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  • AERODYNAMICS  (415)
  • AEROSPACE MEDICINE  (279)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1975-1979  (927)
  • 1975  (927)
  • 1
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    Medical care of spacecrews, (Medical care, equipment, and prophylaxis) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Treatment and prevention of the physiologic problems of spacecrews are discussed. Preflight procedures, inflight monitoring and medication, and postflight examination are described. Specific factors covered include: medical screening and astronaut selection; health stabilization and exposure prevention; preflight medical examinations and training; biomedical data; medical kits; diagnosis and treatment; and implications of postflight findings.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 3; p 345-371
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  • 2
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    Bioelectric activity of skeletal muscle under conditions of alternating action of g-Forces and weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The bioelectric activity of the musculature of animals and man was studied during alternating g-forces and weightlessness. The appropriate conditions were reproduced in flight along a parabolic curve; in this case, weightlessness lasting 25-30 sec alternated with g-forces of about 2 g magnitude. Quite regular changes in the bioelectric activity of various groups of muscles were disclosed under g-forces and in weightlessness. Thus, muscle biopotential amplitudes of 130-180 microvolt in horizontal flight, increased to 190-330 microvolt under g-forces. In the subsequent weightlessness, an abrupt reduction in oscillation voltage was observed and, in a number of cases, phenomena, similar to the picture of bioelectric silence were noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 239-245
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  • 3
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    Motor activity under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The material presented on the motor activity under weightless conditions (brief and long) leads to the conclusion that it is not significantly disrupted, if those being examined are secured at the workplaces. Some discoordination of movement, moderately expressed disruption of the precision of reproduction of assigned muscular forces, etc., were observed. Motor disorders decrease significantly in proportion to the length of stay under weightless conditions. This apparently takes place, as a consequence of formation of a new functional system, adequate to the conditions of weightlessness. Tests on intact and labyrinthectomized animals have demonstrated that signaling from the inner ear receptors is superfluous in weightlessness, since it promotes the onset of disruptions in the combined work of the position analyzers.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 245-265
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  • 4
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    Methods of body orientation in space in the absence of support under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The experience accumulated in training subjects in methods of body orientation in space indicates the necessity of clear planning of the training process. After theoretical familiarization with the principles of body orientation in space and reviewing training films, practical mastery of the body orientation methods begins with working out of the individual elements on the Zhukovskiy stool. Then, the correctness and sequence of movements are carefully mastered in water, and the motor skills are then reinforced under time deficit conditions, on the vaulting bars, trampolines, and, in the concluding stage of training, the methods of orienting the body in space in weightlessness are worked out in laboratory-aircraft, with and without the spacesuit and with and without a load.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 216-228
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  • 5
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    Astronaut activity in weightlessness and unsupported space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: For the purpose of study of the performance ability of a human operator in prolonged weightless conditions was studied by the following methods: (1) psychophysiological analysis of certain operations; (2) the dynamic characteristics of a man, included in a model control system, with direct and delayed feedback; (3) evaluation of the singularities of analysis and quality of the working memory, in working with outlines of patterned and random lines; and (4) biomechanical analysis of spatial orientation and motor activity in unsupported space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 383-429
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  • 6
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    Problem of artificial gravity from the point of view of experimental physiology (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Artificial gravity in spacecraft and orbital stations is considered as prophylactic method for preventing disorders under weightlessness conditions and for readaptation of astronauts to the gravity of earth. The creation of 0.28 to 0.31 g artificial gravity during weightlessness is adequate to orient the human body in space, to preserve movement coordination, as well as to maintain the necessary level of certain physiological indices. This range of artificial weightiness can be reached by various angular accelerations of the satellite rotation as a function of the radius or orientation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 351-357
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  • 7
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    Prophylaxis of unfavorable effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Artificial gravitation is judged to be the most effective universal method of prophylaxis for the negative effects of weightlessness on the human body.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 314-335
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  • 8
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    Means and methods of physical conditioning of man in long space flights (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Methods of prophylaxis for disorders caused predominantly by reduction or absence of hydrostatic blood pressure in weightlessness and in experimental stimulation of it (readjustment of the watersalt metabolism, relative dehydration, disruption of competence of the cardiovascular system with respect to orthostatic loads, etc.), are adequately substantiated. Two theoretically possible approaches to prophylaxis of this type of disorder are examined: The use of methods of simulation of the effect of hydrostatic blood pressure in flight and the decrease in the gravitational redistribution of blood to the lower part of the body in the postflight period. In particular, the method of negative pressure in the lower region of the body gave favorable results. A significant decrease in orthostatic disorders after completion of such experiments was achieved by use of g-suits or other types of special clothing.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 335-351
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  • 9
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    Effect of weightlessness on mineral saturation of bone tissue (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: X-ray photometry of bone density established dynamic changes in mineral saturation of bone tissues for Soyuz spacecraft and Salyut orbital station crews. Calcaneus optical bone densities in all crew members fell below initial values; an increase in spacecrew exposure time to weightlessness conditions also increased the degree of decalcification. Demineralization under weightlessness conditions took place at a higher rate than under hypodynamia.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 208-215
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  • 10
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    Urea, sugar, nonesterified fatty acid and cholesterol content of the blood in prolonged weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biochemical blood composition studies on astronauts during weightlessness flight simulation tests and during actual space flights showed some disturbances of metabolic processes. Increases in blood sugar, fatty acid and cholesterol, and urea content are noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 196-207
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  • 11
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    Condition of cardiovascular systems of astronauts during flight of Soyuz orbital station (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Extensive studies of blood circulation functions during manned space flight demonstrated a pronounced tendency toward an increase in minute volume of the blood and a decrease in pulse wave propagation rate. Individual blood circulation indices had large amplitude fluctuations. Physical work loads caused slow recovery of heart rate, arterial pressure and minute blood volume.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 147-173
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  • 12
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    Some results of biomedical studies carried out in the Gemini and Apollo programs (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biomedical changes in Gemini and Apollo astronauts indicate physiological shifts in the majority of organs and systems of the body during space flight. Weightlessness conditions affected body weight, blood circulation, hematological indices, metabolisms, etc. Prophylactic measures to minimize the various physiological and psychological effects constitute activity and rest cycles, supplementary potassium addition to space food, artificial gravity, etc.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 429-482
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  • 13
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    Some results of medical studies of Voskhod 2 spacecraft crew members (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Clinical and psychological examinations of the astronauts before, during and after space flight established fluctuations in heart rate, blood circulation, metabolism and sensorimotor reactions that disappeared completely one month after flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 116-128
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  • 14
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    Vestibular reactions of astronauts during flight in Voskhod spacecraft (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: It is shown that differing human vestibular resistances to weightlessness stress are connected with the nonuniform initial sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus, as well as with different lengths of vestibular training. However, intensive vestibular training of persons with a moderate degree of sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer does not ensure vestibular stability under weightlessness conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 91-98
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  • 15
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    Space form of motionsickness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Spacesickness under weightlessness conditions is explained mainly by disruption of the activity of the functional system perceiving space and participating in carrying out the balancing function, consisting, in particular, of the vestibular, proprioceptive, interoceptive, visual and cutaneomechanical analyzers. It can be assumed that, under specific conditions, Coriolis acceleration also is a cause of spacesickness. Adaptation is possible by formation of a new functional system which is adequate to the new mechanical conditions of weightlessness. Selection, training, creation of optimum conditions in the spacecraft cabin, medicinal, and technical improvement of spacecraft play an important role in prophylaxis of the space form of seasickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 82-91
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  • 16
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    Static-kinetic reactions of man under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Physical characteristics of human responses to weightlessness simulation during parabolic flights establish body immobilization and visual illusions as the most manifest causes of sensory distrubances. Repeated brief weightlessness exposures gradually decreased expressions of static-kinetic disorders.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 76-81
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  • 17
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    Reactions of astronauts under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Experimental data show that weightlessness conditions lasting 5 days or more (18-25) do not produce significant disturbances in physical reactions of astronauts, with the exception of some singularities in functioning of the cardiovascular system: A reduction in heart rate and somewhat large fluctuations in the physiological indicators of cutaneogalvanic reactions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 15-32
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  • 18
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    Physiological mechanisms of the effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Experimental data show that physiological reactions observed under weightlessness conditions are caused by: (1) The direct effect of weightlessness, as a consequence of decrease (""disappearance'') of the weight of body tissues and organs; and (2) the mediated effect of weightlessness, as a result of changes in the functional state of the central nervous system and the cooperative work of the analyzers. The human body adopts to weightless conditions under the prolonged effects of it. In this case, four periods can be distinguished: The first period, a transitional process lasting from 1 to 24 hours; second period, initial adaptation to conditions of weightlessness and readjustment of all functional systems of the body; the third period, adaptation to the unusual mechanical conditions of the external environment, lasting from 3 to 8 days and more; and the fourth period, the stage of possible imbalance of the functions and the systems of some astronauts, as a result of the prolonged effect of weightlessness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 32-40
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  • 19
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    Perception of time under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Results of experiments under conditions of brief weightlessness confirmed the theoretical concepts of the dependence of time perception on the emotional state of a man. The time test, together with other methods, can be used to precisely define the emotional state of subjects in stress situations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 71-76
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  • 20
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    Physiological problems of weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: A brief review of the compensatory-adjusting body changes observed during and after human exposure to prolonged spaceflight is given. Pathological disturbances caused by increased functional hypokinesia and weightlessness loads affect the cardiovascular system, the nervous and hormonal systems, and the state of the skeletal musculo apparatus.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 1-15
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  • 21
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    Respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Changes in the physiological indices of respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption in spacecrews under weightlessness conditions manifest themselves in increased metabolic rates, higher pulmonary ventilation volume, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination, energy consumption levels in proportion to reduction in neuroemotional and psychic stress, adaptation to weightlessness and work-rest cycles, and finally in a relative stabilization of metabolic processes due to hemodynamic shifts.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 174-195
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  • 22
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    Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared rays (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Sources of infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation are discussed, and important associated biological and psychophysiological effects are described. The problem of protection from excessively high or low levels of radiant energy in these spectral regions is considered and optimal levels are suggested.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 453-472
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  • 23
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    Angular velocities, angular accelerations, and coriolis accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weightlessness, rotating environment, and mathematical analysis of Coriolis acceleration is described for man's biological effective force environments. Effects on the vestibular system are summarized, including the end organs, functional neurology, and input-output relations. Ground-based studies in preparation for space missions are examined, including functional tests, provocative tests, adaptive capacity tests, simulation studies, and antimotion sickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 247-304
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  • 24
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    Impact accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The degree to which impact acceleration is an important factor in space flight environments depends primarily upon the technology of capsule landing deceleration and the weight permissible for the associated hardware: parachutes or deceleration rockets, inflatable air bags, or other impact attenuation systems. The problem most specific to space medicine is the potential change of impact tolerance due to reduced bone mass and muscle strength caused by prolonged weightlessness and physical inactivity. Impact hazards, tolerance limits, and human impact tolerance related to space missions are described.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 214-246
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  • 25
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    Endocrine, electrolyte, and fluid volume changes associated with Apollo missions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The endocrine and metabolic results obtained before and after the Apollo missions and the results of the limited in-flight sampling are summarized and discussed. The studies were designed to evaluate the biochemical changes in the returning Apollo crewmembers, and the areas studied included balance of fluids and electrolytes, regulation of calcium metabolism, adaptation to the environment, and regulation of metabolic processes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 163-184
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  • 26
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    Flight crew health stabilization program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The flight crew health stabilization program was developed to minimize or eliminate the possibility of adverse alterations in the health of flight crews during immediate preflight, flight, and postflight periods. The elements of the program, which include clinical medicine, immunology, exposure prevention, and epidemiological surveillance, are discussed briefly. No crewmember illness was reported for the missions for which the program was in effect.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 141-149
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  • 27
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    Extravehicular mobility unit (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) consisted of a highly mobile, anthropomorphic pressure vessel and a portable life support system. The EMU used for the first lunar landing is described along with the changes made in the EMU design during the program to incorporate the results of experience and to provide new capabilities. The performance of the EMU is discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 545-569
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  • 28
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    The Apollo 17 pocket mouse experiment (Biocore) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Results are presented of the Biocore experiment which attempted to assess the degree to which exposure to cosmic ray particle radiation might present a risk to astronauts. Pocket mice, with plastic dosimeters implanted beneath the scalp were flown in a sealed canister. The objective was to determine whether microscopically visible lesions attributable to particle radiation, could be found in brain, eye, and other tissues in these animals. The need for further study is demonstrated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 381-403
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  • 29
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    Hematology and immunology studies (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The hematology and immunology program conducted in support of the Apollo missions was designed to acquire specific laboratory data relative to the assessment of the health status of the astronauts prior to their commitment to space flight. A second objective was to detect and identify any alterations in the normal functions of the immunohematologic systems which could be attributed to space flight exposure, and to evaluate the significance of these changes relative to man's continuing participation in space flight missions. Specific changes observed during the Gemini Program formed the basis for the major portion of the hematology-immunology test schedule. Additional measurements were included when their contribution to the overall interpretation of the flight data base became apparent.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 197-226
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  • 30
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    Metabolism and heat dissipation during Apollo EVA periods (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The extravehicular activity life support equipment, suit temperature control, metabolic rate measurement methods, and energy production are discussed. The Apollo crewmen were able to perform planned extravehicular activities and to extend them to the maximum time allowable without medical problems. The metabolic rates experienced during the lunar surface extravehicular activities were lower than conservative premission estimates. A manually controlled liquid cooling garment was effectively used to minimize fatigue and water loss from sweating during lunar surface extravehicular activities. Gas cooling was adequate during the short zero-g extravehicular activities performed from the command module. The prediction of EVA workloads became more reliable as inflight data was accumulated. The prediction of the average metabolic cost of an EVA was more reliable than the cost of an individual short-term task.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 115-128
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  • 31
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    Biologic guidelines for future space research (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Biological experiments conducted onboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft are described. The effects of aerospace environments on microorganisms, plants, and invertebrate animals were examined.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 707-739
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  • 32
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    Descent and landing of spacecrews and survival in an unpopulated area (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Medical and physiologic experience gained in space flight programs of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is described in relation to acceleration forces in the final phases of manned space flight. Application of this knowledge to future programs, survival in the postlanding period, and survival provisions currently made for spacecrews are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 3; p 372-394
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  • 33
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    Bioinstrumentation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo bioinstrumentation system (BIS) and related hardware is described. The BIS requirements evolved as a continuation and refinement of medical monitoring systems utilized throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs. The BIS provided physiological data to ground-based medical personnel for operational inflight safety monitoring, for inflight medical experiments; and for ground-based operations safety monitoring. The overall performance of the BIS is evaluated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 485-493
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  • 34
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    Quarantine testing and biocharacterization of lunar materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Quarantine testing was conducted to ensure the safety of all life on earth. The plants and animals which were exposed to lunar material were carefully observed for prolonged periods to determine if any mutation or changes in growing characteristics and behavior occurred. The quarantine testing was terminated after the Apollo 14 flight when it became apparent that previously returned lunar material contained no potentially harmful agents. Further biological experimentation with the lunar material was conducted to determine its chemical, physical, and nutritional qualities.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 425-434
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  • 35
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    The role of toxicology in the Apollo space program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Some of the major considerations are presented which governed the formation and application of the toxicology program employed in support of the Apollo program. The overriding concern of the program was the safety of crews exposed to trace contaminant gases for extended periods of time. The materials screening program employed, in conjunction with a well designed spacecraft environmental control system, helped to attain the goals set forth for the Apollo program. The knowledge gained from working with the toxicity problems and the identification of compounds in the space cabin atmosphere are of importance for continued efforts in manned space flight. Tabular data of spacecraft contaminants are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 151-159
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    Radiation protection and instrumentation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Radiation was found not to be an operational problem during the Apollo program. Doses received by the crewmen of Apollo missions 7 through 17 were small because no major solar-particle events occurred during those missions. One small event was detected by a radiation sensor outside the Apollo 12 spacecraft, but no increase in radiation dose to the crewmen inside the spacecraft was detected. Radiation protection for the Apollo program was focused on both the peculiarities of the natural space radiation environment and the increased prevalence of manmade radiation sources on the ground and onboard the spacecraft. Radiation-exposure risks to crewmen were assessed and balanced against mission gain to determine mission constraints. Operational radiation evaluation required specially designed radiation detection systems onboard the spacecraft in addition to the use of satellite data, solar observatory support, and other liaison. Control and management of radioactive sources and radiation-generating equipment was important in minimizing radiation exposure of ground-support personnel, researchers, and the Apollo flight and backup crewmen.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 105-113
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    Apollo command and service module and lunar module environmental control systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The environmental control systems and system requirements of the Apollo command service module and the lunar module are described. The overall performance of both systems during the Apollo program is discussed. Other topics covered include: dust control, EVA provisions, Apollo 13 emergency, component redundancy, modular construction, and subatmospheric design.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 517-543
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    Waste management system (1975)
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    Description: The function of the waste management system was to control the disposition of solid and liquid wastes and waste stowage gases. The waste management system consisting of a urine subsystem and a fecal subsystem is described in detail and its overall performance is evaluated. Recommendations for improvement are given.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 469-484
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    Clinical aspects of crew health (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Medical procedures and findings for Apollo astronauts in the preflight, inflight, and postflight phases of the Apollo missions are described in detail. Preflight medical examinations, inflight monitoring and medications, crew illnesses, and clinical findings are summarized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 43-81
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    Environmental factors (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The selection of an Apollo spacecraft atmosphere was based on the establishment of an acceptable range of atmospheric composition and pressure, the establishment of acceptable carbon dioxide levels, thermal comfort criteria, and acceleration and impact limits. The prime design requirements in a spacecraft system are minimum weight, volume, power usage, reliability, ease of maintenance, environmental compatibility, integration with other systems, and crew compatibility. The selection considerations are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 129-139
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    Microbiological investigations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crew microbiology program was conducted to evaluate lunar contamination, to detect potentially pathogenic microoganisms, to identify medically important microorganisms recovered from ill crewmen, to aid in diagnosis and treatment, and to collect microbiological data that would aid in elucidating the response of the crew microbial autoflora to the space flight environment and in evaluating the resultant effect on the crewmember. Microbiological sampling of selected sites in the command module was initiated in support of the quarantine program. During lunar quarantine missions, microbial screening was accomplished for all support personnel to be isolated with the returning crewman. Virology support for the Apollo project consisted of characterization of the viral and mycoplasma flora of the crewmembers and performance of viral serology for crewmembers, crew contacts, and key mission personnel. Procedures and results are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 83-103
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    Astronaut activity (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Human factors pertinent to the design and operation of spacecraft are considered. The geometric characteristics of spacecraft that define the degree and type of confinement imposed on the crew and the character of equipment management and housekeeping necessary for hygiene, comfort and safety are discussed. The controls and displays of various spacecraft are described to indicate the degree to which crew functions become integral to functions of the total spacecraft. The contributions of the crew to system reliability and performance are summarized and the increasing significance of the crew's role in scientific observation and experimentation is noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 600-636
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    Weightlessness (1975)
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    Description: Significance of gravitation forces in regulating homeostasis is discussed, along with weightlessness effects on humans and a state of reduced weight (subgravity), such as on the moon. Biomedical effects of weightlessness adaptation to zero G and readaptation to terrestrial gravitation are described for the nervous system, cardiovascular system, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. Reactions caused primarly by: (1) changes in the afferent nervous system, (2) lack of hydrostatic blood pressure, (3) lack of weight on the musculoskeletal system, and (4) exposure limits derived from the effects of prolonged weightlessness on humans are reviewed. Protection of humans from adverse effects of weightlessness is considered; Skylab missions are also summarized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 305-354
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    Ionizing radiation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The biological effects of ionizing radiation encountered in space are considered. Biological experiments conducted in space and some experiences of astronauts during space flight are described. The effects of various levels of radiation exposure and the determination of permissible dosages are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 473-531
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    Radio-frequency and microwave energies, magnetic and electric fields (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The biological effects of radio frequency, including microwave, radiation are considered. Effects on body temperature, the eye, reproductive systems, internal organs, blood cells, the cardiovascular system, and the central nervous system are included. Generalized effects of electric and magnetic fields are also discussed. Experimentation with animals and clinical studies on humans are cited, and possible mechanisms of the effects observed are suggested.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 409-452
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    Principles of gravitational biology (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Physical principles of gravitation are enumerated, including gravitational and inertial forces, weight and mass, weightlessness, size and scale effects, scale limits of gravitational effects, and gravity as biogenic factor. Statocysts, otolithic organs of vertebrates, gravity reception in plants, and clinostat studies for gravitation orientation are reviewed. Chronic acceleration is also studied, as well as physiology of hyper and hypodynamic fields. Responses of animals to a decreased acceleration field are examined, considering postural changes, work capacity, growth, and physiologic deadaptation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 129-162
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    Prolonged linear and radial accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Overall acceleration effects on the body and man's resistance to it are presented, including endurance limits, acceleration tolerances, and aftereffects. These effects on individual body systems are described for: (1) cardiovascular system, (2) respiratory system, (3) vision, (4) central nervous system, (5) endocrine glands, (6) gastrointestinal tract, and (7) renal system. Work capacity effects are also noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 163-213
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    Physiology of the sensory sphere under spaceflight conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information regarding the influence on sensory perception of certain space flight factors, including weightlessness, acceleration, and vibration, is presented. Several illusions which occur under these conditions are described. The results of ground based experiments are also discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 571-599
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    Biological and physiological rhythms (1975)
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    Description: Circadian rhythms, particularly that of sleep and wakefulness, are discussed. The sleep-wakefulness experiences of astronauts during several space missions are described, and predictions are made for future space activities, including Mars missions, interstellar flight, and life on permanent space stations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 535-570
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    Methods of investigation in space biology and medicine, transmission of biomedical data (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Methods for in-flight monitoring of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, vestibular system, central nervous system, and the musculoskeletal systems are described. Methods of data analysis are also discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 668-706
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    Combined effect of flight factors (1975)
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    Description: The effects of various combinations of space flight stresses are discussed. Included are weightlessness, acceleration, vibration, ionizing radiation, hypoxia, and ambient temperature. The problem of constructing mathematical models to describe the dynamics of biological systems, including those to analyze and predict adaptation and restoration processes following combined stresses, is also considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 639-667
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    Thermal exchanges and temperature stress (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Thermal comfort during space flight is discussed. Heat production of man during space flight and wear loss as a mean of dissipating heat are described. Water cooled garments are also considered, along with tolerance for extreme heat and body heat storage. Models of human temperature regulation are presented in the form of documented FORTRAN programs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 94-126
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    Potable water supply (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The history and evolution of the Apollo potable water system is reviewed. Its operation in the space environment and in the spacecraft is described. Its performance is evaluated. The Apollo potable water system satisfied the dual purpose of providing metabolic water for the crewmen and water for spacecraft cooling.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 495-515
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    Apollo light flash investigations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The visual phenomenon of light flashes resulting from high energy, heavy cosmic rays penetrating the command module structure and crewmembers' eyes is investigated. Light flash events observed during dedicated sessions on Apollo 15, 16, 17 are described along with a Monte Carlo simulation of the exposure of an astronaut to cosmic radiation during a mission. Results of the Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector experiment developed for Apollo 16 and 17 to obtain a direct record of incident cosmic ray particles are correlated with crewmembers' reports of light flashes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 355-365
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    Apollo flight crew cardiovascular evaluations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The results of the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and passive stand tests are presented, and the efficacy of the experimental antihypotensive garments is evaluated. Results of the tests are presented in tabular form. Postflight orthostatic evaluations during the Apollo program indicate that reduction in orthostatic tolerance is a consequence of space flight exposure. Heart rate, the most reliable index, was increased, while systolic and pulse pressures were decreased during immediate postflight evaluations using lower body negative pressure and passive standing as the orthostatic stress. Elevation in resting heart rate was a less frequent finding. There was considerable variability in the magnitude of these changes between individual crewmembers and in the persistence of the changes over subsequent postflight evaluations. Postflight changes in leg volume during LBNP were equal to or less than those seen during preflight baseline evaluations. Body weight, resting calf girth, supine leg volume, and cardiothoracic ratios were all diminished immediately postflight, and return to preflight values was not complete within the postflight testing time frame.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 227-264
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    Nutritional studies (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Detailed metabolic studies were conducted of the Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 flight crews, and the results are presented in tabular form. Intake and absorption data are also included. Apollo nutrient intakes were found to be characteristically hypocaloric. Estimates of body composition changes from metabolic balance data, from preflight and postflight weights and volumes, and from total body water and potassium provide no evidence for diminished caloric requirements during a flight. As observed during the Gemini Program and during periods of bed rest, measurements of bone density and metabolic balance confirm a tendency toward loss of skeletal tissue in weightlessness. No evidence exists that any inflight metabolic anomaly, including hypokalemia, was induced by marginal or deficient nutrient intakes. In general, the Apollo crewmen were well nourished and exhibited normal gastroenterological functions, although appetite was somewhat diminished and the organoleptic response to food was somewhat modified during flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 277-302
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    Skeletal response (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect of weightlessness on bone mineral content during prolonged space flight was investigated. The mineral content changes which occurred during Apollo 14, 15, and 16 as measured by photon absorptiometry techniques are presented and compared. Bed rest served as an experimental model to assess the bone mineral changes, and to determine what remedial measures might be used to stem the tide of bone mineral loss. It is concluded that loss of mineral from bone due to the state of weightlessness is comparable to that observed in bed rest subjects.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 303-322
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    Noise and vibration (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The characteristics of acoustic energy and protection of humans from noise during space flight are described. Vibration characteristic factors are also discussed, including the variety of vibration, systems and resonance, spacecraft operations, biodynamics, physiological and psychological effects, and subjective reactions. The criteria and limits for human exposure are cited.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 355-405
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    Toxicology of the air in closed spaces (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Sources and identification of contaminants in artificial gas atmospheres are discussed. They include biological sources (microflora and man), materials, processes, aerosols, and malfunctions. Acute or chronic toxicity may result from spacecraft air contamination. Air quality standards are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 65-93
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    Apollo food technology (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Large improvements and advances in space food systems achieved during the Apollo food program are discussed. Modifications of the Apollo food system were directed primarily toward improving delivery of adequate nutrition to the astronaut. Individual food items and flight menus were modified as nutritional countermeasures to the effects of weightlessness. Unique food items were developed, including some that provided nutritional completeness, high acceptability, and ready-to-eat, shelf-stable convenience. Specialized food packages were also developed. The Apollo program experience clearly showed that future space food systems will require well-directed efforts to achieve the optimum potential of food systems in support of the physiological and psychological well-being of astronauts and crews.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 437-468
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    Biostack: A study of the biological effects on HZE galactic cosmic radiation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The Biostack experiment designed to study the effect of individual heavy nucleii of the cosmic radiation environment upon biological systems during actual space flight is described. In each Biostack, several thousand biological objects were hit by an HZE particle. The response of the biological objects was studied. Results are discussed in terms of sensitivity to the hit.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 343-354
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    The Apollo 16 microbial response to space environment experiment (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect was evaluated of a particular space flight on the survival rate of nine different species. Although a reasonable variety of organisms (viruses, yeasts, filamentous fungi, bacteria, and an invertebrate) were tested under several different conditions, no statistically valid differences could be detected in the survival of flight samples when compared to corresponding ground-based controls. In general, these evaluations were based on multiple observations of from ten to thirty replicates of up to one million cells each. While the results conflict with those of certain other space flight investigations, it is observed that the conditions of a particular space flight cannot be exactly duplicated, and therefore results from different flights are not directly comparable.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 367-380
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    Apollo flight crew vestibular assessment (1975)
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    Description: Vestibular function in the weightless state of space flight is examined. Due to the lack of a systematic program to assess quantitatively the effects of space flight on crew vestibular function the analysis is based on qualitative information derived from motion sickness histories and subjective reporting by individual astronauts on the type and magnitude of vestibular disturbances experienced during and following their missions. It is concluded that the increased mobility afforded by the larger volume of the Apollo CM/LM resulted in a higher incidence of vestibular disturbances in the Apollo Program and that it is difficult to predict the likelihood of inflight vestibular problems. Quantitative examination of the effects of weightlessness on the vestibular function is recommended.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 323-340
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    Exercise response (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The bicycle ergometer and a graded stress protocol were used to conduct exercise stress tests for the Apollo project. The graded exercise tests permitted a progressive evaluation of physiological control system response and provided a better understanding of safe stress limits; heart rate was used for determining stress levels. During each test, workload, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory gas exchange (oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and minute volume) measurements were made. The results are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 265-275
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    Clinical biochemistry (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The objectives of the biochemical studies conducted for the Apollo program were (1) to provide routine laboratory data for assessment of preflight crew physical status and for postflight comparisons; (2) to detect clinical or pathological abnormalities which might have required remedial action preflight; (3) to discover as early as possible any infectious disease process during the postflight quarantine periods following certain missions; and (4) to obtain fundamental medical knowledge relative to man's adjustment to and return from the space flight environment. The accumulated data presented suggest that these requirements were met by the program described. All changes ascribed to the space flight environment were subtle, whereas clinically significant changes were consistent with infrequent illnesses unrelated to the space flight exposure.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 185-196
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    Computational aerodynamics (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The application of computer techniques for solving Navier-Stokes equations in support of wind tunnel tests is discussed. The ILLIAC IV computer is considered for this purpose and its limitations are analyzed. The author states that improved computers will make it possible to solve many aerodynamic problems and reduce the amount of wind tunnel testing required for adequate data processing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 211-212
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    On wake vortex alleviation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Research within NASA relating to the nature of lift-induced vortex wakes behind large aircraft and the means whereby the hazard they represent to smaller aircraft can be alleviated is reviewed. The research, carried out in ground based facilities and in flight shows that more rapid dispersion of the wake can be effected by several means and that the modification of span-loading by appropriate flap deflection holds promise of early practical application.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 143-168
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    Training of astronauts in laboratory-aircraft under weightless conditions for work in space (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Analyses of occupational activities of astronauts in laboratory-aircraft flights simulating weightlessness conditions permit the development of training methods and optimization of the interaction of man with various spacecraft designs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 357-365
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    Pathophysiological analysis of the effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: A general scheme of pathogenesis of the effect of weightlessness on the human body is constructed that considers a shift of body fluids, decrease and change in afferent impulses, and metabolic changes in muscle and bony tissues.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 265-314
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    Motor activity of astronauts in unsupported state (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The performance quality of movements away and approaches to an airlock by astronauts was tested during parabolic flights for weightlessness simulation. Coordination of movement, orientation and performance capacity of the astronauts were not singificantly disrupted. Observed physiological shifts are characterized by an increase in pulse and respiration rate and an increase in arterial pressure under g-forces, a gradual decrease in these indices during repeated stays in weightlessness or during the prolonged effect of it, by a reduction of the length of postrotational nystagmus and counterrotation illusions under weightless conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 228-239
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  • 71
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    Basic results of medical examinations of Soyuz spacecraft crew members (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Weightlessness, hypokinesia and intense activity of crew members caused changes in human physiological functions during prolonged space flight as expressed in unusual diurnal rhythms. Microclimate, radiation and the nervous emotional state were not of significance in emergence of human body response reactions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 128-147
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  • 72
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    Blood circulation under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biomedical data obtained on men and animals during weightlessness conditions establish instabilities in pulse rate and blood circulation that smooth out in proportion to adaptation to the weightless condition. The unusual slowness of recovery of pulse rate to initial values after space flight stress is attributed to biological simulation of hormonal shifts and discharge of humoral substances into the blood that prevent a rapid recovery of some biological indicators to initial values.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 99-116
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  • 73
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    Reactions of animals and people under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: It has been shown that under brief weightlessness sensory reactions arise in a number of people, mainly those under these conditions for the first time, in the form of spatial and visual illusions, motor excitation, in which tonic and motor components can be distinguished, and vestibular-vegetative disturbances (nausea, vomiting, etc.). In repeated flights with creation of weightlessness, a decrease in the extent of expression and, then, disappearance of these reactions occurred in a significant majority of those studied. Experiments in weightlessness with the vision cut off and with the absence of vestibular functions in the subjects confirm the hypothesis that spatial conceptions of people in weightlessness depend on predominance of gravireceptor or visual afferent signals under these conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 41-71
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  • 74
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    Preservation of human performance capacity under prolonged space flight conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Prophylactic measures directed toward preservation of health and maintenance of the performance ability of a man during prolonged space flight stress center on the selection of optimum work and rest cycles, physical exercises, the use of pharmacological agents, conditioning of the cardiovascular apparatus, etc. A specially selected set of hormone and pharmacological preparations is recommended to stimulate hemopoiesis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 365-383
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  • 75
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    An experimental and numerical investigation of shock wave induced turbulent boundary layer separation at hypersonic speeds (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: A thoroughly documented experiment is reported that was specifically designed to test and guide computations of the interaction of an impinging shock wave with a turbulent boundary layer. Detailed mean flow field and surface data are presented for two shock strengths which resulted in attached and separated flows, respectively. Numerical computations are used to illustrate the dependence of the computations on the particulars of the turbulence models. Models appropriate for zero pressure gradient flows predicted the overall features of the flow fields, but were deficient in predicting many of the details of the interaction regions. Improvements to the turbulence model parameters were sought through a combination of detailed data analysis and computer simulations which tested the sensitivity of the solutions to model parameter changes. Computer simulations using these improvements are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Flow Separation; 13 p
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  • 76
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    On the calculation of supersonic separating and reattaching flows (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: A method is developed for solving the laminar and turbulent compressible boundary layer equations for separating and reattaching flows. Results of this method are compared with experimental data for two laminar and three turbulent layer, shock wave interactions. Several Navier-Stokes solutions are obtained for each of the laminar boundary layer, shock wave interactions considered. Comparison of these solutions indicates a first order sensitivity in C sub f to the computational mesh selected in both the viscous and inviscid portions of the flow. Comparison of the present boundary layer solutions with the Navier-Stokes solutions and with data for a given Mach number indicates that as long as the separation bubble is small, the boundary layer approximation yields solutions whose accuracy is comparable to the Navier-Stokes solutions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Flow Separation; 12 p
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  • 77
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    The transformation of aerodynamic stability derivatives by symbolic mathematical computation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The formulation of mathematical models of aeronautical systems for simulation or other purposes, involves the transformation of aerodynamic stability derivatives. It is shown that these derivatives transform like the components of a second order tensor having one index of covariance and one index of contravariance. Moreover, due to the equivalence of covariant and contravariant transformations in orthogonal Cartesian systems of coordinates, the transformations can be treated as doubly covariant or doubly contravariant, if this simplifies the formulation. It is shown that the tensor properties of these derivatives can be used to facilitate their transformation by symbolic mathematical computation, and the use of digital computers equipped with formula manipulation compilers. When the tensor transformations are mechanised in the manner described, man-hours are saved and the errors to which human operators are prone can be avoided.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aeronautical Quarterly; 26; May 1975
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  • 78
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    Distribution effectiveness for space radiation dosimetry (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simplified risk basis and a theory of hematological response are presented and applied to the problem of dosimetry in the manned space program. Unlike previous studies, the current work incorporates radiation exposure distribution effects into its definition of dose equivalent. The fractional cell lethality model for prediction of hematological response is integral in the analysis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Health Physics; 28; June 197
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  • 79
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    The low frequency sound from multipole sources in axisymmetric shear flows, with applications to jet noise (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A closed-form solution for the sound radiation from multipole sources imbedded in an infinite cylindrical jet with an arbitrary velocity profile is obtained. It is valid in the limit where the wavelength is large compared with the jet radius. Simple formulae for the acoustic pressure field due to convected point sources are also obtained. The results show (in a simple way) how the mean flow affects the radiation pattern from the sources. For convected lateral quadrupoles it causes the exponent of the Doppler factor multiplying the far-field pressure signal to be increased from the value of 3 used by Lighthill to 5.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 70; Aug. 12
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  • 80
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    Skylab experiment M-171 'Metabolic Activity' - Results of the first manned mission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The experiment was performed to ascertain whether man's ability to perform mechanical work would be altered as a result of exposure to the weightless environment. Skylab II crewmen were exercised on a bicycle ergometer at loads approximating 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximum oxygen uptake while their physiological responses were monitored. The results of these tests indicate that the crewmen had no significant decrement in their response to exercise during their exposure to zero gravity. Immediately postflight, however, all crewmen demonstrated an inability to perform the programmed exercise with the same metabolic effectiveness as they did both preflight and inflight. The most significant changes were elevated heart rates for the same work load and oxygen consumption (decreased oxygen pulse), decreased stroke volume, and decreased cardiac output at the same oxygen consumption level. It is apparent that the changes occurred inflight, but did not manifest themselves until the crewmen attempted to readapt to the 1-G environment.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 81
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    Weightlessness - A case history (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of the average bodily systems functioning aboard Skylab II after 20 days of weightlessness is presented. Condition of eyes, ears, nose and throat, gastrointestinal tract, vestibular organs, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, sleep, general appearance, skin, abdomen, and extremities is summarized. The general health of the crewmen is good, although there are some slight anomalies, such as weight loss, dry skin, nasal speech, and paresthesia of the soles of the feet.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 82
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    Estimates of nonequilibrium radiation for Venus entry (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present investigation is an analysis of the radiation from the chemical nonequilibrium region in the shock layer about a vehicle during Venus entry. The radiation and the flow were assumed to be uncoupled. An inviscid, nonequilibrium flowfield was calculated and an effective electronic temperature was determined for the predominant radiating species. Species concentrations and electronic temperature were then input into a radiation transport code to calculate heating rates. The present results confirm earlier investigations which indicate that the radiation should be calculated using electronic temperatures for the radiating species. These temperatures are not related in a simple way to the local translational temperature. For the described mission, the nonequilibrium radiative heating rate is approximately twice the corresponding equilibrium value at peak heating.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 83
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    Temperature responses to infusion of electrolytes during exercise (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: To gain more insight into the ion-osmotic influence on temperature regulation, the rectal temperature responses of mongrel dogs were measured during one hour of treadmill-running at 1.2 m/sec up a 12 deg slope. Results indicate that as in man, the rise in body temperature during exercise appears to be a regulated process. There is a direct relationship between the rise and equilibrium levels of rectal temperature and the plasma sodium and osmotic concentrations. It remains to be determined if the hypernatremic-osmolality inhibits peripheral blood flow, the panting, salivation response, or both. Some background on previous experiments on resting and exercising dogs and men is recounted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 84
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    Heavy cosmic-ray exposure of Apollo astronauts (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comprehensive study of the heavy-particle cosmic-ray exposure received by the individual astronauts during the nine lunar Apollo missions reveals a significant variation in the exposure as a function of shielding and the phase of the solar cycle. The data are useful in planning for future long-range missions and in estimating the expected biological damage.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Science; 187; Jan. 24
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  • 85
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    Studies of acid-base homeostasis during simulated weightlessness: Application of the water immersion model to man (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of water immersion on acid-base homeostasis were investigated under carefully controlled conditions. Studies of renal acidification were carried out on seven healthy male subjects, each consuming a diet containing 150 meq sodium and 100 meq potassium. Control and immersion studies were carried out on each subject on the fourth and sixth days, respectively, of dietary equilibration, by which time all subjects had achieved sodium balance. The experimental protocols on study days were similar (except for the amount of water administered).
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 11 p
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  • 86
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    Recent studies of physiological factors involved in the regulation of serotonin content and turnover in the brain (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of investigations of the physiological role of serotonin (5-Ht) in the brain are discussed. Experiments are described in detail and results presented in tabular and graphical form.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 46 p
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  • 87
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    The importance of the renin-angiotensin system in normal cardiovascular homeostasis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies were carried out on adult mongrel dogs (20 to 30 kilograms) to investigate the importance of the renin-angiotensin system. Results indicate that the renin-angiotensin system plays a major role in the maintenance of circulatory homeostasis when extracellular fluid volume is depleted. It was also found that angiotensin II concentration, in addition to renal perfusion pressure, is a factor in the regulation of renin release.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 8 p
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  • 88
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    Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D 1974: Present status of physiological studies and analysis of calcium homeostasis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in the control of calcium and bone metabolism was studied. Particular emphasis was placed on the physiological adaptation to weightlessness and, as a potential model for this purpose, on the immobilization characteristic of space flight or prolonged bed rest. The biosynthesis, control of secretion, and metabolism of these hormonal agents is considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 27 p
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  • 89
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    The role of brain biogenic amines in the control of pituitary-adrenocortical activity (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It was found that pretreatment of animals with desmethyl imipramine antagonized the reserpine-induced sedation without preventing the decline in brain amines or the hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The antagonism of reserpine-induced ACTH hypersecretion by the monoamine oxidose (MAO) inhibitor pargyline (MO 911, N-methyl-N-benzyl-2-propynylamine) was studied. Evidence is presented that this antagonism is related to the level of brain biogenic amines maintained during the course of action of the drug. Pretreatment with MAO inhibitors does not affect the ACTH hypersecretion evoked by exposure to cold or chlorpromazine, lending further support to the hypothesis that reserpine-induced ACTH hypersecretion is related to brain amine changes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 10 p
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  • 90
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    Significance of biorhythms in space flight (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evidence is presented that the most important factor in the maintenance of optimal health and performance is the stability of the relationship of one body rhythm to another. The effect of social interaction on performance, well-being, and physiological rhythm synchrony was investigated. Three groups of healthy males, ages 21 to 25, were confined in rooms (3.4 by 5.2 meters (11 by 17 feet)) for a total period of 105 days. Two of the groups were in rooms in which the environment could be regulated. The third group served as the control group and was exposed to ambient experimental conditions. The confined subjects were exposed for periods to several days either to 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark, or to continuous light at a light intensity of 161 lm/sq m (15 foot-candles). The confined subjects were deprived of all time cues, and meals were ad libitum. The subjects were observed throughout the study by a video camera and were scored for activity. Communications were limited to meal and sample-collection information, and meals and samples were passed through a two-way hatch. Rectal temperature and heart rate (HR) were sampled every 30 minutes by telemetry throughout the study. Results are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 11 p
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  • 91
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    Modulating the pituitary-adrenal response to stress (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Serotonin is believed to be a transmitter or regulator of neuronal function. A possible relationship between the pituitary-adrenal secretion of steroids and brain serotonin in the rat was investigated by evaluating the effects of altering brain 5-hydroxy tryptamine (HT) levels on the daily fluctuation of plasma corticosterone and on the response of the pituitary-adrenal system to a stressful or noxious stimulus in the rat. The approach was either to inhibit brain 5-HT synthesis with para-chlorophenyl alanine or to raise its level with precursors such as tryptophan or 5-hydroxy tryptophan.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Proc. of the 1973 JSC Endocrine Program Conf.; 10 p
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  • 92
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    Disability retirement (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Eligibility for disability retirement is discussed. General guidelines and a few standards are given. Usually the same basic medical principles apply to the evaluation of claims for disability retirement as apply to determining medical suitability for initial employment.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA Washington Proc. of the Ann. Conf. of NASA Clinic Directors, Environ. Health Offic., and Med. Program Advisors; p 237-254
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  • 93
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    Hypertension screening (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt was made to measure the response to an announcement of hypertension screening at the Goddard Space Center, to compare the results to those of previous statistics. Education and patient awareness of the problem were stressed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Proc. of the Ann. Conf. of NASA Clinic Directors, Environ. Health Offic., and Med. Program Advisors; p 299-311
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  • 94
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    A review of current and proposed standards for occupational exposures to radio-frequency energy (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The essential aspects of an acceptable r-f occupational exposure program are presented. They include exposure limits, surveillance of work environment, medical attention, investigation of accidental overexposures, and documentation of overexposures. Each aspect is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Proc. of the Ann. Conf. of NASA Clinic Directors, Environ. Health Offic., and Med. Program Advisors; p 267-278
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  • 95
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    Bringing wings of change - NASA's airfoil research program (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is presented of progress in attaining technical objectives in three areas of semiautomatic airfoil development: software, hardware, and applications. Software objectives seek improved mathematical models and computer codes for flow analysis and design optimization for a variety of conditions. The 17-step iterative computer model used in designing the GA (W)-1 airfoil is effective but not yet fully automated; with present methods only single-point computer optimization is possible. Hardware objectives calling for improvement in test facilities and techniques are met in part by the introduction of the Langley (F-3C) wind tunnel for independent evaluation of transonic Mach number and Reynolds effects up to 12-16 million, and by a two-dimensional test section for the Langley 1/3 transonic cryogenic tunnel which will extend the Reynolds number to 50 million. The current status of low-speed, thin, and rotorcraft airfoil development programs is discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 96
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    Effect of altered G levels on deposition of particulates in the human respiratory tract (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 38; June 197
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  • 97
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    Light flashes observed by astronauts on Skylab 4 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two dedicated light flash observing sessions were conducted by one of the crewmen during the Skylab 4 mission. Analyses of his observations reveal a strong correlation between flash frequency and primary cosmic-ray flux, and an even stronger correlation between flash frequency and the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner belt trapped radiation. Calculations indicate that an all-proton inner belt probably cannot produce the observed SAA flash rate, and they suggest that there may exist a previously unobserved inner belt flux of multiply charged nuclei.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Science; 188; May 30
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  • 98
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    Physiological response to exercise after space flight - Apollo 14 through Apollo 17 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Submaximal exercise stress tests were conducted preflight and postflight on the Apollo 14-17 crewmen. A bicycle ergometer was utilized to evoke target heart rates up to 160 beats/min while respiratory gas exchange, blood pressure, and cardiac output were measured. Three preflight tests were conducted during the month prior to flight to establish baseline values for postflight comparisons. Tachycardia was evidenced at rest and during exercise immediately postflight. This transitory tachycardia compensated for reduced stroke volume. Systolic blood pressure was reduced during exercise stress, but no consistent changes were observed in diastolic blood pressure. With the exception of the Apollo 15 crewmen, all crewmen had returned to preflight response levels by the day following recovery. No changes were observed in mechanical or respiratory efficiency immediately postflight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 99
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    +Gz tolerance in man after 14-day bedrest periods with isometric and isotonic exercise conditioning (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of isometric and isotonic exercise training on post-bedrest +Gz tolerance were determined. In general, 14-day bedrest resulted in a significant loss of Gz tolerance, as previously discovered. At 2.1 Gz, neither the isometric nor the isotonic exercises regimens resulted in a significant increase in post-bedrest Gz tolerance. However, following isometric exercise, restoration of about half the tolerance decrement occurred at 3.2 Gz and 3.8 Gz. Possible reasons for this partial restoration of tolerance are put forward.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 100
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    Instrumented personal exercise during long-duration space flights (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present work reports the results of instrumented personal exercise performed in flight by Skylab 3 and 4 crewmen. Inflight cycle ergometer data provide conclusive evidence that man can perform earthbound equivalent maximum levels of physical work while in the zero-G environment. Moreover, SL4 crewmen were able to improve their physical condition during 84 days of space flight relative to launch condition, due to rigorous personal exercise regimens. Biological data measured included oxygen consumption, CO2 production, minute volume, and heart rate.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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