate the same real net revenue, defined as gross revenue minus variable operating costs measured at a fixed set of output and input prices. Although I showed in my book that the correct concept could be fully implemented for commercial aircraft and electric generating equipment, for other products I was able only partially to take operating costs into account. As a result, both Denison and I agree that my radical revision to the official capital goods deflators does not go far enough and is biased toward understating improvements in quality. Our disagreement comes down to research strategy: I believe that I have progressed partway toward the ultimate goal of implementing the correct concept, while he views such a full implementation as infeasible. As a result, he advocates a return to the traditional criterion of base-period production cost, even though this yields price deflators that ignore improvements in performance (as for computers) and improvements in operating efficiency (as for successive generations of jet aircraft) made possible by technological advances that reduct the cost of production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00440.x
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    Surplus ACT — A Practitioner's Comment on the Consultative Document (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1993.tb00440.x
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    Increasing Length and Complexity of Tax Legislation — Avoidable or Inevitable? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1993.tb00441.x
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    Radical Tax Reform in New Zealand (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1993.tb00486.x
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    Cheap Rubbish? Competitive Tendering and Contracting Out in Refuse Collection – 1981–88 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 14 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1993.tb00489.x
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