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  • Chemistry  (7,254)
  • General Chemistry  (879)
  • Chemical Engineering  (658)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (457)
  • 1985-1989  (7,254)
  • 1985  (7,254)
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  • 1985-1989  (7,254)
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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-05-03
    Description: In the recent literature on nucleoside phosphorothioate anions the structural formulas show a double bond between phosphorus and sulfur and a single bond between phosphorus and oxygen with a negative charge localized on oxygen. However, a review of physical data on these compounds shows the reverse to be the case; that is, in phosphorothioate anions the P-S bond is a single bond with a negative charge localized on sulfur, while the P-O bond order for exocyclic and nonbridging oxygens is greater than 1, approaching 2 in O-alkyl phosphorothioate monoanions and O,O-dialkyl phosphorothioates. The P-O bond orders in phosphorothioate dianions and trianions approach 1 1/2 and 1 1/3, respectively, owing to delocalization of negative charge among two or three oxygens. These conclusions are based on bond lengths obtained from x-ray crystallographic data and electron diffraction, the magnitudes of the effects of 18O on the 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of phosphorus in nucleoside [18O]phosphorothioates, the pH-dependence of 17O-NMR chemical shifts in [17O]phosphate and [17O]thiophosphate, the vibrational spectra of thiophosphate di- and trianions, and the pKa (dissociation constant) values for phosphoric and thiophosphoric acids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frey, P A -- Sammons, R D -- GM30480/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 3;228(4699):541-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2984773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphoric Acids/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Thionucleotides/metabolism
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1985-06-28
    Description: The search for new congeners of the leading anticancer drug doxorubicin has led to an analog that is approximately 1000 times more potent, noncardiotoxic at therapeutic dose levels, and non-cross-resistant with doxorubicin. The new anthracycline, 3'-deamino-3'-(3-cyano-4-morpholinyl)doxorubicin (MRA-CN), is produced by incorporation of the 3' amino group of doxorubicin in a new cyanomorpholinyl ring. The marked increase in potency was observed against human ovarian and breast carcinomas in vitro; it was not accompanied by an increase in cardiotoxicity in fetal mouse heart cultures. Doxorubicin and MRA-CN both produced typical cardiac ultrastructural and biochemical changes, but at equimolar concentrations. In addition, MRA-CN was not cross-resistant with doxorubicin in a variant of the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA selected for resistance to doxorubicin. Thus antitumor efficacy was dissociated from both cardiotoxicity and cross-resistance by this modification of anthracycline structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikic, B I -- Ehsan, M N -- Harker, W G -- Friend, N F -- Brown, B W -- Newman, R A -- Hacker, M P -- Acton, E M -- CA 24543/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 32250/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 33303/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jun 28;228(4707):1544-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4012308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antineoplastic Agents ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Cell Line ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Doxorubicin/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Female ; Heart/drug effects ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis ; Mice ; Myocardium/enzymology ; Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Pregnancy
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1985-10-11
    Description: A new, competitive, nonpeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist, asperlicin, was isolated from the fungus Aspergillus alliaceus. The compound has 300 to 400 times the affinity for pancreatic, ileal, and gallbladder CCK receptors than proglumide, a standard agent of this class. Moreover, asperlicin is highly selective for peripheral CCK receptors relative to brain CCK and gastrin receptors. Since asperlicin also exhibits long-lasting CCK antagonist activity in vivo, it should provide a valuable tool for investigating the physiological and pharmacological actions of CCK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, R S -- Lotti, V J -- Monaghan, R L -- Birnbaum, J -- Stapley, E O -- Goetz, M A -- Albers-Schonberg, G -- Patchett, A A -- Liesch, J M -- Hensens, O D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Oct 11;230(4722):177-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2994227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspergillus/*metabolism ; Benzodiazepinones/*isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cholecystokinin/*antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology/physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gallbladder/drug effects ; Guinea Pigs ; Ileum/drug effects ; Pancreas/drug effects ; Rats ; Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects ; Receptors, Cholecystokinin
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-09-27
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of poliovirus has been determined at 2.9 A resolution by x-ray crystallographic methods. Each of the three major capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) contains a "core" consisting of an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel with two flanking helices. The arrangement of beta strands and helices is structurally similar and topologically identical to the folding pattern of the capsid proteins of several icosahedral plant viruses. In each of the major capsid proteins, the "connecting loops" and NH2- and COOH-terminal extensions are structurally dissimilar. The packing of the subunit "cores" to form the virion shell is reminiscent of the packing in the T = 3 plant viruses, but is significantly different in detail. Differences in the orientations of the subunits cause dissimilar contacts at protein-protein interfaces, and are also responsible for two major surface features of the poliovirion: prominent peaks at the fivefold and threefold axes of the particle. The positions and interactions of the NH2- and COOH-terminal strands of the capsid proteins have important implications for virion assembly. Several of the "connecting loops" and COOH-terminal strands form prominent radial projections which are the antigenic sites of the virion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hogle, J M -- Chow, M -- Filman, D J -- AI-20566/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-22346/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- NS-07078/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI020566/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Sep 27;229(4720):1358-65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2994218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Capsid/physiology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; HeLa Cells/microbiology ; Mutation ; Poliovirus/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Protein Conformation ; Virus Replication ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-05-31
    Description: The herb Artemisia annua has been used for many centuries in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for fever and malaria. In 1971, Chinese chemists isolated from the leafy portions of the plant the substance responsible for its reputed medicinal action. This compound, called qinghaosu (QHS, artemisinin), is a sesquiterpene lactone that bears a peroxide grouping and, unlike most other antimalarials, lacks a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring system. The compound has been used successfully in several thousand malaria patients in China, including those with both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Derivatives of QHS, such as dihydroqinghaosu, artemether, and the water-soluble sodium artesunate, appear to be more potent than QHS itself. Sodium artesunate acts rapidly in restoring to consciousness comatose patients with cerebral malaria. Thus QHS and its derivatives offer promise as a totally new class of antimalarials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klayman, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 31;228(4703):1049-55.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3887571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antimalarials ; *Artemisinins ; Brain Diseases/therapy ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Humans ; Liver/metabolism ; Malaria/*drug therapy ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Plants, Medicinal/analysis ; Plasmodium berghei ; Plasmodium falciparum ; *Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification/metabolism/therapeutic use/toxicity
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-02-22
    Description: Organic chemistry as a discipline derives from and impacts on the biological and abiological world in which we live. Its challenges lie in the areas of structure, reactivity, techniques, and concepts. Powerful structural tools reveal structures from biology that range from control of insect development and behavior to whole new metabolic pathways in humans. Unnatural products create beautiful new molecular shapes whose properties cannot be predicted as well as catalysts that function with enzyme-like control. From structure flows reactivity. Exploration of known reactions points to new directions, and development of new reactions offers the opportunity of streamlined synthetic design. Emerging new techniques offer new dimensions for performing and studying reactions as well as the hope for developing new ones. Merging disparate facts into unified concepts increases predictive capabilities. The extraordinary difficulty of finding the resultant of many small effects may obscure the presence of general theories, creates the art in the practice of the science, and challenges the practitioner. From these general themes derives the quest for selectivity--chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-. An examination of the fundamental underpinnings of the applications of organic chemistry reveals that, while impressive strides have been made, the science is best described as being between infancy and childhood. The cross-fertilization between organic chemistry and molecular biology vividly illustrates a merging of chemistry and biology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trost, B M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Feb 22;227(4689):908-16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3969569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Chemistry, Organic ; Enzymes ; Humans ; Insects ; Mammals ; Organic Chemistry Phenomena ; Research ; Stereoisomerism
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1985-01-25
    Description: Ancient Mexican botanical literature was systematically searched for new plant sources of intensely sweet substances. Lippia dulcis Trev., a sweet plant, emerged as a candidate for fractionation studies, and hernandulcin, a sesquiterpene, was isolated and judged by a human taste panel as more than 1000 times sweeter than sucrose. The structure of the sesquiterpene was determined spectroscopically and confirmed by chemical synthesis. Hernandulcin was nontoxic when administered orally to mice, and it did not induce bacterial mutation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Compadre, C M -- Pezzuto, J M -- Kinghorn, A D -- Kamath, S K -- N01-DE-02425/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jan 25;227(4685):417-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3880922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bibliography as Topic ; Botany/history ; Chemistry ; History, 16th Century ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mexico ; Mice ; Molecular Conformation ; Mutagenicity Tests ; *Plants/analysis ; *Sesquiterpenes/chemical synthesis/isolation & purification/toxicity ; *Sweetening Agents/chemical synthesis/history/isolation & purification/toxicity
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-04-26
    Description: The planning of alternative routes for the synthesis of complex organic molecules has been facilitated by the formulation of guiding strategies that can be applied to a broad range of problems. Analysis of organic synthesis can be carried out in the retrosynthetic direction, opposite to the actual process of chemical synthesis, or bidirectionally, that is, as a combined retrosynthetic and synthetic search. An interactive computer program is described which utilizes the general strategies of retrosynthetic analysis and an appropriate database to generate pathways of chemical intermediates for chemical synthesis of a particular target structure. Computer graphics and standard chemical structures are used for man-machine communication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corey, E J -- Long, A K -- Rubenstein, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Apr 26;228(4698):408-18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3838594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic/*methods ; *Computers ; Forecasting ; Software
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1985-03-15
    Description: A theoretical methodology for use in conjunction with experiment was applied to the neurohypophyseal hormone lysine vasopressin for elucidation of its accessible molecular conformations and associated flexibility, conformational transitions, and dynamics. Molecular dynamics and energy minimization techniques make possible a description of the conformational properties of a peptide in terms of the precise positions of atoms, their fluctuations in time, and the interatomic forces acting on them. Analysis of the dynamic trajectory of lysine vasopressin shows the ability of a flexible peptide hormone to undergo spontaneous conformational transitions. The excursions of an individual phenylalanine residue exemplify the dynamic flexibility and multiple conformational states available to small peptide hormones and their component residues, even within constraints imposed by a cyclic hexapeptide ring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagler, A T -- Osguthorpe, D J -- Dauber-Osguthorpe, P -- Hempel, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 15;227(4692):1309-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3975616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Energy Metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lypressin/*metabolism ; Phenylalanine/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-03-08
    Description: Methanogenic and acetogenic bacteria metabolize carbon monoxide, methanol, formate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases and, in the case of certain methanogens, acetate, by single-carbon (C1) biochemical mechanisms. Many of these reactions occur while the C1 compounds are linked to pteridine derivatives and tetrapyrrole coenzymes, including corrinoids, which are used to generate, reduce, or carbonylate methyl groups. Several metalloenzymes, including a nickel-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, are used in both catabolic and anabolic oxidoreductase reactions. We propose biochemical models for coupling carbon and electron flow to energy conservation during growth on C1 compounds based on the carbon flow pathways inherent to acetogenic and methanogenic metabolism. Biological catalysts are therefore available which are comparable to those currently in use in the Monsanto process. The potentials and limitations of developing biotechnology based on these organisms or their enzymes and coenzymes are discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeikus, J G -- Kerby, R -- Krzycki, J A -- 144-T263/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 8;227(4691):1167-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3919443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/*metabolism ; Acetobacter/metabolism ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Monoxide/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Clostridium/metabolism ; Eubacterium/metabolism ; Euryarchaeota/*metabolism ; Formates/metabolism ; Methane/metabolism ; Methanol/metabolism
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1985-03-22
    Description: Glutathione reductase from trypanosomes and leishmanias, unlike glutathione reductase from other organisms, requires an unusual low molecular weight cofactor for activity. The cofactor was purified from the insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata and identified as a novel glutathione-spermidine conjugate, N1,N8-bis(L-gamma-glutamyl-L-hemicystinyl-glycyl)spermidine, for which the trivial name trypanothione is proposed. This discovery may open a new chemotherapeutic approach to trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fairlamb, A H -- Blackburn, P -- Ulrich, P -- Chait, B T -- Cerami, A -- 1 R01 A127429/PHS HHS/ -- 1 R01 AI19428/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 22;227(4693):1485-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3883489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coenzymes/analysis/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Crithidia/*enzymology ; Glutathione/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/*metabolism ; Leishmania/*enzymology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Spermidine/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Terminology as Topic ; Trypanosoma/*enzymology ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/enzymology ; Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-02-22
    Description: Coenzyme B12 serves as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions in which a hydrogen atom is interchanged with a substituent on an adjacent carbon atom. Measurement of the dissociation energy of the coenzyme's cobalt-carbon bond and studies of the rearrangement of model free radicals related to those derived from methylmalonyl-coenzyme A suggest that these enzymatic reactions occur through homolytic dissociation of the coenzyme's cobalt-carbon bond, abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the substrate by the coenzyme-derived 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, and rearrangement of the resulting substrate radical. The only role thus far identified for coenzyme B12 in these reactions--namely, that of a free radical precursor--reflects the weakness, and facile dissociation, of the cobalt-carbon bond.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Feb 22;227(4689):869-75.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2857503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cobalt/metabolism ; Cobamides/*metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Free Radicals ; Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 1985-08-09
    Description: Hemocyanins are large multi-subunit copper proteins that transport oxygen in many arthropods and molluscs. Comparison of the amino acid sequence data for seven different subunits of arthropod hemocyanins from crustaceans and chelicerates shows many highly conserved residues and extensive regions of near identity. This correspondence can be matched closely with the three domain structure established by x-ray crystallography for spiny lobster hemocyanin. The degree of identity is particularly striking in the second domain of the subunit that contains the six histidines which ligate the two oxygen-binding copper atoms. The polypeptide architecture of spiny lobster hemocyanin appears to be the same in all arthropods. This structure must therefore be at least as old as the estimated time of divergence of crustaceans and chelicerates, about 540 to 600 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Linzen, B -- Soeter, N M -- Riggs, A F -- Schneider, H J -- Schartau, W -- Moore, M D -- Yokota, E -- Behrens, P Q -- Nakashima, H -- Takagi, T -- GM 21314/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 28410/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Aug 9;229(4713):519-24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4023698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arachnida/genetics ; *Arthropods/genetics ; Binding Sites ; Biological Evolution ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Copper ; Crustacea/genetics ; *Hemocyanin/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Species Specificity
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-02-22
    Description: A strategy for the synthesis of chiral molecules that receives growing popularity among organic chemists employs the photochemically mediated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. These reactions can be performed on a multigram scale and often proceed with high yield and with stereocontrol. These features, in combination with the useful properties of the four-membered ring photoproducts in subsequent chemical transformations, make them attractive options in the early stage of a synthesis design. Various combinations of unsaturated functional groups can participate in this reaction process. Accordingly, these chemical reactions can be economical solutions to problems relating to the synthesis of a variety of target molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schreiber, S L -- GM-32527/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Feb 22;227(4689):857-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4038558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis ; Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cockroaches ; Female ; Furans/chemical synthesis ; Lactones/chemical synthesis ; Male ; Mycotoxins/chemical synthesis ; *Photochemistry ; Pyrones/chemical synthesis ; Sex Attractants/chemical synthesis/isolation & purification ; Stereoisomerism
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 1985-04-12
    Description: Computerized pattern recognition techniques can be applied to the study of complex chemical communication systems. Analysis of high resolution gas chromatographic concentration patterns of the major volatile components of the scent marks of a South American primate, Saguinus fuscicollis, demonstrates that the concentration patterns can be used to predict the gender and subspecies of unknown donors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, A B 3rd -- Belcher, A M -- Epple, G -- Jurs, P C -- Lavine, B -- 5 T32 NSO7176-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Apr 12;228(4696):175-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3975636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromatography, Gas ; *Computers ; Female ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Automated ; Pheromones/*physiology ; Saguinus/physiology ; Scent Glands/physiology ; Sex Attractants/*physiology ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermometric Investigations for the Determination of the Effective Threshold ΔKthIn metallic materials crack propagation starts with local plastic deformation above the effective threshold for fatigue. Elastic deformation and beginning plastic deformation at a crack tip can be determined thermometrically due to the thermoelastic effect and dissipation of energy. Thus crack opening loads can be defined, and the effective threshold for fatigue may be determined as a constant of material.
    Notes: In metallischen Werkstoffen erfolgt die Ausbreitung eines Ermüdungsrisses mit örtlicher plastischer Verformung oberhalb des effektiven Schwellenwertes der zyklischen Spannungsintensität. Elastische Verformung sowie der Beginn plastischer Verformung an der Spitze eines Risses können unter Ausnutzung des thermoelastischen Effekts sowie der Dissipation der Verformungsarbeit thermometrisch erfaßt werden. Es gelingt auf diese Weise, die Rißöffnungslast und damit den effektiven Schwellenwert der zyklischen Spannungsintensität als Werkstoffkonstante zu bestimmen.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Fatigue Strength of Thick-Walled Cylinders and Tubes under Pulsating PressureThe results of many investigations into the fatigue strength of thick walled cylinders and tubes have been published. The present study sets out to check if ASME CODE Sect. VIII, Div. 2 and AD-Merkblatt S2 correspond to these fatigue test results and what alterations may still be needed.In the course of the systematic collection of experimental data, almost 60 publications were found, in which approximately 960 individual test results are described.The comparison shows, that the calculation according to AD-Merkblatt S2 corresponds very well to the test results, a minor modification may increase the accuracy.The calculation according to ASME CODE is less exact.
    Notes: Es sind bereits viele Ergebnisse von Druckpulsationsversuchen an dickwandigen Zylindern veröffentlicht worden, es fehlte jedoch ein Vergleich der Versuchsergebnisse mit den gültigen Berechnungsvorschriften.Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, daß die Berechnung nach AD-Merkblatt S2 verhältnismäßig gut mit den Versuchsergebnissen übereinstimmt. Durch eine geringfügige Änderung könnte die Genauigkeit noch wesentlich erhöht werden.Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Berechnung nach ASME CODE Sekt. VIII, Div. 2 nicht so genau.
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  • 18
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influences of Static and Dynamic Load on the Adhesive Strength of Thermally Sprayed Metal Coatings on SteelsIt were the aims of this work to produce metal-sprayed specimens and workpieces with high resistance to static and dynamic load, to prove these properties by appropriate measurements and to give advices for practical application.For this purpose, two different substrate materials were metal-coated with five materials by use of three spraying techniques. As a result of the investigations, it can be summarized that specimens, which were shot-peened prior to spray-coating reached the same fatigue limit as only shot-peened specimens, independent on the spraying technique applied.
    Notes: Die Ziele der Arbeit bestanden in der Herstellung von metallgespritzten Proben und Bauteilen mit möglichst hoher statischer und dynamischer Beanspruchbarkeit, im Nachweis dieser Eigenschaften durch entsprechende Messungen und in Empfehlungen für den praktischen Einsatz. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zwei Grundwerkstoffe mit fünf Spritzwerkstoffen nach drei Spritzverfahren beschichtet und anschließend untersucht. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, daß kugelgestrahlte und anschließend metallgespritzte Proben unabhängig von Spritzwerkstoff und -verfahren Dauerfestigkeiten erreichen, die denen des jeweiligen kugelgestrahlten ungespritzten Grundwerkstoffs nahekommen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A10 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A2 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 22
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Internal Stresses on the Stressing of Material in Components Subjected to Rolling-Contact LoadsThe stressing of a material in concentrated contacts can be calculated using f. e. the equivalent stress hypothesis by Huber, von Mises, Hencky (distortion energy hypothesis). The stress level can be directly related to the local yield properties of the material. For the calculation of the equivalent stress the influence of friction and internal stresses in the material have to be taken into account. The local stress level in the half space strongly depends on friction and internal stresses. It will be demonstrated, that it is necessary to have a look at a greater part of the full half space to find the maximum stress level.
    Notes: Die Beanspruchung eines Werkstoffes in Hertz'schen Kontakten läßt sich z. B. mit der Gestaltänderungsenergie-Hypothese (Huber, von Mises, Hencky) als Vergleichsspannung berechnen. Diese Vergleichsspannung kann dann zu den lokalen Fließeigenschaften des Werkstoffes direkt in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Bei der Berechnung der Werkstoffanstrengung muß jedoch der Einfluß der Reibung und der Eigenspannungen im Werkstoff berücksichtigt werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß es unbedingt erforderlich ist, einen größeren Bereich des Halbraumes unter dem Kontakt zu betrachten, um das Maximum der Werkstoffanstrengung zu erfassen.
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  • 23
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Study of the Corrosion on Models of the Alloy Steels for Plastic Processing MachinesThe corrosion on the alloy steels 9 S 20 K and 165 X CrMoV 12 during processing of glassfiber reinforced and non-reinforced plastic melts of styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer, polypropylene, styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer, polypropylene, styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene-copolymer and polycarbonate were tested. The volatile compounds evolved during injection molding were condensed and analysed by means of gas-chromatography (GC), gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS) and nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR). They mainly consisted of hydrocarbons and monomers form the degraded plastics. Because of the absence of water, electrochemical corrosion need not be considered. A mechanism on the basis of chemical reactions between the polymer melt and the steel surface was considered to cause corrosion. By means of scanning electron microscopy differences in the surfaces of the steels corroded with different polymer melts could be observed. Analysis of the surfaces by secundary-ion-mass-spectroscopy (SIMS) resulted in changes being specific for the polymers. On all the corroded steel surfaces high spectral carbon intensities were detected compared with non corroded ones, as well as higher intensities for the steel compounds like chromium, manganese and vanadium. Chemical reactions of these compounds with the polymer melt were considered to cause changes in the lattices of the steel resulting in a change of the properties.
    Notes: Der Verschleiß an den Modellwerkzeugstählen 9 S 20 K und 165 X CrMoV 12 bei der Thermoplastverarbeitung wurde mit den Schmelzen von glasfaserverstärkten und unverstärkten Styrol-Acryl-nitril-Copolymeren (SAN), Polypropylen, Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol-Pfropfpolymeren (ABS) und Polycarbonat untersucht. Die beim Spritzgißen freigesetzten flüchtigen Substanzen wurden isoliert und mit Gaschromatographie (GC), Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS) und Kernresonanzspektroskopie (NMR) charkterisiert; es handelt sich vorwiegend um Kohlenwasserstoffe und Monomere der Kunststoffrohstoffe. Aufgrund der nachweislichen Abwesenheit von Wasser kommt eine elektrochemische Korrosion nicht in Betracht, weshalb chemische Reaktionen vorwiegend zwischen Kunststoffschmelze und Stahloberfläche als Korrosionsursache angesehen werden müssen. Mit Hilfe von rasterelektronenmikroskopischen (REM) Untersuchungen wurden Unterschiede zwischen den mit verschiedenen Schmelzen korrodierten Stählen festgestellt. Untersuchungen der Metalloberflächen mit Sekundärionenmassenspektrometrie (SIMS) ergaben kunststoffspezifische Veränderungen. Auf allen korrodierten Stahloberflächen traten im Vergleich zu den unkorrodierten sowohl hohe spektrale Kohlenstoffintensitäten als auch verstärkte Signale von Verbindungen der Stahlbestandteile Chrom, Mangan und Vanadium auf. Die Reaktion dieser Bestandteile mit der Kunststoffschmelze kann als Ursache für Gitteränderungen im Stahl und die damit verbundenen Eigenschaftsänderungen betrachtet werden.
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  • 25
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 70-73 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Numeric Evaluation of Tensile Tests of Brass CuZn 40 by Fitted CurvesTwo measured stress strain curves of brass CuZn 40 are approximated by fitted curves and with these dates are calculated: Young's modules, tangent modules, work capacity and proof stresses. The accordance is jugded by standard deviation. The Langevin-Function is the most favourable.
    Notes: Es werden gemessene Spannung-Dehnung-Kurven von Messing CuZn 40 durch zwei Ausgleichsfunktionen angenähert und daraus dann E- und Tangenten-Modul, Arbeitsvermögen und Dehngrenzen errechnet. Die Übereinstimmung wird mit der Standardabweichung beurteilt. Am besten eignet sich die Langevin-Funktion.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 74-74 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 27
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A20 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 28
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A17 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 29
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperaturwechselverhalten hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe - Kenndaten, Gefügeeinfluß, Verbesserung - Teil IIITeil III: Verbesserung des Temperaturwechselverhaltens hochfester ingenieurkeramischer WerkstoffeIn den Teilen I und II dieser Arbeit wurden folgende Schwerpunkte behandelt: Grundlegende Kriterien zur Verbesserung des Thermoschockverhaltens ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe; Kenndaten des Temperaturwechselverhaltens hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe (Thermoschock und zyklische thermische Beanspruchung); und der Einfluß des Gefüges auf das Thermoschockverhalten, wobei dieser Punkt den Einfluß verschiedener Gefügeparameter auf die mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften, die das Thermoschockverhalten im wesentlichen bestimmen, einschließt. Im Teil III dieser Arbeit werden die Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung des Thermoschockverhaltens durch Gefügeoptimierung diskutiert. Die einzelnen Verfahrensschritte der Eigenschaftsverbesserung werden aufgezeigt. Weiterhin wird die Verbesserung des Thermoschockverhaltens durch die Entwicklung von Verbundwerkstoffen dargestellt. Diese Entwicklungsarbeiten basieren auf Überlegungen, wie man einige für das Thermoschockverhalten wichtige Eigenschaften durch Entwicklung neuer Werkstoffe verbessern kann. Hier werden Ergebnisse früherer Arbeiten und neuerer Entwicklungen zusammengefaßt.
    Notes: The main objectives of parts I and II of this paper were: basic criteria for the improvement of thermal shock resistance of engineering ceramics; data about the thermal stress resistance of high-strength engineering ceramics (thermal shock and thermal cycling); and the influence of microstructure on thermal shock resistance to fracture initiation, including the influence of various microstructural variables on the mechanical and thermal properties which mainly control the thermal shock resistance to fracture initiation. In part III of this paper the possibility to improve the thermal shock resistance to fracture initiation by microstructural optimization is demonstrated. This includes a description of the different steps of the improving procedure. Moreover, the improvement of thermal stress resistance by developing advanced composite materials based on theoretical considerations of improving some important properties by microstructural design is outlined. Here the results of previous investigations and of recent developments are summarized.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bond Strength Determination of Metal-to-Ceramic Joints by a Bend Test Method-Part 1The bond strength of metal-to-ceramic joints can be described by fracture mechanics parameters. Sandwich-like layered bend test specimens are notched at a metal-ceramic interface which is located in the middle of the test bar and perpendicular to its length dimensions. During bend testing of the joints generally a linear relationship between load and deflection is observed. From the fracture load, the geometry of the specimens, and by means of so-called correction functions the fracture energy and the fracture resistance of the interface are determined. The correction functions depend on the notch depth, the thicknesses of layers, the distance between notch and interface, and the elastic properties of the bonded materials, and can be calculated by use of the finite element method. Correction functions of material joints are compared with the correction functions for homogeneous isotropic materials and bimaterials. An approximation method for the determination of correction functions is presented. Examples of bond strength measurements demonstrate the necessity of correction functions.
    Notes: Die Haftfestigkeit von Keramik-Metall-Verbindungen läßt sich mit Hilfe von bruchmechanischen Kenngrößen beschreiben. Zu ihrer Bestimmung bieten sich Schichtverbundbiegeproben mit einem Kerb im Materialübergangsbereich an, deren quasi-sprödes Bruchverhalten die Anwendung der linear-elastischen bruchmechanischen Prüftechnik ermöglicht. Die Auswertung des Biegeversuchs liefert als Haftfestigkeitsmaß Werte der kritischen Energiefreisetzungsrate und des kritischen Spannungsintensitätsfaktors, die Grenzflächenbruchenergie GC und Grenzflächenbruchwiderstand KC genannt werden. Die zur Ermittlung der Haftfestigkeitsparameter erforderlichen Korrekturfunktionen hängen von geometrischen Faktoren wie der Kerbtiefe, der Schichtdicke und dem Abstand des Kerbs zur Grenzfläche ab und werden von den elastischen Eigenschaften der am Verbund beteiligten Werkstoffen bestimmt. Die Abhängigkeit der Korrekturfunktionen wird allgemein dargestellt. Für einige Materialkombinationen wird sie durch Nachgiebigkeitsmessungen und Berechnungen mit Hilfe der Methode der finiten Elemente explizit bestimmt. Es wird ferner eine Näherungsmethode zur Ermittlung der Korrekturfunktion für beliebige Materialpaarungen vorgestellt. Haftfestigkeitsmessungen an Glas-Epoxid-Modell-Verbindungen und festkörperverschweißten Keramik-Metall-Verbindungen bestätigen die Notwendigkeit der Korrekturfunktionen zur Bestimmung der Grenzflächenbruchenergie und des Grenzflächenbruchwiderstandes.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A30 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A37 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 116-121 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper, author's results of several years of research work on the mechanical properties of directionally solidified (In-Situ) composites are reviewed. Alloy systems investigated were the fibrous Al-Ni, Fe-MnS and the cobalt base superalloy Co-Cr-C and the lamellar Al-Cu and Co-W. The mechanical behavior of the above systems were studied under both static and dynamic loadings. Static loading involved tension, compression and 3-point bending and the dynamic loading involved rotating bending fatigue, fatigue crack propagation and strain controlled fatigue.It was found that the tensile fracture stress and toughness and the ultimate compressive stress were generally enhanced by increasing growth rate and/or temperature gradient. However, at very high growth rates, the properties were found to decrease due to misalignment of the structure. Models were suggested to describe the static behavior of the composites investigated. Good agreement was found between the model predictions and the experimented results which indicate that the static properties are structural sensitive. On the contrary, the fatigue life of the Al-Al3 Ni was insensitive to structural changes caused by varying the growth rate. The fatigue crack propagation response of the Co-Cr-C composites was found to follow the Paris Erdogan relation. Examination of the fracture surface confirmed a brittle mode of fracture with fiber cleavage and matrix shearing to link up fiber breaks.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of Surface Cold Working on Fatigue Strength and Cyclic Stress-Strain Behaviour of Normalized Plain Carbon Steels Ck 15 and Ck 45 under Compression-Tension and Rotating Bending LoadInvestigations on deep rolled specimens of normalized plain carbon steels showed that surface could working can improve the fatigue strength by about 15% in rotating bending tests and by about 5% in cyclic compression-tension tests. The better endurance properties are mainly caused by a reduced amplitude of plastic strain.From microscopical examinations of Ck 15 surfaces was deduced that crack initiation in deep rolled specimens resembles by far with that in specimens not surface treated.During fatigue tests the dislocation structure produced by deep rolling approached that developing in samples without cold worked surface.
    Notes: Wechselverformungsmessungen ergaben, daß die Schwingfestigkeitszunahme (etwa 15% bei Umlaufbiege- und etwa 5% bei Zug-Druck-Beanspruchung) festgewalzter Proben primär auf eine reduzierte plastische Dehnung gegenüber nichtverfestigten Proben zurückgeführt werden kann.Mikroskopische Untersuchungen an Ck 15 zeigten, daß die Rißbildung auch bei festgewalzten Proben von der Oberfläche ausgeht und sich nicht prinzipiell von der unverfestigter Proben unterscheidet.Die beim Kaltverfestigen erzeugten Versetzungsstrukturen oberflächennaher Bereiche werden durch das Auftreten plastischer Dehnungen umgelagert und nähern sich während der Wechselbeanspruchung somit den Strukturen nicht festgewalzter Proben.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Avoidance of Chloride Induced Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steels by InhibitorsThe possibility to avoide chloride induced transgranular SCC of stainless steels with higher contents of chromium and nickel with the aid of organic inhibitors is shown. This method is successful as well in boiling aqueous solutions with high chloride concentration (open system) as in closed systems (higher temperature and pressure) with low chloride contents.
    Notes: Obwohl die Möglichkeit zur Hemmung von Korrosionsvorgängen durch Inhibitoren schon seit langem bekannt ist, wurden bisher kaum Versuche unternommen, die chloridinduzierte Spannungsrißkorrosion von höherlegierten Chrom-Nickel-Stählen durch Anwendung dieser Kenntnisse zu verhindern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ergebnisse aus Untersuchungen mit Tensiden und handelsüblichen Inhibitoren vorgestellt, die erkennen lassen, daß sowohl in höher chloridhaltigen siedenden wäßrigen Lösungen (offenes System) als auch in geschlossenen Systemen mit geringem Chloridgehalt bei höheren Temperaturen und Drücken eine deutliche Standzeitverlängerung erreichbar ist.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Disc-Pressure-Testing of Hydrogen EmbrittlementAn apparatus for disc-pressure-tests is presented. The bursting pressure with helium and with hydrogen is measured versus the rate of pressure increase. Under hydrogen most metals show a distinct minimum of bursting pressure. Some explanations for this minimum are proposed. The maximum ratio of bursting pressures x = (PHe/HH2)max is taken as an indicator for hydrogen embrittlement.Steel similar to SAE 4137 (34 CrMo 4) is tested in several states (tempered, normalized, cold-rolled), as well as austenitic steel, various other metals (V, Nb, Ta, Mo) and some amorphous metals. The disc-pressure-test is shown to be easy and useful for determining hydrogen embrittlement. Even austenitic steel exhibits some embrittlement (x = 1.5). The strongest embrittlement occurred in amorphous metal Vitrovac 0040 with x = 9.8.
    Notes: Eine Anlage für Beulversuche wird vorgestellt. Es werden an scheibenförmigen Proben die Berstdrücke unter Helium und unter Wasserstoff ermittelt. Der jeweilige Berstdruck wird als Funktion der Druckanstiegsgeschwindigkeit dargestellt. Dabei erhält man für die meisten Metalle ein deutliches Berstdruckminimum unter Wasserstoff. Seine Entstehung wird diskutiert. Als Maß für die Wasserstoffempfindlichkeit wird das Berstdruckverhältnis x = (PHe/PH2)max angegeben.Untersucht wurde der Werkstoff 34 CrMo 4 im vergüteten sowie normalisierten und kaltverformten Zustand, ferner austenitischer Stahl, NE-Metalle (V, Nb, Ta, Mo) und amorphe Metalle. Die Messungen bestätigen, daß der Beultest besonders einfach und zweckmäßig zum Nachweis der Wasserstoffversprödung ist. Selbst an Werkstoffen, die i. a. als wasserstoffbeständig gelten, läßt sich die Wirkung des H2 nachweisen. So ergab sich an austenitischem CrNi-Stahl ein Wert von x = 1,5. Die stärkste Versprödung zeigte das amorphe Metall Vitrovac 0040 mit x = 9,8.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A57 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A60 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 232-238 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fracture Mechanics Investigation of Creep Crack GrowthThe investigations show that the creep crack growth rate can be determined continously with the single specimen partial unloading compliance technique and with the direct current potential drop technique with similar accuracy for temperatures up to 800°C and testing times up to three month so far.The creep crack growth rates can be correlated to the loading parameter C*-Integral for the two materials X6 Cr Ni 18 11 (similar to A 304 ss) and X 10 NiCrAITi 32 20 (Incoloy 800 H) and for the compact specimens and centre notched tension specimens under consideration here. A description of the creep crack growth rate through the stress intensity factor K yields size and geometry dependent creep crack growth curves.
    Notes: Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß sich das Kriechrißwachstum kontinuierlich, d. h. ohne Versuchsunterbrechung mit etwa gleicher Genauigkeit sowohl mit dem Verfahren der partiellen Entlastungen als auch mit dem Gleichstrompotentialverfahren bei Temperaturen bis zu 800°C und auch längeren Versuchsdauern (bisher bis zu 3 Monaten) ermitteln läßt.Für die beiden untersuchten Werkstoffe X6CrNi 18 11 und X10 Ni-CrAlTi 32 20 und die betrachteten Kompaktproben und innengekerbten Flachzugproben lassen sich die Kriechrißwachstumsgeschwindigkeiten durch den Beanspruchungsparameter C* beschreiben. Eine Beschreibung durch den Spannungsintensitätsfaktor K liefert von der Probengröße bzw. Probengeometrie abhängige Rißwachstumskurven.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 228-232 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Approximation tabellierter bezogener Spannungsintensitäten durch Chebycheff-PolynomeFür bruchmechanische Rißfortschrittsanalysen müssen sowohl Angaben über das Rißfortschrittsgesetz als auch über die für die spezielle Belastungskonfiguration gültigen Formfaktoren vorliegen. In der Regel sind beide Größen zunächst nur als Folge einzelner Datenpunkte gegeben. Für einen effektiveren Einsatz von Rechenanlagen müssen diese Werte zuerst durch eine analytische Funktion angepaßt werden. Während das Rißfortschrittsgesetz leicht aus den Meßwerten hergeleitet werden kann, existiert für die Formfaktoren keine Modellfunktion, die alle denkbaren Lastfälle umfaßt. Mit dem Approximationsverfahren von Chebyshev ist dem Anwender ein rechnerfreundliches Verfahren an die Hand gegeben, das keine Modellannahmen enthält und universell anwendbar ist.
    Notes: One of the fundamental problems in the application of fracture mechanics is to calculate the crack propagation under alternating load. For these calculations the crack propagation law and the normalized stress intensities are needed. Normally both functions are known only as a set of discrete measured or calculated data. For a more efficient use of computers it is necessary to represent the discrete values by an analytical function. While it is easy to derive the crack propagation law from measured points, there does not exist a convenient model for the normalized stress intensities, which comprises all conceivable load conditions. Therefore, a model-free general approach is suggested, which uses the approximation method according to Chebyshev.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 239-246 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Studies for the Interpretation of Fatigue Behavior of CoCrMo Cast Alloy Presented on Fatigue Failures of EndoprothesesExaminations were preformed on the fractured surfaces of appliances made from CoCrMo cast alloy, which were broken in fatigue failures and used in prothetical surgery as endoprotheses. The examinations were performed on behalf of scanning electron microscope. During the examinations of three appliances which were broken in patients, it was found that for the failure of endoprotheses broken in fatigue, the number and distribution of microporosity was also responsible.
    Notes: Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen wurden durchgeführt an Bruchflächen von im Dauerbruch gebrochenen Teilen aus einer CoCrMo-Gußlegierung, die in der chirurgischen Prothetik als Endoprothese eingesetzt wird. Bei den Untersuchungen von Bruchflächen von drei in Patienten gebrochenen Endoprothesen stellte sich heraus, daß für die im Dauerbruch gebrochenen Endoprothesen auch die Zahl und die Verteilung der Mikrolunker mitverantwortlich waren.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 246-252 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Efficiency of Information of Thermoplastics' Hardness MeasurementsIn the present study results of penetration depth measurements as a function of (loading) time are given for 10 thermoplastics using an automated test appliance. The specimens' temperatures have been varied at several stages between room temperature and 100°C. At each stage time-dependent hardness curves H (t) have been derived. The findings permit a more efficient classification of the material's behaviour than it is possible by the aid of conventional hardness testing (so-called „one-point-measurement“). So the concept of hardness curves H (t) ought to be taken into consideration on the occasion of future revision of hardness test standards.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden an 10 verschiedenen Thermoplasten mittels eines automatisierten Prüfstandes Eindringmessungen vorgenommen. Bei zwischen Raumtemperatur und 100°C variierter Prüflingstemperatur wurden die Eindringtiefen in Abhängigkeit von der Belastungsdauer aufgenommen und daraus die entsprechenden Härteverlaufskurven H(t) abgeleitet.Die gefundenen Zusammenhänge machen deutlich, daß mit Hilfe dieser Konzeption eine deutlich bessere (aussagefähigere) Werkstoffbeurteilung möglich ist als über die konventionelle - derzeit normgerechte - Einpunkt-Härtemessung. Es erscheint naheliegend, diese Konzeption im Bereich der technischen Regelwerke zu berücksichtigen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 257-257 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 257-257 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A65 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 252-257 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Research on Mechanical Data of Carbon Reinforced Carbon (CC) in Bending and Tensile ModeCC is a ultra high temperature material used until 2200°C in inert atmospheres. The testing geometries of reinforced carbon (CC) are not standardized in West Germany today. Therefore the SIGRI GmbH has defined material specific geoand tensile mode. It is shown, that the tensile strength has a higher level than the bending strength when the laminate orientation is (0/90°). When the laminate has a (0/± 45/90°)-orientation, the relation is inverted. If the laminate orientation is known, the fracture mode can be predicted.
    Notes: CFC ist ein Hochtemperaturmaterial, welches bei hoher mechanischer Belastung bis zu 2200°C unter Inertatmosphäre eingesetzt werden kann. Da in Deutschland für CFC keine Materialprüfnormen existieren, hat die SIGRI GmbH materialspezifische Prüfgeometrien entwickelt. Gemessen wurde die Biegefestigkeit, die Zugfestigkeit und die interlaminare Scherfestigkeit. Weiter wurden hierzu die entsprechenden Prüfkörpergeometrien entwickelt. Es wird außerdem gezeigt, daß bei einem (0°/90°)-CFC-Verbund die Zugfestigkeit in 0°-Richtung geprüft, deutlich höher ist als die Biegefestigkeit; bei einem (0°/±45°/90°)-Laminat ist es gerade umgekehrt. Bei bekanntem Laminataufbau läßt sich der Bruchmodus voraussagen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 257-258 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A68 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A74 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A73 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 270-276 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen zur Einleitung und zum Wachstum von Ermüdungsrissen am austenitischen rostfreien Stahl X5 CrNi 18 9 (1.4301)Lastkontrollierte Ermüdungsrißwachstumsversuche wurden an Dreipunktbiegeproben durchgeführt. Der austentitische rostfreie Stahl X5 CrNi 18 9 (Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4301, artgleich dem AISI 304) wurde untersucht. Für dieses hochzähe Material wurde die Rißinitiation und die Rißausbreitung in Form der linear elastischen Analyse selbst für den Bereich höchster Plastizität diskutiert. Die Kurve des Einsatzes des stabilen Rißwachstums während des Ermüdungsvorganges sowie die stabile Rißausbreitung bis in den Bereich hoher Plastizität werden diskutiert. Vom Standpunkt der lastkontrollierten Ermüdung aus wird dargelegt, daß der Abstand zwischen Rißeinleitung und der Rißlänge bei dem „End-of-Life“-Zustand groß ist.
    Notes: Controlled load fatigue-crack growth rate tests were conducted using three point bend type specimens. The austenitic stainless steel X5 CrNi 18 9 (material number 1.4301, similar to AISI 304) was tested. For this high toughness material, the crack initiation and crack propagation is discussed in terms of linear-elastic analysis even for the highest plasticity regime. The curve for the onset of stable crack growth during fatigue starting from a notch is discussed as well as the stable crack growth up to large plasticity. From the standpoint of load controlled fatigue it is indicated that the time between crack initiation and crack length at the „end of life“ is large.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Fabrication, Properties and Application of Reaction-Bonded, Siliconized Silicon CarbideThe fabrication process of reaction-bonded, siliconized silicon carbide (SiSiC) is described and the important details of the fabrication are discussed. The material is discussed in therms of its microstructure and properties. Furthermore some fields of possible applications of this ceramic material are shown.
    Notes: Die Herstellung von reaktionsgebundenem, siliziuminfiltriertem Siliziumkarbid (SiSiC) wird beschrieben und wichtige Details der Prozeßschritte diskutiert. Der Werkstoff wird hinsichtlich seines Gefüges und seiner Eigenschaften vorgestellt und es werden mögliche Anwendungsfelder für diesen keramischen Werkstoff aufgezeigt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 286-291 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: MOCH-Method - a Contribution to the Determination of Adhesion of CoatingsA method is proposed to determine the fracture mechanics characteristics. A „crack“ is produced in a well defined area by partial contamination. K- and G-factors are calculated by the compliance method. The fracture surfaces are investigated.
    Notes: Es wird eine Methode zur Ermittlung bruchmechanischer Kennwerte am Beispiel von PVD-Cr-Schichten vorgestellt. Durch partielle Kontamination wird in einem definitiven Bereich ein „Anriß“ erzeugt. Mit Hilfe der Compliance-Methode werden K- und G-Faktoren errechnet. Die Bruchflächen werden untersucht.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A75 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 291-296 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Highly Formable Multi-Purpose Al AlloysMicrostructural control through appropriate alloy design and definition of processing schedule, as well as a critical view on the interaction of alloy and forming process, has enabled successful application of aluminium alloy sheet in areas where a good formability is a requirement together with an elevated strength level.Further developments along these lines will promote the introduction of aluminium alloys in new markets where, despite its advantages in terms of weight and corrosion resistance, their penetration has been hindered by only moderate formability.
    Notes: Der Einsatz von Al-Werkstoffen in Anwendungsbereichen, wo eine gute Umformbarkeit und eine hohe Festigkeit gefordert werden, wird durch eine entsprechende Steuerung der Gefügeausbildung durch Wahl von Legierungszusammensetzung und Verarbeitungsprozedere möglich. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt auch die kritische Analyse des Umformungsprozesses im Hinblick auf die Vermeidung kritischer Materialbeanspruchungen. Die weitere Werkstoffentwicklung kann den Al-Legierungen noch zahlreiche Anwendungsbereiche erschließen. Von größter Bedeutung ist allerdings die Wahl eines angepaßten Umformverhaltens, wenn die vorteilhaften Materialeigenschaften vollständig ausgeschöpft werden sollen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 259-270 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: In Hydrofluoric Acid Corrosion-Resistant MaterialsCopper, red brass (Cu-15 Zn), special treated carbon steel and chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel represent materials of high resistivity against concentrated hydrofluoric acid (70%) from room temperature to the boiling point. Since nickel and monel are resistant in hydrofluoric acid in the whole concentration region, they are recommended besides carbon steel as material for transportation and storing tanks. Furthermore, nickel-chromium-iron alloys do not show any corrosion in hydrofluoric acid of 40-60% up to 370 K. The same is true with nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys.In the group of inorganic materials, particularly graphite and aluminum oxide should be mentioned as highly resistant in 60% hydrofluoric acid (310 K). Synthetic sapphire (Al2O3) are employed for windows in the presence of hydrogen fluoride and/or hydrofluoric acid because of their superior optical properties and their excellent corrosion resistance.Polyethylen, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) belong to the cheapest corrosion resistant material for container and for coatings in the presence of hydrofluoric acid.Special polyester resins reinforced by glass or graphite fibers have been successfully employed as material for production units with hydrofluoric acid containing liquids up to 330 K. By carbon reinforced epoxy resin represents a corrosion resistant coating. Because of their excellent friction and corrosion resistance against concentrated hot hydrofluoric acid and HNO3-HF-solutions, PTFE and polyvinylidene fluoride are used as material for valves and axles in such environment. The expensive alloys, as for instance hastelloy and monel, are substituted more and more by fiber-reinforced polyolefins, PVC and fluorine containing polymers.
    Notes: Unter den metallischen Werkstoffen sind Kupfer und rotes Messing (Cu-15 Zn) sowie halbberuhigter Kohlenstoffstahl und Chrom-Nickel-Molybdänstahl in konzentrierter Flußsäure bis zum Siedepunkt beständig. Da Nickel und Monel gegen Flußsäure im gesamten Konzentrationsbereich beständig sind, können sie z.B. neben Kohlenstoffstahl als Werkstoff für Transport- und Lagerbehälter für Flußsäure verwendet werden. Nickel-Chrom-Eisenlegierungen (Inconel-600) zeigen in Flußsäure von 40 bis 60% bis zu 370 K keine merkliche Korrosion. Auch Nickel-Chrom-Molybdänlegierungen (Hastelloy) sind ebenfalls gegen Flußsäure beständig.Von den anorganischen Werkstoffen sind besonders Graphit und Aluminiumoxid zu nennen, die gegen Flußsäure bis 60% (310 K) beständig sind. Synthetische Saphirkristalle (Al2O3) werden wegen ihrer guten optischen Eigenschaften bei guter Korrosionsbeständigkeit als Werkstoff für Fenster in Gegenwart von Fluorwasserstoff und Flußsäure verwendet.Polyethylen, Polypropylen und PVC zählen als Behälter- und Auskleidungsmaterial zum Schutz gegen Flußsäure zu den korrosionsbeständigsten und kostengünstigsten Werkstoffen. Gewisse Polyester, mit Glas- und Graphitfasern verstärkt, haben sich als Werkstoffe für Anlagen in Gegenwart flußsäurehaltiger Laugen und Gase bis 330 K bewährt. Zur Auskleidung von Reaktionsanlagen mit Gemischen aus Flußsäure wird kohlenstoffhaltiges Epoxharz empfohlen. Für Absperrorgane, Wellen und Ventilsitze werden wegen der guten Gleiteigenschaften bei hoher Korrosionsbestandigkeit gegen konzentrierte Flußsäure und HNO3-HF-Lösungen - auch bei höheren Temperaturen - PTFE und Polyvinylidenfluorid verwendet.Kostspielige Legierungen, wie z.B. Hastelloy und Monel, werden in zunehmendem Maße durch faserverstärkte Polyolefine, PVC und Fluorcarbonharze verdrängt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A78 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A80 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A82 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 306-310 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Optisches Raster-Reflexionsverfahren zur on-line Messung des Randdelaminationsfortschritts an CFK-LaminatenIm quasistatischen und Schwingfestigkeitsversuch wurden die Entstehung und der Fortschritt von Randdelaminationen in multidirektionalen CFK-Laminaten mit einem optischen Raster-Reflexionsverfahren bestimmt. Das Verfahren gestattet während des Versuchs die direkte Beobachtung der Oberflächenverformungen, die durch die Ausdehnung der sich ausbildenden Randdelaminationen bedingt sind.
    Notes: The onset and growth of edge-delaminations in multidirectional CFRP-specimens under quasi-static and fatigue loading was determined by the application of a new optical grating reflection method. This procedure allows the on-line observation of surface deformations corresponding to the actual size of propagating edge-delaminations. The evaluation of the grid patterns described the growth of the delamination versus increasing load or number of cycles, respectively, and permitted the measurement of out-of-plane deformations with relatively high resolution.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 297-305 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the Structure of Steel-fiber-reinforced Plastics on Abrasive WearThe structure of steel/polymer composites has been systematically varied. Abrasive wear resistance of the steel-fiber-reinforced composites has been measured against flint and SiC by using a model wear apparatus. Area or volume fractions, diameter and hardness of the unidirectionally oriented continuous steel fibers and the mean free path between the fibers have been changed. In addition, the effects of the hardness and the chemical structure of the polymeric matrix have been studied. The influence of structural parameters on abrasive wear are quantitatively described.
    Notes: Der Makroaufbau von Stahl/Polymer-Verbundwerkstoffen wurde systematisch variiert. Gemessen wurde der abrasive Verschleißwiderstand der Verbundwerkstoffe gegen Flint und SiC in einem Modellprüfsystem. Wichtige Parameter im Makroaufbau der Verbundwerkstoffe waren der Flächenanteil, der Durchmesser und die Härte der Stahlfasern sowie die freie Weglänge zwischen den Fasern. Daneben wurde der Einfluß der Eigenschaften der Polymer-Grundmasse, wie Härte und chem. Aufbau, untersucht. Es werden quantitative Beziehungen zwischen Parametern des Makroaufbaus und dem abrasiven Verschleißwiderstand angegeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Strength and Relaxation of Stress During Dynamic Loading of Steel and Aluminium Specimens with known Residual Stress DistributionsResidual stresses of the first kind can be introduced in multiply - connected bodies without accompanying changes in the material. The circular ring represents the simplest example in this group. For the circular ring the residual and applied stresses in a fatigue test can be calculated accurately with relations from the theory of elasticity.Circular rings with and without residual stresses were subjected to fatigue testing. It was established that tensile residual stresses reduce the fatigue life and compressive residual stresses have the opposite effect, with the stresses referred to the point of crack initiation. The fatigue behaviour is altered appreciably even by small magnitudes of residual stress. The effect on fatigue life is the same, whether at the point of crack initiation a residual stress or a mean stress of the same magnitude and direction acts.The stress relaxation depends primarily on the difference between the maximum superposed stress and the yield strength or the 0.2% proof stress. The degree of relaxation is particularly high when the yield strength is reached. The first few cycles in a fatigue test are important for the fading of stress. The state of residual stress changes only slightly thereafter. The stress relaxation increases again somewhat only after a very large number of cycles.The changes observed when the sum of residual and loading stresses is below the yield strength may be attributed to the small plastic deformations in favourably oriented crystallites.
    Notes: In mehrfach zusammenhängenden Körpern lassen sich Eigenspannungen I. Art ohne begleitende Werkstoffveränderungen erzeugen. Die Kreisringscheibe ist der einfachste Körper dieser Gruppe. Hierfür können die im Schwingversuch einwirkenden Lastspannungen und auch die Eigenspannungen nach Beziehungen der Elastizitätstheorie genau berechnet werden.Eigenspannungsfreie und eigenspannungsbehaftete Kreisringscheiben wurden im Schwingversuch belastet. Dabei zeigte sich, daß Zugeigenspannungen die Lebensdauer herabsetzen und Druckeigenspannungen umgekehrt wirken, wenn sie an der Rißausgangsstelle vorliegen. Die ertragbaren Lastspielzahlen werden bereits durch kleine Eigenspannungen merklich verändert. Es ist für die Lebensdauer gleichgültig, ob an der Rißausgangstelle eine Eigenspannung oder eine Mittelspannung gleicher Größe und Richtung auftritt.Der Spannungsabbau hängt insbesondere vom Abstand zwischen dem Maximum der Gesamtspannung und der Streckgrenze oder 0,2%-Dehngrenze ab. Die Abbaurate ist besonders groß, wenn die Streckgrenze erreicht wird. Die ersten Lastwechsel eines Schwingversuchs sind entscheidend für den Spannungsabbau. Anschließend verändert sich der Eigenspannungszustand nur wenig. Erst bei sehr hohen Lastwechselzahlen steigt der Spannungsabbau noch einmal etwas an.Die Änderungen lassen sich, wenn die Summe aus Eigenspannung und Lastspannung die Streckgrenze nicht erreicht, durch kleine plastische Verformungen in günstig orientierten Kristalliten erklären.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 332-332 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 321-328 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fractography of Fibre Reinforced PlasticsIf damage such as cracks of fractures occur in fibre reinforced plastic components, the fractography, that is the examination of the fracture surface, is the most important part of the failure analysis. If this investigation is done in the scanning electron microscop (SEM), it is called microfractography.Successful application of microfractography on metals has been made for more than 20 years in elucidating material failure. On the subject of microfractography on fibre reinforced plastic, basic knowledge has been worked out but is known to day only to a few specialists. This field is in development in the USA and in Western-Europe A comprehensive and definitive fracture atlas, as available for metals, is not existing.The completion of such an atlas will take about five to ten years. The US-Air Force, however, has the intention to produce a handbook „Fractography of Composite Structures“ in a shorter time.The results presented in this paper have been obtained from 1973 to 1984. Proceedings from defined fractures following static and dynamic loading the microfractography features are characterised and documented with pictures. The results are compared with those published in the literature.
    Notes: Treten an Bauteilen aus faserverstärkten Kunststoffen (z.B. CFK, GFK), Materialschäden wie Brüche, Risse usw. auf, so ist die Fraktographie, d.h. die Untersuchung der Bruchflächen, ein wesentlicher Teil der Schadensanalytik. Wird letzteres im Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM) vorgenommen, so spricht man von Mikrofraktographie. Die Mikrofraktographie wird an Metallen seit etwa 20 Jahren erfolgreich zur Aufklärung von Materialschäden eingesetzt, so daß kaum noch Bruchuntersuchungen ohne REM durchgeführt werden.Auf dem Gebiet der Mikrofraktographie an faserverstärkten Kunststoffen sind bereits Grundkenntnisse vorhanden, allerdings lediglich bei wenigen Spezialisten. Das Wissensgebiet ist im Aufbau begriffen, was für die USA und Westeuropa gilt.Einen „endgültigen“ Bruchatlas, wie er für Metalle vorhanden ist, gibt es noch nicht. Die Fertigstellung eines solchen wird mindestens noch 5 bis 10 Jahre in Anspruch nehmen. Andererseits hat sich die „Air Force“ in den USA zur Aufgabe gesetzt ein Handbuch „Fractography of Composite Structures“ in einem kürzeren Zeitraum zu erstellen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind im Zeitraum 1973 bis 1984 erarbeitet worden. Ausgehend von definierten Brüchen unter statischer und schwingender Beanspruchung sind die beanspruchungsspezifischen mikrofraktografischen Charakteristikas herausgearbeitet und durch Bilder dokumentiert worden. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den relativ wenigen Literaturergebnissen verglichen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 332-332 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A83 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A88 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A90 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 347-354 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 354-359 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of Young's Modulus in Amorphous AlloysIn this paper metal-metal glasses like Zr100-xMx, (M = Fe, Co, Ni) and metal-metalloid glasses like (Fe100-xMx)83B17 have been investigated. The change in Young's modulus with composition is determined from measurements of the density and the sound velocity. The obtained results and the accuracy of the determination are compared with those of other authors. The results can be interpreted in terms of short range order, misfit and electrons per atom ratio.
    Notes: Der E-Modul von amorphen Legierungen wurde durch Bestimmung der Schallgeschwindigkeit und der Dichte ermittelt. Untersucht wurden Metall-Metalloid-Gläser und Metall-Metall-Gläser der Typen (Fe100-xMx)83B17 bzw. Zr100-xMx. Die erreichbaren Genauigkeiten bei der E-Modul-Bestimmung werden mit denen anderer Autoren verglichen. Speziell wurde der Einfluß der Zusammensetzung auf den sich einstellenden E-Modul untersucht und die erhaltenen Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf Nahordnungsverhalten, Atomradienverhältnis und Valenzelektronendichte diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 333-343 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Definition, Measurements, and Application of Fracture Mechanical Properties of Grey Cast IronsFracture mechanical properties were determined of cast irons with lamellar (GGL) and globular (GGG) graphite in a perlitic as well as a bainitic-austenitic matrix. Besides conventional and fracture mechanical tensile tests special attention was paid to fatigue crack growth. Ultrasonic loading appeared to be useful if at small amplitudes a large number of cycles is required for the observation of crack growth. A microscopic investigation of microstructure before and after cracking aided the interpretation of the origin of the measured properties.While the properties of the GGG-materials can be understood by the concepts of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, lamellar graphite does cause a particular behavior. Notable is the non-linear elastic behavior, crack branching, and formation of satellite cracks, which provide difficulties in defining critical stress intensities Kc as well as the threshold for the start of fatigue crack growth δKth. Stress induced transformation of residual austenite at the crack tip can retard crack growth by local increase in volume.Proposals are made for a reasonable definition of fracture mechanical properties as well as their application in design.
    Notes: Bruchmechanische Eigenschaften von Gußeisen mit lamellarem (GGL) und kugelförmigen (GGG) Graphit und perlitischer sowie bainitisch-austenitischer Grundmasse wurden gemessen. Neben den konventionellen und bruchmechanischen Zugversuchen wurden dem Verlauf des stabilen Rißwachstums unter schwingender Beanspruchung besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Ultraschall-Beanspruchung erwies sich als geeignet, wenn bei kleinen Amplituden sehr große Lastspielzahlen zur Beobachtung des Rißfortschritts notwendig sind. Eine mikroskopische Untersuchung des Gefüges vor und während der Rißbildung diente zur Deutung der Ursachen der gemessenen Eigenschaften.Während die Eigenschaften der GGG-Werkstoffe im Rahmen der konventionellen Fließbruchmechanik gedeutet werden können, zeigt das GGL ein besonderes Verhalten. Bemerkenswert ist, daß nichtlinear elastisches Verhalten, Rißverzweigung und Bildung von Parallelrissen Schwierigkeiten bei der Definition kritischer Spannungsintensitäten Kc bereiten. Entsprechendes gilt für den Beginn des Rißwachstums δKth bei kleinen Amplituden der Spannungsintensität. Die spannungsinduzierte Umwandlung von Restaustenit kann in allen Gußeisen durch örtliche Volumenänderung die Rißausbreitung verzögern.Vorschläge für eine sinnvolle Festlegung bruchmechanischer Kennwerte und deren Anwendung in der Konstruktion folgen aus dieser Untersuchung.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: ESCA-Studies on PA 6 and PA 6.6 Corroded Surface of CrMoV-SteelA CrMoC screw tip of an injection molding machine has been corroded during the processing of glassfibre reinforced polyamide and has been spectroscopically studied in order to determine the chemical modifications of the steel surface. Survey and depth profile ESCA spectra (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) from one segment of the screw tip were measured.In this way chemical changes due to the chemical reactions of polyamide melt with the steel surface up to 2-4 μm depth were determined. The depth and the typ on the surface modifications were found to depend on the corrosion environment (polyamide melt) and on the steel surface composition.The corrosion due to polyamide melt leads to impoverishment both of the chromium and of the manganese in the investigated depth (2-4 μm) of the steel surface.A demage of the extremely hard upperlayer (mainly consisting of Fe2B und FeB) occurs during the processing of the polyamide melt. An enrichment of carbon on the steel surface due to deposits of organic materials from the polyamide melt was found.
    Notes: Eine Spritzgießschneckenspritze aus CrMo V-Sonderstahl, die durch die Verarbeitung mit glasfaserverstärktem Polyamid korrodiert war, wurde spektroskopisch untersucht, um die chemischen Veränderungen auf der Stahloberfläche zu bestimmen. Von einem Segment dieser Spitze wurden mit ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) Übersichtsspektren und Tiefenprofile angefertigt.So werden chemische Veränderungen, hervorgerufen durch chemische Reaktionen zwischen der Polyamidschmelze under der Stahloberfläche, bis zu Schichttiefen von 2-4 μm nachgewiesen. Tiefe und Art der Korrosionserscheinungen sind vom Korrosionsmedium (Polyamidschmelze) und der Stahlbeschaffenheit abhänging.Die Polyamidschmelzekorrosion führt zur Verarmung sowohl von Chrom als auch von Mangan in den obersten Schichten.Die vorwiegend aus Fe2B (FeB) bestehende, besonders harte Oberflächenschicht wird durch die Verarbeitung der PA-Schmelze abgetragen. Es kommt zur Kohlenstoffanreicherung auf der Oberfläche durch Ablagerungen organischen Ursprungs aus der Polyamidschmelze.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 359-365 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of Pack Aluminizing of Low-Alloyed Steel (0,13% C, 1% Cr, 0,5% Mo)A diffusion layer after pack-aluminizing of low alloyed steel can be described by the Al-concentration in the surface of the sample, the layer thickness and the surface structure. It is reported, how these characteristic values depend on the composition of the powder mixtures, coating temperature and coating time. After 16 weeks heat treatment at 608 °C and 707 °C, pack-aluminized samples didn't show an increase of layer thickness or decrease of Al-concentration in the sample surface. After the heat treatments a new phase occurs in the layer, which has the composition Fe3Al.
    Notes: Nach dem Pulverpackverfahren werden Diffusionsschutzschichten auf den Stahl 13 CrMo 44 (Werkstoff Nr. 1.7335) aufgebracht. Ihr Aufbau wird durch Aluminiumkonzentration in der Probenoberfläche, Schichtdicke und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit beschrieben. Es wird berichtet, wie diese Kenngrößen von Pulverzusammensetzung, Beschichtungstemperatur und Beschichtungszeit abhängen. In 16wöchigen Auslagerungen pulveraluminierter Proben bei 608 °C unter Schutzgas erfolgt nur eine geringe Abnahme der Aluminiumkonzentration in der Probenoberfläche und keine Schichtverbreiterung. Im Verlauf der Auslagerung bildet sich zunehmend eine neue Phase der Zusammensetzung Fe3Al in der Interdiffusionszone aus.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A91 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 366-372 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic Emission Investigations on Failure Mechanisms in Carbon Fibre Reinforced PlasticsFor a reliable application of modern high-strength materials such as carbon fibre reinforced plastics the knowledges of failure mechanisms as well as detailed informations about the influence of defects occuring during the manufacturing process are necessary. To study the damage progression in fibrous composites a non destructive manner, a very sensitive test failure processes in the laminate have only microscopic dimensions.In our investigations the damage progression was studied by means of acoustic emission analysis (AEA) for different types of ply orientated containing several artifical defects, as cut-through fibres, disbonded fibres and porous matrix. In a further step internally pressurized tubes were tested to investigate the applicability of AE-results to real components. Additionally, fractographic investigations improve the interpretation of the acoustic emission data.It is shown, that AEA succeeds in monitoring damages already at a very early state of damage. At increasing loads the different types of defect emit characteristic AE, which is correlated with a void-type dependent damage progression in the laminate. These knowledges of the failure mechanisms and their typical acoustic emission allow a classification of the different types of manufacturing defects concerning their influence. So, especially the porous matrix could be shown to be the most significant failure type as it causes the largest decrease of strength. The onset of AE at porous materials, however, was found at very low load levels, so that this type of defect can be detected properly.
    Notes: Die Entwicklung moderner technischer Bauteile und Bauteilkomponenten erfordert den Einsatz hochbeanspruchbarer Leichtbauwerkstoffe, die zunehmend aus kohlenstoffaserverstärkten Epoxidharzen hergestellt werden. Der zuverlässige Einsatz derartiger Werkstoffe setzt neben der Kenntnis des Versagensablaufes auch die Prüfbarkeit der Verbunde auf Fertigungsfehler und Schädigungen infolge Betriebsbeanspruchung voraus. Die Zuverlässigkeit von Faserverbunden ist daher entscheidend von der Qualitätssicherung in der Fertigung und im späteren Betrieb abhängig. Dabei ist nicht das Auffinden jeglicher Fehlstellen von Bedeutung, sondern lediglich solcher Ungänzen, durch die die Einsatzfähigkeit des Bauteils in Frage gestellt wird. Als geeignetes Prüfverfahren hierzu hat sich die Schallemissionsanalyse (SEA) erwiesen, da sich mit ihrer Hilfe bereits in einem frühen Stadium Werkstoffveränderungen nachweisen und interpretieren lassen.Es wurde der Einfluß von fertigungsbedingten Fehlern auf den Versagensablauf und die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften von CFK-Laminaten untersucht. Bei den Fehlern handelt es sich um quasinatürliche Fehler (durchtrennte Faserlage, poröse Matrix, sowie fehlende Haftung der Fasern).Der Einfluß dieser Fehler auf den Beginn und Ablauf der Schädigungen wurde mit Hilfe der SEA abhängig vom Laminataufbau (0, ± 45, 90°) beobachtet. Durch Schliffbilduntersuchungen sowie mit „InSitu“ Belastungen im REM wird die Zuordnung zwischen den Schallemissionsanalysen und den Schädigungen des Laminates ermöglicht. In einem weiteren Schritt wird die Übertragbarkeit der an Laborproben gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf innendruckbelastete Rohre überprüft.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A97 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A98 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A100 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 384-391 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, daß es gelungen ist, an einer Anzahl von Brucharten an verschiedenen faserverstärkten Verbundwerkstoffen spezifische makro- und vor allem mikrofraktographische Charakteristikas zu finden und durch rasterelektronenmikroskopische Vergleichsbilder zu dokumentieren.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 373-377 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Cutting Method on the Fatigue Behaviour of Steel SheetsThe present paper gives the fatigue behaviour of test specimens which have been obtained by laser cutting, plasma cutting or punching from steel sheets. The paper demonstrates the different damage to the surface introduced by the three techniques. For thin sheets (1.5 mm) laser cut specimens show advantages, for thicker sheets (6 mm) plasma cut sheets exhibit better fatigue properties.
    Notes: In der Arbeit wird das Ermüdungsverhalten von Stahlproben beschrieben, die nach unterschiedlichen Trennverfahren aus den gleichen Blechen herausgearbeitet wurden. Die untersuchten Trennverfahren, Laserschneiden, Plasmaschneiden und Stanzen, wurden gewählt, weil alle drei Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Blechteilen verwendet werden, die ohne weitere Nachbearbeitung konstruktiv eingesetzt werden. Die drei Verfahren schädigen die Oberfläche in unterschiedlicher Weise. Im Dünnblechbereich ergeben sich bessere Ermüdungseigenschaften für die lasergeschnittenen Proben, im Dickblechbereich resultieren bessere Eigenschaften bei den plasmageschnittenen Proben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 377-383 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress Intensity Factors for Complete Circumferential Surface Cracks in Thermally Shocked PipesIn the case of an emergency cooling of a reactor thermal stresses are generated in the pipes of the primary loop, which may be described conservatively as a thermal shock problem. In this paper complete interior circumferential surface cracks loaded by these thermal stresses are considered. By means of the weight function method stress intensity factors were calculated for this loading case.
    Notes: Bei einer Notkühlung werden in den Primärkreisrohren Wärmespannungen erzeugt, die sich konservativ durch ein Thermoschockproblem beschreiben lassen. Die Wärmespannungen werden hier als Belastung für vollständig umlaufende Oberflächenumfangsrisse eingesetzt. Mit Hilfe der Gewichtsfunktionsmethode werden Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für diesen Lastfall berechnet.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 392-405 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermochemical Treatments of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Laser-Gas-AlloyingIt is demonstrated that laser surface melting of Ti alloys leads to golden crack free and hard surfaces if carried out under a nitrogen or carbon containing atmosphere.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß es beim Umschmelzen von Titanlegierungen mit einem Laser unter Verwendung geeigneter Prozeßgase möglich ist, harte Oberflächenschichten zu erzielen. Die erhaltenen Proben sind goldglänzend, riß- und porenfrei und weisen nach dem Umschmelzen nur einen geringen Verzug sowie eine minimale Rauhigkeit auf. Die bisher erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mit denen äquivalenter Verfahren verglichen.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A103 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
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