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  • Articles  (27)
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  • 1987  (27)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (27)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ignitability measurements with the cone calorimeterThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Cone Calorimeter ; ignitability ; plastics ; radiant ignition ; upholstered furniture ; wood materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Cone Calorimeter is a new-generation instrument developed primarily for making rate of heat release measurements. This instrument, containing a uniform and well-characterized irradiance source, was also seen to be useful for making measurements of radiant ignition on materials. Data have now been collected for a wide range of illustrating the performance of similar materials in other apparatuses. Finally, for a selected material, Douglas fir particle board, a detailed comparison with an ignition model has been made.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation of hydrogen cyanide during methacrylonitrile pyrolysis (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 45-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This short note describes studies of the pyrolysis of methacrylonitrile over a wide range of temperatures under flowing nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. Hydrogen cyanide was not found to be a primary product, but several organic nitriles are formed which decompose at higher temperature (〉 1100 K) to produce hydrogen cyanide almost quantitatively.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of the literature on the gaseous products and toxicity generated from the pyrolysis and combustion of rigid polyurethane foamsThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; fire retardants ; hydrogen cyanide ; literature reviews ; polyurethane foams ; rigid foams ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The literature on rigid polyurethane foam has been reviewed with an emphasis on the gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were the predominant toxicants found among more than a hundred other gaseous products. The generation of CO and HCN was found to increase with increasing combustion products from various rigid polyurethane foams. Lethality, incapacitation, physiological and biochemical parameters were employ as biological end points. In general, the combustion products generated from rigid polyurethane foam in the flaming mode appear from to be more toxic than those produced in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 values for 30-min exposures ranged from 10 to 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and were greater then 34 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. With the exception of one case, in which a reactive type phosphorus containing fire retardant was used, the addition of fire retardants to rigid polyurethane foams does not appear to generate unusual toxic combustion products.
    Additional Material: 33 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary results from an examination of house survival in the 16 February 1983 Bushfires in Australia (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 49-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a survey which was undertaken to ascertain those features of house design and construction which were important to the survival of house in the ‘Ash Wednesday Bushfires’ of 16 February 1983. The Otway Ranges are of Victoria was chosen and 1153 house, with varying degrees of damage, were included in the survey. Results of a preliminary analysis of data collected are given, together with observations made concerning the so-called ‘exploding house’ phenomenon, the role of wind and the part that people played in house survival. Evidence for the ways that houses were ignited (i.e. by radiation, flame contact and wind-blown embers) was also gathered. The importance of these ignition modes is discussed and examples given. Preliminary observations on the rebuilding process are also given.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 53-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110201
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110202
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the equivalent fire exposure (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The equivalent fire exposure (EFE) is visualized as a quantifier of the destructive potential of real-world compartment fires in terms of the time to failure of building elements in standard test fires. Five methods of calculating the EFE are reviewed and compared in the light of some experimental data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Study of solid char residues after thermal degradation of polystyrene, PVC and polyamide - Part II (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Structural residues of the original polymer remain in the char portion of degraded polymer depending on the temperature and duration of the thermal degradation and the temperature. Elementary analysis and infrared spectroscopy have been used for the identification of char residues.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110205
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nylons: A review of the literature on products of combustion and toxicity (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 71-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Combustion products ; literature reviews ; nylon ; pyrolysis, thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The literature on polyamides was reviewed to determine the nature and extent of information available on these materials which are commonly used in consumer and industrial applications. This review was limited to aliphatic polyamides normally called nylon and excludes aromatic polyamides such as Nomex and bicomponent polymers consisting of nylon and other polymers. The review was further limited to those publications in English through June 1984. Typical pyrolysis products from a broad range of nylons do not appear to differ greatly. Many of the decomposition products detected in vacuum pyrolysis experiments appear as products of thermal degradation in inert and air atmospheres. In air, a general reduction in the quantities of heavier hydrocarbons is noted along with an increase in the production of CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, HCN and NOx. The toxicity of the thermal degradation products from various types of nylon has been evaluated by nine different protocols. Reported LC50 values range from 10.8 m l-1 to 61.9 mg l-1. Dyes apparently do not affect the materials' combustion products toxicity but an increase in the amount of backcoating on a nylon fabric increases toxicity. Time to death measurements show that volatile products from nylons are less toxic than those from rayons or cotton, while the blending of wool with nylon greatly increases the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products. In general, however, the overall toxicity of the thermal degradation products from nylon do not appear to be greatly different than those from many other polymeric materials. Large-scale test results are ambiguous, and it is difficult to interpret the results in terms of a single component in a multicomponent system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110204
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110301
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  • 13
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    A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Combustion products ; literature reviews ; polyethylenes ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The literature on polyethylenes has been reviewed with an emphasis on the identification of gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. The analytical chemical studies of the thermal decomposition products generated under vacuum, inert and oxidative experimental conditions are described. In oxidative atmosphere, which most closely simulate real fire conditions, carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be the predominant toxicant. Acrolein was another toxicant often noted in these reviewed studies. More acrolein was generated under non-flaming than under flaming conditions. Results from seven different test procedures were considered in assessing the acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products from various polyethylene formulations. The combustion products generated from the polyethylenes studied in the non-flaming mode appeared to be slightly more toxic than those produced in the flaming mode. In the non-flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 5 to 75 mg l-1. In the flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 31 to 51 mg l-1. The toxicity of the degradation products of polyethylenes appears to be similar to that found for other common materials designed for the same end uses.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110203
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combustion products of polymeric materials versus heat released by polymer combustion in the CAB 650 chamber (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A method has been developed enabling comparison of polymeric Materials on the basis of the heat evolved during combustion. The calculated heat index yields information on the heat capacity of the material compared with cellulose as a standard material.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110207
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Polystyrenes: A review of the literature on the products of thermal decomposition and toxicity (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: combustion products ; fire data ; literature reviews ; polystyrene ; pyrolysis products ; test methods ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The current English literature through 1984 on the products of pyrolysis and combustion from polystyrenes and the toxicity of those products is reviewed. Among 57 compounds detected by chemical analyses of the thermal decomposition products produced under various atmospheric conditions (vacuum, inert and oxidative), the main volatile component is the styrene monomer, Evidence is provided that the mass fraction of styrene increases with furnace temperatures at least through 500°C. At 800°C and above, the concentration of styrene decreases. In oxidative atmospheres, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxidative hydrocarbons are formed. The concentrations of CO and CO2 are a function of temperature and combustion conditions, i.e. greater amounts are produced in the flaming than in the non-flaming mode. Eleven different test procedures were used to evaluate the toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion atmospheres of polystyrenes. The more toxic environments produced under flaming conditions appear to be mainly attributed to CO and CO2 but rather to some other toxicant, probably the styrene monomer. When compared with other common materials used in buildings and residences, polystyrenes, in general, are among the least toxic.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110302
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  • 16
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    The influence of pressure on combustible and toxic properties of materials (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Combustible and toxic properties greatly influence the application of materials in shipbuilding. These materials, especially plastics, create a serious toxic hazard during fire. Under fire conditions they decompose thermally, giving off considerable amounts of smoke and volatile toxic substances which cause a serious hazard to people overcome by fire inside a compartment.1-3Lethal poisoning by the thermal degradation products of plastics has attracted the attention of many investigators to toxic hazards during a fire.1,4 Underwater systems create, in particular, a serious fire hazard. Fire in a decompression chamber spreads in a different way to land fires and usually causes the death of the crew and complete destruction of equipment in the chamber. Theoretically, complete fire protection in a chamber could be achieved by the total elemination of combustible materials and their replacement by incombustible ones. However, from a practical point of view this is impossible. The general principles of materials selection used in underwater systems are defined by Det Norske Veritas.5 Unfortunately, these do not describe the methods of testing materials nor the criteria of materials selection. There is also a lack of information in the literature on toxic hazards under elevated pressures. This problem has been studied in detail with oxygen-enriched atmospheres in aerospace programmes,6 but because those studies are classified there is only fragmentary information in the literature.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110305
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  • 17
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    Toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion products of poly(vinyl chlorides): A literature assessment (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; hydrochloric acid ; large-scale fire tests ; polyvinyl chloride ; pyrolysis products ; small-scale fire tests ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) constitute a major class of synthetic plastics, Many surveys of the voluminous literature have been performed. This report reviews the literature published in English from 1969 through 1984 and endeavors to be more interpretive than comprehensive. PVC compounds, in general, are among the more fire resistant common organic polymers, natural or synthetic. The major products of thermal decomposition include hydrogen chloride, benzene and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water are included among the common combustion products. The main toxic products from PVC fires are hydrogen chloride (a sensory and pulmonary irritant) and carbon monoxide (an asphyxiant). The LC50 value calculated for a series of natural and synthetic materials thermally decomposed according to the NBS toxicity test method ranged from 0.045 to 57 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and from 0.045 to 〉 40 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 results for a PVC resin decomposed under the same conditions were 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and 20 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. These results indicate that PVC decomposition products are not extremely toxic when compared with those from other common building materials. When the combustion toxicity (based on their HCI content) of PVC materials in compared with pure HCI experiments, it appears that much of the post-exposure toxicity can be explained by the HCI that is generated.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110303
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110401
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  • 19
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    A summary of the NBS literature reviews on the chemical nature and toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion products from seven plastics: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), nylons, polyesters, polyethylenes, polystyrenes, poly(vinyl chlorides) and rigid polyurethane foams (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: ABS ; plastics ; chemistry ; combustion products ; literature reviews ; nylon ; polyester ; polyethylene ; polystyrene ; polyvinyl chloride ; pyrolysis products ; polyurethane foams ; rigid foams ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A series of literature reviews was undertaken by the National Bureau of Standards to examine the toxicity and chemistry of the effluents produced when seven plastics were decomposed under various thermal and atmospheric condition. These plastics are: acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, nylons, polyesters, polyethylenes, polystyrenes, poly(vinyl chlorides) and rigid polyurethane foams. The English-language literature on each of these was reviewed and published as a separate report of the National Bureau of Standards. Over 400 different thermal decomposition products, many common to more than one plastic, were identified. The toxicity of most of these individual products is products, many common to more than one plastic, were identified. The toxicity of most of these individual products is unknown and an assessment of the toxicity of the multitude of possible combinations is not feasible at this time. Therefore a variety of bioassay toxicity protocols have been used to assess the toxicity of the gaseous atmospheres generated by the thermal decomposition of these plastics. In general, these seven plastics did not produce unusually or extremely toxic pyrolysis or combustion products when compared with those of other synthetic or natural materials. In a few cases involving additives, toxic products of concern were produced.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110304
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  • 20
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    Flammability of plastics I: Ignition temperatures (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Piloted ignition of six common thermoplastics has been studied by exposing horizontal samples (65 times; 65 times; 6 mm thick) to irradiance levels in the range 10-40 kw m-2. Fine thermocouples were attached to the exposed face and allowed the surface temperature to be monitored continuously. Times to sustained ignition from a small pilot flame and the corresponding surface temperature were recorded. Within experimental error, ignition temperatures showed no systematic dependence on surface area when this was reduced to ca 20 mm square. Times to ignition were dependent not only on radiant intensity but also on the spectral characteristics of the source.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110402
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  • 21
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    Prediction model of CO, CO2 and O2 concentrations in compartment fires using wood fuel (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A simple model for predicting as concentrations, temperature and heat release rate in a room fire was developed. The CO, CO2 yield rates and O2 yield rates and O2 depletion rate were calculated using this model for wood fuel. The calculated values were compared with the experimental ones and a fairly good accuracy was obtained. As this model can apply to any kind of fuel by replacing the assumption for the fuel pyrolysis, it may be useful for evaluating toxic hazards in a room fire.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110403
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  • 22
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    Evaluation of quarter-scale compartment fire modeling for constant and stepped heat inputs (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: compartment fires ; fire growth ; flashover ; full-scale tests ; interior finish ; physical models ; room fires ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Quarter-scale tests of ten full-scale room fire tests were conducted by using an existing scaling technique developed at the National Bureau of Standards. Test results confirmed earlier studies which showed that, under constant fire exposure conditions, quarter-scale room testing ranked interior finish materials in the same order as did full-scale tests based on their times to achieve room flashover. In general, quarter-scale tests were less severe and took longer to reach peak room fire buildup because of a lower convective and radiative heat transfer in the quarter-scale room. These tests also generated more CO per unit mass of material and experienced lower combustion efficiencies than did their corresponding full-scale tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110404
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  • 23
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    Oxygen consumption measurements in the cone calorimeter. A direct comparison between a paramagnetic cell and a high-temperature cell (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 201-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110407
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire-resistant coatings for roof/ceiling deck timbers (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Laboratory tests demonstrated that the intumescence resulting from application of some proprietary flame-retardant paint and coating systems to timber planks could reduce char formation in the planks by as much as 70% during the first 30 min of exposure to ASTM E-19 fire conditions. Applications of these coating systems to the exposed surfaces of planks used in construction of heavy timber building assemblies should increase the fire resistance of these components by at least 30 min. This would represent a significant increase in the fire resistance of heavy timber roof systems and could extend the use of this type of construction system to many of the non-residential buildings for which building code authorities presently require fire resistance ratings greater than 1 h.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110405
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ISO ignitability test and proposed criteria (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Having characterized the current classification of building materials in Scandinavia the use of the International Standards Organization ignitability test for classifying coverings, linings and materials is discussed. Further evidence for the assumption of a linear function for 1/tig (where tig is the time for sustained surface ignition) versus irradiance was gained for a number of materials, mainly wood-based. This has been utilized in forecasting the ignitability behaviour in the new test by correlation of classes. Through definition of two borderline segments a simple table giving proposed criteria for tig is obtained.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110406
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Letter to the Editor (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 205-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110408
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 206-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110409
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