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  • Articles  (47)
  • Coleoptera  (47)
  • Springer  (47)
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  • 1985-1989  (47)
  • 1987  (47)
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  • Articles  (47)
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  • Springer  (47)
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  • 1985-1989  (47)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emigration and spatial dispersion of the gypsy moth predator Calosoma sycophanta (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Calosoma sycophanta ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; emigration ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; spatial dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude par capture-recapture de Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae) a été effectuée dans deux parcelles de 4 ha en utilisant des pièges distribués sur une grille de 10 sur 10. Pendant la première année d'échantillonnage, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae) était abondant et les calosomes se sont reproduits, tandis que la seconde année les papillons étaient beaucoup moins nombreux. La distribution des larves de carabes a été examinée aussi pendant la première année sur l'une des stations, et celle des chenilles pendant les deux années avec des toiles d'emballage sur l'autre station. Les dispersions des adultes et larves de calosomes et des chenilles de Lymantria ont été calculées en utilisant la régression du logarithme naturel de la variance de l'échantillon sur le logarithme naturel de la moyenne (méthode de Taylor) et la régression de l'indice de Lloyd d'agrégation moyenne sur la moyenne (méthode d'Iwao). La méthode de Taylor a donné les résultats les plus logiques, et les pentes ont servi à mesurer le degré d'agrégation. Les recaptures de calosomes adultes ont été analysées par les méthodes de Fisher-Ford et Jolly-Seber, associées à la méthode de Jackson pour séparer survie et migration. De même, une nouvelle méthode pour déterminer directement la migration en découvrant combien d'insectes recapturés ont abandonné les microparcelles s'est révélée comme la plus cohérente avec le procédé Fisher-Ford-Jackson. La tendance à l'agrégation est plus forte chez les mâles (d'après la pente du logarithme de la moyenne par rapport au logarithm e de la variance de l'échantillon). La migration et le degré d'agrégation paraissent varier ensemble dans une station, tandis que dans l'autre une telle relation n'apparaît pas clairement. Les femelles malgré des taux de migration variés mais généralement faibles, n'ont jamais pr'esenté de tendance significative à l'agrégation. A l'opposé, les larves de calosomes et de Lymantria ont presenté des distributions agrégatives.
    Notes: Abstract Mark-release studies of Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae) in two 40000 m2 areas were done using traps deployed in 10 by 10 grids. In both areas, gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae), were abundant the first but not the second year of sampling. The distribution of carabid larvae was also investigated in the first year at one of the sites and the distribution of gypsy moth larvae found under burlap bands determined for 2 years at the other site. Dispersions of beetles and prey were evaluated by Taylor's logarithmic meanvariance method and Iwao's mean-mean crowding method. Taylor's method gave the most consistent results, and the slopes of the regression lines were used to determine degree of clumping. To evaluate dispersal of adult beetles, recapture data were analysed using the Fisher-Ford and Jolly-Seber methods in conjunction with Jackson's method for separating survival and emigration. A new method for estimating emigration was found to be most consistent with the Fisher-Ford-Jackson procedure. The tendency of the beetles to aggregate (measured via Taylor's method) was generally highest for males. In one site, emigration and degree of aggregation for males appeared to vary together, while at the other site no relationship was evident. Females showed few tendencies to aggregate. Both beetle larvae and gypsy moth larvae had clumped distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367628
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of sex in living adults of small carabid species (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 102-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Bembidion ; Trechus ; Agonum ; sex determination ; adhesion ; male setae ; tarsomere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343631
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Analyse, en olfactomètre tubulaire, de l'influence de différents stimulus olfactifs dans la recherche du partenaire sexuel par Zabrotes subfasciatus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coléoptère ; Bruchidae ; Olfactométrie ; phéromone sexuelle ; plante hôte ; régulation de la réproduction ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; olfactometer ; sex pheromone ; host plant ; reproductive regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to meet its sexual partner, Zabrotes subfasciatus must rely on the olfactory signals emitted either by the female or the male insect. The attractiveness of male and female odours were therefore studied and compared in an olfactometer. The behaviour of virgin and inseminated females and males, left in contact with the host plant's seeds or not, was studied in terms of the age of the imagos. In all cases examined, male odours did not attract female insects. Virgin females kept without seeds of the host plant did not attract males. On the other hand, the odour of virgin females left in contact with bean seeds significantly attracted virgin males. The females' attractive power varied according to their age: older females released a chemical cue that was more attractive for the males. Emission of the sex-pheromone stops after insemination of the females but begins again after a certain period of time. Results are discussed in terms of what is known on the reproductive regulation of this bruchid.
    Notes: Abstract Pour rechercher son partenaire sexuel Zabrotes subfasciatus doit utiliser les signaux olfactifs émis soit par les mâles ou par les femelles. Le pouvoir attractif de l'odeur des mâles et des femelles sont donc étudiés et comparés par olfactométrie. Le comportement de mâles et de femelles vierges et inséminées, mis en contact des graines de la plante hôte ou non, est observé en fonction de l'âge des imagos. En aucun cas, les odeurs des mâles n'exercent une attraction sur les femelles. Les femelles vierges en absence de graines de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) n'exercent pas d'attraction sur les mâles vierges. Par contre les odeurs des femelles vierges mises en contact avec les graines de haricot sont très attractives pour les mâles vierges et varie en fonction de l'âge: il est plus affirmé chez les femelles plus âgées. L'émission de la phéromone sexuelle est interrompue après l'insémination des femelles mais reprend au bout d'un certain temps après celle-ci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343621
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  • 4
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    The contribution of prehatch and posthatch development to protandry in the chrysomelid Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica virgifera ; corn rootworms ; prehatch development ; posthatch development ; protandry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation, au laboratoire, pendant une période d'éclosion de dix jours, des oeufs de D. v. virgifera LeConte, a montré que les oeufs mâles prédominent les deux premiers jours d'éclosion, que les oeufs des deux sexes, avec des fréquences 0,5/0,5, ont éclos les troisième et quatrième jours, et que les oeufs éclos du cinquième au dixième jour étaient presque tous femelles. Globalement, les oeufs femelles ont éclos en moyenne 2,9 jours plus tard que les oeufs mâles. De plus, la durée du développement post-embryonnaire des femelles a demandé 1,8 jour en plus. Une éclosion plus tardive et un développement post-embryonnaire plus long ont entrainé une émergence des femelles en moyenne 4,7 jours après les mâles. La période d'émergence des adultes s'est étalée sur 14 jours; les mâles ayant dominé pendant les 5 premiers jours et les femelles pendant les 9 derniers. Les mâles de D. v. virgifera semblent avoir évolué vers la protandrie en acquerant, tant une diapause post-embryonnaire que des stades de développements larvaire et nymphal plus brefs.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory tests with eggs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte showed that during a 10-day hatching period, hatch of male eggs predominated on the first and second days, eggs of mixed sex, with ca. 1:1 ratio, hatched on the third and fourth days, and eggs hatching from the fifth to the tenth days were nearly all female. Overall, female eggs hatched a mean of 2.9 days later than male eggs. Not only did female eggs hatch later, but the time for posthatch development to the adult stage was 1.8 days longer for females. The later egg hatch and longer posthatch development for females resulted in female adults emerging a mean of 4.7 days later than male adults. Total adult emergence lasted 14 days; of this, males predominated during the first 5 days, and females predominated during the last 9 days. Males of D. v. virgifera appear to have evolved protandry (the tendency for males to emerge before females) by developing both a postdiapause embryonic stage and a combined larval and pupal stage of shorter duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343549
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  • 5
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    Vibrations mediate prudent resource exploitation by competing larvae of the bruchid bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; intraspecific competition ; oviposition strategies ; resource exploitation ; vibrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lors de la compétition, les larves réagissent l'une par rapport à l'autre, même lorsque leurs galeries sont séparées. L'une est inhibée, tandis que l'autre se comporte comme si elle était seule. Le signal provoquant ces réactions, qui peut traverser du papier métallique, est dû vraisemblablement aux vibrations de mastication des larves; ces dernières perçoivent ces signaux tout au long de leur vie active. La larve la plus âgée ne l'emporte pas obligatoirement, ce qui signifie que le signal indique plus que l'âge. Les conditions expérimentales peuvent inverser les réponses des unes et des autres, bien que la larve la plus âgée puisse souvent mourir de ces conditions anormales de compétition. L'avantage potentiel associé à l'inhibition du futur perdant est mis en évidence en collant ensemble des graines. Quand la larve dominante se nymphose, la larve inhibée recommence à s'alimenter et achève son développement. En ayant eu son alimentation interrompue et en restant dans une galerie superficielle, la larve inhibée évite les affrontements et peut se développer lorsque la larve dominante meurt ou se nymphose, puisque la galerie de la larve inhibée n'avait pas été sectionnée. La stratégie de ponte réduit la fréquence de la compétition en uniformisant la distribution des oeufs; elle augmente les chances de survie des larves vaincues avec l'addition des oeufs sur les graines les plus grosses quand les disponibilités sont limitées. L'étude de l'évolution de ces adaptations a été possible puisque, comme on le sait, C. maculatus est génétiquement polymorphe pour les caractères déterminant le comportement de ponte des femelles et la compétition larvaire.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the bean weevil C. maculatus feeding in a single bean apparently respond to vibrations from each other's chewing: one larva feeds normally, the other is inhibited. If the burrows of the larvae intersect, the inhibited larva dies. If the dominant larva pupates or dies without the burrows intersecting, the inhibited larvae then feeds and matures if enough food remains. Since females add second eggs to the largest beans after most beans carry a single egg, competition is most common in the largest available beans, precisely where inhibited larvae can benefit from avoiding a contest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361303
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  • 6
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    Attraction of the bark beetle Tomicus piniperda to Scots pine trees in relation to tree vigor and attack density (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tomicus piniperda ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; host recognition ; host volatiles ; attraction ; low vigor trees ; attacked trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Anflug von Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) an Kiefern in schlechtem oder besserem Gesundheitszustand, mit oder ohne vorherigen Befall, wurde mit Hilfe von Leimfallen untersucht. An Bäumen in schlechtem Zustand wurden etwas mehr Käfer gefangen als an Bäumen in besserem Gesundheitszustand. Das deutet auf Unterschiede in Geruchsreizen zwischen den beiden Klassen des Baumzustands hin. An Kiefern, die von T. piniperda befallen waren oder simulierte Einbohrungen (von Hand gebohrte Löcher) hatten, wurden viel mehr Käfer gefangen als an Kontrollbäumen ohne oder mit sehr geringem Befall. Der starke Anflug von Käfern an befallene Bäume wird gedeutet als Reaktion auf Duftstoffe des Wirts, die aus den Borkenkäfergängen abgegeben werden.
    Notes: Abstract The attraction of Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Scots pine trees of low and higher vigor with and without previous attacks was monitored with sticky traps. Somewhat higher numbers of beetles were caught on low vigor trees than on trees of higher vigor, indicating differences in olfactory stimuly between the two classes of trees. Many more beetles were caught on trees attacked by T. piniperda and on trees with simulated bark beetle galleries (manually drilled holes) than on control trees with no or only a few attacks. The strong attraction of beetles to attacked trees is attributed to the beetles responding to host volatiles released from the galleries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361309
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  • 7
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    Chemical defence in the larvae of the leaf beetleGonioctena viminalis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 458-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Defensive secretions ; glands ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; phenylethanol ; linalool ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol ; 2-hexenal ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The leaf beetle larva ofGonioctena (Phytodecta) viminalis L. has been shown to produce five volatile constituents within its paired abdominal defensive gland reservoirs. It is the first time that these compounds have been reported to occur in coleopteran defensive glands (linalool, phenylethanol) and Chrysomelidae larvae (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, 2-hexenal). In addition to the gross morphology of theGonioctena gland and its discharge behavior, the natural products found are discussed in terms of chemotaxonomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940454
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  • 8
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    Cardenolide biosynthesis in chrysomelid beetles (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 460-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Biosynthesis ; cardenolides ; Coleoptera ; chrysomelid beetles ; [23-14C]-cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Labeling experiments have shown that the chrysomelid beetleChrysolina coerulans is able to biosynthesize its own defensive cardenolides from cholesterol, via a pathway involving a C21 intermediate, as in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940455
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  • 9
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    Oviposition deterrent from eggs ofCallosobruchus maculatus: Spacing mechanism or artifact? (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ablation ; egg dispersion ; oviposition deterrent ; foretarsi ; palpi ; antennae ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofCallosobruchus maculatus (F.) avoid ovipositing on host seeds already bearing conspecific eggs, and thus distribute eggs evenly among seeds. This behavior was presumed to be mediated by an ether-soluble “oviposition marker” that is deposited with the egg and can be extracted from egg-laden artificial hosts (glass beads). Ablation experiments revealed that the true factors promoting an even dispersion of eggs were perceived by the maxillary and labial palpi. In contrast, receptors on the antennae were largely responsible for avoidance of seeds treated with “oviposition marker.” Taken together, these results suggest that a careful distinction should be drawn between factors that promote spacing of eggs under natural conditions and general oviposition deterrents that may be isolated from both sexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020364
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  • 10
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    Interactions of alkaloids with galeal chemosensory cells of colorado potato beetle (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2009-2022 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Colorado potato beetle ; deterrent receptor ; feeding deterrents ; alkaloids ; sugar receptor ; amino acid receptor ; chemoreception ; steroidal alkaloids ; antifeedants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The galeal chemosensory system of the adult Colorado potato beetle was used as a model to study the effects of alkaloids on insect gustation. Nine alkaloids, representing a wide range of structural types, were used. Their ability to stimulate chemosensory cells when presented in isolation and their ability to interfere with normal chemosensory processes were emphasized. None of the alkaloids stimulated chemosensory cells in a dose-dependent manner, although a few stimulated low-level activity from some cells. There was no evidence for a general “deterrent receptor” in these beetles. Some of the alkaloids had a marked inhibitory effect on normal chemosensory responses. Tomatine, solanine, papaverine, and sparteine significantly inhibited responses to amino acids (represented by GABA) while quinine and papaverine inhibited responses to sucrose. An attempt was made to correlate neurophysiological action of some alkaloids with their effects on feeding behavior. It was clear from this correlation that even a dramatic inhibition of sensory input by an alkaloid does not necessarily lead to measurable effects on behavior. The results are discussed in the context of current theories on the mode of action of alkaloids and other secondary plant compounds which may be involved in host recognition by phytophagous insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041728
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  • 11
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    Defensive steroids from a carrion beetle (Silpha novaboracensis) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 35-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Silphidae ; Silpha novaboracensis ; steroids ; pregnanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two novel steroids, 3α,7β-dihydroxy-14β-pregn-4-en-15,20-dione (1) and 3α,7β, 20ξ-trihydroxy-14β-pregn-4-en-15-one (4), have been characterized from the rectal gland ofSilpha novaboracensis (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Judging from the function of comparable pregnanes in another species ofSilpha, the compounds may play an antipredator role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020349
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  • 12
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    Growth ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata larvae in response to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solanum ; glycoalkaloid ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; protein ; growth ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; α-tomatine ; α-solamarine ; β-solamarine ; α-solamine ; α-chacomine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), as measured by weight gain, was determined when larvae were reared on synthetic diets containing measured quantities of protein and one of fiveSolanum glycoalkaloids. Data were analyzed to determine if growth was affected by these two aspects of phytochemical variation independently, or if there was a significant interaction component in larval weight gain to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration. For four of the five glycoalkaloids examined, a bivariate regression model without interaction accurately accounted for growth ofL. decemlineata larvae. For alpha-tomatine, however, a regression model with the addition of a (protein × glycoalkaloid) interaction term more accurately accounted for larval growth. The influence of this interaction was less than either protein or glycoalkaloid concentration alone. The variation in protein concentration accounted for most of the variation in larval growth, and high protein concentrations could more than offset the effect of high concentration of any of the five glycoalkaloids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020350
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  • 13
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    Responses of parasiteEdovum puttleri to kairomone from eggs of colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; parasite ; host finding ; host acceptance ; behavior ; Edovum puttleri ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When females of the eulophid parasiteEdovum puttleri were exposed to ann-hexane wash of eggs of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata, their responses indicated that the eggs contained a kairomone which elicited host-finding and host-acceptance behaviors. The hostfinding responses included an increased amount of time searching glass beads treated with kairomone, and drumming on the beads with the flagellum of the antennae. Host-acceptance responses included grasping of the beads with the legs, raising of the abdomen, and probing the kairomone-treated surface with the ovipositor. None of these responses were noted in females on beads treated only with hexane, or in males exposed to kairomone-treated beads. When kairomone was applied to a flat surface, filter paper disks, few episodes of drumming and no episodes of probing with the ovipositor were noted. Responses ofE.puttleri to eggs of Colorado potato beetle were similar to those on kairomone-treated beads, but females normally drilled into eggs and fed on host fluids after retracting the ovipositor. The kairomone is volatile, and responsiveness was reduced in parasites exposed to beads treated several hours previously.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025893
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  • 14
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    Interactions of pheromone component odor plumes of western pine beetle (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2143-2157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; synergism ; plumes ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between catch ofD. brevicomis LeC. at sources of the synergistic pheromone components,exo-brevicomin (E) and frontalin (F), and increasing distance of separation of sources were investigated in the forest. The two components were each released with the host monoterpene, myrcene (M), in trap pairs. The traps of each pair were spaced apart at various distances (0–16 m) in either horizontal or vertical lines that were perpendicular to the mean wind direction. Both sexes were most strongly attracted when the two components were released from the same source, and increasing distance of separation between components caused exponential decreases in trap catch for all trap configurations. Males were significantly more attracted to traps with E, M alone than to corresponding traps with F, M alone, while females exhibited a preference for F, M. The theoretical relationships and properties of two coalescing plumes of individual components and their intersecting “active space” are presented and discussed. It is proposed that “confusion” or “communication disruption” techniques for insect control may be more successful if components are released individually from many points rather than released similarly in blends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012563
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  • 15
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    Field response of spruce bark beetle,Ips typographus, to aggregation pheromone candidates (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 701-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol ; trans-verbenol ; myrtenol ; trans-myrtanol ; 2-phenylethanol ; ipsdienol ; subtractive assay ; Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Picea abies ; host volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds previously identified from hindguts of unmated maleIps typographus (L.) during host colonization: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB),cis-verbenol (cV),trans-verbenol (tV), myrtenol (Mt),trans-myrtanol (tM), and 2-phenylethanol (PE), were tested for their attractivity in the field with a subtractive method. The amounts of MB and cV released from a pipe trap were similar to those given off from the commercial bait Ipslure as well as that from a Norway spruce tree,Picea abies (L.) Karst., under mass attack. The blend of the compounds became nonattractive when either MB or cV was subtracted, while subtraction of any of the other four compounds had no effect. Addition of ipsdienol (Id) to the blend did not significantly increase the attraction. In a second comparative test, the addition of three compounds as a group (tV + Mt + PE) to MB + cV again had no effect on the attraction, but the addition of Id increased the catch somewhat. Addition of host logs to a bait releasing MB + cV at a rate lower than in previous experiments did not influence the attraction to pipe traps. Sticky traps containing natural pheromone sources (50 males in a log), which released 1–5 mg/day of MB as determined by aerations with deuterated MB as internal standard, were less attractive than a synthetic source releasing similar amounts of MB.
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    Semiochemical attractants ofDiabrotica undecimpunctata howardi barber, southern corn rootworm, andDiabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 959-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diabrotica ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; western com rootworm ; southern corn rootworm ; northern corn rootworm ; attractants ; semiochemicals ; veratrole ; estragole ; trans-anethole ; indole ; eugenol ; phenylacetaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During the summers of 1984 and 1985, a variety of structurally related benzenoid compounds was evaluated in sweet corn plots as attractants for adult southern corn rootworms (SCR), western com rootworms (WCR), and northern corn rootworms (NCR). Field response to the volatiles was measured by beetle counts on baited cylindrical sticky traps placed inside the corn plots at a height of l m above ground level. SCR adults were attracted late in the season (last week of August through September, 1984 and 1985) to numerous aromatic compounds, including phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl acetone, phenethyl alcohol, phenyl acetate, indole, veratrole, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, eugenol, and isoeugenol. Although many compounds attracted SCR adults late in the season, only veratrole, phenylacetaldehyde, and chavicol were significantly active in early and middle August 1985. WCR adults were attracted to a different group of compounds, namely estragole,trans-anethole, and indole. Estragole (4-methoxy-1-allylbenzene) was an effective WCR attractant from corn tasseling in early August 1985, until the end of the trapping period in late September and early October 1985. Indole andtrans-anethole (4-methoxy-1-propenylbenzene) were less effective attractants than estragole and were most active at the beginning and/or end of the corn season. Traps baited with 100 mg of estragole caught an average of 20 times more WCR adults than unbaited control traps, and the females outnumbered the males in the baited traps. Estragole dosage tests were conducted in three sweet corn plots on different dates in 1985 and the minimum effective dose ranged between 5 and 30 mg/trap. Field tests with structural analogs revealed the importance of the site of unsaturation in the allylic side chain of estragole and the effect of different ring substituents on WCR response. The phenylpropanoids, eugenol and isoeugenol, significantly attracted NCR adults, even though these beetles were in low abundance in the test corn plots. Field tests indicate there is no cross-species response by WCR and NCR adults to their related phenylpropanoid attractants. However, in late August, SCR adults do respond to some WCR and NCR attractants (indole and several eugenol analogs). Electroantennographic analysis of SCR males revealed they can perceive peripherally a wide range of benzenoid compounds.
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    Feeding deterrent compounds to the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman in Rose-of-Sharon,Hibiscus syriacus L. (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1087-1097 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis Boh. ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rose-of-Sharon ; Hibiscus syriacus L. ; feeding deterrent ; unsaturated fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Rose-of-Sharon,Hibiscus syriacus (L.), can be a significant alternate host plant for the boll weevil,Anthonomus gradis (Boh.). Boll weevils are known to be deterred from feeding and ovipositing in the buds unless the calyx is removed. This investigation was initiated to identify calyx allelochemicals that deter feeding with the eventual strategy of breeding for cotton lines high in these allelochemicals in the appropriate tissues. The feeding deterrency of calyx tissue from the buds of Rose-of-Sharon for the boll weevil was confirmed. The most active deterrent fraction was found to contain mostly fatty acids and their methyl esters. Saturated fatty acids and their methyl esters were generally found to be stimulatory, while the unsaturated species were found to be deterrent. Higher quantities of the fatty acids, particularly the unsaturated species, were found in Rose-of-Sharon calyx tissue than in the buds without calyx. This supports the hypothesis developed through the isolational work and testing of standards that the unsaturated fatty acids are significant deterrents of boll weevil feeding.
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    Kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols with commercial lipases (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1279-1292 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diabrotica sp ; kinetic resolution ; lipase ; methyl carbinol ; Mucor miehei ; pheromone ; western corn rootworm ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative rates of enzyme-catalyzed esterification of the enantiomers of 2-octanol with various acids were determined for several commercial lipases. Interesterifications and hydrolyses of racemic 2-octanol esters catalyzed by these enzymes were also examined. Novo'sMucor miehei lipase exhibited considerable enantioselectivity and was therefore employed to prepare 8-methyl-2-decanols with high configurational purity at the carbinol carbon. Esters of these alcohols had been previously identified as sexually attractive to several rootworm (Diabrotica) species, and the stereochemistry of those esters had been shown to be critical to the attraction. The enzymatic resolution provides a convenient method to obtain such esters in a desired state of configurational purity.
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    Attraction to pheromone sources of different quantity, quality, and spacing: Density-regulation mechanisms in bark beetleIps typographus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1503-1523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; ipsenol ; sex ratio ; attraction ; inhibition ; Ips duplicatus ; Thanasimus ; switching ; Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ceeridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The density of bark-beetle colonization of a tree could be regulated by a quantitative effect of the pheromone signal from beetles in the tree (cessation of release of attractive pheromone) or by a qualitative effect (production of pheromone components inhibiting attraction). The quantitative hypothesis was tested onIps typographus by varying the release rate of the two known attractive compounds, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) and (4S)-cis-verbenol (cV). The highest number of beetles were captured at traps with the highest release rates. The catch was nearly proportional to the release of MB and cV at a distance between traps of 12 m or more. At 6-, 3-, and 1.5-m distances between traps deployed in a triangular arrangement there was still a good discrimination between release rates, but relatively more beetles, especially males, were caught on the blank. The lower release rates caught an equal sex ratio while the highest release rate caught only about 30% males. The qualitative hypothesis was tested by releasing the suspected inhibitors ipsdienol (Id) and ipsenol (Ie), from traps in the same amounts as cV. Only small effects were noted forI. typographus. However, the competitorI. duplicatus was attracted to Id and inhibited by Ie, while the predatorThanasimus formicarius was attracted to both compounds. On the other hand, when the ratio of Id or Ie to cV was 10∶1 or 0.1∶1 rather than 1∶1, they affected the numbers ofI. typographus attracted. A small amount of Id combined with the attractants increased trap catch, while large amounts of Id or Ie decreased attraction, especially when combined. Attack density regulation is modeled as an effect of both quantitative and qualitative mechanisms acting in sequence.
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    Identification of female-produced sex pheromone from banded cucumber beetle,Diabrotica balteata leconte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1601-1616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 6,12-dimethylpentadecan-2-one ; ketone ; banded cucumber beetle ; Diabrotica balteata ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female banded cucumber beetle adults,Diabrotica balteata LeConte, was isolated from volatiles trapped on Porapak Q and identified as 6,12-dimethylpentadecan-2-one. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and confirmed by synthesis. The synthesized racemic compound was equal to the purified natural pheromone in eliciting responses by banded cucumber beetle males to field traps. A doseresponse characteristic was demonstrated for the racemic material formulated on filter paper or rubber septa and placed in field traps. The absolute configuration at the C-6 and C-12 positions was not established.
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    Differences in attraction to semiochemicals present in sympatric pine shoot beetles,Tomicus minor andT. piniperda (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1045-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host attraction ; pheromone ; Pinus sylveslris ; trans-verbenol ; 3-carene-10-ol ; myrtenol ; verbenone ; EAG ; kairomone ; Blastophagus ; Tomicus minor ; Tomicus piniperda ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pine shoot beetles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical ecology of host- and mate-finding in the pine shoot beetles,Tomicus minor andT. piniperda, was studied in southern Sweden. Beetles were collected in the field from defined attack phases on Scots pine. Using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, a number of oxygen-containing monoterpenes, e.g., 3-carene-10-ol, myrtenol,trans-verbenol, and verbenone, were identified from hindgut extracts of both sexes of both species. Compared toT. minor,T. piniperda contained additional compounds and in larger amounts. The amounts were highest in both species at the time when the beetles had bored into contact with the resin-producing xylem-phloem tissue. The synthesis of (1S,6R)-3-carene-10-ol by photooxidatipn of (+)-(1S,6R)-3-carene is described. In comparative electroantennogram (EAG) measurements on males and females of both species, the most active of the tested compounds wastrans-verbenol. Laboratory bioassays of walking beetles showed thatT. piniperda was attracted to uninfestèd pine logs.T. minor was more strongly attracted to pine logs infested with females than to uninfested pine logs, indicating a female-produced aggregation pheromone. Field tests confirmed thatT. piniperda was strongly attracted to pine logs. The attraction ofT. minor to logs was significant only when logs were combined with racemictrans-verbenol and (1S,6R)-3-carene-10-ol.T. minor was also attracted to a combination of these monoterpene alcohols alone. We suggest that host and mate location inT. piniperda is achieved by means of a kairomone composed of host monoterpenes, whileT. minor utilizes a primitive pheromone synergized by host odors. Evolution of host colonization strategies of the two beetles are discussed.
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    Identification of triterpenoid feeding deterrent of red pumpkin beetles (Aulacophora foveicollis) fromMomordica charantia (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1689-1694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feeding deterrents ; Aulacophora foveicollis ; red pumpkin beetles ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) ; cucurbitane triterpenes ; momordicine ; Cucurbitaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The triterpenoids isolated from the leaves ofMomordica charantia Linn (bitter gourd) were found to elicit feeding-deterrent activity against red pumpkin beetles (Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas). The most abundant triterpenoid which deterred feeding was identified as momordicine II, 23-O-β-glucopyranoside of 3,7,23-trihydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al. A concentration of 3200μg/ml and above of the triterpenoids caused significant reduction of feeding by red pumpkin beetles in in vitro bioassay experiments, which compared favorably with the levels of triterpenoids inM. charantia leaves found in nature.
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    Stegobiol, a new sex pheromone component of drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1871-1879 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; drugstore beetle ; Stegobium paniceum L. ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; stegobiol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract New sex pheromone component of femaleStegobium paniceum L. was isolated and identified as 2,3-dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyI-6-(1′-methyl-2′-hydroxybutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one, stegobiol, by spectral data and chemical conversion from stegobinone. Relative configuration at C-2, C-3, and C-1′ was determined as 2S,3R,1′S by the conversion from (2S,3R,1′R)-stegobinone. This new sex pheromone elicits the pheromonal response from the species.
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    Misleading the Colorado potato beetle with an odor blend (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1139-1146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Solanum tuberosum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; chemoattraction ; masking ; mixed cropping ; olfactory orientation ; searching behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Walking tracks of Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, were recorded on a locomotion-compensator in response to wind, odors of host plantsSolanum tuberosum L. and nonhost plantsLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, and to mixtures of these plant species. Host-plant odor induced positive anemotactic responses in starved females, whereas odor of the nonhostL. hirsutum was neither repellent nor attractive. The attractiveness of host-plant odor, however, was neutralized in the odor blend of plant species. Masking the attractive host-plant odor will hinder the beetle's searching for host-plant patches, and this principle may be exploited in pest control by mixed cropping.
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    Female sex pheromone of the common furniture beetleAnobium punctatum (Coleoptera: Anobiidae): Extraction, identification, and bioassays (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1695-1706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Common furniture beetle ; Anobium punctatum ; drugstore beetle ; Stegobium paniceum ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; sex pheromone ; stegobinone ; 2,3,dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one ; behavior ; electroantennogram ; species specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Observations and reports on the common furniture beetleAnobium punctatum suggested that, on emergence, females use a sex pheromone to attract males. GLC analysis of ovipositor extracts showed the presence of a single component, which was found to be active by EAG and coupled GLC-EAG techniques, and to attract males in both walking and flying assays. The pheromone was identified by GC-MS as 2,3-dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (stegobinone), which is the sex pheromone of another anobiid, the drugstore beetle,Stegobium paniceum. MaleA. punctatum responded equally to ovipositor extracts of either species, at both the sensory (EAG) and behavioral levels, which poses the question as to how species specificity in mate attraction is achieved.
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    Interruption of response ofDendroctonus brevicomis to attractive pheromone by release of pheromone at several rates and spacings (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; western pine beetle ; pheromone ; interruption ; behavior ; release device
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The number of western pine beetles,Dendroctonus brevicomis, trapped at the center of three 90 × 90-m plots was reduced during a 16-hr period after surrounding an attractive source ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene with 16, 48, or 168 sources of the same attractant. Compounds were released from the center of the plot at 1 mg/16 hr/compound, and from the surrounding sources at 4–280 mg/16 hr/compound. About half of these amounts was released between 1530 hr and 1930 hr, the period of peak beetle flight. No treatment differences were apparent in reduction of catch within the range of release rates and spacings tested. When compounds were released continuously from 168 stations for 17 days, catch at the center of a plot was generally lower than catch before or after this period, but fluctuated daily. More beetles were caught on traps hung on ponderosa pines within a plot and the number of these traps catching beetles was greater when compounds were released from all stations than from only the center station. Beetles caught on traps were attracted into the plots from the surrounding forest, but appeared to be dispersed within the plot when compounds were released from many stations.D. brevicomis attacked at least 91 trees in the plots, of which 25 were killed during two summers.
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    Extractives of seeds of the meliaceae: Effects onSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith),Acalymma vittatum (F.), andArtemia salina Leach (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 99-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Acalymma vittatum ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; brine shrimp ; Artemia salina ; insecticides ; antifeedants ; Meliaceae ; neem ; limonoids ; azadiractin ; seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 22 species of plants of the family Meliaceae from a number of countries were prepared. The extracts were submitted to antifeedant and toxicity bioassays utilizing fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae and striped cucumber beetle [Acalymma vittatum (F.)] (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults. Toxicity tests were also performed with brine shrimp,Anemia salina Leach. Feeding inhibition and mortality produced by some of these extracts were comparable to and, in certain cases, slightly greater than the effects produced by comparable neem (Azadiracta indica A. Juss.) seed preparations. Brine shrimp toxicity data do not extrapolate to insect activity, and vice versa.
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    Male-produced aggregation pheromone in pea and bean weevil,Sitona lineatus (L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 733-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitona lineatus ; pea and bean weevil ; pea leaf weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The attraction ofS. lineatus to live baits comprisingS. lineatus feeding onVicia faba (L.) was studied in a field experiment in the early spring. There was clear evidence that maleS. lineatus produced an aggregation pheromone which attracted approximately equal numbers of both sexes from overwintering sites. No evidence was obtained for the production, in the spring, of any semiochemical by female weevils.
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    Semiochemicals produced by western balsam bark beetle,Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 823-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; pheromones ; enantiomers ; western balsam bark beetle ; Dryocoetes confusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo- andendo-brevicomin ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; myrtenol ; trans-pinocarveol ; cis- andtrans-p-menthen-7-ol ; 3-caren-10-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The most prominent beetle-produced volatiles identified in the abdominal extracts of maleDryocoetes confusus Swaine after they had bored for 24 hr in logs of subalpine fir,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. were:exo andendo-brevicomin,trans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol,trans-pinocarveol,cis- andtrans-p-menthen-7-ol, 3-caren-10-ol, and several monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Myrtenol was the only conspicuous compound in extracts from males that had been exposed toA.lasiocarpa resin volatiles for 24 hr. Laboratory bioassays indicated that both (−)- and (+)-exo-brevicomin were attractive to femaleD. confusus, and that the (−) enantiomer did not inhibit response to its antipode. Results from field trapping experiments indicated that bothero-brevicomin and myrtenol are aggregation pheromones forD. confusus.exo-Brevicomin baits were effective in causing attack byD. confusus on baited and surrounding trees, suggesting that this pheromone may have utility in manipulating populations of the beetle.
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    Lack of chemical factors in host-plant resistance of alfalfa towards alfalfa weevil: Ovicidal activity of some coumarin derivatives (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 917-924 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Medicago sauva ; alfalfa ; Hypera brunneipennis ; H. postica ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; alfalfa weevil ; host-plant resistance ; bioassay ; feeding deterrency ; ovicide ; antigrowth ; coumarins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A resistant line of alfalfa was studied in an attempt to identify possible chemical factors responsible for alfalfa weevil (Hypera brunneipennis) resistance. Bioassays were developed to measure ovicidal, larval development, pupation, and adult development rates. Serial alfalfa extracts of a weevil-resistant line showed no effect in the bioassays when compared to those of a weevil-susceptible line. It was concluded that resistance substances are not present but that resistant lines are simply more tolerant to weevil attack. Alfalfa constitutents and synthetic analogs were also screened in the egg hatch bioassay. Among these were a series of 3-acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins. 3-Acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins with short-chain acyl groups showed good ovicidal rates, but activity decreased with increasing length of the acyl group.
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    Defensive chemistry of the flour beetleTribolium brevicornis (LeC): (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1707-1723 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Biosynthesis ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Tribolium brevicornis ; prostaglandin ; allomones ; synthetase inhibitor ; defensive secretion ; 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone ; 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxypropiophenone ; methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate ; methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-efhylbenzoate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion ofTribolium brevicornis contains 12 organic components, including quinones, hydroquinones, hydrocarbons, aromatic ketones, and aromatic esters. The two ketones, 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone and 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxypropiophenone, and the two esters, methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate and methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-ethylbenzoate, represent ca. 0.25% of the biomass of the beetles. Mass spectral and NMR analyses were used to elucidate the structures of all components. The ketones are potent prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (PSI), and the esters are suspected to be PSI.
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    Monoterpene metabolism in female mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, attacking ponderosa pine (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1455-1480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus ponderosae ; mountain pine beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; monoterpene metabolism ; monoterpene alcohols ; pheromones ; allylic hydroxylation ; anti-Markovnikov hydration ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Abdominal volatiles of female mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, fed in ponderosa pine,Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, and in lodgepole pine,P. contorta var.latifolia Engelmann, were analyzed by gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and were found to comprise host oleoresin components and beetle-produced alliylic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones derived from host monoterpenes. Neitherexo- andendo-brevicomin nor frontalin were detected. Three metabolic pathways are proposed to account for the distribution of beetle-produced monoterpene alcohols. The first pathway involves hydroxylation of monoterpene substrates on allylic methyl groups which areE to a methylene or vinyl group. This oxidation pathway is indiscriminate with respect to substrate and probably functions to detoxify monoterpenes. A second pathway, which hydroxylates theendo-cyclic methyleneE to a vinyl methyl group of bicyclic monoterpenes to give almost exclusively thetrans alcohol, is hypothesized to be involved in pheromone production. A third detoxification pathway involves anti-Markovnikov addition of water to theexo-cyclic double bond of β-phellandrene to give predominantlytrans-2-p-menthen-7-ol.
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    Influence of pheromone chirality on response byOryzaephilus surinamensis andOryzaephilus mercator (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1525-1542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Oryzaephilus mercator ; aggregation pheromone ; macrolide lactone ; (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide ; (Z, Z)-3,6-dodecadienolide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; enantiomers ; racemate ; chirality ; aggregation behavior ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the sawtoothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and the merchant grain beetle,O. mercator (Fauvel), to synthetic racemic and chiral macrolide aggregation pheromones was assessed in pitfall olfactometers.O.mercator utilizes theR enantiomers of (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide and (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide.O. surinamensis utilizes theR enantiomers of (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide and the Synergist (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide in combination with achiral (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadienolide. For both species, the racemates of the respective chiral pheromones were effective attractants. The respectiveS enantiomers were inactive for both species and had no effect on the biological activity of the active antipodes. No diel periodicity in responsiveness to pheromones was detected inOryzaephilus spp. reared either on a 12∶12 light-dark photoperiod or in darkness. Nonpheromone macrolides, naturally released in trace amounts byOryzaephilus spp., did not affect the aggregation response of either species to its pheromones when these additional macrolides were combined with the pheromone mixtures.
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    Determination of chirality in 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone, the aggregation pheromone ofSitophilus oryzae (L.) andS. zeamais Motschulsky (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2159-2169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chirality ; enantiomers ; 5-hyroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone, stereoisomer ; Sitophilus oryzae ; Sitophilus zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; aggregation pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chirality of the pheromone of the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and the maize weevil,S. zeamais (Motschulsky), 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone, was determined using an acetyl lactate derivatization procedure. Maize weevils were shown to produce 〉98% 4S,5R. Determination was more difficult with rice weevils due to a smaller quantity of insect extract, but they were shown to produce at least 92% 4S, 5R. The attractancy of the four synthetic stereoisomers of 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone was tested using rice and maize weevils. As expected, both species were most strongly attracted to the 4S, 5R enantiomer. Maize weevils also showed low but significant responses (P 〈 0.05) to both 4R, 5R and 4S,5S. Rice weevils showed a highly significant (P 〈 0.01) response to 4R, 5S, although it was only about one third the response to 4S, 5R. Thus, (4S,5R)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone is clearly the major component of the pheromone of bothS. zeamais andS. oryzae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012564
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    Factors contributing to resistance of exotic maize populations to maize weevil,Sitophilus zeamais (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 751-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus zeamais ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; maize weevil ; maize ; resistance ; antifeedant ; sugar content ; hardness ; phenolic content ; ferulic acid ; p-coumaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Factors contributing to resistance of maize to infestation by the corn weevilSitophilus zeamais were investigated in four populations of indigenous and improved maize from Belize. Resistance was related to the antifeedant properties of grain as well as sugar content and mechanical hardness. Grain extracts of all populations of maize significantly reduced insect feeding on treated artificial diets when compared to control diets. Consumption of treated diets was negatively correlated with phenolic content of the grain extract. An analysis by GC-MS indicated that ferulic acid andp-coumaric acid were the principal phenolics present in the extracts, and insect feeding was strongly deterred when pure substances were added to insect diets. Fluorescence associated with ferulic acid and related compounds in grain sections was located in the pericarp and aleurone layer and was especially intense in the most resistant grain variety.
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    Stereospecific synthesis of (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid, a component ofAttagenus elongatulus (Casey) pheromone (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Attagenus elongatulus ; (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid ; Pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A simple stereospecific synthesis of (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid is described based upon coupling of 1-decyne and 3-butyn-1-ol to give 3,5-tetradecadiyn-1-ol. Subsequent reduction of the diyne to (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadien-1-ol and oxidation of the dienol gave the desired acid.Attagenus elongatulus were strongly attracted to the pure acid.
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    Cuticular hydrocarbons regulate mate recognition, male aggression, and female choice of the rove beetle,Aleochara curtula (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1993-2008 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; female sex pheromone ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemical mimicry ; male aggression ; female choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Immature, starved, or multiply mated males of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, mimic their females chemically. The titer of the female sex pheromone components (Z)-7-heneicosene and (Z)-7-tricosene was quantified for various physiological types and both sexes by gas chromatography and correlated with the sexual response of males towards the cuticular hydrocarbon fractions. Modulation of intermale aggression by production of the female pheromone was shown by (1) reduction of the alkene titer of females kept at elevated temperatures, (2) treating live males with the synthetic female pheromone mixture, and (3) gradual amputation of male antennal segments.A. curtula males do not fight against members of otherAleochara species with a different hydrocarbon pattern. Contamination ofA. peschkei males with the hydrocarbon fraction ofA. curtula males, however, provoked the release of aggression. Choosy females reject mating attempts of males bearing the female sex pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041727
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    Analysis of long-range reproductive behavior of maleDiabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte andD. Barberi Smith and Lawrence to stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate under laboratory conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1331-1341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Diabrotica barberi ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; sex pheromone ; 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate ; flight-tunnel bioassays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral analysis of male attraction to stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate was conducted withDiabrotica virgifera virgifera andD. barberi using a flight tunnel.D. barberi males were attracted to the 2R,8R isomer only, and the response was inhibited by the addition of 2S,8R.D. v. virgifera males were also attracted to the 2R,8R isomer and were neither attracted nor inhibited by any of the other isomers. Males attracted to the lures displayed a series of behaviors characterized by a slow hovering flight upwind towards the odor source. While significant numbers of males of both species landed on the pheromone lure, none attempted copulation, indicating that other cues are necessary to induce this behavior.
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    Factors influencing distribution ofDiabrotica spp. in blossoms of cultivatedCucurbita spp. (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 681-699 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cucurbita ; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; floral volatiles ; cucurbitacins ; Cucurbitaceae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; host selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cultivars representing three species ofCucurbita were examined for blossom preference byDiabrotica spp.C. maxima cultivars were found to be preferred byD. undecimpunctata howardi over those ofC. pepo andC. moschata.D. virgifera virgifera preferredC. maxima and the “Connecticut Field” cultivar ofC. pepo.C. moschata and other cultivars ofC. pepo were not preferred. Cultivars were examined for differences in floral volatile release, blossom cucurbitacin content, and pollen content of male blossoms.C. maxima male blossoms released a larger quantity of volatiles thanC. pepo orC. moschata. Also, onlyC. maxima male blossoms contained cucurbitacins. Cultivars ofC. moschata contained the largest quantities of pollen, but all three species contained relatively large quantities. The data indicate a correspondence ofD. u. howardi distribution in the field with high volatile release rates and high cucurbitacin levels that are found inC. maxima blossoms.D. v. virgifera distribution appears to be somewhat independent of these factors since this species was abundant in blossoms of aC. pepo cultivar as well as cultivars ofC. maxima.
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    Inducible versus constitutive PI 227687 soybean resistance to mexican bean beetle,Epilachna varivestis (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 741-749 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant resistance ; constitutive ; inducible ; soybean ; Mexican bean beetle ; Epilachna varivestis ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; PI 227687 ; phenyl-propanoid metabolism ; PAL ; TAL ; total phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to constitutive resistance, inducible resistance to Mexican bean beetle (MBB) (Epilachna varivestis) herbivory in PI 227687 soybean leaves was positively correlated with total phenolic content and temporally unique, increasedl-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) andl-tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) activities. Initial expression of the induced resistance was localized at or near the site of herbivory. Systemic parameters of the induced resistance also were observed. Inducible MBB resistance in PI 227687 soybeans apparently involves increased phenylpropanoid metabolism.
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    Methylbutynol effectively replaces methylbutenol, a pheromone component ofIps typographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1555-1560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromones ; aggregation pheromone ; methylbutenol ; methylbutynol ; (S)-cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; traps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments in Sweden, the constituent 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol of the aggregation pheromone of the spruce bark bettleIps typographus (L.) was effectively replaced by 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol.
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    Gallery initiation byTomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on scots pine trees baited with host volatiles (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1591-1599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gallery initiation ; host volatiles ; monoterpenes ; ethanol ; reproductive success ; bark beetle ; pine shoot beetle ; Tomicus piniperda ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a trapping experiment, wood chips from freshly cut Scots pine trees attracted flying adults of the bark beetleTomicus piniperda (L.) Healthy Scots pine trees, which usually are not attacked byT. piniperda, were baited with chips from freshly cut trees. In other experiments trees were baited with a mixture of (−)-α-pinene, (+)-3-carene, and terpinolene; the individual monoterpenes; or with ethanol alone. All baited treatments were attacked byT. piniperda. Most of the attacks resulted in short egg galleries and in larval galleries which were only a few millimeters in length. In trees from which a new generation of beetles emerged, net reproduction was well below 1.0. Unbaited control trees remained unattacked or received a few isolated attacks.
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    Differential inhibition by castanospermine of various insect disaccharidases (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1759-1770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Castanospermine ; 6-epicastanospermine ; deoxynojirimycin ; cellobiase ; lactase ; maltase ; sucrase ; trehalase ; endosymbiote ; insect-plant interactions ; allelochemicals ; Homoptera ; Coleoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The indolizidine alkaloid, castanospermine (1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-octahydroindolizidine—a stereochemical mimic of glucose found in the Australian legumeCastanospermum australe), differentially inhibited cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose hydrolyzing enzymes from a broad taxonomic spectrum of insects (19 species from 12 different families). It was a potent inhibitor of cellobiase activity of all insects tested (50% inhibition at 〈3.2 × 10−5 M castanospermine). With one exception, it also inhibited lactase activity of all insects examined. Only in the sap-feeding Homoptera did castanospermine inhibit all disaccharidase activities assayed. Trehalase activity of the Lepidoptera and Diptera was generally inhibited by castanospermine, whereas inhibition of trehalase activity of the Coleoptera by castanospermine was exiguous or not detectable. Castanospermine was a significant feeding deterrent towards pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum, with an ED50 of 1 × 10−4 M in artificial diets. Two compounds stereochemically related to castanospermine, deoxynojirimycin and 6-epicastanospermine, were each slightly active at deterring the feeding of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae, (ED50=2.5 × 10−3 M) and greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum (ED50=5 × 10−3 M), respectively. Among the insects studied there was no distinct relationship between enzyme inhibition and adaptation to host plants containing castanospermine or other toxic alkaloids.
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    Discrimination of occupied host fruit by plum curculio females (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1833-1841 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plum curculio ; Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; oviposition ; host discrimination ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval survival of plum curculios (PCs),Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), was found to decrease with increasing egg density per fruit. Subsequently, we assayed PCs for propensity to avoid egg-laying at sites (immature plums) already occupied by conspecific eggs. Laboratory choice tests showed PCs made an equal number of visits to and ovipositions in fruit with a single oviposition as in clean fruit. Although there was a trend toward more visits to fruit which contained four or eight oviposition wounds and eggs or eight artificial punctures than to clean fruit, PCs oviposited less frequently into these than clean fruit. Results suggest that wounding of fruit may enhance the ability of ovipositing PCs to locate fruit, but at the same time may furnish cues allowing some degree of discrimination against heavily infested fruit for oviposition.
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    Inhibition of male response of drugstore beetles to stegobinone by its isomer (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1859-1869 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; drugstore beetle ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; Stegobium paniceum L. ; stegobinone ; diastereoisomer inhibition ; pheromonal activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Stegobinone, (2S, 3R, 1′R)-2,3,-dihy dro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1′-methyl-2′-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one, the sex pheromone of drugstore beetles (Stegobium paniceum L.), elicited the pheromonal response from the males of the species in our bioassay system; however, the synthesized diastereomeric mixture of this compound was actually inactive to the males. Although the stegobinone isolated from the beetles of this species had significant activity, its enantiomeric [(±)-2S,3R,1′S-] and diatereomeric [(±)-2S,3S,1′RS-] isomers were inactive. Adding the (±)-2S,3R,1′S isomer to stegobinone significantly reduced the male response. Furthermore, the activity of Stegobinone vanished on keeping it at room temperature for two weeks. In such a stored stegobinone sample, the presence of 2S,3R,1′S isomer, the inhibitory component, was confirmed. This isomer might be produced by C-1′ epimerization during storage.
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    Chirality of macrolide pheromones of grain beetles in the generaOryzaephilusandCryptolestes and its implications for species specificity (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1543-1554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chiral semiochemicals ; pheromones ; enantiomeric composition ; enantiomeric synergism ; Cryptolestes ferrugineux ; Cryptolestes pusillus ; Cryptolestes turcicus ; Oryzaephilus mercator ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien 11-olide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chiralities of macrolide lactone aggregation pheromones of five species of economically important grain beetles have been determined by capillary gas chromatographic separation of the diastereomeric (S)-O-acetyllactate derivatives of the hydroxy methyl esters derived from boron trifluoride-catalyzed cleavage of the macrolides in methanol. Chirally pure (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide (I) is produced in theS configuration byCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and in theR configuration byOryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel). (Z,Z)-3,6-Dodecadien-11-olide (II) is produced in theR configuration by bothO. mercator andO. surinamensis (L.). (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadien-13-olide (IV) is produced in theR configuration byO. surinamensis and as a 85∶15 mixture ofR andS isomers byC. turcicus. (Z)-5-Tetradecen-13-olide (V) is produced in the S configuration byC. pusillus (Schönherr) and as a 33∶67 mixture of theR andS isomers byC. turcicus (Grouvelle). The results indicate that in these cucujids, species specificity in pheromone response is maintained at least in part by pheromone chirality.
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    Extreme sensitivity of grandisal to acids (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1725-1738 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grandisal ; rearrangement ; isomerization ; acid catalysis ; silica gel catalysis ; Pissodes spp ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Attempted purification of synthetic racemic grandisal1 by silica gel chromatography resulted in severe decomposition. The nature of this reaction was studied on silica gel and in an ether solution ofp-toluenesulfonic acid. The same products resulted from both reaction systems, although in different ratios. Five racemic, rearrangement products were isolated by preparative GC and identified as follows: (1RS, 3SR, 6RS)-1-methyl-5-methylenebicyclo[4.2.0]octan-3-ol (4); (1RS, 3RS, 6RS)-1-methyl-5-methylenebicyclo[4.2.0]octan-3-ol (5); (1RS,3RS,6RS)-1,5-dimethylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-ol (6); (1RS,3SR,6RS)-1,5-dimethylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-ol(7); and 3-methyl-7-methylenecyclooct-3-en-l-ol (8). The stereochemical assignments are based on our proposed mechanism, which also accounts for all products observed. The racemic bicyclic enone (3) was a by-product of grandisol (2) oxidation.
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