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  • Articles  (1,083)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (813)
  • Chemical Engineering  (270)
  • Animals
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1985-1989  (1,083)
  • 1985  (1,083)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (1,083)
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  • Articles  (1,083)
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  • 1985-1989  (1,083)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical etching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 19-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical etching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments with aqueous methylamine has revealed a complex stress - cracking behavior, which varied with orientation and thermal crystallization conditions. The appearance of both longitudinal and transverse cracks, can be explained on the basis of the existence of two types of domains, where the stresses are preferentially concentrated. They are explained on the basis of Prevorsek's structural model. In heat-set fibers, there exists a skin to core differentiation in the internal stress distribution. The crack pattern also varied depending on whether the fibers were heat-set in the taut or slack conditions. This chemical etching technique can prove to be a very useful tool, for the study of the internal stress distribution induced in fibers by various fabrication processes or post mechanical deformations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of ARB type reversible step growth polymerization in semibatch reactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 445-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of ARB type reversible step growth polymerization in semibatch reactors has been simulated. It is assumed that the condensation byproduct W and the monomer P1 both can vaporize, but P1 is refluxed back to the reactor. Raoults law as well as Flory-Huggins theory have been used to account for vapor-liquid equilibrium. The degree of polymerization, μn, and the polydispersity index DN have been computed for various situations. The results are found to be most sensitive to the total pressure and the equilibrium constant. A limiting total pressure history PT(T) has been obtained, going below which does not help to increase μn. The final set of equations incorporate both equalities as well as inequalities, and a simple and efficient computational scheme has been suggested to solve them.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300201
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double exposure stabilization of positive photoresist (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 547-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Positive photoresists appeared to be the most promising material in VLSI microfabrication for ten or more years from now. Thus, processing know-how needs to be accumulated continuously. This work deals with thermal characteristics of positive photoresist. The following facts were declared experimentally. The quinone diazide, photosensitizer, was thermally decomposed at around 140°C to release N2. Simultaneously the surface layer of resist film was changed into innert state, called as ‘husk’, with low gas permeability and high chemical resistance. These thermal changes in resist film affect the photoresist to SiO2 adhesion. In this work a noble process, named double exposure stabilization, is developed to get sufficient chemical resistance and good adhesion simultaneously.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300208
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annealing of polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) blend. II. Influence of the structure and properties of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) and blended polyethylene on impact strength (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 497-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of annealing on the impact strength of PP/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) (PEP) and PP/PEP/PE blends was studied with regard to the structure of PEP and the polyethylene crystallinity. The tensile impact strength of annealed blends was remarkably affected by the PEP structure such as molecular weight and comonomer composition and the annealing temperature, while the brittle temperature was scarcely affected. For the PP/PEP/PE blends, annealing at temperatures above the melting point of PE lowers the tensile impact strength in a similar manner as the PP/crystalline PEP blend. These phenomena were explained on the basis of the deformation mechanism presented in the previous article, that is, a thicker interfacial layer of PP and PEP forms by means of annealing to increase the energy needed to deform the interface. By using a scanning electron microscope, the transition layer was observed at the interface between amorphous PEP and PE in the PP/amorphous PEP/PE blend after etching with nitric acid. The formation of a thicker transition layer between amorphous PEP and PE and a sizeable increase in PE particle size by annealing was observed. The phenomena should be correlated with the impact sensitivity, especially tensile impact strength, in the PP/crystalline PEP and PP/amorphous PEP/PE blends. A reasonable explanation of the microstructure in PP/PEP blends has been developed in terms of comonomer composition and melting property of PEP.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of alkali salt on solvent-polyacrylonitrile interaction (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 667-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In solvent spinning of polyacrylonitrile from DMF or DMSO, it is observed that complete removal of solvent is rather difficult. It is shown that addition of Lithium salt, e.g., lithium bromide to the solution before casting a film helps in removing the solvent easily. The probable mechanism of the action of lithium salt in solvent removal is investigated, and it has been shown that the formation of coordinate linkage with the ion stops solvent bonding.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300216
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No2-initiated polymerization of acrylamide in dimethylsulfoxide (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 723-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: NO2-initiated polymerization of acrylamide in dimethylsulfoxide was carried out. The dependence of monomer, initiator concentrations, and temperature on polymer yield and initial rate of polymerization was studied. The overall activation energy of polymerization was calculated to be about 15 kcal mol-1. The copolymerization of acrylamide with methyl methacrylate was also studied. The kinetic mechanism of polymerization was proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300220
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overall NCO/OH ratio and microphase separation in urethane elastomers (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 761-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several polyurethanes were prepared from poly(ethylene adipate) glycol, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and 1,4-butanediol. The overall NCO/OH ratio was allowed to vary from 0.94 to 1.21. Thus, the obtained elastomers differed in the amount of allophanate groups and perfection of microphase separation. These effects were studied by dielectric and pulsed NMR techniques. The results show that quite subtle effects concerning molecular mobility and its restriction due to interfacial region, perfection of the separation, and inadequacy of thermomechanical measurements can be investigated in the presented way.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300224
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric behavior of wood-polystyrene composite (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 799-804 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric phenomena for alder wood natural and modified with polystyrene were studied. Temperature dependences of the complex permittivity components of these materials were obtained for the temperature interval from 100 to 450 K at the frequencies of measuring electric field of 420 Hz, 2 kHz, and 10 kHz. The changes in structure of wood cell walls were found, detected as an increase in number of polar functional groups taking part in the relaxation processes and as a partial freezing of conformational degrees of freedom of macromolecule fragments carrying these groups. The origin of the structural changes can be the efect of wood substance swelling caused by polystyrene, which penetrates the composite cell walls.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300228
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of antioxidant action: Transformations involved in the antioxidant function of zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamates. I (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 789-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The antioxidant mechanism of zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate is examined in detail in model compounds. The kinetics of the reaction of zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate with hydroperoxides were studied in inert and oxidizable substrates. A typical electron donor antioxidant and a base (CaCO3) were found to inhibit the peroxide decomposition. The oxidation products of the Zinc II complex appear to be quite different from those of the nickel II and iron III complexes. Two processes are involved in the antioxidant function of the zinc complex: The first is a free radical decomposition of the peroxides, which predominates at molar cumene hydroperoxide (CHP)/zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZnDEC) ratios of 10 or less. At higher molar ratios an ionic reaction predominates, although there is a radical contribution at all ratios. Thiocarbamoyl disulfide does not seem to be formed as an intermediate from ZnDEC during the ionic process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300227
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Na ion-sensitive solvent polymeric membranes based on a neutral carrier (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 487-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The states in the surface and the bulk phases of Na ion-sensitive polymeric membranes based on a synthetic carrier were investigated using SEM, IR, 13C-NMR, and GC. The 13C-NMR study revealed that conformation change of the carrier took place when the carrier was incorporated into the membrane phase. From SEM, IR, and 13C-NMR experiments with a deteriorated membrane, the conformation change of the carrier was proposed as one of the deterioration factors other than the decrease in the diffusion coefficient of the carrier in the membrane phase.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300204
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of nigeria natural (havea) rubber with bound antioxidant added as masterbatch (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 571-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nigeria natural rubber concentrates in a newly synthesized antioxidant were added as conventional additives for normal natural rubber. The natural weathering, thermal and photooxidative protective performance of the adduct were examined by measurement of the carbonyl index and induction periods. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the addition of this new antioxidant in the form of masterbatch appears to be a better practical way of incorporating it into natural rubber simply by dilution of natural rubber. The bound stabilizers were found to be resistant to leaching.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300210
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The unfolding model for the representation of the mesophase layer in composites (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 621-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adhesion between matrix and inclusions (fibers or particulates) in a composite material is one of principal factors characterizing the mechanical and physical behavior of the modern composite materials. All theoretical models describing these substances neglect to consider the influence of the boundary layer developed between phases during the preparation of the composite. In this paper, two versions of a theoretical model were introduced for the evaluation of this mesophase layer. It had been shown that this thin layer influences considerably the physical properties of the composite. It was assumed that the physical properties of the mesophase unfold from those of the hard-core fibers to those of the softer matrix. Thus, a multicylinder model was assumed, improving the classical two-cylinder model introduced by Hashin and Rosen for the representative volume element of the composite. Based on thermodynamic phenomena appearing at the glass transition temperatures of the composite and concerning the positions and the sizes of the heat-capacity jumps there, as well as on the experimental values of the longitudinal elastic modulus of the composite, the extent of the mesophase and the mechanical properties of the composite may be accurately evaluated. These versions of model are based on a previous one concerning a multilayer model, but they are considerably improved, in order to take into consideration, in a realistic manner, the physical phenomena developed in fiber-reinforced composites.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300214
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pore size evaluation for fine porous freeze-dried cellulose acetate membrane by gas separation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 695-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pore size for a fine porous freeze-dried cellulose acetate membrane was evaluated by gas separation methods, where the Present-deBethune equation was applied. Separation coefficients were referred to the calculated value for each pore size from this equation. Nuclepore, Millipore VS, and Millipore VC, whose pore sizes were already known by bubble point method, were tested for this method. Pore diameters for this cellulose acetate membrane, thus determined, were about 25 and 40 Å from Ar-Kr and N2-Kr separation systems, respectively, which agreed well with the results from electron microscope (50 Å) and N2 gas permeability (50 Å). However, it is impossible to apply this method to He gas separation, since He gas permeability is higher than the expected value as Knudsen flow, which indicates that some channels are existing in this membrane, where He gas is more permeable than the other gases.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300218
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution-induced changes in the properties of polyethylenes (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 731-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chain entanglement states in high density, linear low density, and low density polyethylenes (HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE) have been modified by recovering the polymers from solutions in trichlorobenzene (TCB) and p-xylene. In the thermodynamically good solvent, TCB, the entanglement density is assumed to be sharply reduced, a condition which is carried over to the corresponding solids. These display transient, but large increments in tensile moduli, slight changes in stress at rupture, and decreases in dynamic mechanical parameters and in elongation at rupture. Scanning calorimetry also shows these solids to have reduced crystallinity. Much smaller property modifications are noted in corresponding samples recovered from p-xylene. This liquid is a poorer solvent, particularly for HDPE and LLDPE. The results indicate that property modifications due to deliberate changes in the entanglement states of the polymers are a general phenomenon in the polyethylenes, and the magnitude of property changes depends on parameters of the molecular weight distribution. Chain branching does not seem to be a leading factor in the sensitivity of properties to modifications in the entanglement states. The property modifications produced by the present solution treatments are viewed as guides to the magnitude and duration of shear refining effects to be expected in HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300221
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Percolation conductivity in Nafion membranes (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 769-780 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article deals with the method of determination of a threshold volume fraction of the conductive phase within perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer Nafion. Experiments have been performed with the commercial Nafion-120 and Nafion-427 membranes equilibrated with concentrated sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions at 353 K. It has been stated that the insulator-to-conductor transition in membranes occurs at the critical volume fraction of the conductive phase (Vc) equal to 0.1. The same Vc has been estimated for a geometrical cluster-network model. Lower than the theoretical Vc for a classical dense-packed-hard-sphere model (Vc = 0.15), the volume fraction for the membranes is caused mainly by channels connecting the ionic clusters. The critical exponent t has been calculated for both membranes and found to be equal to 1.6 for Nafion-120 and 1.5 for Nafion-427. Both these constants correspond to those theoretically predicted for 3D systems. The ratios of sodium ion mobility in the internal membrane solution to its mobility in the equilibrating NaCl or NaOH solutions (u+/u+) are below unity, and they are dependent on the nature and concentration of the electrolyte.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300225
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The viscoelastic properties of rubber-resin blends. I. The effect of resin structure (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 805-814 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of elastomers with the proper concentration of appropriate low molecular weight resins exhibit performance as pressure sensitive adhesives. Viscoelastic properties, which may be related to adhesive performance, were measured on 1:l blends of rubber and resin using a mechanical spectrometer. Significant differences in viscoelastic properties were observed depending upon the resin structure. On plots of G′ and tan δ vs. temperature, the addition of a compatible resin produces a pronounced shift of the tan δ peak to a higher temperature and reduces the modulus in the rubbery plateau. An incompatible resin results in a minor shift in the tan δ peak of the elastomer along with the appearance of a second peak at higher temperature, attributed to a second phase which is predominantly resin. Also, the modulus is increased in the rubbery plateau. A polystyrene resin, Mw about 900, is shown to be incompatible with natural rubber but compatible with styrene-butadiene rubber. A cycloaliphatic poly(viny1 cyclohexane) resin, Mw about 650, prepared by hydrogenating the polystyrene resin, is compatible with natural rubber, but incompatible with styrene-butadiene rubber. An alkyl-aromatic poly(tert-butylstyrene) resin, Mw about 850, which is intermediate in aromaticity between the aromatic polystyrene resin and the cycloaliphatic poly(viny1 cyclohexane) resin, is compatible with both natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber. Therefore, the structure of the resin is very important in adjusting the viscoelastic properties of a rubber-resin blend to achieve pressure sensitive adhesive performance.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300229
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermal degradation of liquid polysulfide polymers: Pyrolysis-GC-MS and thermogravimetric studies (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 855-873 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of Thioped, a liquid polysulfide polymer based on dichloroethyl formal, was studied using pyrolysis-GC-MS. The nature and composition of the products of pyrolysis at 358 and 485°C are given. A striking feature of the product analysis is the presence of several disulfide compounds only at the higher decomposition temperature. The pyrolysis-GC of other liquid polysulfide polymers (LP-2, LP-32, LP-3, and LP-33) showed that molecular weight had only marginal effect on the product composition. Ionic and radical mechanisms were considered to account for the product formation. Isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetric studies were carried out to differentiate between the two mechanisms. The results were found to be in agreement with a free radical mechanism, with cleavage of the formal C—O linkage as the preferred mode of initiation. The overall activation energy for the decomposition was found to be 190 kJ mol-1.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300233
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of gelatin graft copolymers. IV (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 915-924 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gelatin graft copolymers of different compositions were tested for microbial susceptibility in a synthetic medium with pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Serratia marcescens. The percent weight losses were recorded over 6 weeks of incubation period in nitrogen-free and nitrogen-rich media. The relationship between [log(rate)] during the first week of the test period and composition of the grafted samples showed a linear behavior. There was no difference in the aggressivity of these bacterial strains. Nitrogen analysis data and pH measurements of the media seem to reinforce our earlier observations. Soil burial tests also indicate degradation of polymer samples under natural weathering conditions. This article also summarizes the salient features of our series of investigations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300303
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  • 19
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    Removal of nonionic surfactant by systems based on polystyrene-polyoxyethylene block copolymers (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 985-996 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three polystyrene (PS)-polyoxyethylene (POE) block copolymers were synthesized: S-114 and S-123 as copolymers of POE-PS-POE type, and S-61-10 as that of type. Although the copolymers themselves did not remove nonionic surfactant, polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonylphenyl ether (NP, n = 10), in water, the copolymers, which were supported on activated alumina, removed the surfactant. The removal rates of NP by the copolymers supported on the alumina were compared. The effect of initial concentration of NP and the effect of the amount of supported copolymer on the amount of NP removed were studied. The Freuindlich adsorption isotherm was observed between the residual concentration of NP and the amount of NP removed. In the three copolymers supported on the alumina, the amount of removal per unit mass was the greatest for the S-61-10.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300309
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curing reaction of elastomers with triazine thiols and sulfen amides (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1049-1063 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Curing reaction of elastomers with triazine thiols and sulfen amides in the presence of ZnO and stearic acid was investigated for curing parameters and curing mechanism. The curing parameters such as curing rate, induction period, and curing efficiency were influenced by the pKa of thiol groups in triazine thiols and amines corresponding in sulfen amides, by the steric hinderance of 6-substituted groups in triazine thiols and on amino groups in sulfen amides, by the molar ratio of sulfen amides to triazine thiols, and by the reacting positions and the properties of elastomers. Triazine thiols acted as curing agents. Sulfen amides played two important roles in curing elastomers with triazine thiols. They gave poly(triazinyl disulfide) which is a curing precursor. Curing activators are formed in the reaction of the precursors, sulfen amides, and ZnO. The activators react with elastomers to give crosslinks, pendants and triazine dithiols or triazinyl disulfide oligomers. The pendants react with sulfen amides to give the crosslinks. The triazine thiols or triazinyl disulfide oligomers react with sulfen amides to reproduce the curing precursors. The structure of crosslinks is estimated to be
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Development and evaluation of a novel binder based on natural rubber and high-energy polyurethane/composite propellants (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1095-1112 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxyl terminated natural rubber (HTNR) was prepared by the depolymerization of masticated natural rubber in the presence of H2O2 in toluene. Probable mechanisms leading to the formation of side reaction products are proposed based on the analytical data. A comparative study of some formulation variables was made for their effect in improving the flow characteristics and mechanical properties of an aluminized polyurethane (PU) propellant system based on HTNR. This PU system has also been compared for its theoretical performance characteristics with some other state-of-the-art systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300317
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    The solubility of gases and volatile liquids in polyethylene and polyisobutylene at elevated temperatures (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1145-1165 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility of gases and volatile liquids in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyisobutylene (PIB) at elevated temperatures has been correlated, using the experimental data available in the literature. In the present study, a Henry's constant Kp at a total pressure of approximately 1 atm defined as P1 = KPV10, where P1 is the partial pressure of the solute in the vapor phase and V10 is the solubility (cm3 solute/g polymer at 273.2 K and 1 atm), is correlated for nonpolar solutes with the following expressions: (1) For LDPE, ln(1/KP) = -1.561 + (2.057 + 1.438ω) (Tc/T)2; (2) For PIB, ln(1/Kp) = -1.347 + (1.790 + 1.568ω) (Tc/T)2, in which ω is the acentric factor and Tc the critical temperature of the solute. In obtaining the above correlations we have used 27 solutes covering 115 data points for LDPE, and 18 solutes covering 148 data points for PIB. We have calculated values of 1/Kp from the literature data reported in terms of the retention volume (Vg0), weight-fraction Henry's constant (H1), activity coefficient at infinite dilution (Ω1∞), Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ), or V10/P obtained from high pressure sorption experiments. The correlations obtained in this study permit one to estimate with reasonable accuracy the solubility of gases and volatile liquids in either LDPE or PIB, with information on the acentric factor (ω) and critical temperature (Tc) only. The relationship for LDPE is also applicable for solubilities in high-density polyethylene. Relationships for the heat of vaporization of solutes from infinitely dilute LDPE or PIB solutions are also derived from the temperature variation of 1/Kp.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Preparation of high modulus polyethylene sheet by the roller-drawing method (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1241-1255 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets were drawn through a pair of heated rollers. The process, referred to as roller drawing, was found to be useful for producing high modulus and high strength HDPE sheets. The higher draw ratio could be obtained for the HDPE sheet with lower molecular weight and narrower molecular weight distribution. The Young's modulus and the breaking strength reached 43 GPa and 0.67 GPa, respectively, at the highest draw ratio. The measurements of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) pole figures revealed that the crystallographic a-, b-, and c-axes were oriented to the normal direction (ND), the traverse direction (TD), and the drawing direction (DD), respectively. The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of the roller-drawn HDPE sheets with draw ratio higher than 7 exhibited two intensity maxima on the meridian, suggesting the presence of the two-phase structure in which crystalline and amorphous regions are stacked alternately along DD. The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure was discussed on the basis of the concept of the formation of amorphous tie molecules in the interfibrillar and intercrystallite regions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300328
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferrocene-bound polyester resins (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1309-1320 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Seven ferrocene-bound polyester resins were prepared from fumaric acid and diethylene glycol in the presence of different ferrocene derivatives. To accomplish the incorporation of the organometallic moiety into the polyester resin chain, the cyclopentadienyl rings of ferrocene were substituted in the 1,1′ positions with reactive functional groups. The ferrocene derivatives used were: 1,1′-bis(1-hydroxyethyl) ferrocene 1, 1,1′-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid 2, and 1,1′-ferrocene diacetic acid 3. The incorporation of an organometallic complex significantly increased the rate of the polyesterification process. In order of increasing rate enhancement, the effect was 2 〈 3 〈 1. The effectiveness of ferrocene derivatives chemically incorporated into the polyester backbone during copolymerization with styrene was studied by monitoring the gel time, cure rate, and the resin properties. The efficiency of the copolymerization reaction of ferrocene-bound polymers with styrene decreased in the order 1 ≥ 3 〉 2. Mechanisms to account for these results are presented. Some of the strength related properties were also studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300333
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    Electronic Resource
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    Electrical resistivity of a polyamide-epoxide copolymer (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1321-1322 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300334
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    Optical characterization of solid-state coextruded PET (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 251-262 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been solid state coextruded to a series of draw ratios up to 4.4 at 50, 60, 70 and 90°C. These uniaxially drawn samples have been examined by optical microscopy and light scattering and for increases in crystallinity and birefringence as a function of draw ratio and draw temperature. The birefringence for PET may be among the highest yet reported - 0.21.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300120
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    The mechanism of cellulose alkalization in the isopropyl alcohol-water-sodium hydroxide-cellulose system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 263-277 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of cellulose alkalization in isopropyl alcohol (IPA)-water-sodium hydroxide system was studied from the viewpoint of the selective distribution of sodium hydroxide between cellulose and the medium, and of the lattice transition of cellulose. A mixture of IPA, water, and sodium hydroxide spontaneously separates into two layers, i.e., the upper layer solution (ULS) consists of IPA, water, and a small amount of sodium hydroxide and the lower one (LLS) consists of sodium hydroxide, water, and a very small quantity of IPA. The role of the ULS and the LLS was distinctive. The ULS has a function to distribute sodium hydroxide with water in cellulose uniformly according to the distribution equilibrium between ULS and cellulose, and the ULS recovers sodium hydroxide with water from the LLS as the distribution equilibrium shifts in the alkalization of cellulose. The concentration of sodium hydroxide in the LLS and that of IPA in the ULS exerts an influence on the lattice structure of alkali cellulose. During the transformation from cellulose I to alkali cellulose, decrystallization does not occur. Some portion of alkali cellulose reverted to cellulose I by regeneration.
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    Mercerization of cellulose. II. Alkali-cellulose intermediates and a possible mercerization mechanismPresented in part at the 1983 International Dissolving and Specialty Pulps Conference, Boston, MA, April 1983. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 325-332 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Continued study of the five crystalline Na-celluloses, previously shown to occur as intermediates during the mercerization of cellulose and exhibiting two types of crystallographic fiber repeats, further indicates that they fall into three classes based on their unit cells and NaOH contents. In one class are Na-celluloses I and III, both containing up to 34% NaOH; in the second class are Na-celluloses IIA and IIB, marked by ca.15 Å fiber repeat and containing up to 65% NaOH; and in the third class is Na-cellulose IV which is likely to be a hydrated form of cellulose II. Na-cellulose I was found to be the common first alkali-cellulose structure produced in the NaOH treatment of both cellulose I and cellulose II. Further study of this conversion step suggested a mercerization mechanism in which the alkali begins the conversion of cellulose to Na-cellulose I in the amorphous parts of the fiber. The conversion of the parallel-chain cellulose I structure to an antiparallel one is likely to occur already in this first step.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300128
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    Physiorheological characterization of a carbon/epoxy prepreg system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1847-1857 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model epoxy matrix resin was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetric and rheological techniques. The data was used to construct a time-temperature-phase transformation diagram to investigate the thermoset curing phenomena. Experimental techniques were developed to generate similar data on a carbon/epoxy prepreg material. The data were then compared to study the effects of the presence of the reinforcement on the processing characteristics of the epoxy matrix resin.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300506
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    Morphology of latex particles formed by poly(methyl methacrylate)-seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1903-1926 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate)-polystyrene composite particle latexes were prepared by poly(methyl methacrylate)-seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene employing batch, swelling-batch, and semibatch methods. The changes in particle morphology taking place during the polymerization reaction were followed by electron microscopy. Anchoring effect exerted by ionic terminal groups introduced by ionic initiator was found to be the main factor in controlling the particle morphology. The polymer particles obtained by oil-soluble hydrophobic initiators such as azobisisobutyronitrile and 4,4′-azobis-(4-cyanovaleric acid) gave the inverted core-shell morphology. Water-soluble hydrophilic initiator, K2S2O8, also gave the inverted core-shell morphology. However, in this case the occurrence of the halfmoonlike, the sandwichlike, and the core-shell morphologies were also observed depending upon the polymerization conditions. The distribution of terminal —SO4- groups on the surface area of polystyrene particles could be controlled by initiator concentration and polymerization temperature. Viscosity of polymerization loci dictated the movement of polymer molecules, thus causing the unevenness of particle shape and phase separation at high viscosity state. Viscosity was controlled by the styrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) ratio, the addition of a chain transfer agent or a solvent which is common to polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate).
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300510
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    Heterogeneous structure of cis-isoprene rubber and oligodiene diisocyanate blendsCorrected proofs received January 30, 1985 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1927-1934 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structural peculiarities of cis-1,4-isoprene rubber, oligodiene diisocyanate, and derivative of phenol-formaldehyde resin blends have been studied by WAXS and SAXS methods and electron microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the addition of modifiers and further thermal treatment under conventional curing conditions change considerably the microheterogeneous structure and morphology and contribute to the improvement of the short-range order in the rubber matrix.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300511
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    Analysis of swelling of crosslinked rubber gel with occlusionsCorrected proofs received February 17, 1985 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1969-1988 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The contribution of the occluded polystyrene in the crosslinked rubber gel to the overall swelling has been determined theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical calculation consists of modification of the Flory-Rehner equation. The equation describes the swelling of a crosslinked polymer network in the presence of a solvent. Calculation procedures are discussed which enable one to determined the crosslink density (molecular weight between crosslinks) of the rubber network from experimentally determined swelling index and % gel measurements. The inverse calculation procedure is also described. That is, knowing the crosslink density and the amount of occlusions as determined from kinetic considerations, one can calculate the swelling index. Theoretically and experimentally determined swelling index are in excellent agreement.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300515
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    Phase separation in the synthesis of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate as diluent (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2065-2074 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Phase separation by suspension copolymerization of styrene-divinylbenzene (DVB) with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) as diluent was investigated using equilibrium swelling, swelling rate, apparent densities, and mercury porosimetry. The copolymer prepared in the absence of DOP is heterogeneous, showing that a phase separation exists in the polymerization system, and, in the presence of DOP, the propagating copolymer separates earlier. Furthermore, with increasing amounts of DVB, phase separation occurs earlier than gelation, which causes a sudden increase in the amount of pores about 200-500 Å in diameter corresponding to the interstices between the microspheres.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300523
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    Properties of ultraviolet cured polydimethylsiloxane-urea acrylates (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2115-2135 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of polydimethylsiloxane-urea acrylate prepolymers was synthesized by reacting aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (ATPS) with isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). The oligomers were cured using ultraviolet radiation in the presence of different reactive diluents. Three systems were prepared with varying ATPS soft segment molecular weight. All of the samples were transparent. However, microphase separation was indicated by the observation of two glass transition temperatures attributed to separate ATPS and IEM/reactive diluent phases. Increasing ATPS molecular weight led to a lower rubbery phase transition temperature and a smaller rigid phase volume fraction. These effects were reflected in lower modulus and tensile strength at room temperature, and higher elongation at break. An increase in the reactive diluent content resulted in an increase in Young's modulus and the ultimate tensile strength of these materials. Increasing reactive diluent content caused the rubbery phase transition peak to decrease in magnitude without changing its position and shifted the hard segment transition to higher temperature. The tensile strengths and moduli of these materials were higher than those reported in the literature for other polydimethylsiloxane and urethane acrylate materials.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300527
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    Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of wool fibers in a single step relaxation test (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2195-2206 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data and their analysis are presented on the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of wool fibers in extensional stress-relaxation up to strains of 18.5%. The analysis, assuming a two-phase structure for the fiber, consists of superimposing the experimental curves onto the master curve for the nonaging material by multiplicative scaling and shifting on the logtime scale. The scaling and shift factors reflect the strain induced phase changes of the morphological components. Though different in their physical nature, these transitions show the same strain dependence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300532
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    Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-divinylbenzene copolymer beadsCorrected proofs received January 30, 1985 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1741-1752 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This article deals with the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-divinylbenzene copolymer beads. Chemical changes during hydrolysis were evaluated by means of determination of total weight exchange capacity and of infrared spectroscopy. The influence of reaction temperature, concentration of the hydrolytic agent, degree of copolymers crosslinking as well as the influence of particle size upon the rate of hydrolysis were studied as a function of time. The mathematical and statistical calculations of experimental data were carried out. With respect to time dependence of hydrolysis of the copolymer functional groups, the average values of reaction rate constants as well as the values of assumed diffusion coefficients were calculated. The analysis is based on partial linearization of experimental results by means of semilogarithmic transformation. The empirical relations expressing dependences of reaction rate constants and of diffusion coefficients on conditions of hydrolysis were determined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300438
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  • 37
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    Solubility of nonpolar and slightly polar organic compounds in low-density polyethylene by inverse gas chromatography with open tubular column (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1815-1826 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) with open tubular column was used to determine low pressure solubilities of 13 organic solutes in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for temperatures from 50 to 175°C. Based on the principle of corresponding states, two simple correlation equations were developed for estimation of the solubility of nonpolar and slightly polar solutes in rubbery and molten LDPE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300503
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    Rhodium complexes as catalysts for hydrosilylation crosslinking of silicone rubber (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1837-1846 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vulcanization of silicon rubber compound based on polysiloxanes containing vinyl and Si-H groups catalyzed by [RhCl(CO)2]2, [RhCl(C2H4)2]2, [RhCl(1,5-COD)]2, [RhCl(NBD)]2, RhCl[P(C6H5)3]3, and Rh(acac)3 (1,5-COD = 1,5-cyklooktadiene, NBD = norbornadiene, acac = acetylacetonate) has been studied in dependence on the catalyst, solvent, and reaction conditions. The course of vulcanization as well as the crosslinking density of the vulcanizate and the content of sol indicate that the above catalysts are comparable to and in some cases even better than the widely used hexachloroplatinic acid.
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    Matrix viscoelasticity: Controlling factor in the rubber toughening of epoxy resins (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1875-1891 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Our limited success in toughening methylene dianiline (MDA)-cured Epon 828, using varying rubber types, led to a study of the role of the matrix viscoelasticity in the toughening process. Two rubber types, with different interfacial bonding capabilities, poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid and poly(n-butylacrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile, were incorporated into systems containing varying amine concentrations to control crosslink density. Impact strengths of controls and rubber-modified compositions increased with excess amine concentrations up to 70%. The impact strengths for the poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid rubber-modified compositions were greater than their equivalent controls, with the effect being greater at a lower crosslink density. This study confirmed that the matrix viscoelasticity is the controlling parameter in the toughening process. The degree of rubber-epoxy interfacial bonding is also an important parameter to consider, if the matrix viscoelasticity permits toughening. A modified stress response model was used to explain the toughening phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300508
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    Selective etching of polyolefines. I. Isotactic polypropyleneCorrected proofs lost in transit. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1949-1961 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of isothermal etching of isotactic polypropylene samples having different thermal treatment was studied using a mixture of concentrated sulfuric or 85% o-phosphoric acid with various amount of potassium permanganate. The course of etching was confronted with morphological features of the etched surface. It was shown that on a macroscopical scale the etching proceeds in an indiscriminate way, whereas on a scale of the basic structural elements - lamellae - it proceeds through stages of selective etching. Selective etching of isotactic polypropylene using mentioned etchants was successfully applied for morphology investigation of various kinds of surfaces.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300513
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    The effect of heat on the molecular weight of poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) adhesive (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2863-2867 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Steel-steel ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive bonds have been thermally aged and the polymeric material isolated from the glue line. Molecular weight measurement by gel permeation chromatography suggest that a significant degree of post-curing occurs followed by a slight decrease in molecular weight. This decrease in molar mass is not considered large enough to explain the observed decrease in bond strength. It is postulated that poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) undergoes thermal degradation in a manner similar to that reported for poly(methyl methacrylate). The loss in bond strength is thought to be due to the disruption of the polymer-metal interface by monomer molecules produced during the thermal depolymerization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300713
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  • 42
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    Effects of various factors on the formation of high molecular weight polyamic acid (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2883-2905 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and aromatic diamine in an aprotic solvent such as dimethylacetamide (DMAc) gives a solution of poly(amic acid). The effects of certain variables on the polymerization and some additives on the stability and imidization of the poly(amic acid)s were studied. It was found that the addition of PMDA portionwise to the solution of diamine always keeps the excess diamine in solution and enables one to obtain the highest molecular weight of poly(amic acid). When the addition process was reversed, either by the change or dehydration of solvent, a high molecular weight was not attained. The inevitable water in the solvent or the reaction medium is the major factor, and the more the water content in the solvent or the reaction medium, the larger is the probability of destruction of PMDA during the reaction and hence low molecular weight is obtained. If very pure monomers were used in the polymerization, the 1:1 of molar ratio is the optimum value. Excess diamine or dianhydride results in the exchange reaction with poly(amic acid) and causes a rapid degradation of polymer chain. This exchange reaction was proved by NMR measurements. The presence of electrophilic agents or the nucleophilic agents containing active protons in the poly(amic acid) solution promotes the decomposition of polymer and causes the brittleness of polyimide film in the curing process. Using acetic anhydride (A) to convert the poly(amic acid) to polyimide, pyridine (P) can protect the polymer chain from the nucleophilic attack by the anhydride. The mixture with proper ratio of A/P (1/1-15/1) can be used as good dehydrating agents.Meanwhile, according to the results to the results of experiments, we suggested the probable reaction mechanisms about how the water, amine, and anhydride destroy the polyamic acid chains.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300715
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    Relationships between structure and mechanical properties of rubber-modified epoxy networks cure with dicyanodiamide hardener (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2955-2966 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy network systems based on DGEBA and dicyanodiamide (DDA) and modified with a low molecular weight rubber (CTBN) were prepared and characterized. The kinetics of the adduct formation is followed using GPC analysis. The phase separation of the rubber phase is evidenced with DSC and SEM for all samples up to 20% CTBN. The GPC analysis of the soluble fraction demonstrates a chemical modification of the network. The mechanical properties and specially the impact strength behavior are enhanced with CTBN, but exhibit a maximum for 15% CTBN. In connection with SEM of fracture surfaces, these results are discussed and both modification of the rubber morphology and decrease in crosslinking density are taken into account.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300719
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    Effect of coagulation medium on properties of sulfonated polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3009-3022 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The performance and the structure of sulfonated polyvinylidene fluoride membranes prepared in different coagulation media were investigated. Several pure organic compounds and mixtures of some of them with water were used as coagulation media. The membrane were tested in an ultrafiltration laboratory unit with dextran aqueous solutions. The overall structure of the membranes was examined with the aid of the scanning electron microscope. The effect of temperature of the coagulation medium on the properties of the membranes were also investigated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300723
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    The differential viscometer. II. On-line viscosity detector for size-exclusion chromatography (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3037-3049 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The new technique of differential viscometry measures directly the specific viscosity of a solution by subtracting the contribution of solvent in a balanced capillary bridge. The present work adapts the differential viscometry principle to the design of a viscosity detector for use in size-exclusion chromatography. It is shown that the resulting viscosity detector possesses excellent sensitivity and baseline stability with a minimum detectable specific viscosity of 2.7 × 10-5. The viscosity detector can be operated together with a refractive index detector to determine the intrinsic viscosity of polymer solute fractions as they elute from the SEC column. The bandspreading of the viscosity detector is compared to the refractive index detector by measuring the peak width of a compound having a single discrete molecular weight. The peak width at half-height was 0.29 mL for the viscosity detector and 0.25 mL for the refractive index detector.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300725
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    Photodegradation kinetics of methyl salicylate in poly(methyl methacrylate) (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2721-2721 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300638
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    Graft copolymerization onto rubber. VII. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto rubber using potassium peroxydisulfate catalyzed by silver ion (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2753-2759 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber (NR) was carried out varying the concentration of monomer, initiator, thiourea, and silver nitrate over a wide range. The grafting reaction was temperature-dependent. From the Arrhenius plot, the overall energy of activation was computed. A suitable reaction scheme and rate expression for the rate of polymerization was suggested.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300704
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    Antiinflammatory polymer-bound steroids for topical applications. I. Synthesis and characterization (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2761-2778 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Covalent binding of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone to hydrophylic biocompatible macromolecular carriers through hydrolizable carbonate linkage was investigated according to two complementary strategies. (a) Radical copolymerization of hydrocortisone-21C-vinylcarbonate with N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP,60°C), or N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide (THMMA, 50°C) in dimethylacetamide solution: In spite of a nearly zero reactivity ratio for the steroid monomer which behaves as a degradative transfer agent - CT ∼ 5.7 × 10-2 and 6.8 × 10-3 for NVP and THMMA, respectively-this process may afford fairly high molecular weight polymers (M̄w ≃ 104-105) with high enough hydrocortisone content (0.03-0.10 mole.fraction). (b) Condensation of the hydrocortisone or dexamethasone-21C-chloroformates onto poly(oxyethylene glycol) (M̄n = 6220) or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC, M̄w = 1.35 × 105) in tetrahydrofuran solution (30°C): This straightforward process is of low efficiency (yields 〉50%), and only HPC derivatives show good chemical homogeneity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300705
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    Aromatic ionomer membranes. I. Physical and mechanical properties (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2821-2836 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties of a new class of ionomers comprising a semirigid polyphenylene ether backbone were investigated. The material was studied principally in the form of films of ca. 150 μm micrometers in thickness. The study focused on material of 600 equivalent weight. Torsion pendulum results showed a significant increase in the glass transition temperature of the ionomer relative to that of its ester precursor but gave no evidence of ionic clustering. Stress-strain studies performed both in water and in 20% KOH solution at 80°C indicated that the mechanical properties of the material remain stable under these conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate both the high temperature behavior and the water uptake of the ionomer films. The behavior of this ionomer at high temperature and in an alkaline solution is of particular interest in view of the possible use of these films as separators in an alkaline electrolysis cell.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300709
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    Carbon-13 NMR characterization of DGEBPA epoxy resins (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2853-2862 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to investigate the structure and character of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBPA) epoxy resins more thoroughly than previously reported in the literature. It is shown that spectra, when run under quantitative conditions, can detect the loss of epoxides at the end groups by reactions such as hydrolysis. The products of acid hydrolysis of a DGEBPA resin are observed and assigned. It is further shown that the possibility of epoxide hydrolysis and impurities or structural irregularities can lead to inaccuracies in epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) calculations using a previously reported methodolgy. A new method is employed which can take into account loss of end group epoxides. Part of this new method consists of a measure of the epoxide to end group ratio (EER) which sheds light on the final possible quality of the cured resin. The EER value is shown to be in many ways more informative than the EEW measure which has the built-in assumption that there is an epoxide group for each end group.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300712
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    Curing of epoxy resins with diphenyliodonium salts as thermal initiators (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2997-3007 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing reaction of a thermally curable epoxy system containing diphenyliodonium hexafluoroarsenate was investigated by using the dynamic and isothermal techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was shown that the curing involved two consecutive reactions. The heat of the total curing reaction and overall kinetic parameters for the two reactions were obtained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300722
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    The differential viscometer. I. A new approach to the measurement of specific viscosities of polymer solutions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3023-3036 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new type of solution viscometer is described that measures the specific viscosity directly. This is accomplished with a balanced network of four capillaries arranged in a manner analogous to a Wheatstone bridge. A differential pressure transducer measures the increase in pressure across the bridge when a solution is injected into one of the capillaries while solvent flows continuously in the other three capillaries. The differential pressure is proportional to the specific viscosity of the solution. The differential viscometer is about 10 times more sensitive than a conventional glass tube viscometer, permitting precise measurements of specific viscosities of 0.01 or less. The measurements are also inherently fast, averaging about 3 min per sample. Precision is about 1% RSD. Accuracy was investigated by running standard solutions of sucrose in water, polystyrenes in toluene, and polyethylenes in decalin. The agreement was within 2-3% of the standard values in most cases.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300724
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    Some aspects of autoignition delays and flammability limits of polyurethane based on diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) and propoxylated trimethylol propaneThis paper was presented at the 8th European Conference on Flammability and Fire Retardants, June 7-8, 1984, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3531-3543 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The main purpose of this work is a better understanding of the physicochemical phenomena involved during an unpiloted ignition. We intend to characterize the step corresponding to the degradation of the material, the production of combustible gases, and their combustion with the surrounding oxidizing gas, leading to the flame. The degradation gases which are essentially alkanes, alkenes, and aldehydes undergo oxidation by degenerate chain branching mechanism. The initiating chain propagates very quickly and creates intermediate species of increased stability which initiate new active centers leading to secondary chains. Then, ignition can occur after a relatively large induction period. We suggest that this period may be defined as the time to reach a critical rate of production of the intermediate species. A study of the active center distribution near the surface as a function of time and of the distance to the surface allows us to explain the experimental variation of ignition delays vs. oxidant pressure. The ignition limits of this polyurethane, i.e., temperature-pressure curves in air and in oxygen, have also been determined. It has been possible to correlate pressure and temperature and to specify the influence of nitrogen on the ignition process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300902
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    Reduction and hydroboration with borane and haloborane complexes of poly(propylene sulfide) grafted on crosslinked polystyrene (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3589-3604 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Preparation of borane and haloborane complexes of poly(propylene sulfide) grafted on crosslinked polystyrene was investigated. Graft polymer-borane was prepared by reaction of graft polymer with B2H6 and BH3-THF. Graft polymer-haloborane was prepared by reaction with haloborane-tetrahydrofuran and by reaction of borane-bound graft polymer with halogen. Graft polymers with high borane (2.44 mmol/g) and haloborane (163 mmol/g) content were reached. The use of these graft polymers as polymeric reagents for reduction of carbonyl compounds and hydroboration was investigated. Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters were reduced in high yields to the corresponding alcohols by borane-bound graft polymer. The graft polymer showed good chemoselectivity in competative reduction of cyclohexanone and other ketones and aldehydes, as well as in competative reduction of acetophenone and benzaldehyde. Reactivity of graft and homopolymer-borane was similar to that of borane-methyl sulfide. Hydroboration of alkenes with these graft polymers, followed by alkaline oxidation, led to the formation of the corresponding alcohols in high yields. Hydroboration was highly regioselective. Stability of the graft polymer-borane and recycling of that graft polymer were investigated. Cleavage of the poly(propylene sulfide) by the borane bound polymer took place to some extent. At 0°C no borane loss was found over a 5-week period. When recycled, 85% of the original borane content could be regenerated at the end of the fourth cycle.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300908
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    Physical properties of barium titanate-filled rubber-modified epoxies (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3625-3647 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rubber-modified epoxies (RME) filled with different levels of barium titanate (BaTiO3) have been characterized by using DSC, TGA, and TMA. The presence of the filler does not affect the glass transition temperature or the activation energy of pyrolysis; however, it does change other thermal properties. The dielectric constant increases markedly, but the dissipation factor remains fairly constant with increasing BaTiO3 loading. The polymers, in MEK, exhibit slightly different degrees of swelling and their sol fractions vary. Mechanical properties, such as stress-strain relation, friction, abrasion, scratch hardness, and scrape adhesion of the polymers, will be described.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300911
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    Diffusion/adsorption model of cellulose dyeing. II. Ordinary cellulose-direct dye system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3697-3705 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion and adsorption of C.I. Direct Yellow 12 and Blue 15 in water-swollen ordinary cellophane sheets were examined at various ionic strengths. The concentration dependence of apparent diffusion coefficients, Dc, for these dyes was obtained from the diffusion profiles in the substrate, which were measured by the use of the cylindrical film roll method. The decrease of apparent porosity with an increase in the amounts of adsorption was observed. To explain the diffusion/adsorption behaviors of these systems, a variable porosity model was proposed and was applied to analyze the concentration dependence of Dc's. The diffusion/adsorption behaviors of these dyes could be quantitatively described by this model at relatively low ionic strengths. At higher ionic strengths and/or lower values of C, i.e., at the large values of Cim/Cm, where the C's are the concentrations of immobilized (suffix im) and mobile (suffix m) species, it needed to introduce the concept of dynamic equilibria which occurred simultaneously with diffusion but deviated from the true equiliblia measured by the adsorption experiments.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300914
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    Control of free-radical emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate by oxygen injection. I. Modeling study (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3189-3223 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxygen injection has been proposed as an effective control measure for limiting the rate of heat release and altering the rate of polymerization in emulsion processes. A detailed mathematical model is developed to describe the system behavior with and without oxygen injection. Because of the rapid penetration of dissolved oxygen into the polymer particles, growing radical chains are terminated prematurely, lowering product molecular weights. Moderate oxygen flows and moderate set point temperatures are found to give the optimal response without significant lowering of the final molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300806
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    Molecular weight distribution control in a semibatch “living” anionic polymerization. I. Theoretical study (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3249-3265 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method to produce homopolymers of preestablished molecular weight distribution (MWD), through “living” anionic polymerizations carried out in homogeneous semibatch reactors is proposed and theoretically justified. In the direct form of the technique, very fast reactions are assumed, and the monomer and “killing” agent feed flows are obtained from the knowledge of the desired MWD, the system spreading function, the total reaction time, the initial reaction volume, and the reagent concentrations. Alternatively, by controlling a reactor outlet flow instead of the “killing” agent feed, an external deactivation of the “living” ends can be implemented. The method can be extended to slow reactions, to more elaborated mechanisms, and to take into account the unwanted deactivation of “living” ends by impurities in the monomer solution feed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300810
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    Mechanisms of antioxidant action: the antioxidant activity of nitrones in polypropylene (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3267-3281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Aldonitrones are effective melt stabilizers for polypropylene, the most effective being benzaldonitrones containing a partially hindered 4-hydroxy group in the aromatic ring. They form nitroxyl radicals in the polymer during processing, and these and the related hydroxylamines are believed to be involved in a catalytic CB—A/CB—D antioxidant cycle during mechano- and photooxidation. During thermal oxidation (oven aging) they behave as stoichiometric CB-D antioxidants.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300811
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    Ion pair-ion pair and ion-dipole interactions in polyurethane-styrene blends (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3317-3323 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that ion pair-ion pair interactions can be utilized to achieve miscibility in blends of urethanes with styrene ionomers. The urethanes contain quaternary ammonium salts in the hard segments, while the styrenes contain sodium methacrylate groups (∼9.6 mol %). By contrast, ion-dipole interactions are not strong enough to achieve miscibility enhancement; a polyurethane containing short (ethylene oxide) sequences in the hard segment did not exhibit miscibility with a styrene-lithium methacrylate copolymer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300814
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    Durability of radiation-sterilized polymers. I. Estimation of oxidative degradation in polymers by chemiluminescence (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3339-3346 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In relation to sterilization of medical supplies, the degree of degradation by γ-ray and electron beam irradiations of homopolypropylene (HP), copolypropylene (CP, coplymer including 6% of ethylene unit) and polymethylpentene were compared, and chemiluminescence (CL) of irradiated polymers were measured. HP degraded extremely around the sterilization dose (2.5 Mrad) by either γ-ray or electron beam irradiations. In the case of CP and polymethylpentene, stabilities of polymers far differed between γ-ray and electron beam irradiations. The polymethylpentene was more stable than the polypropylenes against irradiation. The counts of CL emitted by recombination of peroxy radical (ROO ·) increased with increasing dose, reflecting degrees of oxidation of polymers. The degradation of polymers was independent of irradiation sources, rather it depended on the degree of oxidation. It was found that CL analysis are favorable for estimation of degradation in irradiated polymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300816
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    Morphological studies on the adhesion mechanism of pressure-sensitive adhesives (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3369-3376 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The breaking process of the thin film of pressure-sensitive adhesives which are blends of natural rubber and the pentaerythritol ester of hydrogenated rosin and its surface structure after peeling off have been studied by electron microscopy. The dynamic observation of breaking process of the adhesives during the peeling has also been done by optical microscopy. The fibril structure with diameter of 50-100 Å was observed under the breaking process of the thin film and on the surface after peeling off the adhesive tape consisting of 40-60 wt % of resin. The previously proposed mechanism of adhesion which is based on the dynamic behaviors of fibrils and easy flow regions in the adhesives is confirmed by the electron microscopic observation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300819
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    Equilibrium disperse dye sorption by drawn polypropylene films (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3409-3422 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Isotactic polypropylene (PP) films drawn at various temperatures ranging from 100 to 155°C have been dyed at 80°C with p-aminoazobenzene (PAAB) or C.I. Disperse Yellow 7 (Y-7). The equilibrium dye sorption (M0) of PAAB obtained for these films decreased with an increase in draw ratio (λ) of the films. The M0 values of Y-7, however, increased with increasing in λ similarly the crystallinities of these films increased slightly with draw ratios. By use of fine structural data of these films, the change in M0 of Y-7 for drawn PP films were analyzed in terms of a mosaic-block structural model. The increase in M0 with increasing in λ was thus ascribed to enhanced sorption by the amorphous side region between crystalline cores located parallelly in the direction to the molecular axis. The side regions of the drawn systems become rich in interfibrillar tie chains in a higher range of λ. The side region seem to have a strong affinity particularly to a long rodlike dye molecule such as Y-7; this feature is probably associated with the amount of the amorphous chains having extended chain conformation, the fraction of which increases during drawing.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300823
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    Mechanical and friction properties of glass-filled thermoplastics modified by polyethylene additives (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3451-3466 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Temperature and concentration dependences of elasticity modulus, wear and wearability of industrial glass-filled thermoplastics modified by low-density polyethylene were studied. It is shown that polyethylene additive reduces the elasticity modulus in the solid aggregate state of polymer matrix and enhances it in the softening region. For the first time a possibility was found to reduce friction, wear, and wearability of glass-filled thermoplastic materials by incorporating optimum amount of alloying polymer additive thermodynamically incompatible with the polymer matrix.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300826
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    A rationale for the preparation of asymmetric pervaporation membranesA part of this paper was presented at the Europe-Japan Congress on Membranes and Membrane processes, June 18-22, 1984, Stresa/Italy. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2805-2820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pervaporation is carried out primarily with homogeneous membranes. An improvement in permeation rate can be achieved by using asymmetric or composite membranes. In order to maintain a high selectivity, very dense top layers are needed. The formation of asymmetric pervaporation membranes will be discussed in terms of the model proposed by our group: formation of the top layer by gelation; formation of the porous sublayer by liquid-liquid phase separation followed by gelation of the concentrated polymer phase. To obtain very dense top layers the following factors are important: the ratio of nonsolvent inflow and solvent outflow, polymer concentration, location of the liquid-liquid demixing gap, and location of the gel region. Asymmetric membranes have been prepared by varying these factors, and the obtained membranes have been tested on ethanol/water mixtures.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300708
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    Solvent power effect on graessley's time constant in concentrated polystyrene solutions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3585-3588 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Results of our measurements of polystyrene solutions and those reported in the literature demonstrate the common dependence of Graessley's relaxation time on the product of concentration and molecular weight, irrespective of the solvent power and its viscosity, and of temperature. Such behavior is in agreement with the conclusions reached in our previous paper, namely, that the shear stress dependence of viscosity of this polymer in solvents differing considerably in viscosity and solvent power may be unified by plotting relative viscosity against the product of velocity gradient and Rouse's relaxation time.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300907
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    An investigation of the kinematics of stretch blow molding poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3679-3695 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the kinematics of inflation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) parisons in a Corpoplast stretch blow molding process is reported. LVDT displacement transducers have been placed at various positions along the length and at the top of a specially designed and built mold. A six-channel LVDT demodular circuit was built and attached to a minicomputer. Studies were conducted at 90 and 100°C at various pressures. Kinematic models were developed for the parison inflation, and stress fields along the deforming surface of the parison were computed using membrane theory.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300913
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    Optimization of batch polymerization processes - narrowing the MWD. I. Model simulation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3707-3749 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several control strategies for the free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate are analyzed with a detailed constitutive model incorporating the gel and glass effects. Optimal temperature history, photoinitiation intensity variation, and programmed monomer and solvent additions, employed alone and in combination, represent cases simulated by this model. Solvent addition is selected for further experimental studies, due to some attractive features. The product molecular weight distribution is narrowed, while the molecular weight averages are maintained high. Model predictions of the solvent injection history exhibit a strong sensitivity to the constitutive equations for describing the gel and glass effects.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300915
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    On the effects of very low levels of long chain branching on rheological behavior in polyethylene (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3751-3765 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comparison is made of the effects of very low levels of long chain branching (less than 0.1 branch per 1000 CH2) on the rheological behavior of polyethylene for samples, in which the branching has been introduced by means of peroxide decomposition or thermal-mechanical degradation. Both the activation energy and viscosity at low rates are shown to increase considerably more rapidly with branching level for samples containing branching formed from peroxide decomposition than for samples containing branching formed as a result of thermal or mechanical degradation. A model, which is based on parameters obtained for highly branched low density polyethylene and experimental molecular structure measurements, is shown to adequately account for the flow curves of samples containing branching introduced by thermal or mechanical degradation. Poor agreement of the model with experimental flow curves for peroxide branched samples is obtained, presumably because of the inability of the low density polyethylene parameters to adequately describe the flow properties of these samples, which are thought to contain tetrafunctional branch points. The good agreement between theoretical models, predicting relationships between activation energy and branching level, and experimental data is taken as lending further credence to the idea that the large variations seen in the rheological behavior with branching concentration at low branching levels are due to changes in the relative proportion of discrete branched and linear species with branching level. In accord with experimental results, a maximum in low rate viscosity with branching level is predicted. The maximum is predicted at approximately 0.25 branches/1000 CH2.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300916
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    Optimization of batch polymerization processes - narrowing the MWD. II. Experimental study (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3825-3840 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Programmed solvent injection was previously proposed and analyzed in the first part of this two-paper series as a viable alternative for controlling the average molecular weight and narrowing the polydispersity of products from a free-radical polymerization process with an inherent tendency to exhibit strong gel and glass effects. Here, methyl methacrylate is chosen for experimental verification of this idea. The product molecular weight distribution is indeed narrowed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300922
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    Use of thermogravimetry in the study of polymer-solvent interactions near glass transition temperature (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3891-3893 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300927
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    Polymer crystallization induced by sorption of CO2 gas (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3911-3924 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous work has shown that sorption of CO2 at relatively high pressures by glassy polymers reduces their glass transition temperatures and may convert the glass into a rubber under certain conditions. It is shown here that this plasticization by a gas can induce crystallization just as sorption of vapors or liquids is known to do. This point is extensively explored for miscible blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(methyl methacrylate) and to a lesser extent for poly(ethylene terephthalate). In some cases, this secondary crystallization process results in small crystals whose melting endotherms are just above the glass transition and are very similar to peaks resulting from heat capacity overshoots, or enthalpic relaxation, caused by sub-Tg annealing; however, by appropriate techniques peaks arising from these two separate mechanisms can be distinguished. For oriented materials, evidence is shown which demonstrates that the additional crystals formed on CO2 sorption have the same preferential orientation as the original material.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Dynamic and equilibrium swelling of DVB-crosslinked polystyrene particles (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4583-4589 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dynamic and equilibrium swelling behavior of polystyrene microparticles crosslinked with divinyl benzene was investigated in methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexane. The dynamic studies gave new information about the mechanism of penetrant transport in this polymer. The equilibrium studies were used to determine important parameters of the crosslinked structure of these systems, including the average molecular weight between crosslinks, M̄c
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301206
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    Effects of oxygen on anionic butadiene telomerization in hydrocarbon solvents (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4643-4651 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: During the development of an anionic butadiene telomerization process consisting of two stages, initiator preparation and telomerization, in a hydrocarbon solvent which contained a chain-transfer agent, we found that a small amount of oxygen accidentally introduced caused an unusually large decrease in the telomer viscosity. Based on the degree of such decrease due to the addition of oxygen at the two stages and based on the rather modest reactivity of oxygen with organosodium compounds, we concluded that free oxygen was catalytically involved in the telomerization process. The results of kinetic and transmetalation studies indicated that only the chain-transfer reaction was accelerated catalytically by free oxygen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) cure diagrams: Relationship between Tg and the temperature and time of cure for epoxy systems (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4685-4696 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A procedure is provided for estimating the time to full cure vs. isothermal cure temperature for vitrified epoxy systems. An equation relating the glass transition temperature of vitrified epoxy systems to the time and temperature of cure is developed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301215
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    Phenomenological study on sol-gel transition of linear low density polyethylene in organic solvents (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4735-4743 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Solutions of linear low density polyethylenes in organic solvents formed thermoreversible gels on cooling. Gel-melting temperatures of the polymers in tetralin, decalin, and o-xylene were measured. They increased slowly with increasing polymer concentration. Experimental data were analyzed by the thermodynamic theory of Takahashi, Nakamura, and Kagawa, which is derived for the gel-melting temperature of a crystalline linear copolymer gel. A plot of the gel-melting temperature by the theory depended considerably on the kind of comonomer of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Refractive index increments of polybutylisocyanate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4801-4803 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301225
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    Methyl methacrylate copolymer-SAN miscibility (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4193-4196 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301020
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    A rheological study of laminar-turbulent transition in drag reducing polymeric solutions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4235-4242 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Presented herein are the studies of laminar-turbulent transition in micropolar and power law fluids flowing in a circular pipe. For some parametric values of micropolar and power law fluids, both depict the drag reducing properties. The parametric values of these representations have been obtained from the experimental results of Mc-Comb. It has been observed that, in both the cases, as the drag-reducing property in the solution increases, the first transition point moves towards the walls of the pipe. It is also observed that the onset of early turbulence phenomenon occurs for the drag-reducing polymeric solutions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301102
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    On the chain cross-sectional area and motion of macromolecular chains (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4319-4324 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper attempts to relate the chain cross-sectional area to the glass transition temperature of a polymer and to discuss the effect of the chain cross-sectional area in view of the motion of molecular chains. It has been found that the definite relationship between glass transition temperature and cross-sectionalarea can be obtained only when taking account of intermolecular interaction of polymer chains. It is considered that the chain cross-sectional area will characterize the chain flexibility of a polymer since the glass transition temperature is related both to intermolecular interaction and chain flexibility of a polymer. The concept of the structural parameter cross-sectional area per chain, first introduced by Vincent1 and used by Boyer and Miller,2-5 is useful in empirically correlating properties and structures of polymers. The glass transition temperature is a basic parameter of bulk polymers and is characteristic of their intermolecular interactions and chain flexibility. This paper attempts to relate chain cross-sectional areas to glass transition temperatures of polymers and to discuss the effect of the chain cross-sectional area in view of the motion of molecular chains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301110
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    Investigation of the action of flame retardants in cellulose. I. Investigation of the flame retardant action of 2,2′-oxybis(5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-2,2′-disulfide) in celluloseDedicated to Prof. Dr. Herman Mark on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4345-4355 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pyrolysis experiments were performed in high vacuum and under reduced air pressure (100 Pa). The volatile products of pure cellulose and cellulose containing various amounts of flame retardant 2,2′-oxybis (5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-2,2′-disulfide), i.e., Sandoflam 5060 of Sandoz AG, were studied by means of gas chromatography in combination with mass spectroscopy. The volatile products were characterized with infrared spectroscopy. The studied revealed that the incorporation of the flame retardant enhanced the water release and shifted the onset of this reaction to lower temperature. On the basis of these findings an explanation for the mechanism of flame retardancy in generated cellulose fibers modified with this particular flame retardant is attempted. From experiments with different residual air pressure the influence of oxygen on the primary processes of the pyrolytic degradation of cellulose is being discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301113
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    Criteria for rheological compatibility of polymer blends (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4431-4454 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Criteria for rheological compatibility of polymer blends are suggested. The criteria suggested make use of plots of first normal stress difference (N1) against shear stress (σ12), and of storage modulus (G′) against loss modulus (G″). Compatible blend systems considered are (1) blends of two different grades of low-density polyethylene, (2) blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(methyl methacrylate), (3) blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and polystyrene, and (4) blends of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhyride). And incompatible blend systems considered are (1) blends of nylon 6 and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and (2) blends of nylon 6 and an ethylene-based multifunctional polymer. It has been found that plots of N1 vs. σ12 and G′ vs. G″ give (a) temperature-independent correlations for both compatible and incompatible blend systems; (b) composition-independent correlations for compatible blends; (c) composition-dependent correlations for incompatible blends.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301118
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    Enhancement of impurity removal from polymer films (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4499-4516 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The problem of the enhancement of the removal of a volatile impurity in a polymer film by the addition of a second solvent is analyzed. The introduction of a second solvent that diffuses faster than the impurity can increase the free volume of the system and can thus facilitate removal of the volatile impurity. Solution of the ternary diffusion problem indicates the role of the properties of the second solvent and of processing conditions on the devolatilization effectiveness. It is shown that more than a 10-fold decrease in the devolatilization time can be achieved using a second solvent and appropriate processing conditions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301201
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    Reaction kinetics of the reaction of terephthalic acid and ethylene carbonates (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3617-3623 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the reaction of terephthalic acid with a number of ethylene carbonates in the presence of an amine catalyst were examined. All reactions apparently follow first-order kinetics; therefore, the solution rate of TPA is not rate-limiting. With minor adjustments, the mechanism appears to be in accord with that of the model reaction of benzoic acid and ethylene carbonate previously reported. Attack of the carboxylate on the carbonate ring must be the rate-limiting step. Substituent effects (owing to substituents on the carbonate ring) appear to be mostly steric in nature; surprisingly, an n-octyl group causes the slowest reaction. Besides being strongly influenced by steric hinderance, the transition state appears to be highly polar. Activation energy (16.0 kcal/mol) and activation entropy (-23.6 cal/deg) are very similar to those of the model reaction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300910
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    Roller drawing of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4591-4608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The roller drawing of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) sheets were carried out in the roller temperature Tr range of 100-140°C. In addition to the roller drawing in the solid state (Tr = 100°C), we attempted to crystallize the molten UHMW-PE sheet under the roller-drawing process (Tr = 100-140°C). The tensile and dynamic viscoelastic properties, the molecular orientation, and the microstructure of the roller-drawn UHMW-PE sheets were investigated. The mechanical properties of UHMW-PE sheets were much improved by crystallization during the roller drawing process at Tr = 140°C. The sheets roller-drawn at Tr = 135 and 140°C exhibited c-axis orientation to the draw direction and (100) alignment in the sheet plane. However, at Tr = 100°C the elastic motion of the amorphous chains induces the twinnings of lattice, which enhances the transition to the (110) alignment in the sheet plane. The dynamic storage modulus below γ-dispersion temperature showed good correlation with crystallinity and orientation functions, while taut tie molecules and thick crystallites play an important role in the storage modulus above γ-dipersion temperature.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301207
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    Electron beam lithographic evaluation and chain scissioning yields of itaconate resistsThis paper is a revision of Paper 469-18 which was presented at the SPIE conference on Advances in Resist Technology, March 12-13, 1984 in Santa Clara, Ca. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4631-4641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of itaconic acid with methyl methacrylate, P(ItA-MMA), have been synthesized as promising positive working electron beam resists.1,2 However, attempts to obtain greater electron beam sensitivity by increasing the itaconic acid content and initial molecular weight of these copolymers have been hindered by difficulties in synthesizing itaconic acid copolymers with an ItA content greater than 50 mol% or with a molecular weight above 250,000. The usefulness of the MMA-ItA copolymers is also limited by their susceptibility to anhydride formation which makes this resist very sensitive to prebake conditions and aging times. To overcome these limitations and to develop resist materials with improved sensitivity, alkyl ester derivatives of itaconic acid have been synthesized, both as homopolymers and as copolymers with methyl methacrylate. The electron-beam chain scissioning yields, G(s), of these derivatives have been determined, and the most promising of these copolymers and homopolymers have been evaluated for lithographic performance. The G(s) values of the alkyl itaconate copolymers depend greatly on the structure of the alkyl group. The mono-alkyl itaconate copolymers exhibit G(s) values 2-3 times greater than the corresponding dialkyl itaconate copolymers. In particular, copolymers of monomethyl itaconate (MeI) with methyl methacrylate are found to be promising resist materials with high sensitivities and compatability with processing conditions. A trend in sensitivity is observed for a series of MMA-MeI copolymers ranging from 20 to 85 mol % MeI, with a maximum sensitivity observed for the 57 and 73% MeI compositions. These copolymers exhibit improved sensitivity over that of the itaconic acid copolymers. Anhydride is formed less readily from the MeI copolymers than from the ItA copolymers, improving the stability of the resist for process conditions. Areas exposed in P(MMA-73 mol % MeI) at 4 μC/cm2 (20 kV) were developed with less than 10% thinning of unexposed resist and with a contrast (γ) of 2. Vertical walls were observed for 1 μm wide lines using P(MMA μ73% MeI) at a dose of about 6 μC/cm2.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301210
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    Influence of anionic form on thermal degradation of TMAHP-cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4707-4711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Trimethylammoniumhydroxypropyl (TMAHP)-cellulose in 10 anionic forms (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HSO4-, NO3-, OH-, HCO3-, H2PO4-, CH3COO-) was prepared, and the influence of each anion on thermal degradation in inert atmosphere was studied. With the help of dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetry (TG) it was found that H2PO4- ions had the greatest retarding effect on TMAHP-cellulose degradation. From the values of rate constants it can be seen that all ionic forms of TMAHP-cellulose have the starting rate of thermal degradation greater than unmodified cellulose. The calculated values of activation energy of thermal degradation for different ionic forms are decreasing in following sequence: H2PO4- 〉 F- 〉 NO3- 〉 I- 〉 Br- 〉 HCO3- 〉 Cl- 〉 HSO4- 〉 OH- 〉 unmodified cellulose 〉 CH3COO-. From the results of pyrolyse measurements in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) it follows that the products of the elimination of quarternary ammonium salts are trimethylamine, 3-hydroxy-2-propanone, and, in the case of OH- form, water. In all other ionic forms the third product is the corresponding acid.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301217
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    Effect of aging on internal stress and fatigue fracture of poly(4-methyl pentene-1) (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4771-4792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue fracture behaviour of injection-molded poly(4 methyl pentene-1) has been investigated. Crack growth rate experiments have been conducted on notched specimens after room temperature aging, after annealing at 175°C, and after prolonged cyclic loading prior to notching. Residual stress profiles have been determined for specimens in each of these states, and the crack growth data have been discussed with reference to differences in residual stresses. Annealing caused the reversal of the sense of the residual stresses, and a significant change in stress distribution was found for specimens freshly removed from prolonged storage at -18°C. Scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces revealed fibrillar features essentially similar to those found with other semicrystalline polymers.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301223
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    Transport and related properties of paint films. II. Dynamic mechanical properties and humidity effects (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 111-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A systematic four-stage investigation of eight unpigmented coating formulations, including three vinyl, two polyurethanes, and three epoxy systems was done to provide baseline structural information upon which an improved understanding and an optimization of protective coatings can be founded. First, the results from dynamic mechanical measurements are provided and discussed for the base polymer component in each coating system. Second, the effects of humidity on the dynamic mechanical properties of these base polymers were determined at room temperature. The extent of property degradation was monitored by calculating the Tg depression with increased humidity, assuming a temperature-humidity superposition. The extent of degradation, as monitored by the Tg, was found to correlate directly with the level of hydrogen bonding in these coatings. Third, the influence of typical coating additives (a TCP plasticizer and a rosin hardener) on the properties of two of the vinyl coating systems was investigated. In the final stage, the synergistic effects of absorbed moisture and these additives on the coatings properties were investigated at room temperature. Increases in the concentration of these additives was found to magnify the degradation effect of increased humidity. This magnified degradation has been assigned to increased water absorption with increases in the concentration of either of these additives.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300109
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    Radiation-induced graft copolymerization of mixtures of styrene and acrylamide onto cellulose acetate. VI. Permeability of sodium chloride and sodium sulfateCorrected proofs received November 26, 1984 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acrylamide, styrene, and mixtures of acrylamide and styrene were grafted onto cellulose acetate film. The permeabilities of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate through the ungrafted and grafted cellulose acetate films were studied. Permeability increases with the increase in the extent of grafting of acrylamide; whereas it decreases with the increase in the extent of grafting of styrene onto cellulose acetate. The same trend in permeability was observed when cellulose acetate was grafted with the binary monomer mixture. Permeability is also found to depend on the nature of the solute dissolved in water. The results were discussed in terms of free volume concept of the water-swollen films.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300113
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    Design of polymer membrane with permselectivity for water-ethanol mixture. II. Preparation of crosslinked poly(methyl acrylate) membrane with diethylene triamine and its permselectivity (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to permeate water from a water-ethanol mixture by pervaporation on the basis of the difference in solubility between two components toward a polymer membrane, polymer membrane having polar group, poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) membrane crosslinked with diethylene triamine (DETA) was prepared. The permselectivity of the membrane was investigated with attention to the feed composition of water-ethanol mixture and the effect of introduction of DETA into the membrane. It is found that water was permeated through PMA-DETA crosslinked membrane preferentially in all ranges of feed composition, the highest permselectivity being observed at 25% ethanol aqueous solution. Moreover, the pervaporation rate of water was found to depend on the ratio of DETA introduction into the membrane. When the ratio of introduction into the membrane was 0.144, water was permeated through the membrane from 25% ethanol aqueous solution at a rate of 1.26 × 10-1 g m/m2 h. These results can be explained by high diffusivity of the membrane due to the low glass transition temperature of PMA and permeation of water through polar DETA moiety in the membrane.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300115
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    A study of the drawing behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4069-4079 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The drawing behavior of different molecular weight PVDF grades has been investigated over the temperature range 140-160°C, with particular reference to the production of material with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. Lower molecular weight grades, which have been subjected to a slow-cooled rather than a quenched moulding procedure yield higher Young's moduli when drawn to a given draw ratio. X-ray diffraction measurements have demonstrated that the crystalline regions of specimens drawn to high draw ratios under these conditions consist predominantly of the piezo- and pyroelectric form I phase. The relationship between the proportion of from I phase and the final drawing stress has been shown to be unique over the temperature range investigated, irrespective of molecular weight and thermal processing history.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301010
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    Einfluß der Herstellungsbedingungen von Doppel-V-Kerben an Prüfkörpern für den Schlagbiegeversuch nach DIN 53 753 (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 25-30 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the Manufacturing Process of Double V-Notches of the Test SpecimensIn connexion with DIN 53 753 „Impact bending test on a test specimen with a hole-notch or double V-notch“ tests were carried out on test specimen whose notches had been manufactured by different procedures (by planing and by placing the notches into the injection mould). Four different thermoplastics - some of them short-glassfiber reinforced-were used. Proof was gained that all specimens with a notch radius of 0.5 mm will break and that hardly any differences between „planed“ and „injected“ notches will exist. With the possibility of selecting one particular radius it has become feasible to draw comparisons between the individual plastics as to their impact strengths. Microtome cuts, SEM-micrographs of the area of fracture and orientation measurements with the aid of a micropolariscope complete the investigations.
    Notes: Im Zusammenhang mit DIN 53 753 „Schlagbiegeversuch an Probekörpern mit Loch- oder Doppel-V-Einkerbung“ wurden Versuchen an Probekörpern mit unterschiedlichen Kerbradien (0,1; 0,2; 0,5 mm) durchgeführt und an Proben mit unterschiedlicher Herstellung der Kerben (durch Hobeln und durch Einbringen von Kerben in die Spritzgießform). Es wurden vier verschiedene Thermoplaste, zum Teil mit Kurzglasfaser verstärkt, eingesetzt. Es zeigte sich, daß bei der Verwendung von 0,5 mm Kerbradius alle untersuchten Proben brechen, und daß kaum Unterschiede zwischen „gehobelten“ und „eingespritzten“ Kerben bestechen. Durch die Wahl eines Radius sind Vergleiche zwischen einzelnen Kunststoffen hinsichtlich ihrer Schlagzähigkeit möglich geworden. Mikrotomschnitte, REM-Aufnahmen der Bruchfläche und Orientierungsmessungen unter dem Polarisierungsmikroskop ergänzen die Untersuchungen.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160107
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    Nachrichten - Hinweise (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A12 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160203
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    Korrosion in Kalt- und Warmwassersystemen der Hausinstallation. Herausgegeben von C. L. Kruse. Vortragstexte eines Symposiums, das veranstaltet wurde von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Metallkunde im Auftrag der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Korrosion e.V., 1983, unter Leitung von Dr. C.-L. Kruse, Dortmund. 279 S. Text, zahlreiche Abbildungen. Farbtafel, 1984. Gebunden, 16 × 23,5 cm. Europa DM 122,-, Übersee $ 58,-. ISBN 3-88355-077-9 (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 186-186 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160508
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    Nachrichten - Hinweise (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A15 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160204
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    Nachrichten - Hinweise (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A33 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160404
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    Haftfestigkeitsbestimmung an Keramik-Metall-Verbindungen mit Hilfe von Schichtverbundbiegeproben - Teil 2 (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 122-128 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160410
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    Masthead (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160501
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    Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für lange axiale Oberflächenrisse in Rohren bei Thermoschockbelastung (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 151-156 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress Intensity Factors for Long Axial Surface Cracks in Pipes Under Thermal LoadingThe stresses occurring in the pipes of the primary loop in the case of an emergency cooling may be described conservatively by a thermal shock problem. The influence of these thermal stresses on a long axially orientated surface crack is studied in this paper. By means of the weight function method stress intensity factors are calculated for this loading case.
    Notes: Mit einem Thermoschockproblem lassen sich die Vorgänge in den Primärkreisrohren bei einer Notkühlung konservativ beschreiben. Die entstehenden Wärmespannungen werden hier als Belastung für einen langen axialen Oberflächenriß eingesetzt. Mit Hilfe der Gewichtsfunktionsmethode werden Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für diesen Lastfall berechnet.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19850160503
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