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  • temperature
  • Springer  (27)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (27)
  • 1992  (27)
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Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (27)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diet, photoperiod and temperature on the postdiapause reproduction in the cabbage bug,Eurydema rugosa (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurydema rugosa ; adult diapause ; diet ; photoperiod ; temperature ; postdiapause development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InEurydema rugosa Motschulsky (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), the type of food supplied (i.e. seeds or leaves of the brown mustard,Brassica juncea Hemsel) and photoperiod, which control the induction of adult diapause, do not play a role in the initiation of reproduction after overwintering. A temperature above 13.2°C was required to start reproduction. After its initiation, however, short-day conditions on seeds induced diapause again in some adults. Although a diet of seeds under long-day conditions, in common with short-day conditions, induced diapause in young adults (Numata & Yamamoto, 1990), it did not reinduce diapause in adults after overwintering. Thus,E. rugosa that had overwintered became sensitive to diapause-inducing photoperiod again but not to dietary factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688991
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of temperature, photoperiod, crowding and plant quality on the production of alate viviparous females of the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bird cherry-oat aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; alate development ; crowding ; photoperiod ; plant quality ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments indicated that for offspring of apterousRhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), photoperiod and crowding were the most important determinants of wing development whereas crowding and plant quality were more significant for the next generation. Plant quality became increasingly important as temperature increased while crowding became less so. More alates developed on plants previously infested with aphids, indicating that aphid feeding reduced plant quality. High temperature suppressed alatoid production, but could be overcome by crowding. Temperature appeared to influence wing development indirectly rather than directly by acting on the aphid through the plant. Adult weight and potential fecundity were also reduced for aphids which fed on previously infested plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02343853
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nest structure and colony cycle of the Allegheny mound ant,Formica exsectoides Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 385-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formica exsectoides ; nests ; colony cycle ; temperature ; brood ; reproductives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nest structure and colony cycle of a population of Allegheny mound ants,Formica exsectoides, were examined in central Michigan. The dispersion pattern of mounds was random. Nest structure and presence of brood were primarily determined by excavation of twenty-three nests over three intervals from June through September. Additional excavations of five nests in 1990 and ten nests in 1991 provided further details on nest structure and colony cycle. Most galleries occurred within the mound and upper 30 cm of soil, but some activity reached depths of 100 to 270 cm. Depth of nests showed little correlation with external measurements of height and diameter. Immature stages were recovered from two strata: the upper 20 cm of nest and mound and the lowest nest depths. Alate sexual forms were found in or near the mound in July, and numerous dealate queens were collected in September from peripheral galleries near the soil surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240623
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The temperature stratification and related characteristics of Chilean lakes in midsummer (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 37-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chile ; monomictic lakes ; temperature ; mixing ; heat budget ; stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature profiles in summer (February/March 1990) were measured in 24 lakes along a latitudinal transect from central Chile (32° S) to Patagonia (47° S), and on Easter Island (27° S). The lakes of the temperature zone, between 47° S and 38° S, are warm monomictic with surface and deep-water temperatures ranging from 12 °C to 21 °C and from 5.5 °C to 10 °C respectively. The heat content per unit area in midsummer was found to vary with lake area. The local stability of stratification (N 2) varied by more than two orders of magnitude, declining with increasing latitude, altitude, and depth. The lakes can be classified according to morphometric and temperature characteristics, mixing depth, stability of stratification and glacial turbidity. Lago General Carrera (463 m) was found to be almost as deep as Lago Nahuel Huapi (464 m), which is considered to be the deepest lake in South America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877263
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The induction of secondary seed dormancy by oxygen deficiency in a barnyard grassEchinochloa crus-galli (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 904-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Barnyard grass ; Echinochloa crus-galli ; oxygen deficiency ; seed dormancy ; soil seed bank ; stratification ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At 25°C, secondary dormancy was induced in seeds ofE. crus-galli exposed for 100 days to oxygen deficiency. By contrast, hypoxia did not induce dormancy at 15°C or prevent dormancy termination at 7°C. Secondary dormancy was terminated after 2 months stratification at 7°C. Oxygen deficiency may increase the proportion of dormant seeds in the soil, and affect the dynamics of the barnyard-grass soil seed bank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118432
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Outwardly rectifying chloride channels in lymphocytes (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 127 (1992), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: chloride channel ; lymphocyte ; outward rectification ; temperature ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Outwardly rectifying Cl− channels in cultured human Jurkat T-lymphocytes were activated by excising a patch of membrane using the inside-out (i/o) patch-clamp configuration and holding at depolarized voltages for prolonged periods of time (1–6 min at +80 mV, 20°C). The single-channel current at +80 mV was 4.5 ± 0.3 pA and at −80 mV, it was 1.0 ± 0.4 pA. After activation, the probability of being open (P 0)for the lymphocyte channel was voltage independent. Activation of the Cl− channel in lymphocytes was temperature dependent. Nineteen percent of i/o recordings from lymphocytes made at 20°C exhibited Cl− channel activity. In contrast, 49% of recordings made at 30°C showed channel activity. The number of channels in an active patch was not significantly different at the two temperatures. Channel activation in excised, depolarized patches also occurred 20-fold faster at 30°C than at 20°C. There was no marked change in the single-channel conductance at 30°C. Open-channel conductance was blocked by 200 μm indanyloxyacetic acid (IAA) or 1 mm SITS when applied to the intracellular side of the patch. The characteristics of this channel are similar to epithelial outwardly rectifying Cl− channels thought to be involved in fluid secretion
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232757
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cl− channels in intact human T lymphocytes (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 125 (1992), S. 171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: chloride channel ; cell-attached patches ; lymphocyte ; T cell ; temperature ; voltage dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We recently described a large, multiple-conductance Cl− channel in excised patches from normal T lymphocytes. The properties of this channel in excised patches are similar to maxiCl− channels found in a number of cell types. The voltage dependence in excised patches permitted opening only at nonphysiological voltages, and channel activity was rarely seen in cell-attached patches. In the present study, we show that Cl− channels can be activated in intact cells at physiological temperatures and voltages and that channel properties change after patch excision. Maxi-Cl− channels were reversibly activated in 69% of cellattached patches when the temperature was above 32°C, whereas fewer than 2% of patches showed activity at room temperature. Upon excision, the same patches displayed large, multiple-conductance Cl− channels with characteristics like those we previously reported for excised patches. After patch excision, warm temperatures were not essential to allow channel activity; 37% (114/308) of inside-out patches had active channels at room temperature. The voltage dependence of the channels was markedly different in cell-attached recordings compared with excised patches. In cell-attached patches, Cl− channels could be open at cell resting potentials in the normal range. Channel activation was not related to changes in intracellular Ca2+ since neither ionomycin nor mitogens activated the channels in cell-attached patches, Ca2+ did not rise in response to warming and the Cl− channel was independent of Ca2+ in inside-out patches. Singlechannel currents were blocked by internal or external Zn2+ (100–200 μm), 4-acetamido-4′ isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (SITS, 100–500 μm) and 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene 2,2′disulfonate (DIDS, 100 μm). NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate) reversibly blocked the channels in inside-out patches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233356
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of seed tuber infestation, chemical seed treatment, and pre-harvest climate on incidence of gangrene and dry rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phoma foveata ; Fusarium solani ; thiabendazole ; benomyl ; temperature ; precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In each of the five years 1978 to 1982, seed lots of cv. Bintje, variously infested byPhoma foveata Foister andFusarium solani var.coeruleum (Sacc.) Booth, as found by wound and cut tests, respectively, were planted in a series of field experiments at six sites in Sweden. A statistically significant relationship between seed and progeny infestation was found forP. foveata each year, and in three years forF. solani. Benomyl and thiabendazole mist treatments of seed tubers at grading in spring controlled the development of gangrene and dry rot in treated seed tubers, but did not consistently reduce the levels ofP. foveata andF. solani infestation in progeny from treated seed tubers. The site of cultivation markedly influenced mean levels ofP. foveata infestation, which were found to be related to temperature and rainfall during a 40 day pre-harvest period at the trail sites; however, mean levels ofF. solani infestation were not so related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357717
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature responses of economically important red algae and their potential for mariculture in Brazilian waters (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 4 (1992), S. 339-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: temperature ; growth ; red algae mariculture ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented on temperature responses, based onin vitro growth performance, of eight species of colloid-producing red algae; these include the five most important commercial species of agarophytes in South America. The temperature optima do not conform strictly to geographic distribution, and intolerance to high temperature is not the factor that controls the spreading of temperate species ofGracilaria to warmer areas. WithinPterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet et Thuret, populations from two distinct localities had different responses to temperature optima. Data suggest that the disjunct distribution of this species in the American Atlantic is due to its poor performance at temperatures above 26 °C. The fastest maximum growth rate was observed inHypnea cornuta (Lamouroux) J. Agardh (doubling time 2.8 d), and the slowest inP. capillacea from Cabo Frio (doubling time 50.0 d). All the species studied, including the valuable Chilean and Argentinean species ofGracilaria, could tolerate the temperature regimes of the Brazilian waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185791
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calibration of Watermark soil moisture sensors for soil matric potential and temperature (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calibration ; moisture block ; resistance block ; soil matric potential ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rapid, accurate, and automated measurement of soil matric potential is desirable. Evidence suggested that the Watermark resistance block might be an appropriate and inexpensive tool, so we conducted an evaluation of its relevant characteristics. A number of these blocks were calibrated under laboratory conditions to determine their individual and aggregate responses to soil matric potential, soil type, and temperature. We found that the temperature response could be expressed as a single equation, valid for all tested blocks, but comparison against matric potential revealed that each block had a characteristic response. Furthermore, block responses were different in two soils and, for a given soil, not necessarily reproducible. Given these limitations, these sensors are probably useful only as relative indicators of soil water status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007875
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium and temperature effects on seedling exudation and root rot infection of common bean on an acid sandy soil (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acid uptake ; aluminum ; calcium ; germination ; pH ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; plant establishment ; Rhizoctonia solani ; seedling exudation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil born fungi such as Phytium ultimum, Fusarium ssp., and Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) severely restrict stand establishment of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on acid soils of the Tropics. Calcium application is known to alleviate fungal infection in many legumes but the causes are still unclear. To investigate environmental factors and physiological mechanisms involved, growth chamber experiments were conducted with an acid sandy soil from Mexico. Treatments were soil liming at a rate of 0.67 g Ca(OH)2 kg-1, gypsum application at 0.49 g CaSO4 2H2O kg-1 soil placed around the seed, and an untreated control. Beans were grown under three temperature regimes with constant night and one constant day vs. two sinusoidal day temperatures. To examine patterns of seed and seedling exudation at regular intervals leachates of germinating seeds were collected on filter paper soaked with equilibrium solutions from soils of the three treatments. The severity of root rot in the control treatment was highest when plants were stressed by temperature extremes. At a sinusoidal day temperature peaking at 40°C soil liming and gypsum application to the seed increased the number of healthy seedlings similarly by over 60%. However, only liming which effectively eliminated growth constraints by low pH and high aluminum concentrations led to an increase in hypocotyl elongation by 22% and in total root length by 8%. Both calcium amendments increased the calcium and potassium contents in the hypocotyl tissue. From seeds exposed to the equilibrium solution of unlimed soil with pH 3.7, 1 mM Ca, and 0.6 mM Al considerable amounts of amino acids and carbohydrates were leached. In contrast, exposure to the equilibrium solution from limed soil with pH 4.3, 3 mM Ca, and negligible concentrations of Al led to a net uptake of amino acids and decreased leaching of carbohydrates. Exposure to the equilibrium solution of the gypsum treatment with pH 3.6, 20 mM Ca, and 1.2 mM Al resulted in a somewhat smaller net uptake of amino acids compared to liming. During germination pH around the seeds steeply increased in the untreated control but significantly less with both amendments. The results indicate that pH and the Ca/Al ratio in the soil solution around bean seeds determine their pattern of exudation and solute uptake. For bean germination and early growth on acid soils locally placed application of small amounts of gypsum as seed pelleting seems as effective as soil liming in reducing the incidence of root rot. The results indicate that this may be accomplished by decreasing the amount of leachates available for fungal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029081
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of high temperature and fallow period on infection of mung bean and cashew roots by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cashew ; germination ; infectivity ; mung bean ; mycorrhiza ; temperature ; vesicular-arbuscular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The experiments described were designed to investigate the way in which high temperatures (30°C and above) affected the survival and infectivity of spores of Glomus intraradices formulated as the commercial inoculum NutriLinkTM. Infection of mung bean (Vigna radiata) occurred most rapidly at 30°C compared with either 22° or 38°C, although the final percentage of the root length infected (6 weeks) was similar at all three temperatures. Early rapid infection led to greater plant growth of this species at 30°. In cashew (Anacardium occidentale) no infection occurred at 38°C and this was associated with low plant growth, compared with the other temperatures at which infection reached 40–60% after 4 months. In both species differences in root temperature were associated with marked differences in the morphology and growth of the root systems, with poor root growth at 38°C. Spores of G. intraradices retained infectivity with respect to mung bean for up to 6 weeks in moist fallow soil, although maximum infectivity was observed in soil without a fallow period. The effects of temperature on germination of spores buried in filter paper sandwiches in soil were consistent with the data for infection and growth. Germination was most rapid and reached the highest percentage at 3 weeks at 30°C. Lowest germination was attained at 38°C. We conclude that G. intraradices can retain its infectivity in moist soil at high temperatures, but that the extent to which the plants become infected and hence their response, depends not only on this but also on host factors such as root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009543
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pre-storage conditions on storage of in vitro cultures of Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott and Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: dark ; in vitro storage ; light ; stability ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro cultures of Nephrolepis exaltata and Cordyline fruticosa were stored at 5°, 9° or 13°C, at a low irradiance (3–5 μmol m−2 s−1) or in darkness. Prior to storage the cultures were subjected to 18°, 21°, 24° or 27°C and 15, 30 or 45 μmol m−2 s−1 in a factorial combination. The optimal storage conditions for Nephrolepis were 9°C in complete darkness. These cultures were still transferable to a peat/perlite mixture at the end of the experimental period of 36 months. The optimal storage conditions for Cordyline were 13°C and a low light level (±3–5 μmol m-2 s-1). When the pre-storage conditions were normal growth room conditions (24°C and 30 μmol m-2 s-1), in vitro cultures could be stored for 18 months. With the most favourable pre-storage treatment (18°C and 15 μmol m-2 s-1) some cultures still had green shoots after 36 months of storage, but did not survive transfer to peat/perlite. Pre-conditioning before storage was most favourable for Nephrolepis, and not that important, but still favourable, for Cordyline. There was an interaction between pre-storage temperature and pre-storage irradiance. For both species a high irradiance level was less favourable than a low irradiance level when combined with high growth room temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055513
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal temperature patterns in an arctic and two subarctic Alaskan (USA) headwater streams (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 237 (1992), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: arctic ; subarctic ; Alaska ; stream ; lotic ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the thermal ecology of three Alaskan streams. Monument Creek (MC) and Little Poker Creek (LPC) are subarctic streams in interior Alaska; LPC is in a permafrost-dominated valley. Imnavait Creek (IC) is an arctic tundra beaded stream in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range. Water temperatures were recorded with automated dataloggers hourly (LPC) or bi-hourly (MC and IC). Records for MC extend through almost three entire years, while data from IC (three years) and LPC (one year) represent the majority of the ice-free season. We also collected winter water/ice temperatures from IC (1989–1990). Mean annual water temperatures were 1.1 °C (LPC), 2.3 °C (MC), and 2.9 °C (IC), while maxima were 5.8 °C (LPC), 13.0 °C (MC), and 21.4 °C (IC). Water temperature rose in the spring about twice as fast (both mean and maximum daily increase) in MC as in LPC, and again about twice as fast in IC as in MC. A similar pattern was observed during the autumnal decline in water temperature. Maximum daily amplitude followed a similar pattern, with MC (6.6 °C) intermediate between LPC (4.1°) and IC (11.6°). LPC accumulated approximately 400 degree-days above 0 °C, MC approximately 950 degree-days, and IC approximately 1000 degree-days. Although it is about 450 km north of the other streams, the tundra stream (IC) accumulated more degree-days, had higher maximum and mean temperatures, greater daily temperature amplitude, and steeper slopes of vernal temperature rise and autumnal temperature decline than the subarctic streams (LPC and MC). The absence of a canopy of riparian plants, channel morphology, and continuous sunlight during the arctic mid-summer accounted for these higher temperatures. Beaded tundra streams provide a highly seasonal (〈 120 d ice-free) and spatially and temporally complex thermal environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005847
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil surface CO2 flux in a Minnesota peatland (1992)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 18 (1992), S. 37-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; microhabitat ; peat ; temperature ; water table
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Soil surface CO2 flux was measured in hollow and hummock microhabitats in a peatland in north central Minnesota from June to October in 1991. We used a closed infrared gas exchange system to measure soil CO2 flux. The rates of CO2 evolution from hummocks (9.8 ± 3.5 g m−2 d−1, [mean ± SE]) were consistently higher than those from hollows (5.4 ± 2.9 g m−2 d−1) (the hummock values included the contribution of moss dark respiration, which may account for 10–20% of the total measured flux). The soil CO2 flux was strongly temperature-dependent (Q10 ≈ 3.7) and appeared to be linearly related to changes in water table depth. An empirical multiplicative model, using peat temperature and water table depth as independent variables, explained about 81% of the variance in the CO2 flux data. Using the empirical model with measurements of peat temperature and estimates of hollow/hummock microtopographic distribution (relative to water table elevation), daily rates of “site-averaged” CO2 evolution were calculated. For the six-month period (May–October), the total soil CO2 released from this ecosystem was estimated to be about 1340 g CO2 m−2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000425
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature shifts induce adaptive changes in the physical state of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) erythrocyte plasma membranes in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 10 (1992), S. 347-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: temperature ; erythrocytes ; membrane fluidity ; plasma membrane ; phospholipids ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Blood, freshly collected from warm- and cold-acclimated carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was cooled to 5°C for 4h or warmed to 25°C for 4h, respectively, and the fluorescence anisotropy of washed red blood cells was recorded using the fluorescent dye 3-(p-(6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatrienyl) phenyl propionic acid [DPH-PA] (which is restricted to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane) before and after the temperature shift. Despite individual variation, the plasma membrane of cold-exposed erythrocytes became more fluid while that of warm-exposed cells became more rigid following the temperature shift. This response was rapid and reversible. Cold-exposed cells from warm-acclimated fish became more fluid within 40–60 minutes and reverted to their original fluidity within the same time on warming, at a rate of 1°C/min; erythrocytes, from cold-adapted carp displayed an opposite change in fluidity over a similar time period. Cells from warm-acclimated, temperature down-shifted carp hyperfluidized their plasma membranes in the cold, whereas cells from cold-acclimated fish up-shifted in temperature showed no similar effect. These cells showed a complete adjustment of membrane physical state to the temperature. Total phospholipids obtained from warm-acclimated temperature down-shifted cells became more rigid than they were, when assayed at the acclimation temperature. In contrast, phospholipids obtained from cold-acclimated cells became more rigid when exposed to increasing temperatures. No significant changes occurred to the polar head groups, or to the fatty acid composition of the total phospholipids. It was concluded that the lipids play only a secondary role in the control of the physical state of plasma membrane in carp erythrocytes, and that some non-lipid components of these structures might be involved in these regulatory processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004484
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fertilizer value of activated sewage derived protein: Effect of environment and nitrification inhibitor on NO 3 - release, soil microbial activity and yield of summer cabbage (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium ; cabbage ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrification inhibitor ; organic fertilizer ; soil microbial activity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yield response of summer cabbage (Brassica oleracea varcapitata cv. Hispi F1) to N applied as organic (activated sewage sludge derived protein [Protox] and dried blood) and inorganic (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and urea) fertilizers was compared in relation to the N availability characteristics of the materials. Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on N release, crop yield and N status were also assessed. In addition CO2 efflux was measured from amended soil to determine effects of fertilizer application on soil microbial activity. The organic N sources were mineralized quickly on application to soil and exhibited similar patterns of NH4-N depletion and NO3-N accumulation as functions of thermal-time as with mineral fertilizers. However, the yield response to organic N was marginally smaller (though not significantly) compared with mineral forms; probably because less N was released to the crop. This was reflected in smaller total N concentrations and N recoveries in plants supplied with organic fertilizer. Applied DCD increased the thermal-time for complete nitrification of NH4-N sources and raised the total N content of the crop, but had no overall effect on crop growth. In contrast to inorganic N sources which generally reduced CO2 efflux from soil, application of protein-based fertilizers increased the rate of soil microbial activity directly by raising substrate availability. Sewage sludge derived protein provided an effective alternative to mineral fertilizers for the nutrition of summer cabbage whilst minimising stress of the soil environment which may occur following the application of conventional forms of inorganic N to the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058009
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Temperature dependence of the non-Newtonian viscosity of elongated micellar solutions (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 1035-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Elongated micelles ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) ; non-Newtonianviscosity ; shearrate ; concentration ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We report in this work new results of the study on the non-Newtonian viscosity of aqueous micellar solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the presence of potassium bromide (KBr), in the concentration range where the elongated micelles overlap. The experiments have been performed as a function of the surfactant concentration, temperature and shear rate by use of a Couette-viscosimeter. In the non-Newtonian range, at relatively low surfactant concentration (≲0.25 M/l), our results show that the flow curves obtained at different temperatures converge to a single liner curve with a characteristic slope varying with the surfactant concentration. These same data can be superposed on a master curve when appropriate reduced variables are used. The shape of the flow curves obtained at different temperatures for a sufficiently high surfactant concentration is similar to that obtained for monodisperse polymer solutions at different molecular weights. The slope obtained of about −1 is also predicted by Graessley's model in the theory of microviscoelasticity based on the concept of entanglement for polymer solutions. However, at surfactant concentration higher than 0.25 M/l our results show an unusual behavior. Above some critical shear rate it is possible to obtain an increase of the apparent viscosity with temperature. One possible explanation of this effect can be found in the increase of the entanglement with concentration coupled with the temperature and direct now effects on scission and recombination rate of the micelles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00655973
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Phytoplankton periodicity in Ogelube Lake, Anambra State, Nigeria during 1979–1980 (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 246 (1992), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: desmids ; temperature ; rain ; harmattan ; oligotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ogelube is a tropical oligotrophic lake having a desmid dominated phytoplankton with maximum density during the warmest season. During the rainy season, the lake cools, phytoplankton declines and dominance shifts to algae other than desmids. The lake cools further as harmattan advances, while phytoplankton reaches its minimum, suggesting water temperature to be more important than other environmental conditions. Decrease in phytoplankton density with falling water temperature was probably due to slower reproduction, rather than to increased death rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014704
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Genetic and environmental effects on chromosome doubling of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) haploids (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris L. ; Chi-square ; chromosome doubling ; doubled-haploids ; genetic effects ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chromosome doubling has been a limiting factor for production of doubled-haploids, a means of obtaining fruly homozygous individuals, and a time-saving alternative to repeated selfing for the creation of inbred lines. The existence of genetic, environmental and genotype × environment interaction effects on chromosome doubling ability of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) haploids was investigated. Haploids were derived from four distinct, highly heterozygous diploid populations through in vitro culture of unpollinated ovules. Ovule-derived plants were treated with colchicine to double their chromosome complement. Environmental effects were determined from replication of the experiment at seven dates. Both genetic and environmental factors were found to affect chromosome doubling ability of sugarbeet haploids. No significant interaction between genotype and environment was identified. The presence of genetic effects on chromosome doubling ability is discussed with regard to its implications on breeding programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024549
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of photoperiod and temperature on common blight disease of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; common bean ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli ; germplasm ; common blight disease ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although common blight disease is serious in many dry bean production areas, there is only limited information on the influence of photoperiod on the disease. Experiments were conducted in growth chambers and in the field (Nebraska, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico) to investigate the influence of photoperiod × temperature and photoperiod, respectively, on the reaction of cultivars/lines to the causal bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. A split-plot design was used in all experiments except in the DR experiment where cultivars/lines were replicated within each photoperiod treatment. The disease reactions were more severe on cultivars/lines under short photoperiod and under higher temperature than under longer photoperiod and lower temperature in the growth chamber. Disease reactions were also more severe under the short photoperiod in the field experiments. No interactions were detected among these factors. These results have important implications for plant breeders in the evaluation of common blight disease reactions in different latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025305
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Breakdown of self-incompatibility in perennial ryegrass at high temperature and its uses in breeding (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; self-incompatibility ; fertility ; temperature ; breeding methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The maximum temperature (34°C) at which perennial ryegrass plants from one breeding population successfully shed pollen was determined and the seed set of ten clones taken from the same population and self-pollinated both in an unheated glasshouse and at a constant 34°C during anthesis was compared. Seed set by selfing of all ten clones was markedly increased by heat treatment, from a mean of 2.3% to 30.7%. Heat treatment of anthers, but not stigmas, greatly enhanced pollen tube growth on stigmas from the same genotype. Germination of progeny was not affected by the heat treatment. Heat treatment of ten clones from a breeding population with contrasting morphology and growth rate was not so successful. Only one clone shed pollen freely at 34°C and showed a marked improvement in subsequent seed set. The advantages to the breeder of routinely producing full-sib families of elite perennial ryegrass parents by selfing are outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023539
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Differential effect of temperature on mitrochondrial activity in shoots from freshly harvested and moderately aged kernels of maize (Zea mays L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; respiration ; seed ageing ; seed storage ; temperature ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a study of mitochondrial activity in etiolated shoots of freshly harvested and moderately aged kernels of maize. Activity was investigated after incubation at a favourable temperature (25°C), sub-optimal temperature (13°C) and after a heat shock (46°C for 2h). Although impaired mitochondrial activity in shoots from moderately aged maize kernels was not detected at 25°C, deficiencies became evident under low temperature stress (13°C). State 3 oxygen uptake, cyanide-insensitive oxygen uptake and cytochrome oxidase activity were lower in mitochondria from these shoots at 13°C than in mitochondria from shoots of freshly harvested kernels at this temperature. After a heat shock, cyanide-insensitive oxygen uptake was higher, and cytochrome oxidase activity lower, in shoots of aged kernels than in shoots of fresh kernels. No significant differences in ADP: O ratio or succinate dehydrogenase activity occurred between mitochondria from shoots of the two seed lots in any of the temperature treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024565
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  • 24
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    The effect of ethrel and temperature on the germination of Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg. seeds (1992)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 273-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Ethrel ; ethylene ; Manihot glaziovii ; seed germination ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dormancy in seeds of Manihot glaziovii is overcome at 25°C by application of ethrel at effective ethylene concentrations equal to and greater than 10 μll−1. Imbibition of seeds in ethrel broadens the temperature optimum for germination but does not prevent the development of secondary dormancy at temperatures of 35°C and greater and 15°C and lower. Secondary dormancy must be due to factors other than reduced ethylene production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024566
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  • 25
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    Qualitative modification of muscle metabolic organization with thermal acclimation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (1992)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 10 (1992), S. 123-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: temperature ; acclimation ; muscle ; metabolic organization ; mitochondria ; trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were acclimated to 4 and 18°C and fed at rations levels which led to an equal change in mass at these temperatures during the six week acclimation. Thermal acclimation markedly modified the metabolic organization of red and white muscle. Cold-acclimated fish had activities of β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase in both red and white muscle that were twice those of warm-acclimated fish. By contrast, the activities of cytochrome oxidase were unchanged by thermal acclimation. Thus, the capacity for β-oxidation of lipids is specifically enhanced in the muscle of cold-acclimated trout. In white muscle, citrate synthase and phosphofructokinase activities were also enhanced by cold acclimation (increases of 125% and 35% respectively), while cytochrome oxidase levels were unchanged. The non-parallel changes in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes strongly suggest that trout muscle mitochondria undergo qualitative reorganization during cold acclimation. The relative activities of mitochondrial enzymes suggest that mitochondria from red muscle have a threefold greater capacity to oxidize lipids than those from white muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004523
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  • 26
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    An Electrically Modulated Drug Delivery Device. II. Effect of Ionic Strength, Drug Concentration, and Temperature (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; electrically modulated drug delivery device ; chronotherapeutics ; ionic strength ; drug concentration ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various physicochemical parameters on the changes in drug delivery rate produced by an electrophoretic current are examined using a model system. It was shown that ionic strength has an inverse relationship with the change in delivery rate produced by a given current. Small changes in pH were measured during electrophoresis experiments which were considered to be insignificant. Drug reservoir concentration selection is critical in the design of an electrophoretic device and is based on achieving a balance between providing a suitable reservoir and allowing adequate electrophoretic control. Electrophoretic control is affected by temperature in a manner which can be predicted using the Arrhenius relationship. The low power requirements of the model system demonstrate the feasibility of using the principle of electrophoresis to control drug delivery rates in a therapeutic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018937407071
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  • 27
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    Egg laying and host stage preference at constant temperatures inEncarsia tricolor [Hym.: Aphelinidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Encarsia tricolor ; autoparasitoid ; egg laying ; rm ; host preference ; temperature ; Encarsia tricolor ; autoparasitoïde ; fécondité ; rm ; préférence ; température
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente les résultats obtenus dans l'étude de la fécondité, totale et journalière, d'Encarsia tricolor et de la préférence pour les différents stades de l'hôte (larves deTrialeurodes vaporariorum) dans lesquels déposer les œufs, à différentes températures constantes. Le maximum d'œufs pondus par femelle par jour va de 6 (à 10 et 32 °C) à 21 (à 28 °C). La moyenne de la ponte totale par femelle va augmenter avec la température de 10 à 28 °C, pour atteindre le maximum de 123 œufs et retomber brusquement à 28 à 32 °C. Le taux intrinsèque de croissance d'E. tricolor fut supérieur à celui deT. vaporariorum au-dessus de 9,2 °C. La préférence pour un stade hôte particulier dans lequel déposer les œufs n'était pas toujours significative. Mais, quand elle le fût, la larve du quatrième stade a été préférée.
    Notes: Abstract Encarsia tricolor Foërster is a facultative autoparasitoid that develops on the important pestTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) in outdoor crop conditions, which makes this aphelinid species promising for biological control programs in regions where field and protected crops coexist. In this paper we report the results obtained in the study of daily and totalE. tricolor egg laying and of adult female preference for different host stages in which to lay eggs at constant temperatures in the range 10 to 32 °C. Only whitefly nymphs were present in the searching arena (tomato leaflets). The mean number of eggs laid per female in one day ranged from 4.0 (10 °C and 32 °C) to 15.2 (24 °C). The mean total number of eggs increased with temperature from 10 to 28 °C, reaching a maximum of 123 eggs per female at 28 °C, and decreased sharply from 28 to 32 °C. The relation between the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and temperature in the range 10 to 28 °C followed a straight line whose equation was rm=−0.076+0.011*T (R2=0.99). The rm ofE. tricolor was greater than the rm ofT. vaporariorum when temperature was higher than 9.2 °C. The preference for any particular host instar in which to lay eggs was not always significant. However, N4 was the host instar preferred whenever preference was statistically significant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372973
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