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  • Triticum aestivum  (49)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • General Chemistry
  • Limnology
  • Springer  (49)
  • 1990-1994  (49)
  • 1991  (49)
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Keywords
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  • 1990-1994  (49)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of systemic insecticide to measure antixenosis to aphids in plant choice experiments (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; antixenosis ; plant resistance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Antixenose gegenüberRhopalosiphum padi (L.) in den drei Weizensorten Timmo, Moghan 2 und Ommid, von denen die zwei letzteren Sorten aus dem Iran stammen, wurde unter Verwendung des systemischen Insektizids Pirimicarb gemessen. Jeweils zwei Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Sorten wurden als Paar verwendet (in allen Kombinationen der drei Sorten), pro Paar ein Topf mit Pirimicarb gegossen, und zwanzig Blattlaüse über Blattflächen von beiden Sorten gekäfigt. Ähnliche Versuche wurden auch ohne Insektizid ausgeführt. Beide Methoden zeigten deutliche Antixenose von Moghan 2 und Ommid in Vergleich mit Timmo. Die Insektizidmethode zeigte auch eine Bevorzugung von Moghan 2 gegenüber Ommid, ein Resultat, das mit der schon bekannten relativen Antibiose dieser zwei Sorten übereinstimmte, während sich ohne Insektizid kein solcher Unterschied erwies. Die statistische Analyse solcher Versuche mit einem Insektizid, die eine Modifikation der Berechnung des erwarteten Werts mit dem χ2 Test enthält, ist beschrieben.
    Notes: Abstract Antixenosis in three wheat varieties (Timmo, Moghan 2 and Ommid) toRhopalosiphum padi (L.) was measured by pairing plants of any two varieties with one plant of each pair treated with a soil drench of the systemic insecticide pirimicarb. Aphids were then allowed access to equivalent leaf areas from the two plants in a leaf cage. The results were compared with similar choice experiments without insecticide. By either technique, the two Iranian varieties (Moghan 2 and Ommid) showed antixenosis in comparison with Timmo. The statistical analysis of the data, using a heterogeneity χ2 test, is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxamic acids affecting barley yellow dwarf virus transmission by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cereals ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Aphididae ; barley yellow dwarf virus ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), a hydroxamic acid (Hx) occurring in wheat, was shown to deter feeding by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and to reduce BYDV transmission to the plant. Dual choice tests with wheat leaves showed the preferential settlement of aphids on leaves with lower levels of DIMBOA. Electric monitoring of aphid feeding behaviour showed that in seedlings with higher DIMBOA levels fewer aphids reached the phloem and they needed longer times to contact a phloem vessel than in those with lower levels. When aphids carrying BYDV were allowed to feed on wheat cultivars with different DIMBOA levels, fewer plants were infected with BYDV in the higher DIMBOA cultivars than in the lower ones. Preliminary field experiments showed a tendency for wheat cultivars with higher Hx levels to be more tolerant to infection by BYDV than lower Hx level ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187969
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential expression of the psbB and psbH genes encoding the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-protein and the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II during chloroplast development in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Light regulation ; psbN ; Triticum aestivum ; Etioplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of a region of wheat chloroplast DNA containing the psbB gene for the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-binding protein of photosystem II has been determined. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 508 amino acid residues which is predicted to contain six hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions. The psbB gene is located 562 bp upstream of the psbH gene for the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II. A small open reading frame of 38 codons is located between psbB and psbH, and on the opposite strand the psbN gene, encoding a photosystem II polypeptide of 43 amino acid residues, is located between orf38 and psbH. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the 5′ ends of transcripts were located 371 and 183 bp upstream of the psbB translation initiation codon. Predominant transcripts of 2.1 kb and 1.8 kb for psbB and 0.4 kb for psbH were present in RNA isolated from etiolated and greening wheat seedlings. Immunodecoration of Western blots indicated that the 47 kDa polypeptide was absent, or present in very low amounts, in dark-grown tissue and accumulated on greening, whereas the 10 kDa polypeptide was present in similar amounts in both dark-grown and greening seedlings. The 10 kDa polypeptide was phosphorylated in vitro by incubating wheat etioplast membranes with [γ3 2P] ATP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336487
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence analysis of wheat mitochondrial transcripts capped in vitro: definitive identification of transcription initiation sites (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Transcription ; Guanylyltransferase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To identify transcription initiation sites in wheat mitochondria, the nascent 5′-ends of transcripts were specifically labeled by incubation of wheat mitochondrial RNA with [α-32P]GTP in the presence of the enzyme guanylyltransferase. After separation of the resulting capped transcripts by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, individual RNAs were recovered and directly sequenced. Four RNA sequences obtained in this way were localized upstream of the protein-coding genes atpA, coxII, coxIII and orf25. Comparison of mRNA and gene sequences allowed precise positioning of transcription initiation sites for these four genes. Sequence similarities immediately upstream of these sites define a conserved motif that we suggest as a candidate regulatory element in wheat mtDNA. The relationship between this motif and putative mitochondrial promoters in other plant species is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326239
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of the wheat chloroplast petB and petD genes encoding apocytochrome b-563 and subunit IV of the cytochrome bf complex (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 745-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast genes ; cytochrome b6 ; introns ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023441
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cDNA clone encoding the waxy protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1099-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; waxy protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016086
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the transmission frequency of chromosome 4S l of Aegilops sharonensis in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops sharonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transmission of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis was observed in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds. Chromosome 4S l was transmitted at a very high frequency (at least 97.8%) in all crosses. The genetic background appears to only have a small effect on transmission. The frequency of transmission of chromosome 4S l was the same in each genetic background through both the male and female gametes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219443
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed set after pollination with in-vitro-matured, isolated pollen of Triticum aestivum (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 576-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pollen culture ; Pollen maturation ; Pollination ; Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature pollen of two varieties of Triticum aestivum, at the stage right after the first pollen mitosis, was isolated from individual anthers and cultured in microcultures of microliter droplets. In a specifically designed medium, some of the pollen grains developed to maturity. These were applied to excised stigmas on agar, where they produced pollen tubes. Application to flowers in vivo led to seed set. Pollen was matured in vitro from a variety that produced a different protein banding pattern on SDS-PAGE as compared to the variety that was pollinated. The protein banding in the produced seeds showed the hybrid pattern, demonstrating that the seeds were not produced by self-pollination in this in-breeding species but by pollination with the in-vitro-matured pollen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226721
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of HSP-70 cognate proteins from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 615-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HSP-70 ; BiP/GRP-78 ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Chaperone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Animal and plant cells contain a family of constitutively expressed HSP-70 cognate proteins that are localized in different subcellular locations and are presumed to play a role in protein folding and transport. Utilizing antibodies raised against the yeast endoplasmicreticulum-localized HSP-70 cognate termed BiP/GRP-78, as well as antibodies raised against the Escherichia coli HSP-70 protein DnaK, we have identified and characterized a large family of closely related proteins in wheat. One protein band of 78 kDa that is apparently closely related to yeast BiP was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. This band cross-reacted with the yeast BiP but not with the DnaK-specific antibodies. The yeast BiP antibodies also recognized a cytoplasmic protein of 70 kDa that is probably related to the HSC-70 cognate proteins. These two proteins were further confirmed as HSP-70 cognates by their ability to bind to an ATP-agarose column. Probing of proteins from purified wheat mitochondrial preparations with the yeast BiP and DnaK-specific antibodies showed that this organelle contained a family of HSP-70-related proteins. The yeast BiP antibodies recognized two mitochondrial proteins of 60 and 58 kDa, but failed to detect any protein in the size rang of 70 to 80 kDa. However, the presence of immunologically distinct proteins of 90 and 78 kDa, as well as of lower molecular weight from this family in the mitochondria, was shown by probing with the DnaK-specific antibodies. A new protein of 30 kDa, cross-reacting with anti-yeast BiP antibodies, was detected only in developing seeds, close to their maturity. The evolution of HSP-70 cognate proteins in wheat as shown in this study is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226799
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Characterization of variability and relationships among components of partial resistance to leaf rust in CIMMYT bread wheats (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 674-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia recondita tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Rust resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A study of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ plasm developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) showed highly significant phenotypic variability for each component of partial resistance (namely, uredial appearance period, latency period, uredial number and uredial size) to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. All of the wheat genotypes displayed longer uredial appearance and latency periods and decreased uredial number and uredial size when compared to the susceptible check cultivar ‘Morocco’. Positive correlations between uredial appearance period and latency period, and uredial number and uredial size, and negative correlations between uredial appearance and latency periods and uredial number and uredial size, inclusive, suggested that the components of partial resistance were either tightly linked or under pleiotropic genetic control. Compared to ‘Morocco’, all entries had slow disease progress in the field and variation occurred in the germ plasm for the area under the leaf rust progress curve. Disease progress was negatively correlated with uredial appearance and latency periods, whereas a positive correlation was observed with uredial number and uredial size. Certain genotypes displayed high levels of partial resistance resulting in low disease incidence in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227310
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Hybridization between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 312-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron michnoi ; Intergeneric hybrid ; Chromosome pairing ; Self-fertile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (2n=4x=28, PPPP) were obtained by embryo culture. Their spike characteristics were similar to those of common wheat but, unlike their parents, they were long-awned. The average meiotic chromosome pairing at MI of F1 hybrids was: 6.39 I +3.75 rodII+8.64 ringII+0.81 III+0.30 IV+0.04 V, the bivalent and multivalent formation of which was much higher than expected from the genomic formulae. It is especially worthwhile to note that the F1 hybrids were self-fertile, self set being 0.15%, and seeds were easily obtained from the backcross of f1 plants with hexaploid and tetraploid wheats; here the seed set was more than 20.0%. The polyploid taxa and the position of A. Michnoi in Agropyron are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228669
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Cytological analysis on the distribution and origin of the alien chromosome pair conferring blue aleurone color in several European common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) strains (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 551-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Triticum monococcum ; blue aleurone color ; Chromosome substitution/translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Meiotic chromosome pairing and Giemsa C-banding analyses in crosses of several European blue-grained wheat strains with Chinese Spring double ditelosomic and other aneuploid lines showed that Triticum aestivum Blaukorn strains “Berlin,” “Probstdorf,” “Tschermak,” and “Weihenstephan” are chromosome substitutions, in which the complete wheat chromosome 4A pair is replaced, whereas the strains “Brünn” and “Moskau” are 4B substitutions. The alien chromosome pair in all of these strains is an A genome chromosome (4A) from diploid Triticum monococcum or T. boeoticum not present in common tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheats. The Blaukorn strain Weihenstephan “W 70a86” possesses, in addition to a rye chromosome pair 5R compensating for the loss of part of chromosome 5D, a 4A/5DL translocation replacing chromosome pair 4B of wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219448
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; brown rust ; monitoring ; epidemiology ; yield loss ; disease management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974223
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Variation for root traits and their genetic control in spring wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; root ; combining ability ; correlation ; dry matter ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat root characters which influence vital plant processes have scarcely been explored for their genetic control. This study was conducted to i) examine the diversity of root traits and associated shoot traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; ii) study the nature of genetic control of selected traits; and iii) examine associations among root and shoot traits. Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with plants grown in the vermiculite medium in clear plastic tubes. In the first experiment, 42 spring wheat cultivars were grown for three weeks and measurements were taken on root length, leaf length, root number, leaf number, root dry weight, and top dry weight. In the second study, 15F1's originating from a partial diallel mating of six cultivars along with the parents were evaluated for 4 weeks. The data on root length, leaf length, and root number were subjected to diallel analysis according to Griffing's method 4, fixed model. A third experiment consisted of studying 2 F2 populations with 141 plants per population. In the first study the 42 cultivars exhibited a wide range of variation for all six traits. Diallel analysis revealed significant effects of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for root length, leaf length, and root number. Parents with high GCA estimates were identified. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found among root and shoot traits. Analysis of F2's for root length indicated quantitative nature of inheritance of root length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025355
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  • 15
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    Classification of landraces and improved cultivars of hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum, T. compactum and T. spelta) grown in the USA and described in 1922 (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 33-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum compactum ; club wheat ; Triticum spelta ; spelt wheat ; classification ; genetic diversity ; landraces ; cultivars ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In 1922 Clark, Martin and Ball published descriptions of 207 hexaploid wheat landraces and improved cultivars, collected in the USA: 189 bread wheat accessions (Triticum aestivum), 24 club wheats (T. compactum) and four spelt wheats (T. spelta). After omitting 24 bread wheat accessions with identical descriptions as other accessions, the descriptions were used here to classify the remaining 183 accessions into five clusters on the basis of 10 selected characters. Clusters 1 and 3 include mainly accessions introduced from North and West Europe. These accessions must derive from the European Zeeuwse and Gelderse landrace groups. Hence most of the accessions belonging to these two clusters belong to the North and West European heritage. Cluster 2 includes most of the accesions introduced from Australia and Canada, or belonging to the club wheats. Most accessions from the USSR1 are included in cluster 4. Here we also find Turkey and related landraces. All but one pubescent accessions are included in cluster 5. The wide variation of US wheats, described in 1922, forms the basis of the Foundation Germplasm wheats as defined by Cox (1991). Apparently no hard white winter wheat landraces and cultivars were described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025359
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Hybridization barriers between wheat and rye: In vitro pollen assays and electrophoretic survey (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; hybridization ; pollen-tube-growth ; wide-crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five- to seven-day-old ovaries from Triticum aestivum vars Hope (non-crossable), Chinese Spring (CS, crossable) and the chromosomal substitution line Chinese Spring/Hope 5B (CS/H5B) were used to test the hypothesis that an ovarian substance inhibits rye (Secale cereale var Wrens) pollen tube growth. In vitro assays on a semi-solid medium demonstrated that a soluble, dialyzed lysate from Hope or CS/H5B ovaries inhibited rye pollen tube elongation significantly more than a similar lysate from CS ovaries (26%, 13% and 5% respectively compared to controls). When only the 20 longest tubes from each sample were included in the analysis the relationship was maintained (33%, 22% and 15% for Hope, CS/H5B and CS respectively). Heating the Hope lysate at 100° C for 10 min reduced the inhibition from 26% to 14% for all pollen tubes measured (n = 51 per sample) and from 33% to 20% when only the 20 longest pollen tubes per sample were analyzed. Isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) revealed several differences in the polypeptide profiles of soluble lysates from vars Hope, CS and CS/H5B. While two striking differences were observed, a 50 kilodalton (kD) polypeptide with an isoelectric point (pI) of approximately 8.5 and 100 kD polypeptide (pI∼4) from CS lysates which were considerably reduced in lysates of Hope and CS/H5B, none were obviously associated with the Hope 5B chromosome and therefore cross-incompatibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029390
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  • 17
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    The introduction into bread wheat of a major gene for resistance to powdery mildew from wild emmer wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Erysiphe graminis ; powdery mildew ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A new source of resistance to wheat powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis has been transferred to hexaploid bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, from the wild tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. The donor was crossed to bread wheat and the pentaploid progeny was then self-pollinated. Plants having a near stable hexaploid chromosome complement were selected in the F3 progeny and topcrossing and backcrossing of these to a second wheat cultivar to improve the phenotype was undertaken. Monosomic analysis of early backcross lines showed the transferred gene to be located on chromosome 4A. The gene has been designated Pm16.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032033
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  • 18
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    Crossability of some bread wheat landraces and improved cultivars from western Himalayas with rye (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; Himalayas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of 62 bread wheat accessions (14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh and 48 others) was examined with rye. The 3 rye cultivars did not differ in their relative crossability with 4 of the wheat accessions studied. On the other hand, the wheat cultivars differed greatly among themselves in their crossability with rye. Most of the wheat cultivars showed poor (〈10%) crossability. Two of the 14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh were found to be free from the crossability inhibitors as they showed very high (〉50%) crossability, whereas none of the other 48 cultivars studied was so.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023794
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  • 19
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    Induction of a mutation in the male fertility gene of the preferentially transmitted Aegilops sharonensis chromosome 4S1 and its application for hybrid wheat production (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops sharonensis ; male sterility ; preferential transmission ; hybrid wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat plants nullisomic for chromosome 4B are male sterile due to the absence of the male fertility gene Ms1. However, plants in which chromosome 4B has been substituted by the preferentially transmitted chromosome 4S1 of Ae. sharonensis are male fertile due to the compensating effect of Ms4 on the alien chromosome. This substitution line has been mutated and three recessive mutation of Ms4 have been selected. Plants homozygous for these mutations are male sterile. The implication of these mutations for hybrid wheat production is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145628
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  • 20
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    Major gene control of tolerance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to high concentrations of soil boron (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: boron ; inheritance ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic control of tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of soil boron was studied for five genotypes. Each genotype represented one of five categories of response to high levels of boron, ranging from very sensitive to tolerant. Tolerance to boron was expressed as a partially dominant character, although the response of an F1 hybrid, relative to the parents, varied with the level of boron applied. The F1 hybrids responded similarly to the more tolerant parent at low B treatments and intermediate to the parents at higher treatments. Ratios consistent with monogenic segregation were observed for the F2 and F3 generations for the combinations (WI*MMC) × Kenya Farmer, Warigal × (WI*MMC) and Halberd × Warigal. The three genes, Bo1, Bo2 and Bo3, while transgressive segregation between two tolerant genotypes, G61450 and Halberd, suggested a fourth locus controlling tolerance to boron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021242
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    Pedigree analysis of the origin of manganese tolerance in Canadian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Canada ; genotypic differences ; manganese toxicity ; manganese tolerance ; origin ; pedigree ; screening ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for tolerance to manganese (Mn) might be in some cases more feasible and economical than use of soil amendments. As part of research on the heritability of Mn tolerance, a study on the level of Mn tolerance in Canadian wheat cultivars and its probable origin was accomplished by analysis of cultivar pedigrees and drawing phylogenetic maps to discern filial relationships. Cultivar tolerance to Mn was determined by relative root weight (RRW) in solution culture in the presence of 500 μM Mn. A total of 91 cultivars were screened, 76 of which were Canadian. These data, together with data from another 28 cultivars reported in the literature, were used to draw two pedigree maps, a map for Canadian cultivars only, and a map for the Mn-tolerant Canadian cultivars Norquay and Laura. Results indicated a range of tolerance to Mn among Canadian cultivars. Manganese tolerance, found in either Canadian or foreign germplasm, and of either recent or older selection or origin, seems to have originated from land races from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Tolerance may have been introduced into Canadian germplasm directly by the use of Brazilian cultivars as parents, or indirectly by the introduction of Mexican germplasm with Brazilian parentages. This information will help the plant breeder to develop plant breeding systems, and may also help in the study of the mechanisms for Mn tolerance in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042053
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    Greenhouse evaluation of red winter wheats for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Diuraphis noxia ; Russian wheat aphid ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (RWA) is responsible for significant economic damage to cereal crops in arid and semi-arid environments. In this research 20 red winter wheats originating from Iran were evaluated for resistance to RWA. Leaf rolling, leaf folding, and leaf chlorosis were measured using 0 to 3 scales. An overall mean damage score was calculated as the average of the three measured damage symptoms. Plants from seven central Asian accessions (PI222666, PI222668, PI225226, PI225267, PI225271, PI243630, and PI243642) had mean damage scores significantly lower (p 〈 0.001) than ‘Stephens’ wheat (RWA susceptible) and not significantly different from ‘Border’ oat (RWA resistant). These results are consistent with previous studies which found a high frequency of resistant wheats collected from the central Asian region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039668
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    Breeding for hard red winter wheat cultivars adapted to conventional-till and no-till systems in northern latitudes (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 57-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; cold hardiness ; cultivar x tillage interaction ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Conservation tillage in the Great Plains of North America has increased in recent years, in part, to control soil erosion, increase soil water storage and reduce production costs. No-till production is recommended for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in northern latitudes for the purpose of trapping snow and protecting the crop from freezing temperatures. A 5 year field study was conducted at four North Dakota locations from 1984–85 through 1988–89 to determine if significant cultivar x tillage interactions existed for grain yield of winter wheat. Fourteen hard red winter wheat cultivars were planted in both conventional-till and no-till systems. Significant cultivar x tillage interactions were obtained for grain yield from both a weighted analysis across all environments and from individual analyses of 12 of the 16 environments in which wheat survived under both tillage systems (P〈0.05). Regression of cultivar yield on mean environment yield produced b values that varied little between conventional till and no-till for 10 of the 14 cultivars. The top five yielding cultivars were the same for both tillage systems and had b values 〉 1.0. Although the cultivar x tillage interaction may be a result of differential winter survival rather than tillage per se, this study suggests that selection for winter wheats with superior yield performance can be conducted under either no-till or conventional-till systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035340
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    Genes for resistance to stripe rust in four spring wheat varieties (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in origin and reaction in the seedling stage to pathotype CDL-6 (extant in California) were intercrossed and examined in greenhouse conditions in F1, F2, and F3 generations. Digenic and transgressive segregation was found in all crosses. The four varieties each had infection types (1 immune, 9 susceptible) and putative resistance genes as follows: ‘Anza’, IT 7, YrA; ‘Glennson 81’, IT 2, Yr9; ‘Yecora Rojo’, IT 6, YrC; and ‘Ollanta’, IT 4–6, YrL. ‘Anza’ was classified as susceptible, ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ‘Ollanta’ as intermediate in seedling resistance, and ‘Glennson 81’ as resistant in the seedling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022818
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    In vitro culture variation of wheat and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; day-length insensitivity ; semi-dwarfness ; tissue culture response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of genes affecting the ‘plant growth habit’ in wheat (Rht8 and Ppd1) and rye (ct1 and ct2) on tissue culture response was studied using immature embryos. Whereas the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8 seems to promote only a minor effect, the day-length sensitive allele ppd1 determined a major increase in callus growth and regeneration ability. With regards to their tissue culture efficiency, the four alleles studied could be ranked as follows: ppd1〉Rht8〉rht8〉Ppd1. In contrast to wheat, the GA insensitive semi-dwarfing genes of rye (ct1 and ct2) appear not to influence in vitro response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039663
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    Silicon accumulation and water uptake by wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: durixerollic calciorthid soil ; evapotranspiration ; plant water relations ; silicon transport soil ; temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; uptake ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Silicon (Si) content in cereal plants and soil-Si solubility may be used to estimate transpiration, assuming passive Si uptake. The hypothesis for passive-Si uptake by the transpiration stream was tested in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Stephens) grown on the irrigated Portneuf silt loam soil (Durixerollic calciorthid) near Twin Falls, Idaho. Treatments consisted of 5 levels of plant-available soil water ranging from 244 to 776 mm provided primarily by a line-source sprinkler irrigation system. Evapotranspiration was determined by the water-balance method and water uptake was calculated from evapotranspiration, shading, and duration of wet-surface soil. Water extraction occurred from the 0 to 150-cm zone in which equilibrium Si solubility (20°C) was 15 mg Si L−1 in the Ap and Bk (0–58 cm depth) and 23 mg Si L−1 in the Bkq (58–165 cm depth). At plant maturity, total Si uptake ranged from 10 to 32 g m−2, above-ground dry matter from 1200 to 2100 g m−2 and transpiration from 227 to 546 kg m−2. Silicon uptake was correlated with transpiration (Siup=−07+06T, r2=0.85) and dry matter yield with evapotranspiration (Y=119+303ET, r2=0.96). Actual Si uptake was 2.4 to 4.7 times that accounted for by passive uptake, supporting designation of wheat as a Si accumulator. The ratio of Si uptake to water uptake increased with soil moisture. The confirmation of active Si uptake precludes using Si uptake to estimate water use by wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011197
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    Effect of phosphorus supply to the surface roots of wheat on root extension and rhizosphere chemistry in an acidic subsoil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 73-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium tolerance ; cation-anion balance ; phosphate translocation ; split-root ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedlings of two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in tolerance to aluminium (Al) were grown using a split-root sand/soil culture technique. Each culture tube was divided horizontally into a surface (0–150 mm) compartment and a subsurface (150–250 mm) compartment separated by a root-permeable paraffin wax barrier. Thus phosphorus (P) supplied to surface roots could not percolate or diffuse into the soil in the subsurface compartment. The soil in the subsurface compartment was divided into ‘rhizosphere’ and ‘non-rhizosphere’ zones using a porous (5 μm) membrane. Root growth of both cultivars into the subsurface zone was enhanced by increased P supply to surface roots, but did not conform to known relationships between root growth and soil pH, extractable-Al, or pH, Al or P concentrations in soil solution. Concentrations of Al in soil solution in the rhizosphere were greater than those in solution in the bulk soil. Concentrations of Al reactive with pyrocatechol violet (30s-RRAI) in the rhizosphere soil solution were generally greater than those in non-rhizosphere soil. With the Al-sensitive cultivar, root dry weight and length increased as concentrations of RRAl in the rhizosphere soil solution increased. Increased concentrations of Al in rhizosphere soil solutions were not related to the presence of organic ligands in solution. The effect of P in promoting root penetration into the acidic subsurface stratum was not related to differential attainment of maturity by the plant shoots, but appeared to be related to the effect of P in enhancing the rate of root growth. Thus, suboptimal supply of P to the surface roots of a plant, even at levels sufficient to preclude development of nutritional (P) stress symptoms, may seriously reduce tolerance to Al, and hence diminish the ability of roots to penetrate into acidic subsoils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010719
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    Biological activity and chemical isolation of root saponins of six cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 83-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aglycone ; allelopathy ; arabinose ; bioassay ; Bromus secalinus ; dormancy rating ; Medicago sativa ; saponins ; thin-layer chromatography (TLC) ; Trichoderma viride ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat, cheat and Trichoderma viride bioassays were used to establish the relationship between the content of biologically active saponins in the roots and the degree of winter dormancy and/or time of six cultivars of alfalfa over the period January to August, 1988. Wheat and cheat bioassay results indicated no significant difforences among cultivars, whereas T. viride was inhibited most by extracts of roots collected during months with high rainfall and rapid growth. Cheast seedling roots were inhibited 8–10% more than those of wheat seedling roots indicating that alfalfa root saponins were more effective as allelopathic compounds in preventing growth of cheat than that of wheat alone. An average of 14 different saponins per cultivar were separated by thin-layer chromatograms. Saponins, and the aglycones produced by acid hydrolysis of the May samples, were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The conclusion is that the amount, structure, and type of saponins present in alfalfa roots vary with time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014781
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    Promotion of growth of wheat seedlings by a sterile red fungus in relation to plant density and soil fertility (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 306-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth promotion ; sterile red fungus ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Enhancement of shoot and root growth of wheat seedlings by a sterile red fungus was evident even when sufficient nutrients were supplied and density of plants per pot was increased (from 15 to 30 plants per pot of 400 g soil). It is likely that production of hormonal-type substances by these fungi may be involved in the phenomenon observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010922
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    Distribution of magnesium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to supply (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diagnosis ; distribution ; magnesium deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the distribution of magnesium (Mg) and its retranslocation within wheat, in order to develop diagnostic procedures for Mg deficiency. Plants were grown in solution culture with both constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 μMMg) and discontinued supply (40 μM and 160 μM decreased to nil). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was halted. However, initial deficiency symptoms occurred on young leaves under constant but inadequate supply, contrasting with previous reports. Magnesium concentrations were also lower in young leaves compared to old leaves. Symptoms of yellowing and necrosis occurred if the leaf tissue contained 〈1194 μgg−1, irrespective of leaf age. The minimum Mg concentration in whole shoots associated with maximum shoot weight was 932 μgg−1; for the youngest emerged blade (YEB) it was 861 μgg−1. Symptoms were apparent on the young leaf before a reduction in shoot weight was measurable. The concentration of Mg in the YEB and whole shoot were better related to solution Mg concentration than was the Mg concentration in the old leaf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150049
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    Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; drought resistance ; yield ; selection ; grain filling ; kernel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis. Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F2 through F1 when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F2 base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation. Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145637
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    Gliadin allele composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 285-295 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gliadins ; APAGE ; multiple allelism ; variation ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The complete gliadin allele composition of 57 Yugoslav common winter wheat cultivars was studied. Large differences were found in gliadin genotypes among cultivars bred at different Yugoslav breeding centres as well as between early and recent wheats bred in the Novi Sad breeding centre. Yugoslav wheats have limited variation in gliadin alleles, of which Gli-A1a, Gli-B1b, Gli-B1l, Gli-D1b, Gli-A2e, Gli-B2b, Gli-D2a are shown to be the most frequent. Examples of favoured alleles to new cultivars are described. 40% of the studied wheat cultivars have natural biotypes differing in gliadin allele composition. The frequency of cultivars with the biotypes differs greatly among breeding centres.
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    Comparison of resistance of triticale, wheat and spelt to septoria nodorum blotch at the seedling and adult plant stages (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adult plant resistance ; seedling resistance ; Septoria nodorum ; septoria nodorum blotch ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. spelta ; spelt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On average, the cereal species studied were susceptible to septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), except for spring triticale on leaf and head and winter titicale on leaf, that appeared to be significantly more resistant, than the other ones. In all three species the SNB response of the adult plants was to a limited extent only predicted by the reaction on first leaf seedlings. In most cases it was impossible to predict the response to SNB of adult plants on the basis of seedling reaction. Correlations between the adult plant stage and the seedling stage, or detached seedling leaves, appears not to be sufficient for use in practical breeding work. A reversal of reaction to SNB was even found between the above growth stages in studied spring and winter wheat varieties.
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    Combining ability analysis for harvest index in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; harvest index ; diallel analysis ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; assimilate partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cereal breeders have used harvest index (HI) as a selection criterion in segregating generations to identify physiologically superior lines with improved partitioning of total assimilate into grain. Information on combining ability for HI of the hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of the Southern Great Plains is not available. A study was undertaken to examine HI of seven genetically diverse winter wheat parents, evaluate their general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, and study correlations of HI with several agronomic traits. The seven parents were crossed in a half-diallel mating design to produce 21 crosses. The F1's, their F2 progenies, and the parents were evaluated in replicated field tests at Stillwater and at Lahoma, OK. The combining ability analysis was performed using Griffing's Method 4, Model 1. The results showed significant variation among parents for HI. The GCA and the SCA effects were mostly inconsistent between generations and between environments. However, parents with consistently high HI and positive GCA estimates were identified. The progeny with high HI mostly resulted from parents with high GCA estimates. The correlations between HI and agronomic traits indicated that improvement in HI should also result in high grain yield, early maturity, and short plant height.
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    Additive and epistatic effects of allelic variation at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci in determining the bread-making quality of breeding lines of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 277-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunits ; bread-making quality ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation has been studied between the high molecular weight glutenin (HMWg) subunit alleles and the bread-making quality of 226 lines of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.), grown in The Netherlands. The lines represented a wide range of genetic backgrounds, and had not been selected for quality, in contrast to the established varieties used by other authors. The variation in HMWg subunit genotypes accounted for about 20% of the total variation in loaf volume among the lines. Most important was the allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus. The Glu-D1 allele encoding the subunits 5+10 was superior to its allelic counterpart, encoding 2+12. The difference in average of loaf volume between groups of lines containing 5+10 or 2+12 was negatively related with protein content of the flours. When protein content was below 9.2%, no effect of allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus was present. Epistatic effects between the Glu-I loci also contributed to the variation in loaf volume of the lines: i.e. the effect of allelic variation at Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 depended on the allele present at the Glu-D1. The contribution of the epistatic effects was about half the contribution of the additive effects, and should therefore be included in predictive models for bread-making quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021248
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    Measurement of response to vernalization in Australian wheats with winter habit (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; intrinsic earliness ; photoperiod ; vernalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Development in wheat is strongly controlled by sensitivity to vernalization and photoperiod, and to a lesser degree by non-vernalizing temperature and intrinsic earliness. A method to measure effect of vernalization in wheats with winter habit is described. Twenty seven wheats with winter habit and eight with spring/facultative habit were studied, comprising breeding lines and cultivars with maturities suited to south-central New South Wales. Effect of vernalization on the development of these wheats was quantified by integrating responses to vernalizing treatments of differing duration. Intrinsic earliness was measured as time for vernalized seedlings to grow to ear emergece in an 18h photoperiod with day/night temperature of 21/16°C, and response to photoperiod as the difference in time to ear emergence between 9 and 18h daylengths. Integrated response to vernalization is sensitive to both cumulative and thresh-hold responses and is applicable to wheats of all habit type. Integrated response to vernalization and intrinsic earliness were positively associated within wheats with winter habit. Wheats were largely of restricted origin, so that there were few allelic differences at Vrn loci to disrupt this association, which suggests intrinsic earliness may modify response to vernalization. Though integrated response to vernalization was measured with artificial treatments, it was strongly associated with ear emergence for wheats with winter habit when grown at a site in New South Wales.
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    Genes for leaf rust resistance in Indian and Pakistani wheats tested with Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 27-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in 71 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars from India and Pakistan were postulated. In total, 9 known and one unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combination: Lr1 (in 20 cultivars), Lr3 (5), Lr10 (21), Lr11 (1), Lr13 (43), Lr17 (5), Lr23 (14), Lr26 (2), Lr27 + Lr31 (2), and the unknown gene in 2 cultivars. Additional temperature-sensitive seedling resistance appeared to occur in 27 cultivars. This resistance in at least 15 cultivars appeared to be due to Lr34. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for these 27 cultivars indicated variable levels of adult plant resistance. Several other cultivars with high seedling infection types to one or more of the predominant field pathotypes were also partially resistant in the field. High levels of adult plant resistance occurred in some cultivars even in the absence of known seedling resistance genes with major effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040475
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    Influence of race and post infection temperature on two components of partial resistance to wheat leaf rust in seedlings of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Adult plant resistance ; infection frequency ; latency period ; partial resistance ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; race-specificity ; temperature sensitivity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Components of partial resistance, infection frequency and latency period, were determined in 71 winter and spring wheat genotypes in the seedling stage, after infection with three races of leaf rust (‘Felix 3B’, ‘Clement B’ and ‘Betuwe 85C’) at three different day/night temperature regimes (24/18°C, 18/12°C and 12/6°C). The genotypes were split into two groups and two separate experiments were carried out. Five genotypes, SVP 84039, Akabozu, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso, conferred a low infection frequency and a long latency period and Westphal 12A a long latency period, indicating a relatively high level of partial resistance. The correlation coefficient between infection frequency and latency period was low. Race-specificity was not found. There was a significant temperature effect on the latency period. In the second experiment the temperature x genotype interaction was significant. Temperature-response functions of transformed data demonstrated that the latency periods of four relatively resistant genotypes, Westphal 12A, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso and of Sarno and Mirela were most sensitive to temperature. The range between the genotypes with the longest and the shortest latency period was highest at 12°C. Therefore, low temperature regimes are preferred to distinguish differences in level of partial resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035335
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    An investigation of the relationship between the F1 potential and the measures of genetic distance among wheat lines (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; choice of parents ; distance analysis ; standardized potence ; character selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three groups of characters selected using three methods were used to calculate genetic distance among two groups of winter wheat lines using Euclidean distance based on principal components. These wheat lines were then clustered by the unweighted pair-group arithmetic average method. The relationship between genetic distance and standardized potence was seemingly influenced by genetic materials. In order to obtain promising crosses, it is advisable to select parents from intercluster rather than intracluster materials. The results suggested that the repeatability method was better than the conventional and weighting methods for selecting characters for distance analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022817
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    Response of different wheat tissues to increasing doses of ethyl methanesulfonate (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: calluses mutagenesis ; embryo mutagenesis ; EMS somatic effect ; immature ; embryo mutagenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutation experiments require careful selection of a mutagen with characteristics suited to the tissue source and mutagenesis objective, and an appropriate treatment regime. The objectives of the present investigation were:-to compare the ability of immature embryos to initiate calluses and calluses derived from immature embryos to survive and grow after being treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6% (v/v) and-to compare these results with those published for seed mutagenesis. To determine if the response of tissue source to EMS treatment varied with genotype, tissues from two spring wheat cultivars, ‘Angus’ and ‘Pavon 76’, were used. The combined analysis of variance detected highly significant differences (p≤0.01) among doses. The higher the dose, the lower the tissue survival in each tissue source. No significant differences were detected between cultivars, tissue sources, in the cultivar by dose interaction, tissue source by dose interaction, tissue source by cultivar interaction, or tissue source by cultivar by dose interaction. Hence, both cultivars and tissue sources responded similarly to EMS doses. The predicted LD20 are 0.35%±0.08% for the immature embryo treatment, and 0.36%±0.10% for the callus treatment. The predicted LD50 are 0.82%±0.13% for the immature embryo treatment, and 0.77%±0.13% for the callus treatment. These results were very similar to published results for seed mutagenesis, hence seed mutagenesis research may be applicable to immature embryo and callus mutagenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039935
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    Wheat anther culture: effect of genotype and environmental conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; cultivars ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-two cultivars and lines of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied, most for the first time, for their anther culture response. The response was genotype dependent. Plants grown in the field gave higher callus induction frequency than those grown in the greenhouse and the controlled environment chamber. Donor plants grown in a season of low drought stress as compared to a season of severe drought stress resulted in a higher frequency of callus induction. Spherical microcalli were observed in two wheat genotypes in some of only those anthers that were placed with only one loculus in contact with the medium. Wheat lines that were more responsive to anther culture were identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033482
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    Characterization of stem rust resistant derivatives of wheat cultivar Amigo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Introgression ; leaf rust ; Puccinia spp. ; rust resistance ; species-specific probes ; stem rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Originally developed for resistance to greenbug derived from Insave rye, Amigo wheat carries two genes for resistance to stem rust. One of these genes is associated with a rye chromosome 1RS segment carrying the Sec-1 protein marker and presumably greenbug resistance. The second gene which is genetically linked to leaf rust resistance is associated with an Agropyron-derived segment. Rust tests in Canada confirmed that these genes were Sr24 and Lr24. In contrast to Agent and certain 3D/Ag derivatives from Dr. E.R. Sears, the Amigo source of Sr24/Lr24 freely recombined with white seed colour during backcrossing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025256
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    In vitro techniques for selecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Fusarium-resistance. I. Double-layer culture technique (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium resistance ; Fusarium spp. ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; double-layer technique ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Calluses of spring and winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) were selected for Fusarium resistance in vitro, using the double-layer culture technique. Potato-dextrose agar medium in vials was inoculated with mycelia of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. After one week, fungal cells were killed by autoclaving and the agar medium containing the thermostable toxic metabolites was overlayered with MS callus-growing medium. Later, wheat calluses were placed on the upper medium for 4–5 weeks, and from the surviving calluses plants were regenerated. R2 seedling populations from self-fertilized R1 plants of 4 varieties were tested for Fusarium resistance by artificial infections in the greenhouse, and 3% of the regenerated R2 plants have been found to be more resistant than the original cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039671
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    Changes in physiological attributes of the dry matter economy of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) through genetic improvement of grain yield potential at different regions of the world (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Biomass ; grain yield ; grain yield components ; harvest index ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The understanding of the changes produced by plant breeding on wheat grain yield and on its determinants, through the study of the behaviour of cultivars released at different times during the breeding process, could be a useful tool to define future selection criteria. The aim of this paper was to examine the genetic improvement effects on bread wheat grain yield potential and on its major physiological determinants in different countries. Generally, it seems that the genetic improvement produced important increases in harvest index, but it did not produce important changes in total biomass. The genetic gain in grain yield ranged from 0.58 g m-2 year-1 (India) to 5.84 g m-2 year-1 (Mexico); reflecting important differences among genetic improvement programmes. However, when the comparisons were made in relative values, the difference was much lower, ranging from 0.16% year-1 to 0.90% year-1, for the previously mentioned countries, respectively. Most of the regions showed relative genetic gains of around 0.45% year-1. Similar patterns of relative genetic gains in harvest index were found. Half of the total gain in grain yield in the past was due to genetic gain in grain yield potential. However, it is expected for the future, that further increases in grain yield will rely more on genetic gain than on technologic gain. Thus, a discussion about possible strategies in future breeding programmes of bread wheat is attempted throughout the paper. The changes in grain yield were mostly associated with changes in number of grains per m2 rather than with changes in individual grain weight. It appears that the source: sink ratio during the grain-filling period was very high in old cultivars, whereas the source: sink ratio in modern cultivars is more balanced. Further increases in number of grains m-2 could be compensated by a reduction in individual grain weight, if simultaneous improvement in source strength during grain-filling is not achieved. The crop attributes which have been changed together with the mentioned traits are discussed and alternative selection criteria are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035338
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of the intergeneric hybrids between nine Elymus species and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Elymus species ; genome ; germplasm resources ; intergeneric hybridization ; meiosis ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybridizations were performed between Triticum aestivum L. (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and twelve Elymus species, ten tetraploids (2n=4x=28, SSYY) and two hexaploids (2n=6x=42, SSHHYY and SSYY??), namely, E. pendulinus (Nevski) Tzvelev, E. altissimus (Keng), Löve, E. anthosachnoides (Keng) Löve, E. brevipes (Keng) Löve, E. dolichatherus (Keng) Löve, E. parviglumis (Keng) Löve, E. pseudonutans (Keng) Löve, E. tibeticus (Melderis) G. Singh, E. semicostatus (Nees ex Steud.) Melderis, E. caucasicus (C. Koch) Tzvelev (tetraploids), and E. tsukushiensis Honda and E. tschimganicus (Drobov) Tzvelev (hexaploids). The hybrid seed sets in different combinations varied from 4.8%–72.2%, and embryo yields ranged from 3.2%–36.7%. Nine combinations produced adult hybrid plants, eight pentaploids and one hexaploid, through embryo rescue. The production of hybrid plants varied from 1.2%–30%. Chromosome pairing was analysed at metaphase I in the parental species and the hybrids. Average meiotic configurations of 33.51 I+0.74 II+0.03 III+0.001 IV were observed amongst the pentaploid hybrids although there was a large variation, and 31.42 I+5.21 II+0.04 III was recorded in the hexaploid hybrid. It is concluded from the study that: 1) very little pairing occurred between the ABD genomes in T. aestivum and the different genomes in the tetraploid Elymus species. even though the pairing behaviour varied in different combinations; 2) the hexaploid combination had distinctly higher chromosome pairing than the other pentaploid combinations, which could be due either to a low degree of homoeology between the T. aestivum and E. tschimganicus genomes or that the latter species contains, certain gene(s) which increase the meiotic pairing between genomes from the same parental species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035343
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    Effects of foliar applied benzyladenine on grain yield and grain protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Benzyladenine (BA) ; urea ; grain protein ; yield components ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of foliar applications of nitrogen and benzyladenine (BA) on grain yield and grain protein of wheat grown under field conditions were studied over 2 years with 5 cultivars at 2 locations. Nitrogen (N) at 20 kg.ha−1, and BA at 100 or 800 mg.l−1 were applied alone or combined at pre and post-anthesis; applications of BA at 8 mg.l−1 were also made on individual ears in order to study the effect on cell number. Weekly determinations of the chlorophyll content of the flag leaf were conducted after anthesis to study leaf senescence. At harvest, yield, yield components and grain protein percentage were determined. N and BA applications delayed chlorophyll loss in the flag leaf, but modified neither yield nor yield components. Foliarly applied BA increased grain protein in four of the five cultivars tested. It is concluded that delay of the senescence induced by BA might allow more energy to be available for N uptake by the crop leading to an increase in grain protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024410
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    The effect of polyamines on protein kinase activities of wheat (Triticum aestivum) L. anthers (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 363-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; polyamines ; protein kinases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Protein kinase activities were extracted from anther tissue of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zaragoza) and characterized with regard to the effects of polyamines, second messengers and plant growth hormones. The protein kinases were inhibited by polyamines and cyclic nucleotides, but were stimulated by the addition of auxins, gibberellic acid and kinetin. The dominant polyamine-sensitive kinase activity was partially purified and characterized. The optimal pH of the reaction was 7.5 to 8.0 and casein was the preferred exogenous substrate. Polyamines were inhibiting in the decreasing order of putrecine 〉 spermidine 〉 spermine. The results are discussed against the context of the anther culture technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024595
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    Phenolic acid content of soils from wheat-no till, wheat-conventional till, and fallow-conventional till soybean cropping systems (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1045-1068 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; no till ; conventional till ; soil extracts ; allelopathy ; phenolic acids ; Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soil core (0–2.5 and/or 0–10 cm) samples were taken from wheat no till, wheat-conventional till, and fallow-conventional till soybean cropping systems from July to October of 1989 and extracted with water in an autoclave. The soil extracts were analyzed for seven common phenolic acids (p-coumaric, vanillic,p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic; in order of importance) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The highest concentration observed was 4 μg/g soil forp-coumaric acid. Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent was used to determine total phenolic acid content. Total phenolic acid content of 0- to 2.5-cm core samples was approximately 34% higher than that of the 0- to 10-cm core samples. Phenolic acid content of 0- to 2.5-cm core samples from wheat-no till systems was significantly higher than those from all other cropping systems. Individual phenolic acids and total phenolic acid content of soils were highly correlated. The last two observations were confirmed by principal component analysis. The concentrations were confirmed by principal component analysis, tions of individual phenolic acids extracted from soil samples were related to soil pH, water content of soil samples, total soil carbon, and total soil nitrogen. Indirect evidence suggested that phenolic acids recovered by the water-autoclave procedure used came primarily from bound forms in the soil samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402933
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    Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Microdochium nivale ; Fusarium culmorum ; Fusarium avenaceum ; Fusarium graminearum ; epidemiology ; weather ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August. Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974274
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