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  • Other Sources  (1,698)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,076)
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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Flaws of the depth analysis technique of distinguishing photographic plate defects are discussed. The method is shown to be unreliable in confirming or disproving the astrophysical nature of optical transients. The arguments of Greiner and of Zytkow to the contrary are criticized.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts - Observations, analyses and theories (A93-20206 06-90); p. 133-137.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A novel modeling technique is developed and applied to the long-wavelength gravity, topography, and internal density structure of Venus. The focus of this study is to employ data on the gravity and topography of Venus, which are obtained from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter mission, to enhance understanding some key aspects of the internal structure of the planet. A modeling strategy utilizing 'stokeslets' or basic units of slow viscous flow (governed by the Stokes equations) to duplicate the observed gravity and topography is implemented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E11; p. 18,285-18,294.
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  • 3
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Program, a NASA effort to develop bioregenerative systems which provide required life support elements for crews on long duration space missions or extraterrestrial planetary colonizations, is briefly discussed. The CELSS analytical requirements are defined in relation to the life support objectives and priorities of a CELSS. The first phase of the CELSS Breadboard Concept is shown.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: A lunar-based chemical analysis laboratory (A93-17426 04-51); p. 66-74.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) focusing can be achieved either based on accurate ephemeris data or on an autofocusing process. For the Magellan project, such a decision must be made in the early phase of Magellan SAR system design. The analysis of the emphemeris requirement is complicated. The analysis given by the author leads to the conclusion that empheris data obtained from the Magellan navigation system provide sufficient accuracy to meet the Magellan image resolution requirement.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 610-613.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Narrow-angle astrometry has many astrophysical applications, from the measurement of parallaxes to the search for planets around nearby stars. Ground-based long-focus telescopes with photoelectric detectors have achieved accuracies of about 2-3 milliarcsec in 1 h. This accuracy is limited primarily by the atmosphere, and is consistent with models of atmospheric turbulence. However, applying these turbulence models to observations with long-baseline interferometers yields astrometric errors that are far smaller than can be achieved with long-focus telescopes. The predictions for the ultimate accuracy of ground-based narrow-angle astrometry using long-baseline IR (2.2 micron) stellar interferometers are very promising. With the excellent seeing at a high altitude site like Mauna Kea, the atmospheric limit for a 1 h astrometric measurement is expected to be of the order of 10 microarcsec for 1 h of integration. This two-order-of-magnitude improvement over conventional measurements is due to two effects. One is that a long-baseline IR interferometer can find useful reference stars very near an arbitrary target star, so that the atmospherically-induced motions of both stars are highly correlated. The second is that the baseline length can be much larger than the separation of the stellar beams in the turbulent atmosphere, resulting in a reduction in astrometric error with increasing baseline length.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 262; 1; p. 353-358.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Prospects for lunar-based astronomy and the development of the required technologies are briefly reviewed. A systematic approach to lunar-based astronomy includes a progression in capability from small automated telescopes to the 16-meter reflector on the moon. A next step beyond the 16-meter reflector will be a Lunar Optical/Ultraviolet/Infrared Synthesis Array. Intermediate steps are represented by the Lunar Transit Telescope and the Lunar Cluster Telescope Experiment. Priorities for the required technology development are identified.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1853-1864.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Lunar Telescope Working Group of the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, has conducted conceptual studies of an evolutionary family of UV/ optical/IR telescopes to be based on the lunar surface. Included are: (1) the 16-m aperture Large Lunar Telescope; (2) the 4-m aperture precursor Lunar Cluster Telescope Experiment; and (3) the 2-m Lunar Transit Telescope proposed by John McGraw of the Steward Observatory. Development and emplacement of these advanced astronomical facilities would parallel the buildup of an initial lunar exploration site, an early lunar outpost, and a permanent lunar base. The Working Group has examined the feasibility of constructing such telescopes and assessed technology, subsystem, system, transportation, and operations requirements for their development and emplacement. Influences of the lunar environment and site selection on telescope design and operation were also evaluated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1809-1831.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) detects any gamma-ray burst not obscured by the earth and intense enough to produce a sufficiently strong signal in at least two of its eight large area NaI detectors (LADs). For a given intensity, a LAD records a stronger signal from a source which directly faces it than from a source to its side. Thus, BATSE's detection of a gamma-ray burst may depend upon the burst's direction. We discuss the effect of this uneven exposure to the sky on the instrument's measurement of the distribution of gamma-ray burst directions and intensities, and we describe our method of accounting for the effect.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 399-403.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The goal of the Germanium GAlactic Plane Patrol mission (GGAPP) is to provide a continuous monitor of the Galactic Plane (GP) for variable sources of gamma-ray lines. Potentially interesting sources include black hole candidates, X-ray binary systems, pulsars, gamma-ray bursts, and solar flares. The GGAPP instrument is an array of Ge detectors cooled by a mechanical refrigerator to achieve a spectral resolution of 2 keV at 1 MeV (1/500). A bismuth germanate (BGO) shield will restrict the field-of-view (FOV) to within 20 deg of the GP, and a modulation collimator system will locate strong sources to less than 0.3 deg in galactic longitude, provide a direct means of subtracting background, and mapping the diffuse emission from the GP. The spacecraft will be rotationally stabilized with the spin axis perpendicular to the GP such that the modulator scans in galactic longitude. A HEO or L1 orbit will keep GGAPP far away from the strong background produced by the Earth. GGAPP will provide a natural bridge between GRO and future missions such as INTEGRAL/NAE.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 390-394.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The effect of varying BATSE trigger parameters on the modeled BATSE detection rate is investigated numerically. Quantitative estimates are obtained of the systematic effects generated by the complex interplay of trigger times, variations in the signal-to-noise ratio for burst detection as well as the time scale over which backgrounds are determined, and the number of required detections above threshold. It is found, in particular that employing a third detection, at a reduced signal-to-noise ratio, to resolve a burst does not increase the detection rate. It is also shown that the BATSE detection rate is insensitive to variations in the time scale over which the background is determined.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 388, 389.
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) consists of eight anisotropic gamma-ray spectrometers at the corners of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. BATSE monitors the full sky from a fixed orientation and determines the direction of gamma-ray bursts with an accuracy appropriate for studying the bursts' celestial distribution. We describe the calculation of gamma-ray burst directions from measurements made by BATSE. We present a sample of calculated directions from BATSE's measurement of solar flaxes and compare the calculated directions with the solar direction. We describe the systematic errors apparent in these data and discuss ongoing efforts to correct them.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 383-387.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This status report presents some details on the project 'Search for time-correlated optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursters'. The photographic sky patrol of the three observatories Sonneberg (FRG), Ondrejov (CSFR), and Odessa (USSR) is used to look for patrol plates which have been exposed simultaneously with a gamma-ray burst detected by GRO. Our expectations and the very first results are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 327-331.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have developed seven compact soft X-ray/EUV (XUV) multilayer coated and two compact FUV interference film coated Cassegrain and Ritchey-Chretien telescopes for a rocket borne observatory, the Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array. We report here on extensive measurements of the efficiency and spectral bandpass of the XUV telescopes carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 432-445.
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A major component of the Advanced Solar Observatory is the High Resolution Telescope Cluster (HRTC) for investigations of the solar atmosphere at soft X-ray, XUV, EUV, and VUV wavelengths, via high resolution spectroheliograms in lines and continuum emitted over the full, (4500 to 100,000,000 K) range of temperatures of the outer solar atmosphere; angular resolution may be as high as 0.03 arcsec. An analysis is conducted of a model HRTC instrument complement encompassing a 60-90 cm aperture VUV telescope, a 40-50 cm aperture EUV telescope, three 40-50 cm aperture XUV telescopes, and a 40-cm aperture soft X-ray telescope, as well as flare spectrometers and polarimeters and four coronagraph/spectrographs.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 353-369.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Solar/Stellar Coronal Explorer (SSCE) carries six identical Ritchey-Chretien Telescopes of 127 mm aperture each; their images will be recorded by multianode microchannel-array detectors. The mirrors of five of the telescopes are coated with multilayer reflecting structures that select narrow XUV wavelength bands corresponding to strong emission lines emitted by solar or stellar coronal plasmas. Also noted here is a larger explorer mission concept, that of the Solar/Stellar Coronal Observatory, which will undertake more extensive spectroscopic observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 281-295.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Ultra-High Resolution XUV Spectroheliograph (UHRXS) is a comprehensive solar observatory capable of studying solar phenomena at soft X-ray, XUV, EUV, and VUV wavelengths with normal incidence imaging multilayer telescopes capable of very high angular resolution (about 0.1 arcsec), and spectrographs able to achieve high spectral resolution. This instrument has been selected by NASA for flight as an attached payload on the Space Station Freedom. Recent developments have made it clear that accommodations for attached payloads on Freedom will not become available during the initial operations of Freedom and may never be available. We have studied the changes that must be made to place the UHRXS instrument on a Free Flying Plafform such as the Delta Launched Explorer Bus. We report on the configuration, performance, and accommodation on a free flying platform of the revised UHRXS concept.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 265-280.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array (MSSTA) is a sounding rocket-borne solar observatory which was succesfully launched on May 13, 1991, from the White Sands Missile Range, NM. Ultrahigh resolution, full-disk solar X-ray, EUV, and FUV images were obtained with the MSSTA Herschelian, Cassegrain, and Ritchey-Chretien telescopes. We describe the payload and provide some preliminary scientific results from the flight.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 175-187.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Broad-Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) was designed to carry out moderate resolution spectrophotometry of cosmic X-ray sources in the 0.3-12 keV band from the Space Shuttle. It consists of a pair of coaligned conical foil telescopes, with cryogenically cooled Si(Li) spectrometers as focal instruments. It was flown as part of the Astro-1 mission in December, 1990. The in-flight performance of the instrument was essentially as predicted on the basis of ground calibration and modelling. We discuss the performance of the system, with emphasis on the conical mirror systems, and present some preliminary scientific results which illustrate the power of broad band, high sensitivity X-ray spectrophotometry.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 72-81.
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  • 19
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Two examples of displays designed to aid spatial maneuvering are described. The first, a perspective format for a commercial air traffic display, illustrates how geometric distortion may be introduced to insure that an operator can understand a depicted three-dimensional situation. The second, a display for planning small aircraft maneuvers, illustrates how the complex counter-initiative character of orbital maneuvering can be made more tractable by removing higher-order nonlinear control dynamics and allowing independent satisfaction of velocity and plume impingement constraints on orbital changes.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Human vision, visual processing, and digital display III; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Jose, CA, Feb. 10-13, 1992 (A93-33438 12-63); p. 536-540.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We are investigating the possibility that a video image may productively be warped prior to presentation to a low vision patient. This could form part of a prosthesis for certain field defects. We have done preliminary quantitative studies on some notions that may be valid in calculating the image warpings. We hope the results will help make best use of time to be spent with human subjects, by guiding the selection of parameters and their range to be investigated. We liken a warping optimization to opening the largest number of spatial channels between the pixels of an input imager and resolution cells in the visual system. Some important effects are not quantified that will require human evaluation, such as local 'squashing' of the image, taken as the ratio of eigenvalues of the Jacobian of the transformation. The results indicate that the method shows quantitative promise. These results have identified some geometric transformations to evaluate further with human subjects.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Visual information processing; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, Apr. 20-22, 1992 (A93-32438 12-61); p. 304-313.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: As part of the High-Angle-of-Attack Technology Program (HATP), two integrated pictorial displays have been developed for piloted simulation evaluations and, ultimately, for flight testing on board the F/A-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV). The first concept is a nosepointing display which illustrates the range of control the pilot has over the aircraft nose. The second concept is a predictive flightpath display that allows the pilot to see how his current control inputs will affect his aircraft's future position and orientation. The development of both display concepts will be discussed, as well as the results from a piloted simulation experiment in which pilots viewed the flightpath display in a wide-field-of-view Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD) while engaged in an air-combat situation.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Helmet-mounted displays III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, Apr. 21, 22, 1992 (A93-30051 11-54); p. 154-165.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Observational data on novae in outburst are reviewed, focusing on the information gained from ultraviolet spectroscopy. Topics discussed include a brief taxonomy of novae, the theoretical framework, observational diagnostics of the outburst, IUE satellite observations, and future trends in novae observations at many wavelengths using space-based observatories to augment the work of ground-based observers.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Variable star research: An international perspective (A93-29397 10-89); p. 290-301.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Reduced Gravity Program (RGP) offers opportunities for experimentation in gravities of less than one-g. The Extravehicular Activity Helper/Retriever (EVAHR) robot project of the Automation and Robotics Division at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, is undertaking a task that will culminate in a series of tests in simulated zero-g using this facility. A subset of the final robot hardware consisting of a three-dimensional laser mapper, a Robotics Research 807 arm, a Jameson JH-5 hand, and the appropriate interconnect hardware/software will be used. This equipment will be flown on the RGP's KC-135 aircraft. This aircraft will fly a series of parabolas creating the effect of zero-g. During the periods of zero-g, a number of objects will be released in front of the fixed base robot hardware in both static and dynamic configurations. The system will then inspect the object, determine the objects pose, plan a grasp strategy, and execute the grasp. This must all be accomplished in the approximately 27 seconds of zero-g.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 16-18, 1992 (A93-29101 10-54); p. 410-420.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview of the development test flight (DTF-1) mission is presented, and the system design, safety requirements, and safety features are described. The lessons that were learned during the design and early development stages are also presented. The DTF-1 mission objectives are to evaluate: the overall man-machine performance in zero G, Flight Telerobotic Service manipulator design, and workstation design, including handcontrollers and displays. The payload bay and aft flight deck elements, and computer control of the DTF-1 are described. Recommendations for developing and implementing a safety system are presented, and some design alternatives for the next space-qualified telerobotic system are suggested.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 16-18, 1992 (A93-29101 10-54); p. 242-250.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Servicing Aid Tool (SAT) is a teleoperated manipulation system designed for use on the NSTS Orbiter. The system will assist EVA servicing of spacecraft such as the Hubble Space Telescope and Explorer platform. SAT components are spaceflight adaptations of existing ground-based designs from Robotics Research and Schilling Development. Fairchild Space is providing the control electronics, safety system, and flight integration. The manipulator consists of a 6-DOF Slave Arm mounted on a 1-DOF Positioning Link in the Payload Bay. The Slave Arm is controlled via a highly similar, 6-DOF, force-reflecting Master Arm. Each slave arm joint receives position commands from the corresponding master arm joint; torque commands are reflected to each master joint based on the current state of the slave joint and the master/slave relationship. Scaled and indexed control will be accommodated, as will various features to ensure safe operation. The paper will focus on the development of the safety system, and operations for the demonstration and servicing missions.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 16-18, 1992 (A93-29101 10-54); p. 184-195.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Work on the Flight Telerobotic Service (FTS) since that reported in Leake (1991) is examined, and initial work on a Hubble servicing mission is outlined. A state-of-the-art force reflecting teleoperation system that uses torque control at the joints of the slave manipulator has been implemented. The master rate/slave damper mode proposed by Langley has proved to be a very efficient operational mode, allowing force reflection ratios up to one to one. A software architecture for real-time Ada robotics systems has been proposed, and implementation has been launched. This architecture builds on the lessons learned from NASA Standard Reference Model Architecture and the prototype FTS effort. The Capaciflector sensor has been integrated into the system, and it has been used to perform a basic berthing task autonomously.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 16-18, 1992 (A93-29101 10-54); p. 174-183.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A systems performance-based strategy for modeling and conducting experiments relevant to the design and performance characterization of telerobotic systems is described. A developmental testbed consisting of a distributed telerobotics network and initial efforts to implement the strategy described is presented. Consideration is given to the general systems performance theory (GSPT) to tackle human performance problems as a basis for: measurement of overall telerobotic system (TRS) performance; task decomposition; development of a generic TRS model; and the characterization of performance of subsystems comprising the generic model. GSPT employs a resource construct to model performance and resource economic principles to govern the interface of systems to tasks. It provides a comprehensive modeling/measurement strategy applicable to complex systems including both human and artificial components. Application is presented within the framework of a distributed telerobotics network as a testbed. Insight into the design of test protocols which elicit application-independent data is described.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 16-18, 1992 (A93-29101 10-54); p. 161-172.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An approach to rendering robotic systems as 'personlike' as possible to achieve needed capabilities is outlined. Human characteristics such as knowledge, motivation, know-how, performance, achievement and individual differences corresponding to propensities and abilities can be supplied, within limits, with computing software and hardware to robotic systems provided with sufficiently rich sensory configurations. Pushing these limits is the developmental path for more and more personlike robotic systems. The portions of the Person Concept that appear to be most directly relevant to this effort are described in the following topics: reality concepts (the state-of-affairs system and descriptive formats, behavior as intentional action, individual persons (person characteristics), social patterns of behavior (social practices), and boundary conditions (status maxims). Personlike robotic themes and considerations for a technical development plan are also discussed.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 16-18, 1992 (A93-29101 10-54); p. 149-160.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Biomedical engineering is an evolving science that seeks to insert technically oriented and trained personnel to assist medical professionals in solving technological problems in the pursuit of innovations in the delivery of health care. Consequently, engineering solutions are brought to bear on problems that previously were outside the training of physicians and beyond the understanding or appreciation of the conventionally educated electrical or mechanical engineers. This physician/scientist/engineer team has a capability to extend medicine and research far beyond the capability of a single entity operating alone. How biomedical engineering has added a new dimension to medical science at the Kennedy Space Center is described.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Florida Medical Association, Journal (ISSN 0015-4148); 79; 8; p. 530, 531.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Scientists and engineers within NASA are conducting research which will lead to development of advanced life-support systems that utilize higher plants in a unique approach to solving long-term life-support problems in space. This biological solution to life-support, Controlled Ecological Life-Support System (CELSS), is a complex, extensively controlled, bioengineered system that relies on plants to provide the principal elements from gas exchange and food production to potable water reclamation. Research at John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is proceeding with a comprehensive investigation of the individual parts of the CELSS system at a one-person scale in an approach called the Breadboard Project. Concurrently a relatively new NASA sponsored research effort is investigating plant growth and metabolism in microgravity, innovative hydroponic nutrient delivery systems, and use of highly efficient light emitting diodes for artificial plant illumination.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Florida Medical Association, Journal (ISSN 0015-4148); 79; 8; p. 537-544.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The history and construction of Martian place names are examined. The 24 specific descriptor terms in use for Mars are defined. Informal names of individual rocks are discussed: the human fondness for informality is evident in the names attached to individual rocks at the Viking Lander sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1305-1314.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The development of a virtual environment simulation system integrating a 3D acoustic audio model with an immersive 3D visual scene is discussed. The system complements the acoustic model and is specified to: allow the listener to freely move about the space, a room of manipulable size, shape, and audio character, while interactively relocating the sound sources; reinforce the listener's feeling of telepresence in the acoustical environment with visual and proprioceptive sensations; enhance the audio with the graphic and interactive components, rather than overwhelm or reduce it; and serve as a research testbed and technology transfer demonstration. The hardware/software design of two demonstration systems, one installed and one portable, are discussed through the development of four iterative configurations.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Stereoscopic displays and applications III; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Jose, CA, Feb. 12, 13, 1992 (A93-53119 23-54); p. 256-267.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Magellan prime mission involves mapping the planet of Venus once around its rotational axis. The Magellan synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing facility processes all SAR data collected by the Magellan spacecraft into image data on an orbit-by-orbit basis. About 1700 million bits of radar data were collected. A complete description of the Magellan SAR Data Processing Facility is provided with emphasis on key design features of the data processors that satisfied the project data processing requirements. A summary of the attained data processing performance is included, as well as a brief discussion of some of the constraints and considerations regarding the applicability of the processors to meeting the data processing goals anticipated for the follow-on mission phases (i.e., cycles II, III, and beyond).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 606-609.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: VLBI observations of the optically bright radio-emitting star Sigma Coronae Borealis (Sigma CrB) have yielded its position relative to an angularly nearby quasar, its annual proper motion and its trigonometric parallax with formal uncertainties slightly better than 0.2 milliarcsec. This is the first result of the VLBI astrometric program we are conducting on 11 radio stars similar to Sigma CrB. We plan to obtain comparable results for all stars when enough epochs of observations are acquired. These stars will be used to astrometrically link the Hipparcos and VLBI extragalactic reference frames.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 258; 1; p. 112-115.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Three unique partial gravity test environments; parabolic flight, water immersion and a mechanical-relief device provide the environment to evaluate human locomotion, reach sweeps, and posture in the reduced gravity levels of the moon (1/6) and Mars (3/8). The development of a motion analysis database for 1/6 and 3/8 gravity environments as well as an initial understanding of human motion in low gravity environments are the focus of these experiments. Each of the three partial-gravity simulations provided a unique environment with some specific limitations. Water immersion provides a continuous testing environment but must factor in the effects of water viscosity drag, subject weighting, and breathing apparatus. Parabolic flight provides the most realistic testing environment although the test must be interrupted every 40 seconds to execute a complete parabolic maneuver of the aircraft. Mechanical force relief systems also provide uninterrupted testing. However, the body support harness necessary for use of mechanical force relief systems can potentially hinder test subject movement. By using the test results generated from all three test arenas, the Man-Systems Division will create a database of human locomotion specific to the lunar and Mars gravity environments. The information gathered is being used to enhance the development and design of future human habitation elements.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space - III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 2282-2292.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Regenerative life support systems have been identified as one of the critical enabling technologies for future human exploration of space. This discipline encompasses processes and subsystems which regenerate the air, water, solid waste, and food streams typical of human habitation so as to minimize the mass and volume of stored consumables which must accompany the humans on a mission. A number of key technology challenges within this broad discipline are described, ranging from the development of new physical, chemical, and biological processes for regenerating the air, water, solid waste, and food streams to the development of improved techniques for monitoring and controlling microbial and trace constituent contamination. A continuing challenge overarching the development of these new technologies is the need to minimize the mass, volume, and electrical power consumption of the flight hardware. More important for long duration exploration missions, however, is the development of highly reliable, long-lived, self- sufficient systems which absolutely minimize the logistics resupply and operational maintenance requirements of the life support system and which ensure human safety through their robust, reliable operating characteristics.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1748-1764.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Regenerative life support systems (RLSS) will be required to regenerate air, water, and wastes, and to produce food for human consumption during long-duration stays on the moon. It may be possible to supplement some of the materials needed for RLSS from resources on the moon. Natural materials at the lunar surface may be used for a variety of lunar RLSS needs, including (i) soils or solid-support substrates for plant growth, (ii) sources for extraction of essential, plant-growth nutrients, (iii) substrates for microbial populations in the degradation of wastes, (iv) sources of O2 and H, which may be used to manufacture water, (v) feed stock materials for the synthesis of useful minerals (e.g., molecular sieves), and (vi) shielding materials surrounding the outpost structure to protect humans, plants, and microorganisms from harmful radiation.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1709-1719.
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A conceptual design for a Synthesis Array for Lunar Submillimeter Astronomy (SALSA) is described with emphasis on information relevant to its implementation. SALSA is optimized to synthesize images of astronomical sources at wavelengths between 60 and 300 microns with an angular resolution of 10 milliarcseconds at the shortest wavelength. The discussion covers engineering considerations and descriptions of subsystems, including the environmental shield, antenna, and beam transport.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space - III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1902-1912.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The galactic cosmic-ray flux incident on the moon was examined for its potential adverse impact on the performance of the large lunar telescope (LLT) proposed as a part of NASA's Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). Noise produced by the cosmic-ray flux in the charge coupled devices to be used as the primary photodetector in the telescope was estimated. It was calculated that approximately 2.5 m of regolith would provide the shielding necessary to reduce the noise to an acceptable level. Dust is an omnipresent environmental concern for any human-assisted or robotic scientific instruments deployed on the moon. The degree to which dust poses an operational risk to the telescope was examined. Three potential methods for reducing this risk were identified: locating scientific instruments at remote locations; utilizing a prepared, dust-free site for all rocket activities; and covering the optics during high-risk times.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1832-1841.
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Plans for constructing permanent lunar bases and observatories under the Space Exploration Initiative are examined. The advantages of the lunar environment for astronomical observations are briefly reviewed, and the proposed lunar facilities are discussed. In particular, attention is given to a lunar optical interferometer, a submillimeter interferometer, a VLF radio array on the lunar far side, a large optical telescope, and a large installation for detecting gravitational waves. Each of the proposed instruments and their capabilities and configurations are discussed, as are possible experiments that may reduce the uncertainty and risk involved in setting up these facilities.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1798-1808.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The EVA hardware interfaces, standards, and considerations are examined, as are guidelines that EVA operations engineer will use when reviewing the design packages from the EVA operational point of view. By utilizing both the EVA and robotics interfaces standards, design requirements, and the EVA operational guidelines and considerations, the Space Station Freedom program design can be more cost effective in the long term and also more compatible and friendly for on-orbit assembly and on-orbit maintenance and repair.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Engineering, construction, and operations in space III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-41976 17-12); p. 1656-1667.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The objective of multi-use telescopes is to reduce the initial and operational costs of space telescopes to the point where a fair number of telescopes, a dozen or so, would be affordable. The basic approach is to develop a common telescope, control system, and power and communications subsystem that can be used with a wide variety of instrument payloads, i.e., imaging CCD cameras, photometers, spectrographs, etc. By having such a multi-use and multi-user telescope, a common practice for earth-based telescopes, development cost can be shared across many telescopes, and the telescopes can be produced in economical batches.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Robotic telescopes in the 1990s; Proceedings of the Symposium, 103rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, June 22-24, 1991, 1991 (A93-36457 14-89); p. 289-303.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is argued that increases in the precision of photometric measurements and the development of fully automatic photometric telescopes (APTs) now make possible the detection of Jupiter-size objects around other stars. The two most promising approaches are to monitor binary stars that have their orbital plane nearly in our line of sight and to measure the rotation periods of stars that are known to have dark companions and have very accurate values for Vsini. Differential photometry with APTs, based on a rapid comparison among a group of stars, provides a precision of 2 parts in 1000. Transits of solar-type stars by planets or brown dwarfs the size of Jupiter or Saturn will produce brightness variations of about 10 parts per 1000.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Robotic telescopes in the 1990s; Proceedings of the Symposium, 103rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, June 22-24, 1991, 1991 (A93-36457 14-89); p. 153-169.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper reviews some of the sources of visual information that are available in the out-the-window scene and describes how these visual cues are important for routine pilotage and training, as well as the development of simulator visual systems and enhanced or synthetic vision systems for aircraft cockpits. It is shown how these visual cues may change or disappear under environmental or sensor conditions, and how the visual scene can be augmented by advanced displays to capitalize on the pilot's excellent ability to extract visual information from the visual scene.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: AHS, Annual Forum, 48th, Washington, June 3-5, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-35901 14-01); p. 253-260.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A five-week flight simulation investigation comparing screen/head stabilized Apache Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) flight symbology to world stabilized flight symbology is presented in this paper. Simulation test results indicate that pilots perform significantly (P is less than .05) better using world stabilized attitude symbology. They were accurate to an average of 1/2 deg at estimating terrain relief and aerial target locations. Pilots were able to take advantage of world referenced symbology due to the unique features of HMD that allow the pilot to visually use the symbology at extreme azimuth and elevation off-axis angles. Pilots preferred world stabilized symbology while performing contour flight tasks. They reported that the use of climb-dive-marker during contour flight greatly reduced pilot work load under conditions tested. A surprising number of cyclic input errors occurred when using both MIL-STD-1295 hover symbology and test symbology, indicating that a better approach for depicting hover symbology is probably warranted. The magnitude of cyclic input and spatial estimation errors increased as the off-axis viewing angle became larger.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: AHS, Annual Forum, 48th, Washington, June 3-5, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-35901 14-01); p. 197-213.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Attention is given to CELSS, a critical technology for the Space Exploration Initiative. OCAM (object-oriented CELSS analysis and modeling) models carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen recycling. Multiple crops and plant types can be simulated. Resource recovery options from inedible biomass include leaching, enzyme treatment, aerobic digestion, and mushroom and fish growth. The benefit of using many small crops overlapping in time, instead of a single large crop, is demonstrated. Unanticipated results include startup transients which reduce the benefit of multiple small crops. The relative contributions of mass, energy, and manpower to system cost are analyzed in order to determine appropriate research directions.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Space Congress, 29th, Cocoa Beach, FL, Apr. 21-24, 1992, Proceedings (A93-25276 08-12); p. 8-31 to 8-37.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The difficulties connected with conventional maps of Phobos and Deimos are largely overcome by producing maps in digital forms, i.e., by projecting Viking Orbiter images onto a global topographic model made from collections of radii derived by photogrammetry. The resulting digital mosaics are then formatted as arrays of body-centered latitudes, longitudes, radii, and brightness values of Viking Orbiter images. The Phobos mapping described was done with Viking Orbiter data. Significant new coverage was obtained by the Soviet Phobos mission. The mapping of Deimos is in progress, using the techniques developed for Phobos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1249-1256.
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Physical and chemical weathering processes that might be important on Mars are reviewed, and the limited observations, including relevant Viking results and laboratory simulations, are summarized. Physical weathering may have included rock splitting through growth of ice, salt or secondary silicate crystals in voids. Chemical weathering probably involved reactions of minerals with water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, although predicted products vary sensitively with the abundance and physical form postulated for the water. On the basis of kinetics data for hydration of rock glass on earth, the fate of weathering-rind formation on glass-bearing Martian volcanic rocks is tentatively estimated to have been on the order of 0.1 to 4.5 cm/Gyr; lower rates would be expected for crystalline rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 626-651.
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This review of the long-term dynamical behavior of Mars covers secular variations of the orbit, oscillations of the obliquity, and polar wandering. Calculations of the large-scale obliquity oscillations of Mars are updated using the most recent orbit theory and contrasted with the earth. The motion for Mars is characterized by about 100,000-yr oscillations driven by differential spin axis and orbit plane precession rates during which the obliquity may change by as much as about 20 deg. The possible role of spin-orbit secular resonances to the spin axis histories of the earth and Mars is also considered. Numerical integrations of the equations of motion indicate that Mars may have passed through resonance as little as 5 Myr ago and that obliquities approaching about 45 deg could have been achieved during such an event.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 298-320.
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Deformation of the Martian lithosphere and the various theoretical formulations used to model its behavior on local, regional, and global scales are studied. An overview of the various classes of tectonic features found on Mars is presented. The tectonic record on Mars, which provides the basic framework for interpreting theoretical thermomechanical models in terms of major tectonic events and provinces is summarized. The thickness of the elastic lithosphere is estimated using its response to local surface loads, and significant spatial variability is found, with values ranging from 20 to 300 km. A comparison of the major radial graben systems with theoretical stress models shows that more than one mechanism of lithospheric deformation is required to produce its enormous extent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 249-297.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper summarizes the fundamental gravity field constants for Mars and a brief historical review of early determinations and current-day accurate estimates. These include the planetary gravitational constant, global figure, dynamical oblateness, mean density, and rotational period. Topographic results from data acquired from the 1967 opposition to the most recent, 1988, opposition are presented. Both global and selected local topographic variations and features are discussed. The inertia tensor and the nonhydrostatic component of Mars are examined in detail. The dimensionless moment of inertia about the rotational axis is 0.4 for a body of uniform density and 0.37621 if Mars were in hydrostatic equilibrium. By comparing models of both gravity and topography, inferences are made about the degree and depth of compensation in the interior and stresses in the lithosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 209-248.
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Soviet and American spacecraft exploration of Mars over the past quarter century is reviewed. Data on the earliest Soviet attempts to send spacecraft to observe the planet are presented. Of the series of spacecraft that were announced (designated Mars 1 to Mars 7), none fulfilled all its scientific goals, but some good photographs and other important data were obtained. Of the six spacecraft in the Mariner series, two failed, but Mariner 4 first revealed the cratered surface of Mars, and Mariner 9 discovered all the major geologic features. The Viking mission, with its two Orbiters, two Landers, and its 6-yr duration, surpassed in quantity and variety of data all other missions combined. The Phobos mission ended in two failures, but the second of the two spacecraft acquired significant new data about Mars and Phobos. An appendix listing special issues of journals containing collections of papers about Mars is provided.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 71-119.
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Telescopic observations of Mars, from those of Galileo in 1610 to the late 19th century, were summarized by Flammarion (1892, 1909). Major compilations of knowledge of Mars were produced by Antoniadi (1930) and de Vaucouleurs (1954). Polar cap composition was debated until the discovery by the Viking mission that the north and south perennial polar caps are composed of different materials. Spacecraft data indicate a rich and diverse geologic history as well as many unsolved puzzles. An annotated list of books about Mars is provided. Basic physical and chemical data on Mars are summarized in tabular form, and a guide to the Martian seasons is given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1-33.
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Accomplishing a task with telerobotics typically involves a combination of operator control/supervision and a 'script' of preprogrammed commands. These commands usually assume that the location of various objects in the task space conform to some internal representation (database) of that task space. The ability to quickly and accurately verify the task environment against the internal database would improve the robustness of these preprogrammed commands. In addition, the on-line initialization and maintenance of a task space database is difficult for operators using Cartesian coordinates alone. This paper describes the Interactive Scene' Analysis Module (ISAM) developed to provide taskspace database initialization and verification utilizing 3-D graphic overlay modelling, video imaging, and laser radar based range imaging. Through the fusion of taskspace database information and image sensor data, a verifiable taskspace model is generated providing location and orientation data for objects in a task space. This paper also describes applications of the ISAM in the Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory (ISRL) at NASA Langley Research Center, and discusses its performance relative to representation accuracy and operator interface efficiency.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space II; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 12-14, 1991 (A93-27001 09-54); p. 334-345.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A robotic manipulator, DTF-1, developed as part of the Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS) project at Goddard Space Flight Center is discussed focusing on the technical, operational, and safety requirements. The DTF-1 system design, which is based on the manipulator, gripper, cameras, computer, and an operator control station incorporates the fundamental building blocks of the original FTS, the end product of which was to have been a light-weight, dexterous telerobotic device. For the first time in the history of NASA, space technology and robotics were combined to find new and unique solutions to the demanding requirements of flying a sophisticated robotic manipulator in space. DTF-1 is considered to be the prototype for all future development in space robotics.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space II; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 12-14, 1991 (A93-27001 09-54); p. 13-23.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: High level systems engineering modeling and analysis activities for the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) are reviewed, with emphasis on planet surface systems. Particular attention is given to SEI studies, preliminary space robotic system requirements, and usefulness of space robotic systems developed to operate on planetary surfaces on earth. It is concluded that supervised intelligent systems on the planet surfaces are necessary to make SEI planet surface activities reliable and productive and encompass capabilities for control and monitoring of all elements, including supervised autonomous robotic systems. Amplification of human capabilities due to applying more knowledge and reasoning in more flexible and appropriate ways than conventional automation approaches will provide more robust performance, greater choice of interaction modes with operators, and greater transparency of operation.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Cooperative intelligent robotics in space II; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 12-14, 1991 (A93-27001 09-54); p. 2-12.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper describes some of the high-energy observations of the Crab-Nebula pulsar, PSR0531+22. The pulse profiles of the Crab pulsar obtained in balloon-borne observations in 1967 and 1980 are presented. At present, gamma-ray scintillation detectors aboard the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) form the basis of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE). The pulsar, which is observed daily by the BATSE, is used by all four GRO/BATSE detectors as a calibration source since it emits a steady, strong, well-known spectrum of gamma rays over the entire energy range to which detectors are sensitive. The paper presents an example of a pulse profile obtained with the BATSE.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: New York Academy of Sciences, Annals (ISSN 0077-8923); p. 309-318.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In the last few years, teleoperated tasks have been the subject of extensive research to determine the best combination of control modalities according to specific criteria. The operator's performance were compared on the basis of task completion time and of force and torque measurements during the tasks. This paper proposes a procedure for the spectral analysis of force and torque signals generated during teleoperation experiments. There are two main reasons for examining teleoperation data in the frequency domain: a spectral analysis of different tasks can validate the assumptions made in the design of the teleoperator, and a task's frequency signature can be a valuable measure of the operator's performance.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: 1992 IEEE(RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Raleigh, NC, July 7-10, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 2; p. 873-880.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Space based materials processing experiments can be enhanced through the use of IVA robotic systems. A program to determine requirements for the implementation of robotic systems in a microgravity environment and to develop some preliminary concepts for acceleration control of small, lightweight arms has been initiated with the development of physical and digital simulation capabilities. The physical simulation facilities incorporate a robotic workcell containing a Zymark Zymate II robot instrumented for acceleration measurements, which is able to perform materials transfer functions while flying on NASA's KC-135 aircraft during parabolic manuevers to simulate reduced gravity. Measurements of accelerations occurring during the reduced gravity periods will be used to characterize impacts of robotic accelerations in a microgravity environment in space. Digital simulations are being performed with TREETOPS, a NASA developed software package which is used for the dynamic analysis of systems with a tree topology. Extensive use of both simulation tools will enable the design of robotic systems with enhanced acceleration control for use in the space manufacturing environment.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Sensor fusion IV: Control paradigms and data structures; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 12-15, 1991 (A93-49438 21-63); p. 642-653.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents the paradigm of interactive and cooperative sensing and control as a fundamental mechanism of integrating and fusing the strengths of man and machine for advanced teleoperation. The interactive and cooperative sensing and control is considered as an extended and generalized form of traded and shared control. The emphasis of interactive and cooperative sensing and control is given to the distribution of mutually nonexclusive subtasks to man and machine, the interactive invocation of subtasks under the man/machine symbiotic relationship, and the fusion of information and decision-making between man and machine according to their confidence measures. The proposed interactive and cooperative sensing and control system is composed of such major functional blocks as the logical sensor system, the sensor-based local autonomy, the virtual environment formation, and the cooperative decision-making between man and machine. A case study is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the fundamental theory and system architecture of interactive and cooperative sensing and control, proposed for the new generation of teleoperation.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Sensor fusion IV: Control paradigms and data structures; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 12-15, 1991 (A93-49438 21-63); p. 516-530.
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent experiments conducted at the JPL comparing alternative manual control modes using the JPL Advanced Teleoperator system are described. Of particular interest were control modes that provide force reflection to the operator. The task selected for the experiment is a portion of the Solar Maximum Satellite Repair procedure we developed to demonstrate the repair of the Solar Maximum Satellite with teleoperators. The seven manual control modes evaluated in the experiment are combinations of manual position or resolved motion rate control with alternative control schemes for force reflection and remote manipulator compliance. Performance measures used were task completion times, average force and torque exerted during the execution of the task, and cumulative force and torque exerted. The results were statistically analyzed and they show that, in general, force reflection significantly improves operator performance and indicate that a specific force-reflecting scheme may yield the best performance among the control modes we tested. Also, our experiment showed that, for the selected task, the position control modes were preferable to the rate control modes and slave manipulator compliance reduced task interaction forces and torques.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments (ISSN 1054-7460); 1; 2; p. 201-218.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The authors describe the effort made at the Magellan SAR Data Processing Facility in adapting existing data processors to handle data collected from various imaging experiments. The different data processing requirements imposed by the various types of data are discussed, the tradeoffs and compromises made to work within the constraint of the existing systems are explained, and summary processing results obtained to date are given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 100-103.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Radio emission is frequently produced at twice the electron plasma frequency 2fp in the foreshock region upstream of the terrestrial bow shock. Observations of this emission provide a remote diagnostic of solar wind parameters in the foreshock. Using ISEE-3 radio data, we present the first evidence that the radio intensity is proportional to the kinetic energy flux and to other parameters correlated with solar wind density. We provide a qualitative explanation of this intensity behavior and predict the detection of similar emission at Jupiter by the Ulysses spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Solar Wind Seven; Proceedings of the 3rd COSPAR Colloquium, Goslar, Germany, Sept. 16-20, 1991 (A93-33554 13-92); p. 647-650.
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The history and the current status of optical and infrared long-baseline interferometry are reviewed. In particular, attention is given to Michelson interferometry; the Mark III stellar interferometer and its applications to astrometry, measurement of stellar diameters, and observations of binary stars; and advanced techniques. The discussion then focuses on astrometry and imaging with space interferometers. Finally, the future of long-baseline interferometry is briefly discussed with particular reference to the interferometry of the moon.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics. Vol. 30 (A93-25826 09-90); p. 457-498.
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  • 65
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper examines evidence that the Martian climate undergoes quasi-periodic variations, including the polar layered terrain, differences between the residual polar caps, and the current net southward flow of H2O. The driving functions for these variations are oscillations in the elements of the Martian orbit coupled with precession of the Martian spin axis. These 'astronomic variations' control the distribution of the insolation, which in turn influences the partition of volatiles between atmospheric and surface reservoirs. The major effects anticipated at low obliquity are growth of the polar caps, substantial decrease in surface pressure, cessation of duststorms, release of CO2 from the regolith, and poleward migration of H2O ground ice. At high obliquity, the mass of the perennial polar caps decreases and permanent CO2 frost disappears, CO2 desorbs from the regolith at high latitudes, the surface pressure may increase to several times its current value, and the atmospheric dust load increases.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1180-1218.
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The study reviews the historical perspective of the Martian climate, beginning with the early view of inexorable climate change on an older, but otherwise very earthlike, planet and continuing through the period when earth-based spectroscopy and the Mariner 4, 6, and 7 flyby missions portrayed a moonlike body, heavily cratered and almost airless by comparison with earth. The most general features of the earth and Mars are discussed and compared, with consideration given to the standard atmospheres, atmospheric circulation, seasonal cycles of carbon dioxide, water, and dust, and coupling between cycles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 799-817.
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Radar studies of Mars have provided measurements of surface texture on scales of centimeters to hundreds of meters and measurements of surface material properties. Texture (rms surface tilts and estimates of small-scale roughness) may be inferred from dispersion and/or polarization of the radar echo; material properties (reflectivity of dielectric constant) are derived from echo strength. Mars is a diverse target; depending on location, rms surface tilts have been found to vary over the range 0.25 to 10 deg while reflectivity covers at least 3 to 13 percent. Plains units are the most variable, having both the smoothest and roughest surfaces, cratered terrain can be considered predictable and 'average' by comparison. Recent data identify scattering by small structures (perhaps rocks on or near the surface) as playing a more important role than previously recognized. Scattering by the residual ice cap near Mars' south pole is particularly unusual. The present state of radar surface studies is summarized.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 652-685.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Langley Research Center GCR (galactic cosmic rays) code (HZETRN) and the computerized Anatomical Man (CAM) model are used to estimate astronaut exposures, from GCR particles, for missions beyond earth's magnetosphere. Conventional risk assessments in terms of total absorbed dose and dose equivalent are made for skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow. For each organ, evaluations are made of relative contributions from incident protons, iron nuclei, and their secondary reaction products.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: ; : Strong shock waves
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Magellan synthetic aperture radar (SAR) produces Venus surface images from data collected by the SAR carried on board the Magellan spacecraft. The core of the primary Magellan SAR processor is the digital correlator subsystem (DCS). The pipeline DSC architecture enables the Magellan primary SAR processor (PSP) to achieve real-time data processing capability. The implementation and performance of the DSC are described. Hardware (H/W) constraints that influenced the processing algorithm design are highlighted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1301-1304.
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Magellan (MGN) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing radiometric compensation algorithm is described, and the effective pointing error caused by the terrain is examined. It is shown how the range centroid can be computed from spacecraft ancillary data with an accurate topographic model. In cases where such data are not available, a technique is presented to estimate the range centroid from the coherent radar echoes. This technique is demonstrated using MGN SAR data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1167-1170.
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A force-reflecting teleoperation training simulator with a high-fidelity real-time graphics display has been developed for operator training. A novel feature of this simulator is that it enables the operator to feel contact forces and torques through a force-reflecting controller during the execution of the simulated peg-in-hole task, providing the operator with the feel of visual and kinesthetic force virtual reality. A peg-in-hole task is used in our simulated teleoperation trainer as a generic teleoperation task. A quasi-static analysis of a two-dimensional peg-in-hole task model has been extended to a three-dimensional model analysis to compute contact forces and torques for a virtual realization of kinesthetic force feedback. The simulator allows the user to specify force reflection gains and stiffness (compliance) values of the manipulator hand for both the three translational and the three rotational axes in Cartesian space. Three viewing modes are provided for graphics display: single view, two split views, and stereoscopic view.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Human vision, visual processing, and digital display III; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Jose, CA, Feb. 10-13, 1992 (A93-33438 12-63); p. 560-569.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The traditional head-up display (HUD) used in most modern fighter aircraft presents attitude information that is both conformal to the outside world and aligned with the body-axis of the aircraft. The introduction of helmet-mounted display (HMD) technology into simulated and actual flight environments has introduced an interesting issue regarding the presentation of attitude information. This information can be presented conformally or relative to the aircraft's body-axis, but not both (except in the special case where the pilot's line of sight is directly matched with the aircraft's body-axis). The question addressed with this study was whether attitude information displayed in an HMD should be presented with respect to the real world (conformally) or to the aircraft's body-axis. To answer this, both conformal and body-axis attitude symbology were compared under simulated air combat situations. The results of this study indicated that the body-axis concept was a more effective HMD display. A detailed description of the flight task and results of this study will be presented.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: In: Helmet-mounted displays III; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, Apr. 21, 22, 1992 (A93-30051 11-54); p. 146-153.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A random-code technique has been used at Arecibo to obtain delay-Doppler radar images of the full disk of Mercury. Anomalously bright features were found at the north and south poles. The north polar feature is oblong (4 by 8 deg) and offset from the pole. The smaller south polar feature is mostly confined to the floor of the crater Chao Meng-Fu. The polar locations and radar properties of these features indicate that they may be produced by volume scattering in ice. The images also reveal a variety of more subdued reflectivity features ranging in size from hundreds to thousands of kilometers; some of these appear to have an impact origin.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 258; 5082; p. 640-643.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This article provides the reduced astrographic observations of the major Uranian satellites derived from star-satellite imaging data acquired by the Voyager 2 spacecraft. The data set contains 445 sets of spacecraft-centered right ascension and declination observations and includes all of the observations used in Voyager encounter operations. The conversion process from imaging to astrographic observations was identical to that used for the Neptunian satellites (Jacobson 1991). The effect of using the astrographic rather than imaging form in ephemeris improvement is evaluated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series (ISSN 0365-0138); 96; 3; p. 549-563.
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  • 75
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The accumulated knowledge on the chemistry and mineralogy of Martian surface materials is reviewed. Pertinent information obtained by direct analyses of the soil on Mars by the Viking Landers, by remote sensing of Mars from flyby and orbiting spacecraft, by telescopic observations from earth, and through detailed analyses of the SNC meteorites presumed to be Martian rocks are summarized and analyzed. A compositional model for Mars soil, giving selected average elemental concentrations of major and trace elements, is suggested. It is proposed that the fine surface materials on Mars are a multicomponent mixture of weathered and nonweathered minerals. Smectite clays, silicate mineraloids similar to palagonite, and scapolite are suggested as possible major candidate components among the weathered minerals.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 594-625.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from an analysis of core samples obtained from different depths of the Chico (New Mexico) L6 chondrite for various cosmogenic nuclides (Be-10, Al-26, and stable isotopes of He, Ne, and Ar). The relationships between the measured abundances of cosmogenic nuclides and cosmogenic Ne-22/Ne-21 ratio were compared with predictions of recent semiempirical models of Graf et al. (1990) and Reedy (1991), and it was found that both models closely reproduce the observed trends and absolute values of the data obtained. Noble gas data indicate that Chico experienced shielding similar to that of Jilin and greater than those of the Knyahinya or the Keyes chondrites. The exposure history for Chico is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 4; p. 371-381.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from the analyses of small ballistically dispersed melt samples (occurring in the form of aerodynamically shaped spheres, dumbbells, and teardrops) from the Wabar Crater (Saudi Arabia) and of melts from the Wabar and Nejed meteorites. On the basis of the data obtained and of models for crater forming processes it is concluded that the ballistically-dispersed glasses were formed from material at shallow levels in the target zone where temperatures were higher and where intimate physical contact with the disrupting impactor was achieved. Siderophile element fractionation was completed early, while the impactor was undergoing decompression and prior to mixing with the target glasses.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 4; p. 361-370.
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The cloud-level atmosphere of Venus takes little more than four days to complete one rotation, whereas the solid planet below has a 243-day period. Computer simulations of the circulation of the Venus middle atmosphere between 40 and 85 kilometers, as driven by solar radiation absorbed in the clouds, reproduce (1) the observed cloud-level rotation rate, (2) strong vertical shears above and below the cloud tops, and (3) midlatitude jets and strong poleward flow on the day side. Simulated circulations converge to yield nearly the same zonal winds when initialized with both stronger or weaker rotation rates. These results support the hypothesis that the observed cloud-top rotation rate is maintained by statistical balance between fluxes of momentum by thermal tides and momentum advection by mean meridional circulation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5070,; 647-650
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An effort is made to derive from Galileo's 1991 encounter of the S-type asteroid 951 Gaspra general lessons that will be applicable to prospective earth-based observations of other asteroids. Attention is accordingly given to the derivation of spin-vector and shape parameters en route to more detailed physical characterization of a given asteroid. A future encounter of Gaspra by Galileo will be required to verify the present model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 97; 1, Ma; 124-129
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from a computer simulation in which dust grains of three different sizes were released at perihelion passage from each of (1) 15 main belt asteroids, (2) 15 short-period comets with perihelion greater than 1 AU, and (3) 5 such comets with perihelion less than 1 AU. The evolving-orbit calculations for each of the dust rains include the effects of solar and planetary gravity, radiation pressure, Poynting-Robertson drag, and solar wind drag. It is noted that when dust grains evolve to intersection with the earth's orbit, they retain orbital characteristics indicative of their origins.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 97; 1, Ma
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented of the planetary radio astronomy observations conducted on board Voyager 2, with emphasis placed on the characteristics of the strong (3 to 6 dB) modulations of the broadband smooth Uranian radio emissions recorded from January 27-30, 1986, when the spacecraft was outbound from Uranus. The modulations were characterized by two superposed periods of about 100 sec and about 10 sec. It is suggested that the long-period modulation is due to the magnetopause surface waves, while the short-period modulations are due to the signature of ion cyclotron turbulence above the proton gyrofrequency, related to the magnetopause boundary layer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; A6, J
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A compositionally based classification scheme for chondrules is proposed that will help in systematizing the wealth of data available and disentangling the effects of nebular and subsequent processes. The classification is not by texture or the composition of a single phase, or a mixture of these two, but rather is a comprehensive, systematic approach which uses the composition of the two main chondrule components. This scheme is applicable to over 95 percent of the chondrules and is easily applied using an electron microprobe. It stresses the original diversity of the chondrules and the complex yet facile way in which they respond to parent-body metamorphism. Results using this classification scheme suggest that arguments against an important role of chondrules in determining the compositional trends of the chondrites have been premature.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 357; 6375,
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The performance of an advanced telemanipulation system in the presence of a wide range of time delays between a master control station and a slave robot is quantified. The contemplated applications include multiple satellite links to LEO, geosynchronous operation, spacecraft local area networks, and general-purpose computer-based short-distance designs. The results of high-precision peg-in-hole tasks performed by six test operators indicate that task performance decreased linearly with introduced time delays for both kinesthetic force feedback (KFF) and shared compliant control (SCC). The rate of this decrease was substantially improved with SCC compared to KFF. Task performance at delays above 1 s was not possible using KFF. SCC enabled task performance for such delays, which are realistic values for ground-controlled remote manipulation of telerobots in space.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation (ISSN 1042-296X); 8; 2, Ap
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A reverse kinematic analysis is presented of a six-DOF subchain of a modified seven-DOF flight telerobotic servicer manipulator system. The six-DOF subchain is designated as a TR-RT chain, which describes the sequence of manipulator joints beginning with the first grounded hook joint (universal joint) T, where the sequence R-R designates a pair of revolute joints with parallel axes. At the outset, it had been thought that the reverse kinematic analysis would be similar to a TTT manipulator previously analyzed, in which the third and fourth joints intersected at a finite point. However, this is shown not the case, and a 16th-degree tan-half-angle polynomial is derived for the TR-RT manipulator.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Journal of Robotic Systems (ISSN 0741-2223); 9; 4, Ju
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The requirements and technologies needed for space suits to be used for the manned exploration of Mars are examined. Alternative concepts are proposed for both the space suit and the portable life support system (collectively called the Extravehicular Mobility Unit, or EMU) needed for Mars exploration. EMU system requirements are outlined. It is pointed out that the most fundamental difference between a Mars EMU and those that preceded it is that the design of a Mars EMU must be driven by science and permanent habitability requirements, while all prior EMU designs have been driven by engineering requirements. The EMU weight issues are discussed, and the system mass and mobility concerns are addressed, along with the backpack-to-body-weight ratio. The challenges of thermal and cosmic radiation protection, micrometeorite protection, and EMU system and crew heat rejection are dealt with briefly, as well as the physiological issues of pressure regulation and bacterial or contaminant isolation. A mathematical model is then presented for evaluation of candidate EMU designs and for concept optimization and selection. Lead technology issues are also discussed.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-094X); 45; 5, Ma
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Space flight exposes humans to a hostile, stressful environment as well as to the weightlessness associated with microgravity. The stresses of space travel affect nutritional balance, as evidenced by interrelated changes in body composition, energy utilization, and endocrine function. The limited data gathered thus far suggest that space flight incurs acute decreases in fluid mass and chronic, ongoing changes in muscle and bone mass. Concurrent with these changes is an increase in energy used per unit body mass. Other preliminary data suggest that bed rest and space flight may incur increased sensitivity to insulin. Further research is needed to determine the human energy and protein requirements for space, as well as a means of quantifying changes in body composition during extended-duration space flight.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Nutrition Reviews (ISSN 0029-6643); 50; 1, Ja
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  • 87
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Latest observations by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) are described, including the first 'parallel' observations (on January 6, 1992) by the two of the Hubble's instruments of two different targets at the same time. On this date, the faint-object camera made images of the quasar 3C 273 in Virgo, while the wide-field and planetary camera recorded an adjacent field. The new HST images include those of the nucleus and the jet of M85, the giant elliptical galaxy at the heart of the Virgo cluster, and what appears to be a black hole of mass 2.6 billion solar masses in M87, and an image of N66, a planetary nebula in the LMC. Other images yield evidence of 'blue stragglers' in the core of 47 Tucanae, a globular cluster about 16,000 light-years from earth. The Goddard spectrograph recorded the spectrum of the star Capella at very high wavelength resolution, which made it possible to measure deuterium from the Big Bang.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Sky & Telescope (ISSN 0037-6604); 83; 6, Ju
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Ulysses URAP experiment has detected Jovian radio emissions in the VLF range at distances from Jupiter in excess of 1.5 AU. The URAP observations represent the first synoptic observations of Jupiter in the VLF band, from 3 to 30 kHz. In this band lie the low-frequency extent of the bKOM emission, the escaping continuum emission, and the Jovian type IIIs. Initial results indicate that the continuum varies in frequency with the solar wind ram pressure at Jupiter, whereas, the Jovian type IIIs appear to be controlled to some extent by the planetary rotation, often appearing when system III longitude 100 deg faces the spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 649-652
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A method is proposed for detecting Jovian global oscillations using IR heterodyne measurements in the lower stratosphere of the planet. Measurements of the S(0) and S(1) lines over a period of a few nights permitted the detection of modes with periods of 5 to 20 min and of Doppler shifts corresponding to velocities as low as 1 m/sec (which is less than the value reported by Schmider and Mosser, 1990 from observations of the Jovian troposphere in the visible range. Possible limitations of the method are pointed out.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 96; 15-26
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Magalhaes and Borucki (1991) reported that Voyager-2 images of Jupiter contained bright spots due to lightning activity that was confined to two narrow altitude bands centered at 49 deg N and 13.5 deg N latitude and to a single region near 60 deg N latitude. This paper describes the Voyager 2 imaging observations in detail and associates the positions of the lightning features in the images with particular cloud features. The energetics of the lightning storms on Jupiter is examined. It is found that the ratio of the energy dissipated by Jovian lightning to the thermal flux available to drive convection motions is about 3 decades larger than the terrestrial ratio.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 96; 1-14
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Four of the SNC meteorites of putative Martian origin are falls. Two of these fell on October 3: Chassigny in 1815 and Zagami in 1962. The probability of this coincidence arising from random fall days is approximately 1 in 60. If this coincidence is not the result of chance, it suggests that some of the SNC meteorites are derived from a meteoroid stream. In that Chassigny and Zagami span nearly the full range of SNC lithologies and histories, the coincidence of fall days is consistent with suggestions that all of the SNCs came from a single site (impact crater) on their parent planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 93-95
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The current distribution of atmospheres among Ganymede, Titan, and Callisto are presently accounted for by a process of competition between impact erosion and impact-furnished supply of atmosphile-laden late veneers. Titan's lower impact velocities have allowed it to accommodate an atmosphere, while Callisto and Ganymede remain barren. The model applied entails that the threshold impact velocity for atmospheric cratering by icy impactors be in the 10-14 km/sec range, consistent with the implications of the Schmidt and Housen (1987) crater-energy scaling for nonporous targets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 95; 1-23
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Unified Radio and Plasma Wave (URAP) experiment has produced new observations of the Jupiter environment, owing to the unique capabilities of the instrument and the traversal of high Jovian latitudes. Broad-band continuum radio emission from Jupiter and in situ plasma waves have proved valuable in delineating the magnetospheric boundaries. Simultaneous measurements of electric and magnetic wave fields have yielded new evidence of whistler-mode radiation within the magnetosphere. Observations of auroral-like hiss provided evidence of a Jovian cusp. The source direction and polarization capabilities of URAP have demonstrated that the outer region of the Io plasma torus supported at least five separate radio sources that reoccurred during successive rotations with a measurable corotation lag. Thermal noise measurements of the Io torus densities yielded values in the densest portion that are similar to models suggested on the basis of Voyager observations of 13 years ago. The URAP measurements also suggest complex beaming and polarization characteristics of Jovian radio components. In addition, a new class of kilometer-wavelength striated Jovian bursts has been observed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5076,; 1524-153
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Submicrometer- to micrometer-sized particles were recorded by the Ulysses dust detector within 40 days of the Jupiter flyby. Nine impacts were recorded within 50 Jupiter radii with most of them recorded after closest approach. Three of these impacts are consistent with particles on prograde orbits around Jupiter and the rest are believed to have resulted from gravitationally focused interplanetary dust. From the ratio of the impact rate before the Jupiter flyby to the impact rate after the Jupiter flyby it is concluded that interplanetary dust particles at the distance of Jupiter move on mostly retrograde orbits. On 10 March 1992, Ulysses passed through an intense dust stream. The dust detector recorded 126 impacts within 26 hours. The stream particles were moving on highly inclined and apparently hyperbolic orbits with perihelion distances of greater than 5 astronomical units. Interplanetary dust is lost rather quickly from the solar system through collisions and other mechanisms and must be almost continuously replenished to maintain observed abundances. Dust flux measurements, therefore, give evidence of the recent rates of production from sources such as comets, asteroids, and moons, as well as the possible presence of interstellar grains.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5076,; 1550-155
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Revised values are presented for the directions of the north poles of rotation, the prime meridians, and for the sizes and shapes of the planets and satellites. Also presented are definitions of rotational elements and the cartographic coordinate systems. These revised values and definitions are the results of a report provided every three years by an international working group with members from IAU, IAG, and COSPAR.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (ISSN 0923-2958); 53; 4, 19
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Infrared polarimetry pictures of star forming regions were obtained. The magnetic field structure of the disk is examined. The design of the infrared telescope is described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Herald (ISSN 0734-2466); 85; 6, 19; 238-245
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  • 97
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An update is presented of a compilation of generation rates and chemical compositions of potential waste streams in a typical crewed space habitat which was reported in the NASA Technical Memorandum. New topics under consideration include data obtained from Soviet literature on life support issues and data on various minor human body wastes not presented previously (saliva, Flatus, hair, finger- and toenails, dried skin and skin secretions, tears and semen). Attention is also given to the latest information on the environmental control and life support system design parameters for SSF.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Waste Management & Research (ISSN 0734-242X); 10; 269-280
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Empirical formulas are fitted to existing theoretical absorption spectra of H2-H2 pairs in the far-infrared allowing the inclusion of dimer absorption, parameterized with the height dependence of the para-hydrogen profile, in the calculations. Comparison between synthetic and Voyager IRIS spectra shows that once the dimer absorption is included it is now possible to reproduce the hydrogen portion of the IRIS spectrum to within the precision of the measurements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 394; 1, Ju; L29-L32
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: During the Ulysses inbound cruise to Jupiter the Unified Radio and Plasma Wave (URAP) experiment observed a variety of the planet's radio components in the frequency range below 1 MHz. Most of these emissions were already detected by the Voyager Radio Astronomy and Plasma Wave experiments, however, with much less sensitivity and different spectral coverage. These different radio components within the URAP dynamic spectra are identified, and their appearance with the previous Voyager observations are compared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 12, J; 1307-131
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The source crater of the youngest and largest of the tektite strewnfields, the Australasian strewnfield, has not been located. A number of lines of evidence indicate that the Muong Nong-type tektites, primarily found in Indochina, are more primitive than the much more abundant and widespread splash-form tektites, and are proximal to the source. In this study the spatial distribution of Muong Nong-type tektite sites and chemical character have been used to indicate the approximate location of the source. The variation of Muong Nong-type tektite chemical composition appears to be caused by mixing of two silicate rock end-members and a small amount of limestone, and not by vapor fractionation. The variation in composition is not random, and does not support in situ melting or multiple impact theories. The distribution of both Muong Nong and splash-form tektite sites suggest the source is in a limited area near the southern part of the Thailand-Laos border.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 2, Ju
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