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  • Mitochondria  (18)
  • Springer  (18)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1975-1979  (18)
  • 1979  (18)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (18)
  • National Academy of Sciences
Years
  • 1975-1979  (18)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 147 (1979), S. 122-126 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Proton conductance ; Serum albumin ; Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pulsed acid base titrations, according to the procedure of Mitchell and Moyle, have been carried out on potato mitochondria in the presence and absence of Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA). The rate of the pH decay is slower when BSA is present. The buffering capacities of the outer and inner phases, the t1/2 of the pH decay after an acid pulse and the proton conductance of the inner membrane have been measured. The results show that plant mitochondria are relatively impermeable to H+ and OH−, but leakier than animal mitochondria. This may be related to the lower respiratory control ratios generally found with plant mitochondria.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 147 (1979), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Avena ; Greening ; Mitochondria ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Phytochrome ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria isolated from 7-day old darkgrown Avena sativa L. (var. Arnold) laminae given 5 min illumination of red light, followed by varying lengths of darkness up to 3 h, showed at least a twofold increase in the rates of both NADH-dependent oxygen consumption and respiratory chain phosphorylation over those of mitochondria isolated from unilluminated tissue. Similar organelles, isolated from tissue given either far-red or red followed by far-red pretreatment, exhibited rates of both functions of between 25% and 75% below those of the mitochondria from unilluminated tissue. The induction-reversion criteria for phytochrome control of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation were satisfied under all experimental conditions during the greening process. Treatment with continuous far-red light, acting presumably through the ‘high irradiance’ reaction of phytochrome, served to disengage phytochrome activity from photosynthesis. The stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation still occurred under these conditions, slightly slower but much more prolonged in the absence of ATP from photophosphorylation.
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  • 3
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    Planta 144 (1979), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; NADH oxidation ; Respiration (rotenone-resistant) ; Temperature activation ; Vicia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Respiration rates of broad-bean (Vicia faba) mitochondria were studied as a function of temperature. Arrhenius plots of all membrane-bound enzymes, as obtained with saturating substrate concentrations, revealed a break in the lower temperature range. That break was considered to indicate a phase transition of membrane phospholipids, characteristic for chilling-sensitive plants. A second discontinuity at 30°C occurred only with activities linked to energy conservation. — 2. The activation energies for the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates differ between states 3 and 4. State 3 respiration of NAD+-linked substrates is the result a superimposition of two branches of electron transport, which can be separated by different sensibilities to rotenone. A characteristic temperature dependency of the respiratory control, as well as a shift of the low temperature break in the Arrhenius plot toward a higher temperature after state 4 to state 3 transition, are calculated to be caused by the superimposition of the two branches. — 3. The temperature dependency of the oxidation of extra-mitochondrial NADH and of succinate differs remarkably from that of the oxidation of matrix-NADH. It has been concluded that the rotenone-resistant oxidation of matrix-NADH and the oxidation of external NADH are mediated via different pathways with individual regulation sites.
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  • 4
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    Planta 145 (1979), S. 449-457 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Alternation of generation ; Cosmos ; Gametogenesis ; Mitochondria ; Nuclear envelope ; Organelle autonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An interaction involving the nuclear envelope and spherical double-membrane bound inclusions takes place in the cytoplasm of post-meiotic male microspores of Cosmos (tribe Heliantheae, sub-tribe Coreopsidinae). The identity of the spherical inclusions has yet to be fully established, but they closely resemble profiles elsewhere in the cytoplasm, themselves presumably derived from the mitochondrial population of the premeiotic pollen mother cells. Both the cytoplasmic and nucleaar-associated inclusions regularly contain a central ‘vesicle’, formed by an ingagination of their bounding membranes. The interaction, which occurs immediately prior to the deposition of the primexine of the pollen wall, involves the adhesion of the inclusions to the nuclear surface. Experiments with osmotically disrupted cells reveal that the inclusions are firmly bound to the envelope and, at the points of contact, electron opaque granules are regularly present. Frequently elements of the chromatin may be observed in juxtapostion to these points of contact, but on the inner face of the envelope. The interaction in Cosmos is proposed to constitute part of the process by which the cytoplasm and its content are realigned to the new “gametophylic” style of growth.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Avena ; Greening ; Mitochondria ; Phosphate transport ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the technique of silicone oil filtration of organelles and the inhibitor stop method, the kinetics of transport of inorganic phosphate across the inner mitochondrial membrane were tested in relation to different stages of greening (0 to 24 h) of etiolated laminae of Avena sativa L., and compared to the rates of oxygen consumption and ATP formation. The results demonstrate that there is a pronounced increase in phosphate transport after 3 h of greening, reaching values for Vmax (about 17 μmol mg protein-1 h-1) that are three times as high as those measured with mitochondria from etiolated tissue. This is also mirrored by the rates of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. After 24 h of light treatment (4 Klx), respiration and ATP formation, as well as V decreased again to levels below those of the etiolated stage. In contrast to V, there was no change in the affinity between inorganic phosphate and the binding sites of the transporting systems involved, as indicated by a rather constant Km (0.23 mM) for phosphate transport. Of the inhibitors of phosphate transport tested, mersalyl and methyl mercuric iodide were most efficient with identical characteristics of inhibition; but compared to animal mitochondria, the concentrations needed to result in similar amounts of inhibition, were more than ten times higher. The results are discussed with respect to plastid development.
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  • 6
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    Planta 147 (1979), S. 178-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Hordeum ; Mitochondria ; Plastids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intercalary meristem and surrounding tissues of the gene induced plastome mutant ‘albostrians’ of Hordeum vulgare L. were examined in the electron microscope for ultrastructural evidence of membrane continuities between plastids and mitochondria. In well developed tissues the ribosome-deficient plastids were usually in close proximity or appressed to mitochondria of normal appearance. In some sections through the meristemmatic region however the relationship between the two organelles was observed to be of a fused nature. These conjoinings are thought to be similar to those reported in normal living cells using cinephotomicrography but never before observed by transmission electron microscopy.
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  • 7
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    Planta 146 (1979), S. 503-511 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Coumarate ; Cytokinin ; Glycine ; Respiration ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of a soybean tissue strain, suspended in an aerated liquid medium, caused disappearance of p-coumaric acid from the medium and oxidation of guaiacol, benzidine, pyrogallol, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and L-epinephrine. Both the disappearance and the oxidations were inhibited by 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at a concentration of 0.5 mM. BAP at other concentrations either promoted or inhibited oxidation of epinephrine in precisely the pattern reported earlier for the disappearance of coumarate; therefore, the disappearance of coumarate probably involves its oxidation. The effectiveness of other cytokinins in inhibiting the oxidation was studied. At 0.5 mM, and perhaps even at 0.5 μM, some of the several cytokinins tested inhibited oxygen consumption by the soybean cells. This inhibition, which did not require any of the above metabolizable compounds, was especially marked in the presence of cyanide, azide or Antimycin A, and was detectable in 10 min or less. Either Antimycin A or salicylhydroxamic acid alone promoted O2 consumption but together they were quite inhibitory. The soybean cells apparently have an alternate respiratory pathway and cytokinins may influence its operation. Several cytokinins at 0.5 mM, and perhaps at 0.5 μM, also inhibited oxygen consumption by mitochondrial preparations from the soybean cells, the inhibition being evident in about 20 s. The consumption required a substrate such as malate, succinate or NADH. Cytokinins and related compounds varied in effectiveness as follows: BAP and 6-isopentenyla-minopurine ≥ 9-tetrahydropyranyl-BAP 〉 kinetin, ribosyl-isopentenylaminopurine, 9-methyl-BAP and 9-methoxymethyl-BAP 〉 6,6-dimethylaminopurine and zeatin (slight activity) 〉 6-methylaminopurine, nicotinamide and adenine (ineffective). To a great extent this order parallels the order of effectiveness of the compounds in causing cell division. Mitochondria, therefore, may contain a site for an important cytokinin action.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 409-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal ganglion (domestic fowl) ; Tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate ; Neurofilaments ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Mitochondria ; Effects of toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of neurons in spinal ganglia of the domestic fowl poisoned with tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate (TOCP) shows characteristic changes. The light neurons react to TOCP by a marked increase in the number of neurofilaments. These neurons also contain mitochondria in various degenerative stages. Several of the altered mitochondria show an increasing osmiophilia. Some of the darker neurons display a hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum or a relative increase of neurofilaments. The mitochondria in some of these cells show early stages of degeneration. These changes appear 13 days after TOCP ingestion.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 493-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stereology ; Surfaces ; Mitochondria ; Anisotropy ; Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mitochondria in type-I and -II muscle fibres in the pectoralis major muscle of the pigeon (Columba livia) have been analysed using stereological techniques not previously applied in muscle biology. Mitochondrial volume fractions (VV) were estimated in different regions of each type of muscle fibre using randomly orientated sampling sectors within fibre profiles. These sectors were sub-divided into smaller sampling regions to provide accurate data on the intracellular distribution of mitochondria. Estimates of the external surface densities of mitochondria per unit volume of fibre, SV total surface , and also the densities of mitochondrial cristae, SV total cristae , were obtained using a specific technique derived for analysing anisotropic structures (Saltykov, 1958). The relative amounts of the random and orientated mitochondrial membranes were also estimated. Significiant differences were found to exist between the different types of muscle fibres and considerable though constant variations in the intracellular arrangement of mitochondria were also found.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Mitochondria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As seen by scanning electron microscopy, the mitochondrial helix in the developing midpiece of mouse testicular spermatozoa is dextral in direction and consists of spherical mitochondrial units arranged in an orderly array of four units per gyre: three appearing in face view and a fourth hidden from view at the back of the gyre. As the spermatozoa mature, the dextral helix is transformed into a sinistral helix. Its constituent spherical mitochondria either change direction abruptly without changing shape; or having first become semilunar or diamond-shaped, they change direction gradually. Mitochondrial division follows the change in helical pitch producing a double sinistral helix. The spherical (or semilunar/diamond-shaped) mitochondria presumably elongate to form the units of the mature midpiece.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Hypertrophy ; Caveolae ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Mitochondria ; Intramembrane particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytological features of hypertrophic smooth muscle cells are investigated in the small intestine of the guinea pig in which a hypertrophy is induced by an experimental stenosis. By freeze-fracture the cell membrane appears richer in intramembrane particles than that of control muscle cells, whereas the number of caveolae per unit surface of cell membrane shows little or no change (16–19 caveolae μm−2). In the sarcoplasm there is a conspicuous increase of both smooth and rough sarcoplasmic reticulum; extent was measured by surface and by volume. Unusual forms of reticulum also appear. Mitochondria are reduced (in percentage volume) to about half the control value.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Number and volume ; Lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors ask the question whether the parameters “number” and “volume” are suitable for the morphometric analysis of mitochondria. In several types of cell, irregularity of mitochondrial shape makes it technically difficult, if not impossible, to obtain reliable stereological estimates of mean organelle volume or number per unit volume. Of more fundamental concern is whether number of mitochondria per cell is of any real value as a structural correlate of respiratory potential and hence as a measure of cell function. Alternative parameters might serve better for this purpose. Though the problem is illustrated by reference to quantitative studies of lymphocytes, it is also pertinent to the investigation of many other cell types.
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  • 13
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    Protoplasma 101 (1979), S. 23-35 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amoeba proteus ; Cell cycle ; Golgi complexes ; Mitochondria ; Ribosomes ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects on subcellular morphology of maintaining amoebae at temperatures other than 20
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; Chloroplasts ; Mitochondria ; Protein transport ; Ribosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chloroplasts and mitochondria ofChlamydomonas were examined by electron microscopy to determine if cytoplasmic ribosomes were associated with the envelopes of these organelles. Cells were treated with cycloheximide to prevent polypeptide chain completion, and resultant dissociation of envelope-ribosome associations. No extensive association of cytoplasm ribosomes with envelopes of chloroplasts, or mitochondria was detected in intact cells or in damaged cells in which cytoplasm was partly removed. Our results indicate that association of cytoplasm ribosomes with envelopes of chloroplasts or mitochondria is not an essential requirement for transport of polypeptides from cytoplasm to organelle.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amoeba proteus ; Anaerobiosis ; Metabolic inhibitors ; Mitochondria ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anaerobiosis or exposure to the metabolic inhibitors potassium cyanide and Antimycin A produced changes in the form of living amoebae. These were accompanied by mitochondrial changes in fixed cells. Increasing the anaerobic period increased the percentage of mitochondria affected and resulted in a gradual reduction and eventual loss of the condensed Type I mitochondria ofAmoeba proteus. The rounder Type II mitochondria were not lost but underwent varying degrees of disruption, vesiculation of the cristae being evident after 5 hours exposures and matrical inclusions after 18 hours exposures. Similar cristal vesiculation was seen after 30 minutes treatments with potassium cyanide. Providing treatments were terminated before cell viability was lost, all mitochondrial abnormalities were reversible on return to normal culturing conditions. The longer the period of anaerobiosis the longer was the recovery time required for the return of normal mitochondrial structure and the re-equilibration of control Type I to Type II mitochondrial frequencies. The relationship between mitochondrial conformation and functional integrity is discussed in the light of these findings.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Germ cells ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in rat germ cell mitochondria are described. In diplotene and secondary spermatocytes and in the spermatids of the Golgi, cap and acrosomal phases, the mitochondria take on a rounded appearance with the inner space containing the matrix flattened against the outer membrane and the intracristal spaces considerably swollen (“condensed” mitochondria). Functional studies on “condensed” mitochondria isolated from the germ cells of normal rats have been performed. The following parameters have been evaluated: ADP/O ratio, respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP affinity. The ADP/O values found in the presence of various substrates are in agreement with the theoretical figures. The RCR is remarkably high. Moreover, the ADP affinity of these mitochondria is very high, as demonstrated by the low values of the “apparent Km”. These biochemical findings, which demonstrate a high oxidative capacity coupled with a marked phosphorylation, suggest that the “condensed” appearance of germ cell mitochondria is the expression of an active functional state.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Liver ; Heart ; Gastric parietal cells ; Mossy fibers ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mitochondria from different organs of the rat with configurations ultrastructurally resembling those of isolated mitochondria of known respiratory states have been subjected to Stereologic analysis. Mitochondria were examined from mossy fibers of the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex (condensed state), of the pericentral hepatocytes (orthodox state), and of heart muscle and parietal cells of the gastric fundus (transitional state). In order to study the relationship between mitochondrial compartments and the internal membrane a “partition coefficient” was introduced, which expresses the volume of the matrix (Emm) and external compartment (Eocm) respectively per unit surface area of internal mitochondrial membrane. The Stereologic parameters investigated, i.e. surface density of the mitochondrial membranes, volume density of the mitochondrial compartments and membranes, and partition coefficients generally agreed with the visual evaluation of mitochondrial ultrastructure. However, analysis of the coefficient of variation δ/x × 100% for Eocm and Emm has shown significantly greater variability in the mitochondria of the myocardium than in the gastric mitochondria, despite similar ultrastructure. It is suggested that Stereologic methods, like time-lapse cinematography, give a compound picture of configurational variation and of its plasticity.
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  • 18
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 88 (1979), S. 1275-1278 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; DNase I ; calcium ; respiration ; phospholipase A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of respiration and calcium transport in the liver mitochondria on activation of DNase I associated with the organelles was investigated. It was shown that 96% of the total activity of this enzyme in the mitochondria is in a latent state. Aeration of a suspension of mitochondria leads to a sharp rise in its activity. Activation of DNase I is inhibited by the addition of EGTA and stimulated in mitochondria releasing calcium. The pH optimum of EGTA-inhibited activation of DNase I was shown to be 8.0. It is concluded that activation of this enzyme depends on the state of cellular energetics. It is suggested that a role is played by mitochondrial phospholipase A, activated during release of calcium from the mitochondria in the process of activation of DNase I.
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