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  • Articles  (794)
  • Chemical Engineering  (400)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (394)
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  • 1985-1989  (794)
  • 1988  (794)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (794)
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  • Articles  (794)
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  • 1985-1989  (794)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data reconciliation and parameter estimation in plant performance analysis (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results of a computer study are reported applying data reconciliation and interpretation techniques to a single-stage flash operation. Measured errors in the process variables are significantly reduced. The techniques are successfully extended to estimate flash efficiency. The flash efficiency is estimated using two methods: (1) a statistically rigorous simultaneous data reconciliation and efficiency estimation procedure, and (2), a faster, nonrigorous sequential procedure. It is found that the simultaneous procedure provides better measured variable and flash efficiency estimates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-pressure solution behavior of the polystyrene-toluene-ethane system (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of supercritical ethane on the high-pressure phase behavior of the polystyrene-toluene system is experimentally investigated. Adding 17.8 wt. % ethane to the polystyrene-toluene solution lowers the temperature of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) curve by 162°C, 22.5 wt. % lowers the temperature of the curve by 231°C, and with 24.9 wt. % the curve is shifted to such low temperatures that it merges with the upper critical solution temperature curve. In practice this means that polymer solutions can be separated at lower temperatures where thermal degradation of the polymer is less. Also, more than 99 wt. % of the polystyrene is recovered in the polymer-rich phase after the solution phase splits. Patterson's corresponding states treatment is used to model the LCST data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer generation of reaction schemes and rate equations for thermal cracking (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reaction schemes for the thermal cracking of paraffins, naphthenes, olefins, and aromatics, and the associated rate equations, are generated by an algorithm based upon Boolean relation matrices. In order to reduce calculation times for the heavier components, a self-learning system is introduced. This self-learning system avoids repetition of identical calculations by recognizing intermediate species, for which the reaction schemes have already been generated. The software includes routines for standardizing the representation of the species, an information retrieval system, and libraries containing the necessary information for recognition of the species and the reaction schemes for these species.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoflow multiplicity in a packed-bed reactor. II: Impact of volume change (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady states with different flow rates and temperature profiles may exist in a monolith or multitube packed-bed reactor operating under a prescribed pressure drop, due to the coupling among the species, energy, and momentum balances, and the change of physical properties with temperature and pressure. Criteria are derived predicting the conditions under which thermoflow multiplicity can occur for a gaseous reaction involving a change in the number of moles. In general, a reaction-induced volume increase enables thermoflow multiplicity to occur for reactions with a lower adiabatic temperature rise. A surprising finding is that thermoflow multiplicity may be found for an isothermal reaction involving a volume decrease. This point emphasizes the difference in the feedback mechanism leading to thermoflow and thermokinetic multiplicity.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Narrowing diagnostic focus using functional decomposition (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of diagnosing faults in chemical plants can be efficiently addressed by a hierarchical procedure involving successive narrowing of the space in which the fault search is conducted. A technique is presented for narrowing diagnostic focus useful in the first stages of a diagnostic search. Based on a decomposition of the process according to function, the technique assesses the functionality of process systems based on measurements of controlled and manipulated variables. A procedure for identification of possibly faulty systems and units from the system states is outlined. Detailed diagnosis, not treated in this paper, would be applied after candidate systems or units are located. An example is presented using a hypothetical chemical reaction process.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer and solubility in autocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 55-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients for the solution, without reaction, of oxygen in cyclohexane over a wide range of temperature and pressure have been measured in a flat interface reactor (FIR) and a gas sparged stirred-tank reactor (STR). Solubilities have also been measured and it is suggested that a modified Henry's law coefficient of 1.09 × 10-2 kmol/m3 · bar can be regarded as constant over the temperature range 293-435 K. The physical mass transfer coefficient in the STR shows very little variation over this temperature range and a value of 3.5 × 10-4 m/s can be assumed for 423-435 K. However, coefficients in the FIR increase with agitation rate as expected. The difference is ascribed to interference by neighboring bubbles in the transfer process, when diffusivities are high, and also to the lowering of surface tension at high temperatures. A model proposed by Gal-Or and Resnick is reviewed in its application to the present system.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pore evolution and channel formation during flow and reaction in porous media (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study on the dissolution of porous media by flowing acid has been carried out. Dissolution of the media results in an evolution of the pore geometry and the formation of random flow channels. The goal is to predict the range of conditions under which channels will form, and the effects of various parameters on the structure of the channels and on their rate of propagation through the media. A random network model is used to describe the behavior of the stochastic, rootlike channels that form during flow and dissolution in carbonate rock and in other systems. The structure of the flow channels that form as a result of acid attack are characterized and studied using a Wood's metal casting technique. A comparison of model results shows that the rates of channel formation and growth are intimately related to the developing structure of the channels (size of branches and degree of branching), which in turn is controlled by factors such as the fluid velocity and the rate of reaction. Depending on the experimental conditions, the channels range from a single conduit with a minimum of branching to a highly branched, spongy network of channels. The dependence of permeability increase and channel branchedness on injection rates and acid diffusion rates is described by the Damkohler number for flow and reaction.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340107
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane - modeling reaction kinetics (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid phase oxidation of hydrocarbons is a major source of organic chemicals. This paper concerns itself with the oxidation of cyclohexane. The process is one in which gas absorption is accompanied by chemical reaction, but little information has been reported. A major factor has been safety considerations, the Flixborough explosion being a constant reminder. In this paper attention is given to the kinetics and to the interaction of kinetics and mass transfer, showing that in this autocatalytic system the dissolved oxygen level rises to saturation and falls as the rate of reaction increases. Initially zero order in oxygen, the reaction becomes first order at low oxygen levels. Oscillations and enhancement due to reaction within the boundary layer are noted. A kinetic model is developed based on simplification of the accepted free radical scheme and it is reasonably successful in accounting for the results reported. Experiments at temperatures up to 170°C and 70 bar using uncatalyzed reaction are reported from three different reactors: a homogenous batch reactor, a flat interface reactor, and a sparged agitated bubbling reactor.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of spent activated carbon regeneration (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1656-1662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pyrolysis and regeneration kinetics of 11 spent activated carbons were studied using a thermal balance and a fludized bed reactor. The adsorbates were aromatic compounds with different types and number of side groups, and most of the side groups were lost on pyrolysis, leaving a residue about equal to the weight of the aromatic portion of the adsorbate. The residues from alkyl phenols reacted with oxygen at 770-920 K at rates up to 12 times the rate for the base carbon. There was a similar increase in oxygen chemisorption indicating increased number of active sites. The adsorption capacity of the carbons was mostly recovered by pyrolysis, even though the surface area and pore volume were reduced by the residue. Some oxidative regeneration is probably necessary to restore adsorption capacity for repeated use.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341009
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wrong-way behavior of packed-bed reactors: II. Impact of thermal dispersion (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1663-1672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A sudden reduction in the feed temperature of a packed-bed reactor may lead to a transient temperature rise, referred to as a wrong-way behavior. As expected, the axial dispersion of heat decreases the magnitude of the temperature excursion and prolongs the transient shift to a new steady state. In addition, the thermal dispersion may enable the wrong-way behavior to ignite a low-temperature steady state leading to a disastrous runaway of the reactor. Moreover, it may create a transient high-temperature wave, which moves initially in the upstream direction. The axial dispersion of heat can lead to some behavioral features which are qualitatively different from those of a model which ignores it. The transient temperature excursion does not exceed a value, which can be estimated by a simple analytical expression.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341010
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical measurement of effective diffusivity in Hall-Heroult electrolyte (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1649-1655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Forced-convection mass transfer at the metal/bath interface during aluminum reduction from cryolitic melts was studied under reproducible convective conditions. A film of molten aluminum on a rotating molybdenum cylinder was the cathode. Concentration overpotential measured as a function of rotation rate, current density, and bath composition was converted to concentration differences between the bulk and the metal surface. Chosen as the basis for calculation of a mass transfer coefficient was the concentration of aluminum fluoride given by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ C_{{\rm AlF}_{\rm 3} } = \frac{{2\rho (100 - Al_2 {\rm O}_3 \% - {\rm CaF}_2 \% - IMP\%)}}{{100M_{{\rm AlF}_3} (CR + 2)}} $$\end{document} where the amounts of indicated compounds are in weight percent, IMP designates impurities, M is molecular weight, ρ is the density of the melt, and CR is the cryolite ratio, the ratio of moles NaF to moles AlF3. Agreement with a correlation for mass transfer to a rotating cylinder allowed the calculation of effective diffusivities for aluminum fluoride species, in alumina-saturated melts, of: 11.1 ± 1.1 × 10-5 cm2/s at 1.8 CR; 11.4 ± 1.7 × 10-5 cm2/s at 2.3 CR; 5.4 ± 0.8 × 10-5 cm2/s at 3.0 CR; and 4.4 ± 0.9 × 10-5 cm2/s at 4.0 CR.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341008
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid mechanics of the planar-flow melt-spinning process (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1673-1682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The planar-flow melt-spinning process which is used to rapidly solidify metals from the molten state is shown to be dominated by the fluid mechanics of the “puddle” region even though heat-transfer limits the overall thickness of the metal ribbon product. The process is modeled to account for the hydrodynamical forces in the molten region with the influence of heat-transfer entering through a parameter measuring solidification rate relative to wheel speed. It is shown that this parameter H controls the deviation of the flow behavior from classical coating flow solutions; these solutions are recovered in a limiting case of low solidification rate. A perturbation solution in H distinguishes the melt spinning from the coating process and yields the ribbon thickness as a function of wheel-speed and the other process parameters for a class of contact-line conditions. Most interesting of these predictions is the result that under certain conditions there is a window of wheel-speeds for which there is no steady solution. The relationship of predictions with the limited available data from experiment is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341011
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear enhanced transport in oscillatory liquid membranes (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1709-1712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341015
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen transfer in slurries of carbon supported catalyst (HPO process) (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1691-1697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of suspended activated carbon on gas/liquid mass transfer is studied for the Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenation of nitrate to hydroxylamine (HPO process). In a bubble column and in a stirred autoclave, physical mass transfer (kLa) in the concentrated salt solution is improved by more than a factor of three by the catalyst. Chemical absorption enhancement by the zero-order catalytic reaction is insignificant at the employed catalyst diameter (40 μm), but hydroxylamine selectivity depends on the absorption regime.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341013
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion distribution in diffusion-governed chlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1683-1690 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conversion distribution in particles of chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) is conceptually described based on balance equations involving mass transfer and chemical reaction. In the physical sorption of chlorine in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as measured by the constant volume cell method, equilibrium concentration and diffusion rate obeyed Henry's law and Fick's law. The rate process of photo chlorination of PVC, which was investigated by the gravimetric method, could be well predicted by theoretical calculation of chlorine diffusion in PVC accompanying the infinitely fast chemical reaction. In a free grain of PVC synthesized by suspension polymerization, the chlorination rate was governed by the polymer-phase diffusion within agglomerates of coalesced primary particles.To produce homogeneously chlorinated PVC, a periodic photo-irradiation method was theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The effect of the periodic operation on the thermal property of CPVC was evaluated by DSC.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341012
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sorption and diffusion of benzene in HZSM-5 and silicalite crystals (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1713-1717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341016
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of gas hydrate formation conditions in aqueous electrolyte solutions (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1718-1721 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341017
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adaptive algorithm for fitting with splines (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1722-1725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341018
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear fixed-bed sorption when mass transfer and sorption are controlling (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1747-1751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341024
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Semianalytical expression of effectiveness factor for Michaelis-Menten kinetics (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1757-1759 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341026
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  • 22
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    A network model for deep bed filtration of solid particles and emulsion drops (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1761-1772 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A network model has been developed to simulate the flow of emulsions and solid particles through porous media. Particle deposition due to direct interception, as well pore plugging by straining are accounted for in the model. The effects of two important factors - the ratio of particle size to pore size, and the fluid velocity - on particle deposition are also investigated. The strength of the model lies in its ability to predict accurately effluent concentration profiles, permeability changes occurring during deep bed filtration, and the evolution of the filter coefficient with time. Model predictions for different particle and pore size distributions of both solid and emulsion particles are in agreement with experimental data.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341102
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  • 23
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    Augmented BACK equation of state II: Polar fluid mixtures (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1773-1780 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The augmented BACK equation of state for polar fluids is extended to mixtures by introducing mixing rules separately for the nonpolar and polar interactions. Fluid phase equilibria are calculated for polar + nonpolar, and polar + polar mixtures including mixtures of hydrogen-bonding substances. Enthalpy calculations are illustrated with enthalpy of H2S + N2 and heats of mixing of steam mixtures, and carbon dioxide mixtures.Cross interaction coefficients are adjusted for the correlation of data on binary mixtures. Both phase equilibrium and enthalpy data are correlated at the same time with two such coefficients for each binary. The cross interaction coefficients are constants, invariant with temperature, density, or phase state.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341103
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Redox catalysis of absorption from reactive bubbles near electrodes (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1781-1788 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Electrolyzing sparingly soluble gases as they are absorbed from bubbles can be significantly facilitated by addition of a soluble redox couple which serves to increase both mass and charge transfer rates. A diffusion layer model is used to calculate reaction-catalyzed mass transfer rates in regions of boundary layer penetration by reactive bubbles for the case of (m, n)-order irreversible homogeneous reaction. The dissolved redox catalyst is continuously regenerated at the solid electrode surface. Approximate solutions, which relate surface flux to concentration driving force, are in excellent agreement with the numerical solutions under conditions of fast homogeneous reaction and concentrated catalyst (modified Damköhler number and dimensionless catalyst concentration greater than 3). Diffusion layer thickness is calculated from the mass transfer coefficient kp in penetrated regions. A model based on spherical penetrating bubbles is used to determine kp and specific surface area ap of penetrated regions from kpap values that have been measured in gas-liquid flow through a packed bed. The mass transfer behavior provides useful insight into why the penetration process is so effective in increasing overall reaction rates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341104
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  • 25
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    Theoretical study of interfacial transport in gas-liquid flows (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1789-1802 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer in sheared, concurrent gas-liquid flows is investigated theoretically using solutions to the unaveraged advection-diffusion equation. For sufficiently thick films, the resistance to mass transfer is shown to be confined completely within a thin region in the liquid near the interface and mass transfer coefficients are accurately predicted by an improved numerical technique that uses a velocity field derived from an Orr-Sommerfeld equation with the time-varying velocity computed directly from measurements of interfacial waves. The mass transfer coefficients are shown to depend on the magnitude and frequency content of the velocity fluctuations normal to the interface. As the film thickness decreases, transfer resistance extends throughout the film and turbulent mixing in the middle of the film controls the transfer rates. For this region, limiting values of transfer coefficients are predicted well by analytical solutions to the advection-diffusion equation, which assume a laminar flow.
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    Input/output linearization: A nonlinear analog of placing poles at process zeros (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1803-1812 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with SISO nonlinear processes and their control with state feedback. The Byrnes-Isidori concept of non-linear zeros is first reviewed and illustrated with two chemical engineering exemples. This concept is then used to interpret input/output linearizing state feedback as a nonlinear analog of placing poles at the process zeros. This interpretation leads to closed-loop internal stability conditions for nonlinear processes under input/output linearizing state feedback.
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    The dead zone in a catalyst particle for fractional-order reactions (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1916-1918 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Confirmation of heavy-component rollup in diffusion-limited fixed-bed adsorption (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1913-1915 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Cavity sound resonance and mass transfer in aerated agitated tanks (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1922-1926 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Selectivity of the chloride-chlorate reaction system in various reactor types (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1927-1930 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Particle dynamics near the surface of a horizontal tube in a gas-fluidized bed (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1919-1921 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Letters to the editor (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1931-1936 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Impact of model uncertainty descriptions for high-purity distillation control (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1996-2004 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ways in which modeling uncertainties are described for a particular process critically affects the results obtained in robustness studies. In this paper, four multivariable robust stability methodologies are used to characterize and analyze the effects of model inaccuracy due to non-linearity in high-purity distillation processes. The unstructured and structured singular value, numerical range, and a mapping of det(l + GPGc) are compared in terms of their ability to predict the stability of the dual-composition control system over a wide composition range. The importance of using uncertainty descriptions that include a realistic representation of the phase-magnitude relationship as well as the corrections between uncertainties in each element of the model is demonstrated. The conservation associated with norm-bounded uncertainty descriptions reveals itself by the extent of detuning needed to insure stability and the subsequent degradation in control performance.
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    Modeling chromate ion-exchange processes (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 2019-2029 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In spite of chromate's very high selectivity at acidic pH, fixed-bed chromate-exchange processes always suffer from severe gradual breakthroughs of chromate during column runs. Earlier, Sengupta and Clifford confirmed that such a gradual breakthrough is an equilibrium phenomenon and provided the underlying ion-exchange mechanism. An algorithm, developed with the aid of the governing chromate ion-exchange mechanism, is presented here to predict the salient properties of chromate-exchange processes in a multicomponent system. The model predicts the gradual chromate breakthroughs during column runs fairly accurately and also accounts for other unusual characteristics of chromate ion exchange. Average separation factor models, often used for designing fixed-bed ion-exchange processes, are unable to predict the gradual breakthrough characteristics of a preferred component such as chromate.
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    Kinetics of the dissolution of alumina in acidic solution in a flow system (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 2012-2018 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of dissolution of alumina in aqueous solutions of H2SO4 was studied at ambient temperature under continuous-flow conditions. The results are consistent with a model involving rapid hydration of the surface, adsorption-desorption of H+ to form precursor sites, and rate-determining parallel reactions of the precursor sites to form dissolved aluminum and an insoluble surface species. The model also involves renewal of a precursor site after each dissolution step.The adsorption-desorption of H+ was represented by a Langmuir isotherm. The dissolution data were correlated by a kinetic equation that was developed by assuming the dissolution step is first order in precursor concentration, and the deactivation step is second order in precursor concentration.
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    Dispersion coefficient for laminar flow in curved tubes (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 2052-2058 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The axial dispersion coefficient in a fluid in laminar flow in a tube is generally smaller in a curved tube than in a straight tube, because of the enhacement of lateral transport by secondary flows. In this paper the extent of this reduction is computed using Horn's modification of Aris's method of moments. Dimensional analysis suggests that the most convenient form in which to represent the results is that obtained empirically by Trivedi and Vasudeva. The results presented here cover the whole laminar flow regime, and show the region of applicability of previously computed dispersion coefficients to be limited. The computed dispersion coefficients agree well with previously reported experimental results for small Schmidt numbers; however, discrepancies are present at large Schmidt numbers. Possible causes are discussed.
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    Latent heats of supercritical fluid mixtures (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 2059-2062 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Analytical solutions to fragmentation equations with flow (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 2073-2076 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341218
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    Multicomponent adsorption equilibrium: Henry's law limit for pore-filling models (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 2080-2082 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341220
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    Influence of secondary flows on the stability of chemically reacting systems (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 209-222 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is presented for convection and chemical reacton in porous media. An irreversible chemical reaction of arbitrary order is considered. Reactant depletion allows for basic solutions in either the kinetic or the diffusion regime. The cases of forced flow parallel to the lateral walls of the cavity and a closed system are addressed. A linear stability analysis of the basic states is performed and critical values of the thermal Rayleigh number for the onset of natural convection are determined. A dispersion relation is derived and a graphical representation of the linear stability analysis results is provided for typical values of the system parameters. Analytical predictions are verified by results obtained by numerical integration of the complete set of nonlinear partial differential equations. The effect of natural convection is discussed when the basic state is either in the kinetic or in the diffusion regime. For large gradients, associated with the diffusion regime, chemical reaction can drive free convection even for low values of the Rayleigh number. In forced flow systems, natural convection can change substantially the flow pattern of the system.
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    Non-Gaussian dispersion in model smokestack plumes (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dispersion of emissions from a plume in a cross stream was studied using both experimental and theoretical techniques. Wind tunnel experiments were done for three jet to cross stream velocity ratios: R = 0.5, 1, and 2. The concentration in the plane perpendicular to the cross stream was measured using light scattering and photographic image analysis. The analysis of the negatives revealed the presence of two counterrotating vortices that greatly affected dispersion of smoke in the plume.Convection and random turbulent dispersion were modeled with a statistical convection simulator on a CYBER 205 computer. The input velocities to the convection model were obtained using experimental measurements. The model revealed the effects of the vortices on dispersion, and the concentration distributions across the plume were determined once the vortices had dissipated. The existence of the counterrotating vortices and their effects upon plume dispersion showed that the Gaussian plume model, which is widely used for modeling pollutant dispersion, is inapplicable in the near range of the model stack.
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    Compression zone effect in batch sedimentation (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theories of batch sedimentation, taking into account the compression zone effect, are reinterpreted and modified. According to the discussion presented and the experimental results shown, characteristics - which are the loci of points representative of layers with the same settling rate and the same solids concentration in the settling zone - rise tangentially to the sediment curve on a height vs. time plot. Mathematical expressions that relate the solids concentration to the variations of the pulp-supernatant interface height and of the sediment height are presented. In addition, the model presented is proposed for use when it is not possible to measure the sediment height. A procedure for calculating the concentration at the top of the sediment is also indicated.Calcium carbonate suspensions in water were selected for testing the equations deduced. The relation between the continuous thickener unit area and the underflow solids concentration was obtained from the batch tests, and is compared with that calculated by the graphic methods of Talmadge and Fitch, and Fitch.
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    Oxygen transfer between metals and oxygen-ion conducting supports (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 195-208 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The charge-transfer reactions in the three-phase interfacial region, between a platinum catalyst, an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) support, and the gas phase, were studied electrochemically during carbon monoxide oxidation. From electrochemical and reaction-rate measurements, it appeared that oxygen was being removed from the support by carbon monoxide adsorbed on the platinum, while being supplied to the support by atomic oxygen adsorbed on either the platinum or the YSZ.Highly disperse Pt/YSZ catalyst outperformed a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst, the rate difference being explained in terms of interfacial reactions. Even in the presence of species such as water and sulfur dioxide, catalysts with YSZ supports outperformed those with alumina supports.
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    The continuous-flow gravity thickener: Steady state behavior (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 239-252 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equations governing consolidation in a continuous-flow gravity thickener are developed based on the assumption that a flocculated suspension possesses a compressive yield stress Py(φ) that is a function of local volume fraction only. These equations are used to model the steady state operation of a thickener. The bed height required to achieve a given underflow concentration is found to be a relatively sensitive function of the details of the Py(φ) function, particle flux through the thickener, and variations in the cross-sectional area of the thickener. The limiting values of the underflow concentration φu for a given flux or the limiting values of flux for a desired φu are studied and shown to exist only for cylindrical and converging thickeners.
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    Flooding, holdup, and drop size measurements in a multistage column extractor (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 283-292 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamics of a pilot plant multistage mixer column extractor was studied for the toluene/water physically equilibrated system. The effects of rotational speed, and continuous and dispersed phase flow rates were investigated under a variety of operating conditions. Dispersed phase axial holdup profiles, determined by a noninvasive ultrasonic method, showed a strong nonuniformity. Depending on the operating conditons, holdup profiles can change from a concave shape to a sigmoidal form with a maximum in the bottom of the column. Sauter mean diameter and drop size distribution profiles are strongly affected by rotational speed. Significant, but weaker, are the effects of continuous and dispersed phase flow rates. Continuous monitoring of the holdup profile in the proximity of flooding leads to the formulation of proper criteria for the prediction of flooding. These criteria are appropriate for models allowing for axial variation of the holdup along the contactor.
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    Stochastic simulation of aerosol deposition in model filters (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 253-262 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerosol deposition in model filters composed of layers of parallel fibers with the orientation of the fiber of each layer kept arbitrary was simulated stochastically. Particle positions at the inlet of the filter were assumed to be randomly distributed over the inlet plane with the trajectory assumed to be rectilinear because of the particles' high inertia. In the simulation, the track of each particle through the filter was monitored and the possible bounce-off from collision surfaces was allowed for. Deposition behavior and the structure of deposits were studied with various aerosol flow conditions and filter characteristics.
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    Temperature-programmed desorption: Multisite and subsurface diffusion models (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 263-271 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two models are presented that can simulate two peaks in a temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectrum from a high surface area catalyst at atmospheric pressure: a multisite model and a subsurface diffusion model. The multisite model assumes that the two peaks arise from two distinct adsorption sites on the catalyst surface with different activation energies for desorption. The subsurface diffusion model assumes that the high-temperature peak is produced by adsorbate that diffuses into the subsurface region of the catalyst during heating, and then back to the surface when it becomes depleted by the desorption process. It is shown that one can distinguish between the two models experimentally by measuring the effect of carrier gas flow rate and heating rate on the TPD spectrum.
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    Transient response of continuous-flow stirred-tank polymerization reactors (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 272-282 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transient behavior of polymer properties following a step change in feed conditions during copolymerization in a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor has been investigated by both modeling and experiment. For kinetics appropriate to Ziegler catalyzed olefin polymerization, the dynamic response of polymer molecular weight and composition is predicted to be relatively slow; four to six reactor turnovers could be required to reach steady state. In addition, response time depends on the direction and magnitude of change and is generally shorter when a property value is decreased. These model predictions were confirmed by measurement of the transient response of copolymer composition and molecular weight for ethylene-propylene-ethylidene norbornene terpolymerization.The model equations also were used to simulate reactor startups, and it was found that steady state following a startup can be reached in about three reactor turnovers. The initial absence of polymer in the reactor causes the dynamic response to be faster for a startup than for reactor control.
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    Effect of natural convection on spontaneous combustion of coal stockpiles (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 353-365 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Spontaneous combustion may occur in a coal stockpile when the heat generated within the pile cannot be dissipated at near ambient temperature. Under practical conditions, natural convection enhances the rate of heat removal from the bed and shifts the ignition to lower particle sizes (higher reactivities). Analysis of three limiting cases of a one-dimensional model yields criteria predicting the conditions under which ignition occurs as well as those for which a low-temperature (extinguished) state exists for all particle sizes. A simple asymptotic relation predicts the ignition point at large Rayleigh numbers.
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    A priori design of a photoreactor for the chlorination of ethane (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 366-382 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A three-dimensional radiation model coupled with two-dimensional mass balances for the intervening chemical species is solved for the photochemical chlorination of ethane. The analysis was carried out using the full mechanistic kinetic sequence and employing polychromatic radiation for a process conducted in a tubular reactor placed inside an elliptical reflector.Theoretical predictions were compared with bench-scale experiments and showed excellent agreement. Using the validated model, computational experiments were conducted to explore the influence of reactor design and operational parameters upon the degree of chlorination. Dichlorination reactions were also added to the kinetic model to analyze reactor behavior from the viewpoint of selectivity. The a priori design method described can be applied from first principles and requires no experimentally adjustable parameters.
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    Bifurcation behavior of a catalytic reaction due to a slowly varying parameter (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 383-388 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bifurcation problems with slowly varying control parameters are of interest in several research areas, including catalyst deactivation, combustion, and lasers and other nonlinear optical devices. Significant theoretical work has been devoted to the study of these dynamic phenomena, but very little directly relevant experimental information is currently available. Results are presented here from an experimental study of the dynamic behavior of a catalytic reaction system due to a deliberately slowly varied control parameter. Attention is focused on the dynamics due to slow passage through simple limit and Hopf points.
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    Measurement and prediction of entrained-flow gasification processes (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 435-446 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A detailed mathematical model is used to predict local and effluent properties within an axisymmetric, entrained-flow gasifier. Laboratory experiments were conducted to provide local properties for four coal types from a gasifier operating at near-atmospheric pressure. Effects of selected model parameters and test variables were examined and compared with measurements in most cases. The comparison of predictions and measurements provides the first evaluation of capabilities and limitations of a comprehensive model for entrained-flow gasifiers.
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    Coating flows in a nip region and various critical phenomena (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 456-464 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When thin films of liquid are produced by roll coaters it is commonly observed that the liquid film is not uniform but shows either regular or irregular patterns resulting from hydrodynamic origins. The appearance of the liquid film has been considered to be governed by the flow geometry and dynamics in a nip region between two adjacent solid planes.Experimental work was done to observe the flow geometries in the nip region and patterns of liquid film by using a roll-stationary, transparent flat plate system. Two fundamental mechanisms for rib disappearance in practical high-speed coatings were recognized. It was also found that the constant rib interval for infinite capillary number depends not only upon the minimum gap size but also upon the physical properties of the liquid. Experimental data are presented in dimensionless form for meniscus position, rib interval, constant rib interval, and for the critical or transient conditions of rib formation, rib disappearance, unstead ribbing, and centrifugal splash.Comparison of present results for the speed ratio U2/U1 = 0 with previous results for U2/U1 = 1 shows the significance of the speed ratio to the meniscus position and the rib interval.
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    Mass transfer in falling films: Influence of finite-amplitude waves (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 493-498 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical, theoretical investigation of mass transfer in a Newtonian, isothermal falling film displaying periodic, finite-amplitude waves is presented. The solution derived provides full information on the mass transfer rate as expressed exclusively in terms of physical properties of the liquid and the completely determined flow.
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    Design and testing of a new type of falling film gas-liquid contacting device (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 499-501 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Heating and evaporation of turbulent falling liquid films (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 502-505 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Power consumption in a mixer (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 506-509 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Calculation of particle dispersion due to turbulence in elliptic flows (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 514-518 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Stratified flow model for two-phase pressure drop prediction in trickle beds (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 510-513 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Energy storage through magnesia sulfatation in a fluidized-bed reactor (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 519-523 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Linear operator methods in chemical engineering. By D. Ramkrishna and N. Amundson, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 471 pp., 1985, $51.95 (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 524-524 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process analyzer technology. By K. J. Clevett, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1986, 952 pp., $105.00 (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 524-525 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Pressure gauge handbook. By P. W. Harland, Editor, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1985, 292 pp. (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 525-525 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Design of tubular flow reactors for monodisperse aerosol production (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 551-557 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Design equations are derived for calculating the properties of an aerosol generated in a tubular flow reactor operated at a constant rate of formation of condensable monomer. These equations lead to a set of characteristic dimensionless groups. Independently, it is shown that nearly monodisperse aerosols can be generated by: (1) separating particle formation and growth processes, (2) operating with a narrow residence time distribution, and (3) minimizing monomer concentration gradients. These criteria can be used in solving the design equations over ranges of the dimensionless groups suitable for monodisperse aerosol production. In general, high rates of monomer formation are desirable, subject to the desired particle size and concentration, but an upper bound may result from coagulation.
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    Particle dynamics and heat transfer under plasma conditions (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 567-573 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was carried out of the momentum and the heat transfer to fine alumina particles injected into a DC plasma jet. Measurements are reported of particle number flux distribution, particle velocity, and inflight particle surface temperature under different operating conditions. The results show that the particle trajectories and associated particle flux distribution depends to a large extent on the particle injection velocity. The maximum particle velocity and surface temperature are noted, however, to remain close to the centerline of the jet, independent of the particle injection conditions. The maximum surface temperature reached by the particles increases with increasing plasma power and the use of an Ar/H2 plasma gas (17 vol. % H2) compared to that for a pure argon plasma.The particle velocity data are in good agreement with the predictions of a two-dimensional mathermatical model used for the calculation of the particle trajectories and temperature history. The model predictions, however, agreed only in trend with the measured particle surface temperatures. Deviations between the two could still be observed at large distances from the point of injection of the powder. The computed particle number flux distributions were narrower than the measured profiles, which can be attributed to the fact that the model did not include, at this stage, turbulent particle diffusion effects.
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    Phase equilibria of continuous fossil fuel process oils (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 574-582 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fossil fuel process oils consist of such a large number of components that their only proper description is in terms of continuous distribution functions of a suitable characteristic variable. A methodology is presented to describe the oils in terms of a generalized distribution function. The characteristic variable is determined from measurements of the equilibrium ratios of two test oils, at ambient pressure. Application of the proposed methodology to a sequence of operations shows that, unlike the pseudocomponents technique, the level of accuracy can be maintained.
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    A theory of design reliability using probability and fuzzy sets (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 583-601 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: All process designs are subject to uncertainties which make it impossible to state with complete certainty that a design will work. This study presents a measure of design confidence which considers the nature of the uncertainty and the operability of the process as a whole. This measure, called design reliability, quantifies the likelihood that a design will work. Detailed analyses are presented for three special cases: designs subject to random uncertainties, designs subject to fuzzy uncertainties, and designs subject to both random and fuzzy uncertainties. Practical procedures for estimating design reliability in these special cases are also presented.
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    Dispersion of viscous liquids by turbulent flow in a static mixer (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 602-609 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drops are stabilized in agitated liquid-liquid systems by both surface and internal viscous forces. The dispersion of an inviscid liquid into a turbulent continuous phase in static mixers has been studied but the effect of dispersed phase viscosity is not well understood. Systematic experiments have been conducted in a Kenics mixer by photographically examining dilute suspensions of viscous oils in water to determine how viscosity and conditions of agitation affect equilibrium mean drop size and size distribution. A semiempirical theory is developed which correlates the mean size data and collapses to the well-known Weber number result in the inviscid limit. A correlation for drop size distribution in terms of cumulative volume frequency is developed by normalization with the Sauter mean diameter D32. Measurements at the mixer entrance indicate that the method of introduction of the dispersed phase should be considered when evaluating mixer performance.
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    Nonlinear inferential control (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 633-644 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonlinear inferential control (NLIC) has been developed as a method for improving control of nonlinear systems. The controller is modelbased, and allows for direct use of available measurements. This paper presents the structure of NLIC and the manner in which it is applied to processes when the controlled variables are measured. Also described is the improvement in the process control using NLIC. Two illustrative examples are presented, a laboratory heat exchanger process and a simulated neutralization process. The results indicate that a substantial improvement in control is possible using NLIC.
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    Multicomponent efficiencies in two types of distillation column (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 618-625 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of the efficiencies of two plate distillation columns is reported. One column had three rectangular trays with a flow path length of about 1 m, the other was a modified glass Oldershaw column with one tray of 38 mm dia. Tray efficiencies were measured in both columns and point efficiencies were deduced for the rectangular column.The systems studied were ternary and quaternary mixtures of alcohols and water. The results showed that for thermodynamically nonideal systems significant differences existed among the individual component point efficiencies. In the case of an ideal system the component point efficiencies were effectively equal, but tray efficiencies were different due to differing volatilities and composition profiles across the large trays.This study illustrates the need to allow for the above effects in large-column designs for multicomponent systems. The possibility of using laboratory-scale point efficiencies in these designs is explored.
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    Tracer dispersion in sintered glass beads with a bidisperse size distribution (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 610-617 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study was made of tracer dispersion in bidisperse sintered glass materials prepared from mixtures of two sizes of beads with mean diameters of 325 and 95 μm. The equivalent dispersion coefficient increases by a factor of 30 when the porosity decreases from 30 to 12%; this variation is similar to that measured in monodisperse samples. The variation of dispersion can be characterized by the ratio R = ℓd/L1 where ℓd is a length scale deduced from the equivalent dispersion coefficient and L1 is obtained from conductivity and permeability measurements. It is shown that the increase of ℓd/L1 correlates with the loss of porosity during the sintering process. Lightly sintered samples with a percentage of small beads around the minimum of porosity display a nearly Gaussian behavior, with a dispersion coefficient close to that obtained in homogeneous equivalent mixtures. This result is in contrast with very large anomalies observed by other authors. These results imply that dispersion in consolidated samples is sensitive to large-scale inhomogeneities of the materials rather than to their detailed structure.
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    Acceleration of chlorination of alumina using supercritical CCl4 (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 669-671 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Relative sensitivity: A dynamic closed-loop interaction measure and design tool (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 672-675 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Dynamic behavior of supercritical extraction of kerogen from shale (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 658-668 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is presented for the supercritical reaction-extraction of a solid component from a bed of porous particles through which the solvent flows. Accounted for are reaction at an intraparticle position, pore diffusion, interphase mass and heat transfer, and flow in a differential reactor. The behavior of the bed is dynamic since both temperature and concentration of extractable solid vary with time.The model is compared with experimental data for the extraction with toluene of kerogen from a bed of Colorado shale particles. Curves of effluent bitumen concentration vs. time were measured and fitted with predicted curves to evaluate three parameters: preexponential factor and activation energy for the conversion of insoluble kerogen to soluble bitumen, and the diffusivity of toluene at the critical point. The predicted curves agreed well with the experimental results and gave reasonable values for the parameters. Rates of reaction-extraction as well as extraction curves exhibited a sharp dip as the reactor was heated through the critical temperature.
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    Generalized analytical predictor (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 676-678 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    The molecular basis of temperature effects in supercritical extraction (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 645-657 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of solute partial molar enthalpies in dilute supercritical mixtures gives rise to the well-known phenomenon of retrograde solubility (equilibrium solubility decreasing with increasing temperature at constant pressure). A mechanistic interpretation of this phenomenon in terms of the formation of large clusters of solvent molecules around solute molecules is consistent with experimentally observed retrograde behavior. Cluster formation occurs as a consequence of the unbounded increase in the solvent's compressibility arbitrarily close to the latter's critical point. At infinite dilution, the solute's partial molar volume and enthalpy grow linearly with cluster size. This means that the negative divergence of these quantities is simply a macroscopic manifestation of a “condensation” in which an increasing number of solvent molecules cluster around solute molecules. Arbitrarily close to the solvent's critical point, scaling relationships show that the decay of both solvent-solvent and solute-solvent correlation functions exhibits the same radial dependence. This functionality is thus solute-independent, and is determined exclusively by the proximity to the solvent's critical point. The locus along which thermal effects associated with cluster formation are maximized is arbitrarliy close to the solvent's critical isochore as the latter's critical point is approached.
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    Diffusion in packed beds of porous particles (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 679-683 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Measurement of pore size distributions from capillary pressure curves (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 684-687 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A generalized correlation for flashing choked flow of initially subcooled liquid (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 688-691 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    New method for determining the intrinsic deactivation rate constant (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 692-693 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Optimal production of secreted protein in fed-batch reactors (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1550-1558 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal control policy for the maximization of the secreted heterologous protein in a fed-batch bioreactor was obtained using SEY2102 as a model host yeast and SUC2-s2 as a model secretory protein. A dynamic model for host cell growth, gene expression, and the secretion of expressed polypeptides was formulated. The optimal system trajectory contains multiple singular arcs that are distinct from one another. Optimal control requires transitions between these singular arcs. Optimal transitions between multiple singular arcs with bounded controls are uniquely located in observance with the Minimum Principle of Pontryagin. An iterative numerical search strategy for determining the optimal control showed successful convergence properties.
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    Prediction of nitric oxide in advanced combustion systems (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1573-1576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340921
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    Drop formation from an orifice in an electric field (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1577-1580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340922
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    A generalized critical flow model for nonideal gases (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1568-1572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340920
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690341001
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  • 86
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    Fluctuations in highly dilute solutions (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1581-1583 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340923
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  • 87
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    Molecular thermodynamics of partially-ordered fluids: Microemulsions (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 814-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixtures of water, oil, and surfactant often form microemulsions where tiny drops of oil (or water) are dispersed in a matrix of water (or oil). A microemulsion is a partially-ordered fluid in which the surfactant molecules exist in an oriented layer at the boundary between the continuous phase and the discontinuous phase. This work proposes a molecular-thermodynamic model that is useful for calculating a variety of phase diagrams observed in microemulsion-forming systems.The model is based on a revised form of Widom's abstract representation of a microemulsion; that representation provides a procedure for calculating essential contributions to the configurational entropy. In Widom's representation, all molecules are difunctional dumbbells such that all the hydrophilic ends are situated together in some lattice sites and all the lipophilic ends are situated together in other sites. A form of Guggenheim's quasichemical theory is used to evaluate the combinatorial contributions that correspond to Widom's picture. Chemical association of surfactant molecules and physical interactions are also taken into account. Minimization of the Gibbs energy yields a distribution function for representing micelle sizes.Calculated ternary phase diagrams are in good agreement with experimental results. Different types of diagrams can be obtained upon changing physically significant model parameters. A study of how these parameters affect phase behavior provides insight on microemulsion stability.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340511
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  • 88
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    A model for molecular weights in vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 840-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The continuous stirred tank emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate has shown oscillatory behavior in conversion, particle size, molecular weight, and polydispersity during polymerization. The kinetics in vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization are especially complex because of chain transfer to polymer and monomer and the terminal double bond reaction. A nonsteady-state model to predict the average molecular weights is developed for this polymerization system. Improved results are achieved by inclusion of the effects of polymer chain initiation and termination by absorbed radicals. It is found that the observed oscillations are closely related to the radical diffusion and desorption rates that are involved in a heterogeneous initiation mechanism. The molecular weights and polydispersities are successfully predicted by the model. The nature of the oscillations in these properties is examined.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340514
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  • 89
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    A dynamic interaction index based on set point transmittance (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 849-852 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340515
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  • 90
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    Simulation of batch sedimentation with compression (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 859-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340517
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  • 91
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    Disturbance sensitivity of distillation control structures (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340516
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  • 92
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    Experimental support for analyses of coalescence (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 862-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340518
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  • 93
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    Kinetics of anthraquinone reduction with sodium dithionite in alkaline medium (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 865-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340519
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    Operating holdup on film-type packings (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 870-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340520
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  • 95
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    Letters to the editor (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 877-878 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340522
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  • 96
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    Application of broyden's method to reconciliation of nonlinearly constrained data (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 873-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340521
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  • 97
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340601
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  • 98
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    Theory of transport processes in single crystal growth from the melt (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 881-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The quality of large semiconductor crystals grown from the melt for use in electronic and optoelectronic devices is strongly influenced by the intricate coupling of heat and mass transfer and melt flow in growth systems. This paper reviews the present state of understanding of these processes starting from the simplest descriptions of solidification processes to detailed numerical calculations needed for quantitative modeling of processing with solidification. Descriptions of models for the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger and Czochralski crystal growth techniques are included as examples of the level of understanding of industrially important methods.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340602
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Generalized likelihood ratios for gross error identification in dynamic processes (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1321-1331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gross error identification in dynamic processes is important in ensuring proper process control. This paper describes the application of a generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) method for identifying gross errors caused by biases in measuring instruments and controllers, process leaks, and failure of controllers. As shown in the application to steady state processes (Narasimhan and Mah, 1987), this method provides a general framework for identifying different types of gross errors whose effect on the process can be modeled. An important feature of the work is the treatment of closed-loop dynamic processes. The formulation of the hypotheses of the GLR method proposed by Willsky and Jones (1974) is extended for this purpose. For estimating the time of occurrence of the gross error, a simple chi-square test on the innovations (measurement residuals) is used, which is computationally more efficient than the method used by Willsky and Jones. Through simulation studies of a level control process the appropriate selection of parameters of the GLR method is investigated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340810
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  • 100
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    Critical impeller speed for solid suspension in mechanically agitated contactors (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 1332-1340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Critical impeller speed for the suspension of solid particles, Ncs, has been measured in 0.3, 0.4, 0.57, 1.0, and 1.5 m ID mechanically agitated contactors. Tap water and quartz particles (100, 340, 700, 850, 2,000 μm) were used as liquid and solid phase, respectively. The impeller speed was varied from 3.5 to 13.3 r/s and solid loading from 0 to 50 wt. %. Three types of impellers were employed: disk turbine, pitched turbine downflow, and pitched turbine upflow. The impeller diameter to vessel diameter ratio was varied in the range 0.175 to 0.58 and the impeller blade width to impeller diameter ratio was varied in the range 0.25 to 0.4. The impeller clearance from the tank bottom was varied from 0.5 to 0.167 of tank diameter. The effect of impeller blade thickness was also studied.The pitched-blade impellers were found to be more efficient than a conventional disk turbine, and the pitched turbine downflow type was found to be more efficient than a pitched turbine upflow impeller. An attempt has been made to explain the mechanism of suspension on a rational basis and a correlation has been proposed for the estimation of Ncs that is expected to be useful in design.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340811
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