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  • Other Sources  (593)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (343)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (250)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • General Chemistry
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (593)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1975  (593)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (593)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Physical characteristics of interplanetary space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The most important properties of the interplanetary medium are its interplanetary plasma (solar wind), magnetic field, galactic and solar cosmic rays, and micrometeorite material. Also considered is electromagnetic radiation from the sun, stars, and the galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 1; p 32-111
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  • 2
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    Theories of the origin and nature of the universe (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The origin of life on earth is seen arising as a natural consequence of a long series of physical and chemical processes taking place in association with evolution of the universe. The present theory is that any premordial earth atmosphere, resulting from accumulation from the primitive solar nebula, was probably swept away by the very intensive T Tauri stage of the solar wind. Subsequently, the present atmosphere and oceans of the earth were outgassed from the interior. Biochemical components of the gases were mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 1; p 3-31
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  • 3
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    Correlation of Doppler noise during solar conjunctions with fluctuations in solar activity (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Deviations betweeb observed Doppler noise and the noise model during solar conjunction were analyzed. It is tentatively concluded that these deviations are due to short-term fluctuations in solar activity as seen along the signal path, and not to solar/antenna structure effects or system noise temperature.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 264-272
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  • 4
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    Analysis and prediction of Doppler noise during solar conjunctions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The results of a study of Doppler data noise during solar conjunctions were presented. During the first half of 1975, a sizeable data base of Doppler data noise (estimates) for the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Helios 1 solar conjunctions was accumulated. To analyze this data, certain physical assumptions are made, leading to the development of a geometric parameter ("ISI") which correlates strongly with Doppler data noise under varying sun-earth-spacecraft geometries. Doppler noise models are then constructed from this parameter, resulting in the newfound ability to predict Doppler data noise during solar conjunctions, and hence to additionally be in a position to validate Doppler data acquired during solar conjunctions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 231-263
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  • 5
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    Prognoz reports (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Studies conducted outside the effect of the earth's magnetic field during the revolution period by the Prognoz satellite are examined. In particular, the unperturbed solar wind, the flux of charged particles continually given off the sun is studied. Solar activity and its effects on various natural phenomena are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 57-62
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  • 6
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    On presupernova dynamical mass ejection by non-detonated stellar cores (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Stars in the range of 4 to 8 solar masses are known to develop degenerate carbon-oxygen cores of about 1.4 solar masses. Arguments are presented why, contrary to past assumption, carbon ignition may not lead to the formation of a detonation wave. Rather, an initially subsonic burning front results which subsequently may be brought under control by adiabatic expansion. This dynamic phase leads to a centrally incinerated and expanded core. The loosely bound red-giant envelope is ejected to form an extended nebula. Neutrino cooling of the core finally induces collapse. Provided that sufficient energy is liberated in the dynamic formation of a neutron star, a supernova event will result. The distended nebula is ideally suited for the production of the visible supernova light curves. Thus, carbon nondetonation may give a viable alternative evolution to supernovae that avoids the impasse encountered by the detonation-disrupted models.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Motion of shocks through interplanetary streams (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model for the motion of flare-generated shocks through interplanetary streams is presented which illustrates the effects of a stream-shock interaction on the shock strength and geometry. It is a gasdynamic calculation based on Whitham's (1958) method and on an empirical approximation for the relevant characteristics of streams. The results show that the Mach number of a shock can decrease appreciably to near unity in the interaction region ahead of streams and that the interaction of a spherically symmetric shock with a spiral-shaped corotating stream can cause significant distortions of the initial shock-front geometry. The geometry of a shock discussed by Lepping and Chao (1972) is qualitatively explained by this model.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 8
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    Improved upper limit on the photon rest mass (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that application of standard MHD arguments to hydromagnetic waves observed in the Crab Nebula dramatically improves the upper bound on photon rest mass. The standard argument that massive photons are governed by the Phoca field equations is outlined and applied to wisp features (identified as hydromagnetic waves) observed in the Crab. The results imply an upper limit for the photon rest mass of between 3 by 10 to the -54th power and 3 by 10 to the -53rd power gram, which is smaller than the best previous limits by a factor of 10,000 to 100,000. It is noted that although the present limit is probably valid in order of magnitude, some doubt remains since there are inconsistencies in the standard arguments.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; Oct. 27
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  • 9
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    Stability of nonlinear periodic pulsation of stellar envelopes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The eigenvalue method to calculate models for periodically pulsating stars is used to study the stability of the resulting oscillations. This paper discusses results for a series of RR Lyrae models.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheids Modeling; p 129-135
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  • 10
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    Hydrodynamic effects in the atmosphere of variable stars (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Numerical models of variable stars are established, using a nonlinear radiative transfer coupled hydrodynamics code. The variable Eddington method of radiative transfer is used. Comparisons are for models of W Virginis, beta Doradus, and eta Aquilae. From these models it appears that shocks are formed in the atmospheres of classical Cepheids as well as W Virginis stars. In classical Cepheids, with periods from 7 to 10 days, the bumps occurring in the light and velocity curves appear as the result of a compression wave that reflects from the star's center. At the head of the outward going compression wave, shocks form in the atmosphere. Comparisons between the hydrodynamic motions in W Virginis and classical Cepheids are made. The strong shocks in W Virginis do not penetrate into the interior as do the compression waves formed in classical Cepheids. The shocks formed in W Virginis stars cause emission lines, while in classical Cepheids the shocks are weaker.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 71-83
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  • 11
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    Mean colors of Cepheids (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Color observations of Cepheids can be interpreted by a color effective temperature relation to give different T sub e values for each kind of mean color. Here, theoretical colors from numerical integrations of Cepheid pulsations are used to determine the proper method of taking the color mean in order to get, by the color T sub e relation, the correct nonpulsating T sub e.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 43-55
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  • 12
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    The He II lines in the spectrum of zeta Puppis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The observed He II line spectrum in zeta Pup is compared with that predicted from model atmospheres in an attempt to establish the parameters (effective temperature, log g) which characterize the model that best represents this star's atmosphere. The study is conducted by compiling equivalent widths of the He II lines in the series (n = 2,3,4,5) and comparing them with predictions from plane-parallel static model atmospheres using a non-LTE theory of line formation. Good agreement between observation and prediction for a model atmosphere with an effective temperature of 50,000 K and log of 4.0 is found for the upper members of the n = 3 and n = 5 series, but discrepancies are found for the two lines of the n = 2 series and the upper members of the n = 4 series. It is shown that the n = 4 level appears to be more overpopulated at moderate atmospheric depths than the non-LTE calculations with plane-parallel layers indicate. It is suggested that this may be due to an overlap of the H and He II lines in the even-even series caused by macroturbulent velocities of the hydrogen and helium atoms.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 15
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  • 13
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    Rotational bursting of interplanetary dust particles (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar radiation pressure can cause rotational bursting and eventual elimination from the solar system of asymmetric dust particles by a windmill effect. The life span against this process for metallic particles with radii of 0.00001-0.01 cm ranges from 10 to 10,000 years. The effects of magnetic spin damping have been considered in this estimate. This depletion mechanism works faster than the traditional Poynting-Robertson effect by approximately one order of magnitude for metallic particles and about two-orders of magnitude for nonmetallic particles.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Sept
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  • 14
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    Hyperbolic cosmic dust - Its origin and its astrophysical significance (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The heliocentric radial distribution of the flux of hyperbolic cosmic dust particles, as measured by the Pioneer 8 and 9 spacecraft, is closely related to the radial variation of the spatial density of source or parent meteoroids. Within the limits of the experimental and theoretical uncertainties the spatial density of parent meteoroids, as deduced from the hyperbolic cosmic dust data, is found to be increasing with increasing heliocentric distance in the neighborhood of one AU. Other recent experimental evidence confirms this result. The new results also suggest that the ratio of the areal density of submicron-sized craters to the areal density of millimeter-sized craters will be less on the north-south faces of lunar rocks than on the east-west faces of the same rocks. The change in ratio is not as large as previously thought. It is noted that the solar system is not presently contributing significant amounts of dust to the interstellar medium though it may once have done so.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 15
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    SAS-2 high-energy gamma-ray observations of the Vela pulsar (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) high-energy (in excess of 35 MeV) gamma-ray telescope has detected pulsed gamma-ray emission at the radio period from PSR 0833-45, the Vela pulsar, as well as an unpulsed flux from the Vela region. The pulsed emission consists of two peaks following the single radio peak by about 13 ms and 48 ms. The luminosity of the pulsed emission above 100 MeV from Vela is about 0.1 that of the pulsar NP 0532 in the Crab nebula, whereas the pulsed emission from Vela at optical wavelengths is less than 0.0002 that from the Crab. The relatively high intensity of the pulsed gamma-ray emission, and the double peak structure, compared with the single pulse in the radio emission, suggest that the high-energy gamma-ray pulsar emission may be produced under different conditions from those at lower energies.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 1
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  • 16
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    A correlation test of the intrinsic interpretation of QSO absorption redshifts (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is noted that the general intrinsic interpretation of QSO absorption redshifts predicts a high probability of clustering for the expulsion velocities of clouds ejected from a QSO core and that a correlation function has been defined which depends on the probability of clustering of three or more expulsion velocities. A test of this correlation is formulated which utilizes data on pairs of QSOs with similar emission redshifts and at least three well established absorption redshifts with corresponding expulsion velocities greater than 0.02c. It is shown that the correlation should be positive (maximum value +100%) if the absorption systems are intrinsic and correlated, zero if there is no physical connection among these systems, and negative if a strong anticorrelation exists or QSOs tend to eject one or two clouds at well separated characteristic velocities. Data on five QSOs are analyzed, and large positive values are obtained for the correlations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 1
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  • 17
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    Na-22, Ne-E, extinct radioactive anomalies and unsupported Ar-40 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility that the origin of extinct radioactivities depended on their living long enough for grains to form in the expanding nucleosynthetic envelope, rather than on their living long enough for meteorites to form, is examined. As an example, the interpretation of Na-22 as a detectable extinct radioactivity, with a half life of only 2.6 years, is explored and related to Ne-22 occurrence. Similar arguments involving He-4, Ar-40, K-40, K-41, and calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and cobalt isotopes are briefly presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 257; Sept. 4
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  • 18
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    Pioneer 9 and OGO 5 observations of an interplanetary multiple shock ensemble on February 2, 1969 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A multiple shock system was observed upstream (0.13 AU) of the earth by Pioneer 9 on February 2, 1969. The same system was observed at earth by Ogo 5 and was reported separately in the literature. This paper compares the two sets of observations in still further detail. Both magnetic-field and plasma data are used in a least-squares best-fit method to compute the characteristics of the fast forward shock wave (Pioneer 9 only) and two fast reverse shock waves. Nearly all major features (shock, piston, and tangential discontinuity) retained their characteristics during the transit of the shock ensemble from Pioneer 9 to Ogo 5. The genesis of the ensemble is believed to be due to a complex stream-stream interaction. A substantial density increase (including a large rise of alpha/proton abundance) at Ogo 5, but unobserved at Pioneer 9, is explained by a sudden meridional shift to a flow from below the ecliptic plane while the streams were en route to earth. This study demonstrates a spatial and temporal plasma inhomogeneity which is superimposed on the persistent major features.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 1
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  • 19
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    Plasma processes in the expansion of the solar wind and in the interplanetary medium (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent research into plasma processes involved in the expansion of the solar wind and the interplanetary medium is reviewed. Emphasized topics deal primarily with processes that drive the solar wind, the gross expansion of the interplanetary medium between 0.5 and 5 AU, recent observational results in the vicinity of 1 AU, and the microstructure of the interplanetary medium. Satellite measurements of the radial profile of the interplanetary medium out to 5 AU are discussed together with model calculations of the solar wind and its possible driving mechanisms. Studies of Alfven and magnetoacoustic waves in the solar wind are summarized. Possible roles are considered for thermal conduction in coronal energy transport, and observations of ion velocity distributions near 1 AU are described.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 20
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    Observation of subordinate 2p/5/4d-2p/5/3p transitions in neon-like ions from Ca XI to Ni XIX (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Subordinate 2p(5)4d-2p(5)3p transitions in the neon-like ions from Ca XI through Ni XIX are identified. Such transitions between excited levels have not previously been reported for ionization stages higher than Al IV, although the resonance lines are known through Zn XXI in the neon isoelectronic sequence. Measurement of the solar flux in such transitions may aid in establishing the relative importance of the several cascade processes giving rise to the observed Fe XVII resonance lines.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; Aug. 1
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  • 21
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    Interplanetary gas. XXI - Validity of the Chapman-Enskog description of the solar wind for protons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; Aug. 1
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  • 22
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    The ultraviolet spectrum of B-type supergiants (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: OAO-2 spectral scans of several early-type main-sequence stars and the shell star zeta Tau are analyzed to derive a representative UV spectrum for B-type supergiants. The absorption lines in the spectra of the B-type supergiants are shown to be stronger than those in main-sequence stars and to have a broad pointed feature at 1720 A that is constant in all such stars. The UV resonance lines of C IV, N V, Si III, and Si IV are found to be displaced toward the shorter wavelengths by velocities of up to 1800 km/s, indicating an escaping atmosphere. For B5 stars, the atmosphere is estimated to be expanding at about 120 km/s. The spectrum of eta CMa (B5Ia) is found to be well represented by the LTE theory of line formation, the presence of a stationary circumstellar shell, and a slowly expanding model atmosphere.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 23
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    A study of interstellar lines in the rocket spectrum of delta Scorpii (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ten interstellar lines in the vacuum UV spectrum of delta Sco are analyzed which were recorded on rocket spectrograms. Two cloud components are resolved which have Doppler widths of 1.55 km/sec (larger cloud) and 2.16 km/sec (smaller cloud). Column densities are derived for C I, C II, N I, O I, Al II, Si II, and Fe II, and abundances relative to atomic hydrogen are determined from them. Silicon and iron are found to be slightly overabundant relative to the solar abundances, while the other elements are underabundant by factors ranging from 1.8 to 8.6. Mean cloud densities of 250 and 150 per cu cm (for the larger and smaller clouds, respectively) are determined, and the average ratios of electron density to hydrogen-atom density are derived using the column densities of C I and C II. It is shown that the iron abundance can be decreased to less than the solar abundance by doubling the velocity dispersion of the iron ions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 24
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    Study of He I emission lines in the solar atmosphere. III - The triplet-singlet line intensity ratios in solar prominences (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 40; 4, Ma; May 1975
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  • 25
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    Pioneer 10 measurements of the charge and energy spectrum of solar cosmic rays during 1972 August (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 15
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  • 26
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    The 1640.4 A H-alpha line of He II observed from Skylab (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Profiles obtained from NRL Skylab solar spectra of the 1640.4 A feature identified as the H-alpha line of He II are discussed and compared with theoretical profiles derived assuming (1) collisional excitation and (2) radiative recombination as the dominant excitation mechanism. Relative intensities of this line as a function of altitude above and below the solar white-light limb are also given for a representative quiet sun region and for a polar coronal hole.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 27
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    Chemical potential effects on neutrino diffusion in supernovae (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The validity of imposing a zero chemical potential for neutrinos in hydrodynamic calculations of collapsing supernovae is investigated in the diffusion approximation of neutrino transport. A coupled system of equations is solved for neutrino and energy diffusion fluxes as well as lepton diffusion in a collapsing supernovae ambient medium, and the results indicate a substantial growth in the neutrino chemical potential for densities greater than 10 to the 12th power gm/cu cm. The rate of energy transport is shown to be significantly affected by increases in Fermi integrals and chemical-potential gradients accompanied by decreases in temperature, and the extent of neutrino particle/antiparticle reactions is found also to affect energy diffusion rates. It is concluded that the photon-like behavior usually assumed for neutrinos may be incorrect and that an extension of the Sn transport approximation to include lepton characteristics is necessary for a definitive answer to the question of neutrino transport in supernovae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 35; June 197
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  • 28
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    Temperature dependence of emission measure in solar X-ray plasmas. I - Nonflaring active regions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Previous determinations of the form of the emission-measure distribution function for solar active regions are examined. It is found that two analyses in particular are affected by low quality of either observational or atomic data. An alternative method of analysis is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 29
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    Effects of convection electric field on the distribution of ring current type protons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The topology of the boundaries of penetration (or, inversely, the boundaries of the forbidden regions) of 90-deg pitch-angle equatorial protons with energies less than 100 keV are explored for an equatorial convection E-field which is directed in general from dawn to dusk. Due to the dependence of drift path on energy (or magnetic moment), complex structural features are expected in the proton energy spectra detected by satellites since the penetration distance of a proton is not a monotonically increasing or decreasing function of energy. During a storm when the convection E is enhanced, model calculations predict elongations of the forbidden regions analogous to tail extensions of the plasmasphere. Following a reduction in the convection field, spiral-structured forbidden regions can occur. Structural features inherent to large-scale convection field changes may be seen in the nose-like proton spectrograms observed near dusk by instrumentation on Explorer 45. These nose events are modelled by using an electric field model developed originally by Volland (1973). The strength of the field is related to the Kp index through night-time equatorial plasmapause measurements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; July 197
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  • 30
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    Observations of a new transition in the emission from Cyg X-1 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from the all-sky X-ray monitor aboard Ariel V were used to establish that a sudden transition had occurred in emissions from Cyg X-1 on April 22, 1975. Cyg X-1 has been observed almost continuously since around November 1, 1974, and has been relatively constant in apparent magnitude until the reported effect. The results of these observations are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 256; July 10
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  • 31
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    X-ray observations of Cyg X-1 with ANS (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The equipment, method and results of the measurements performed with soft and hard X-ray detectors of the Space Research Laboratory in Utrecht and the Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., are described. Cyg X-1 underwent an upward transition in its intensity, that seems to be the inverse of the downward transition seen by Uhuru in April 1971. The bulk of the increase, as observed by the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite instruments, from May 1 to May 8, 1975, occurs at low energy: between 1 and 2 keV, the intensity increased by a factor of 10 over the November 1974 intensity, while above 8 keV there is no significant change. The data suggest that Cyg X-1 has reverted to its high state.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 256; July 10
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  • 32
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    The acceleration of heavy nuclei in solar flares (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The overabundance of heavy nuclei in solar cosmic rays of energy below about 10 MeV/nucleon is explained by taking into account the pre-flare ionization states of these nuclei in the region where they are accelerated. A model is proposed which considers two-step accelerations associated with the initial development of solar flares. The first step is closely related to the triggering process of flares, while the second one starts with the development of the explosive phase. Further ionization of medium and heavy nuclei occurs through their interaction with keV electrons accelerated by the first-step acceleration. It is suggested that the role of these electrons is important in producing fully ionized atoms in the acceleration regions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; June 197
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  • 33
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    Coarse photospheric convection and the ejection of dust by R coronae borealis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 15
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  • 34
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    Radio search for HC3N, HCN, OH, and detection of U8.19 in comet Kohoutek /1973f/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 15
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  • 35
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    Investigation of low-latitude hydrogen emission in terms of a two-component interstellar gas model (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High-resolution 21-cm hydrogen line observations at low galactic latitude are analyzed to determine the large-scale distribution of galactic hydrogen. Distribution parameters are found by model fitting, optical depth effects are computed using a two-component gas model suggested by the observations, and calculations are made for a one-component uniform spin-temperature gas model to show the systematic departures between this model and data obtained by incorrect treatment of the optical depth effects. Synthetic 21-cm line profiles are computed from the two-component model, and the large-scale trends of the observed emission profiles are reproduced together with the magnitude of the small-scale emission irregularities. Values are determined for the thickness of the galactic hydrogen disk between half density points, the total observed neutral hydrogen mass of the galaxy, and the central number density of the intercloud hydrogen atoms. It is shown that typical hydrogen clouds must be between 1 and 13 pc in diameter and that optical thinness exists on large-scale despite the presence of optically thin gas.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 36
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    Equivalent width of molecular lines in stars. I - Lyman and Werner bands of H2 in the solar atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Apr. 197
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  • 37
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    Solar particle events with anomalously large relative abundance of He-3 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energetic particle data are presented from a series of solar flares with a relative abundance of He-3 much higher than that of any previous events. The abundance of protons relative to He nuclei was significantly low in these events; not more than four H-2 and three H-3 were detected during the entire period under study, compared with 1110 He-3 nuclei. Results from these experiments are compared with data available from other investigations, and the limitations the former observations place on theoretical models to explain He-3-rich flares are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; May 15
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  • 38
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    Heavy solar cosmic rays in the January 25, 1971 solar flare (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed study of the charge composition of heavy solar cosmic rays measured in the January 25, 1971 solar flare including differential fluxes for the even-charged nuclei from carbon through argon is presented. The measurements are obtained for varying energy intervals for each nuclear species in the energy range from 10 to 35 MeV per nucleon. In addition, abundances relative to oxygen are computed for all the above nuclei in the single energy interval from 15 to 25 MeV per nucleon. This interval contains measurements for all of the species and as a result requires no spectral extrapolations. An upper limit for the abundance of calcium nuclei is also presented. These measurements, when combined with other experimental results, enable the energy dependence of abundance measurements as a function of nuclear charge to be discussed. It is seen that at energies above about 10 MeV per nucleon, the variations of abundance ratios are limited to about a factor of 3 from flare to flare, in spite of large variations in other characteristics of these solar events.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Apr. 197
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  • 39
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    Development of a comet as it pursues its orbit (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The properties of cometary dust-swarms in almost parabolic long-period orbits are examined. The effect of passage of the solar system through interstellar gas clouds is shown to be capable of affecting substantially the angular momentum of a comet about the sun, thus accounting for the existence of comets with high values of perihelion distance. The same process would enable cometary particles to adsorb interstellar gases and regenerate their gas content.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 34; May 1975
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  • 40
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    The last OSO satellite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Missions planned for OSO-8 are outlined. Instruments to be included on the satellite comprise a multichannel UV spectrometer, a high-resolution UV spectrometer, an X-ray crystal spectrometer and polarimeter, a hard X-ray telescope, a celestial X-ray spectrometer, a mapping X-ray heliometer, an extrasolar extreme UV monitor, and a soft X-ray telescope. The instruments make up a scientific payload that is larger, transmits data at a greater rate, can be pointed with higher accuracy, and has much better spatial and spectral resolution over a wider range of wavelengths than any payload carried by previous OSO satellites.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 49; June 197
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  • 41
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    Infrared forbidden lines in H II regions and planetary nebulae (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Emissivity coefficients are calculated as functions of electron density and temperature for the IR forbidden lines between 2 and 300 microns of the elements and ionization stages most abundant in H II regions and planetary nebulae. The effect of self-absorption is investigated, and a method is presented for estimating when self-absorption may be important. The IR line spectrum of the Orion Nebula is predicted using the emissivity coefficients, and ionic abundances are derived for the Ar III, S IV, and Ne II forbidden lines in a number of planetary nebulae. The sulfur abundance and sulfur/oxygen ratio are discussed for H II regions and planetary nebulae. The average sulfur/oxygen ratio is found to be about 0.05 for gaseous nebulae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 39; 1, Fe; Feb. 197
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  • 42
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    Solar test of Dirac's large number hypothesis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation is conducted regarding the implications of Dirac's theories (1973, 1974) concerning the creation of new matter. It is found that Dirac's theory of multiplicative creation, but not his theory of additive creation, is not in contradiction with known facts about the sun. According to the theory of additive creation, matter is formed uniformly throughout space. The concept of multiplicative creation implies that existing matter multiplies itself in proportion to the amount of matter already present.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 254; Mar. 20
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  • 43
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    Spectroscopic studies of very old hot stars. I - NGC 246 and its exciting star (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The planetary nebula NGC 246 and its exciting stars were studied, using an image-tube spectrograph at the Cassegrain focus of a 36-inch telescope. Observations of the central star indicate that it has one of the most highly excited spectra known to optical astronomers. The only lines definitely present in the spectrum are lines of C IV and O VI, although lines of He II are probably present. Since nitrogen lines (in any ionization state) are absent, the stellar spectrum suggests that the star has experienced the triple-alpha process. Nebular observations were used to estimate the atmospheric properties of the exciting star by the Zanstra method. The results are found to correlate well with the spectral appearance of the star. Comparison of the properties of the star and surrounding nebula with Paczynski's evolutionary tracks for planetary nuclei suggests that the star is very near the point of exhaustion of its nuclear fuels.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Feb. 15
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  • 44
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    Spatial and time variations of the interplanetary microparticle flux analysed from deep space probes Pioneers 8 and 9 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 45
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    The electron density in the direction of zeta Oph (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that photoionization of vibrationally excited H2 and photodissociation of the H2(+) ions produced thereby constitute a significant electron production route in high UV flux situations. A significant fraction of the electron density in the direction of zeta Oph (-15 km per sec cloud) deduced from observations may be expected to arise in this way.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 46
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    Carbon-burning nucleosynthesis with convection (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effect of convection on carbon-burning nucleosynthesis is explored with a limited network of reactions. Convection is simulated by a series of networks at fixed mass points in the core of an evolving 15 solar mass star. Complete mixing is always assumed. Comparison to single network calculations show that the 'half-energy' approximation of Arnett yields reasonable results, although the abundances of nuclei which are created by beta-decays of unstable nuclei tend to be underestimated, by this approximation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 1
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  • 47
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    Interpretation of BM Orionis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The entire light curve of the BM Ori system both inside and outside primary and secondary eclipses has been examined on the basis of two models for the disk around the secondary component: one with the luminous energy of the disk coming entirely from the secondary, and another with the luminous energy coming at least partly from the primary. It has been found that if the disk is highly opaque, as is suggested by the fitting of the light curve, there exist in the first model discrepancies between what has been derived from the luminosity consideration for the secondary component and what has been derived from the radius consideration. Hence the second model is accepted. Based on this model the nature of both component stars has been examined from a consideration of the luminosity and the dimensions of the disk.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 1
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  • 48
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    Electron microscopy of irradiation effects in space (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper discusses several discoveries made in the study of lunar material. In the examination of the effects of solar wind implantations the topics covered include (1) solar wind radiation damage parameters and their aging characteristics, (2) the theory of the ancient solar wind, (3) the solar wind sputtering erosion rate, (4) the physicochemical properties of amorphous coatings, (5) maturity indexes and the macroscopic properties of the lunar regolith, (6) solar wind gas bubbles, (7) the composition of very heavy nuclei in the contemporary solar wind, and (8) track aging processes. Conclusions are drawn from the results about other extraterrestrial features such as the parent bodies of the meteorites, early solar nebulas, and interstellar clouds.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 187; Jan. 17
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  • 49
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    Observations at 6 cm of the solar active region (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Preliminary results are reported for the synthesis of a solar active region from observations with a synthesis radio telescope at a wavelength of 6 cm. Several individual sources are observed in the total-intensity and circular-polarization maps. These are shown to correspond to two large sunspots, two groups of small sunspots, and a plage. A magnetogram indicates that this active region had a bipolar structure with positive polarity concentrated on the main sunspots and negative polarity scattered over the plage and some of the small sunspots. It is noted that several radio bursts were recorded during the observation period and that one corresponded to a H-alpha flare near one of the sunspot groups.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 257; Oct. 9
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  • 50
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    Seasonal variation and magnitude of the solar sector structure-atmospheric vorticity effect (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evidence is reported for a seasonal variation in the effect of solar sector structure on terrestrial atmospheric vorticity. Graphs showing average response of the 50,000-Pa vorticity area index to solar magnetic sector structure during the time interval extending from 6 days before to 6 days after the time at which a sector boundary is swept past the earth indicate that a 10% drop in the average value occurs at the time of passage, but this effect is observed only during the winter months.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 255; June 12
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  • 51
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    An anticorrelation between polar and equatorial rotation of the solar photosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Published spectroscopic measurements of solar rotation are analyzed to show that when the rotation velocity increases at high latitudes it tends to decrease at low latitudes, and that when the rotation velocity decreases at high latitudes it increases at low latitudes. The high-latitude velocities typically vary over only 20% of the range of those near the equator and the smallest variations of all occurred near latitude 60 deg during the rising portion of the previous solar cycle. The anticorrelation is consistent with a recent suggestion that differential rotation on the sun arises from photospheric wind systems whose strength is determined, ultimately, by oscillations within the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Apr. 197
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  • 52
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    High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data are reported which were obtained with a high-energy (exceeding 35 Mev) gamma-ray telescope flown on the second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2). The high-energy galactic gamma radiation is observed to dominate over the general diffuse radiation along the entire galactic plane, and its longitudinal and latitudinal distributions appear to be generally correlated with galactic structural features, particularly with arm segments. Principally on the basis of its angular distribution and magnitude, it is suggested that this radiation results primarily from cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar matter. A uniform celestial gamma radiation appears to have been detected; the form of its differential spectrum over the energy range from about 35 to 170 MeV is obtained, and a cosmological origin is suggested for this radiation. In addition to the general galactic emission, high-energy gamma radiation was detected from the Crab Nebula, Vela X, a general region toward the galactic center, and a region located a few degrees north of the galactic plane. Upper limits to the high-energy gamma ray fluxes are set for a number of localized sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; May 15
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  • 53
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    A model for the origin of solar wind stream interfaces (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic variations in solar wind properties that have been observed at 'stream interfaces' near 1 AU are explained by a gas dynamic model in which a radially propagating stream, produced by a temperature variation in the solar envelope, steepens nonlinearly while moving through interplanetary space. The region thus identified with the stream interface separates the ambient solar wind from the fresh hot material originally in the stream. However, the interface regions given by the present model are thicker than most stream interfaces observed in the solar wind, a fact suggesting that some additional physical process may be important in determining that thickness. Variations in the density, speed, or Alfven pressure alone appear not to produce streams with such an interface.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; May 1
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  • 54
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    High resolution Lyman alpha observations of comet Kohoutek /1973f/ near perihelion (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The hydrogen Lyman-alpha emission line of comet Kohoutek (1973f) was observed and resolved by the high-dispersion Skylab/ATM S082B spectrograph shortly after the comet's perihelion passage (29-31 December 1973). The Lyman-alpha line width was determined from three different exposures of the comet nuclear region. A simplified analysis of the optical thickness effects showed that this line width is consistent with the established hydrogen outflow velocity of 8 to 10 km/sec.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 38; 3, Fe; Feb. 197
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  • 55
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    Interplanetary streams and their interaction with the earth (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plasma and magnetic field observations of interplanetary streams near 1 AU are summarized. Two types of streams have been identified - corotating streams and flare-associated, and other flow patterns are present due to interactions among streams. The theory of corotating streams, which attributes them to a high temperature region near the sun, satisfactorily explains many of the effects observed at 1 AU. A correspondingly complete theory of flare-associated streams does not exist. Streams are a key link in the chain that connects solar and geomagnetic activity. The factors that most influence geomagnetic activity are probably related to streams and determined by the dynamics of streams. The evolution of streams on scales of 27 days and 11 years probably determines the corresponding variations of geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 56
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    The variation of solar proton energy spectra and size distribution with heliolongitude (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A statistical study of the initial phases of a large number of solar particle events provides an approach for an investigation of the variability in the production process and coronal diffusion. A description is given of the procedures which are suitable for identifying the parent flare of an event, taking into account the heliocentric distribution of the flare-associated events. The determination of the proton energy spectrum at the sun is discussed along with the variation of the spectral index with the associated flare heliocentric longitude, questions concerning the source spectra and the acceleration process, and the size distribution of flare associated particle events.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Mar. 197
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  • 57
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    One- and multi-component models of the upper photosphere based on molecular spectra. IV - Non-LTE treatment of the CN violet system (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 41; Mar. 197
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  • 58
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    A note on the validity of the use of Euler's equation for the motion of the matter in the envelopes of Be stars (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 33; Mar. 197
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  • 59
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    Broad absorption features in a Centauri (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nightly mean intensity tracings of the spectrum of a Centauri in the neighborhood of lines from multiplets 41 and 43 Fe I are presented for ten consecutive nights. On some nights, broad, shallow absorption features appear at the positions of the Fe I lines.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 15
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  • 60
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    Theoretical studies of massive stars. I - Evolution of a 15-solar-mass star from the zero-age main sequence to neon ignition (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The evolution of a star with mass 15 times that of the sun from the zero-age main sequence to neon ignition has been computed by the Henyey method. The hydrogen-rich envelope and all shell sources were explicitly included in the models. An algorithm has been developed for approximating the results of carbon burning, including the branching ratio for the C-12 + C-12 reaction and taking some secondary reactions into account. Penetration of the convective envelope into the core is found to be unimportant during the stages covered by the models. Energy transfer from the carbon-burning shell to the core by degenerate electron conduction becomes important after the core carbon-burning stage. Neon ignition will occur in a semidegenerate core and will lead to a mild 'flash.' Detailed numerical results are given in an appendix. Continuation of the calculations into later stages and variations with the total mass of the star will be discussed in later papers.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 15
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  • 61
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    The origin of infrared emission from the nucleus of NGC 1068 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent infrared observational results for the nucleus of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 are reviewed and analyzed in terms consistent with information available at other wavelengths. It is concluded that the infrared and optical data imply that more than 85 percent of the infrared emission at 10 microns is radiation from dust grains in the nucleus. Observed reddening of spectral lines implies geometrical optical depths at visual wavelengths of about 7-15 if the nuclear dust cloud is approximately spherically symmetric. The dust grains emitting the infrared radiation could be silicates with a 10-micron optical depth near unity, but this identification is not uniquely established. The grains are heated radiatively by an underlying source or sources of radiation also responsible for ionizing the emission-line-producing gas. The underlying source could be nonthermal, or it could be a hot plasma. Physical constraints on each of these models are derived.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 15
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  • 62
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    Fossil dust shells around luminous supergiants (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The observed frequency with which infrared excesses appear in F, G, and K supergiants of luminosity class Ia supports the idea that these excesses arise in a 'fossil' circumstellar dust shell that was formed during a prior M-super-giant phase of evolution. The required leftward evolution of the star on the H-R diagram would then imply that the Ledoux, rather than the Schwarzschild, criterion for convective mixing is the correct criterion to use in stellar evolution calculations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 1
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  • 63
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    Differences between the bulk speeds of hydrogen and helium in the solar wind (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 1
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  • 64
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    The reconnection of magnetic field lines in the solar corona (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Skylab XUV coronal spectroheliograms and photospheric magnetograms are compared. This comparison shows that, as new bipolar magnetic fields emerge through the solar surface into the corona, the new coronal fields interact with the old ones in a manner that suggests the reconnection of the field lines.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Mar. 15
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  • 65
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    Interplanetary gas. XX - Does the radial solar wind speed increase with latitude (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The astrometric technique used to derive solar wind speeds from ionic comet-tail orientations has been used to test the suggestion that the radial solar wind speed is higher near the solar poles than near the equator. We find no evidence for the suggested latitude variation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Mar. 15
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  • 66
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    Forbidden lines of highly ionized iron in solar flare spectra (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Mar. 1
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  • 67
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    XUV observations of coronal magnetic fields (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectroheliograms obtained with the Naval Research Laboratory's Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph (S082A) on Skylab are compared with Kitt Peak National Observatory magnetograms. A principal result is the characteristic reconnection of flux from an emerging bipolar magnetic region to previously existing flux in its vicinity. Examples of the disappearance of magnetic flux from the solar atmosphere are also shown. The results of a particularly simple, potential field calculation are shown for comparison with the Skylab observations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 40; Jan. 197
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    On the planetary theory of sunspots (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation is conducted of the full tidal problem for Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Jupiter, the tide-raising planets, taking into account the complete orbital elements, including eccentricity, inclination, and their variation with time. Data for a comparison of tidal and sunspot dates are listed in a table. The investigation shows that the alignment of the tide-raising planets within 10 degrees is a common phenomenon, occurring approximately every 10.4 years. This alignment is not associated with drastic tidal effects.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 253; Feb. 13
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  • 69
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    A source for hyperbolic cosmic dust particles (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Earlier analyses of the Pioneer 8 and 9 experimental meteoroid data have shown that the detectors on these two spacecraft are intercepting meteoroids with hyperbolic orbital parameters. It is shown in this paper that these results are entirely consistent with and, indeed, to be expected from other observations of the interplanetary meteoroid complex. Collisional breakup of meteoroids and post-collision radiation pressure modification of their orbits is found to be a sufficient cause for the observed results. Details of the calculations as well as of the results are presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 70
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    Hot vibrating white dwarf models of pulsating X-ray sources (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The hypothesis that pulsating X-ray sources could be vibrating white dwarfs is investigated. The masses are calculated for several white-dwarf models having various modes of vibration which have the observed eigenfrequencies of the Centaurus X-3 and the Hercules X-1 sources. If the hypothesis is correct, Cen X-3 is vibrating radially in the fundamental mode or not higher than the first two overtones, and its mass is in the range 0.7-1.2 solar masses. The Her X-1 source would be vibrating in a quadrupole P mode, and would have a mass in the range 1.1-1.25 solar masses.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 71
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    Circumstellar grains and the intrinsic polarization of starlight (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Twenty-five long-period variable stars exhibiting intrinsic variable polarization have been monitored over the range 3.5-11 microns for several cycles. No conclusive evidence for gross changes in amount of circumstellar grains has been found. Thus circumstellar infrared emission is attributed to the total abundance of grains surrounding the star, which does not change by a large amount with time, while intrinsic polarization is attributed to more localized scattering and absorption effects. Spectrophotometry with resolution of about 0.015 over the 8-14 microns wavelength range of several stars with different chemical compositions indicates excess emission characteristic of 3 types of grains: (1) 'blackbody' grains, (2) silicate grains, and (3) silicon carbide grains.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 15
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  • 72
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    Sources of excitation of the interstellar gas and galactic structure (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The excitation of the interstellar gas is discussed in the light of recent evidence from gamma-ray, molecular, and 21-cm line observations. Previous studies of the excitation of the interstellar gas have not taken into account the substantial density contrast that exists between spiral arms and interarm regions. We examine the role played by the galactic distribution of three sources of excitation (supernovae, OB stars, and ultraviolet stars) in determining the physical state of the interstellar gas in arm and interarm regions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 1
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  • 73
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    Solar activity and its relation to certain parameters of phenomena in the geophysical complex (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of a detailed analysis of solar activity in 1957-1965 are compared with the data on solar activity with variations of cosmic ray activity, and geomagnetic, ionospheric and terrestrial currents. Cosmic ray variations are investigated with reference to the asymmetry of solar hemispheres. All storms in the IGY are classified and a symbolic diagram of the time sequence is drawn up.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 125-132
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  • 74
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    Solar and terrestrial physics (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of solar radiation on the near space and biomental earth, the upper atmosphere, and the magnetosphere are discussed. Data obtained from the OSO satellites pertaining to the solar cycle variation of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation are analyzed. The effects of solar cycle variation of the characteristics of the solar wind are examined. The fluid mechanics of shock waves and the specific relationship to the characteristics of solar shock waves are investigated. The solar and corpuscular heating of the upper atmosphere is reported based on the findings of the AEROS and NATE experiments. Seasonal variations of the upper atmosphere composition are plotted based on OGO-6 mass spectrometer data.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci. and Technol.; p 92-138
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  • 75
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    Gravitational theories with nonzero divergence of the energy-momentum tensor (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Assuming that the divergence of the energy-momentum tensor is nonzero leads to a class of theories with consistent field equations and gauge conditions as well as compatibility with the Newtonian limit of the conservation laws. Both the Einstein and the Brans-Dicke theories are used as models, but the extension to other viable theories such as vector-metric and two-metric theories is possible. One particularly interesting theory emerges that agrees with the ordinary Brans-Dicke theory except for the post-Newtonian parameter zeta sub 2, which predicts nonconservation of total momentum. Unfortunately, no accurate experimental limits for this parameter are known. It thus remains for future experiments in lunar-laser ranging to test this theory.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 12
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  • 76
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    The Cepheid mode problem (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The modal behavior of RR Lyrae stars and low mass Cepheids has been investigated using a nonlinear relaxation technique and stability analysis. The advantages of this type of numerical approach in investigations of preferred mode of pulsation are discussed. The results obtained for both classes of variable stars are quite similar: first harmonic pulsation toward the blue, fundamental pulsation toward the red, and mixed-mode behavior at the extreme red edge of the instability strip. In addition, stars near the center of the strip can pulsate in either the fundamental or the first harmonic mode. Possible implications for observational results, including the Oosterhoff dichotomy of globular clusters and the beat Cepheids, are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 137-156
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  • 77
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    Hydrodynamic models of a Cepheid atmosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Instead of computing a large number of coarsely zoned hydrodynamic models covering the entire atmospheric instability strip, the author computed a single model as well as computer limitations allow. The implicit hydrodynamic code of Kutter and Sparks was modified to include radiative transfer effects in optically thin zones.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 99-114
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  • 78
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    Pulsation of double-mode Cepheids and comments on the problem of Cepheid masses (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The double mode Cepheids are stars, found near the low luminosity end of the Population I Cepheid strip, which display a mixture of modes where the longer of the two periods is between two and four days. It is usually assumed that the mixture is composed of fundamental and first harmonic modes. In order to obtain the various physical parameters for the double mode Cepheids, the pulsation constant, Q, is determined in the period-mean-density relation for realistic stellar models, by making use of a linearized nonadiabatic analysis. By studying a large number of models that obey a variety of mass luminosity relations, simple fitting formulas for the pulsation constants are obtained.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 57-70
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  • 79
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    Ultraviolet observations of classical Cepheids by OAO-2 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: OAO-2 observations of eight bright classical Cepheids in the wavelength region 1910 A to 4250 A are presented. The data for RT Aurigae, alpha Ursa Minoris, delta Cephei, and gamma Ophiuchi show excellent agreement with ground based photometry in the wavelength region of overlap and are consistent with a simple extrapolation of light curve properties from the visible region. However, in the ultraviolet, the light curve of beta Doradus shows two small flux bumps, at phases of 0.75 and 0.85, in addition to the well known bump at phase 0.0. All three bumps should probably be associated with the arrival of shocks at the stellar surface.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 5-30
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  • 80
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    Emission-line strengths and the chemical compositions of quasi-stellar objects (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Estimates of emission-line strengths in 160 QSOs are listed. They are used, together with those for 60 objects published earlier, to compile a table of rest-frame equivalent widths for a composite QSO containing 28 lines seen in objects with z from 0.06 to 3.53. Models are computed for matter partially filling a spherical volume, ionized by ultraviolet flux from a central object and optically thick with absorption from heavy elements taken into account. Constant temperature and density are taken for the He II region, where most of the important lines are emitted. Allowance is made for lower and higher temperatures in the H I and He III regions. Emergent emission-line equivalent widths are computed and compared with the observations. An abnormally low helium abundance is not needed to achieve a fit, since the only anomalously weak line is He II 4686 A whose upper level may be depopulated by stimulated emission of He II 1215 A caused by very strong L-alpha 1216 A flux.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; May 15
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  • 81
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    Structure of neutron star cores (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: After reviewing the outer and central regions of a neutron star, we discuss the central region and the possibility that the core has a solid structure. We present the work of different groups on the solidification problem, suggesting that the neutron star-cores are indeed solid.
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  • 82
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    A newly observed solar feature - Macrospicules in He II 304 A (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: He II 304 A spectroheliograms, obtained with the NRL extreme-ultraviolet slitless spectrograph during the Skylab mission, show spikelike structures at the sun's polar limb which resemble the familiar H-alpha spicules. However, the relatively large size and long life of these He II features has led to distinguishing them by the name 'macrospicules'. The macrospicules appear as protuberances or jets, ranging from 5 to over 60 sec in length, from 5 to 30 sec in width, and from 5 to over 40 minutes in lifetime. Perhaps the most radical departure from H-alpha spicules is that macrospicules occur only within the chromospheric boundaries of coronal holes. Thus macrospicules are most easily visible over the solar poles due to the coronal holes normally present there, and much less frequently at lower latitudes during limb passage of relatively rare, low-latitude coronal holes.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; May 1
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  • 83
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    X-ray astronomy in the Uhuru epoch and beyond /Newton Lacy Pierce Prize Lecture/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of results from the Uhuru satellite is presented. An intensive treatment of two subjects is given, rather than a broad review. First, Cyg X-1, a stellar X-ray source and a candidate for a black hole, is discussed; second, the X-ray source in the Perseus cluster of galaxies, which may be a cloud of hot intergalactic gas, is treated. In both cases, the train of logic used in establishing the nature of these objects is presented and evaluated. For both, while alternative explanations cannot be completely eliminated, they become more difficult to sustain when examined in detail, suggesting that the candidate explanations are more likely correct.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; May 1
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  • 84
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    Behavior of matter at superhigh density (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The properties of the pion-pion collision in the GeV region are examined in order to provide insights into the behavior of matter at densities greater than 100 Teragrams per cu cm. The predictions based on the Landau model are used to decide upon the value for the speed of sound in the expression pressure equals c(s) squared times the energy density, where c(s) is the speed of sound expressed in units of c. Several pion-pion Lagrangians are analyzed for their predictions on the value of c(s) squared. The fundamental assumption of the Landau model, namely, the laminar nature of the flow, is investigated. It is found that the hadronic matter can become turbulent in the later stages of evolution when Reynolds number of about 4,000 is reached, which gives rise to the possibility of identifying the observed tendency of the pion gas to cluster with the eddies that characterize any turbulent flow.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 11
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  • 85
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    Causes of Forbush decreases and other cosmic ray variations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relationship between neutron monitor variations and the intensity variations of the interplanetary magnetic field is studied by using Deep River data and Imp series satellite data. In over 80% of the cases studied in 1968, identifiable depressions of the cosmic ray intensity are associated with magnetic field enhancements of several hours duration and intensity above 10 gamma. Conversely, almost every magnetic field enhancement has an identifiable effect (though not necessarily a marked depression) on the cosmic ray intensity. Perpendicular gradient drifts are suggested as one possible mechanism producing the individual decreases, and some ideas on the recovery processes are presented. Long-lasting Forbush decreases are found to be the consequence of the action of several successive magnetic field enhancements. Evidence is presented that indicates that most of these enhancements are caused by the steepening of streams in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 86
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    Clumping of interstellar grains during formation of the primitive solar nebula (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has previously shown that a considerable amount of clumping of interstellar grains is likely to take place during the free-fall collapse phase of an interstellar cloud which is forming the primitive solar nebula, with the assumption of sonic turbulence in the gas. The original estimate involved the crude assumption of hierarchal amalgamation of the grains upon collision. A Monte Carlo simulation of this process confirmed the general features of the results, but it was further found that the introduction of a low sticking probability reduced the size of the lumps quite significantly. A more realistic calculation was therefore carried out in which it was assumed that clumps of grains would tend to stick together if their collisions were approximately head-on, but that they would tend to fragment into smaller pieces if the collisions were more tangential. For typical values of the amalgamation parameter, this tends to spread the mass of the interstellar grains over a wide range of clump sizes, ranging from individual grains to objects in the millimeter or centimeter size.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 24; Jan. 197
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  • 87
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    The light curve of Comet Kohoutek (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Visual estimates of total coma brightness define the light curve of Comet Kohoutek between Nov. 24, 1974 and Feb. 6, 1974. These data are well fitted by straight lines on the M-log r diagram. The preperihelion value of n is 2.2, and the post perihelion value is 3.8 up to January 16. A standstill in the decline is suspected between January 16 and 19. If the standstill is ignored the postperihelion data can be fitted less precisely by a single line with n equals 3.3. From photoelectric measures on four nights between January 5 and 13 after perihelion, n is found to be 4.1. The average B-V with a 32.4 arc sec diaphragm for those four nights is about 0.79; no clear systematic variation with time is noted.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 24; Jan. 197
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  • 88
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    Time-dependent hydrodynamic phenomena in the envelopes of the Be stars (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Temporal and angular variations in the motion and distribution of circumstellar material about Be stars are studied by means of a simple hydrodynamical approach. The flow variables are each written as the sum of a known, steady-state axisymmetric term and a smaller component which contains both temporal and angular dependence. Substitution of these dichotomous expressions for the flow variables into Euler's equation and the continuity equation leads to a set of linearized equations for the terms which depend on time and angle. Solutions can be found to a somewhat approximated version of the linearized equations, and these solutions explain the qualitative features of the observed short-time variations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 15
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  • 89
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    The calculation of force-free fields from discrete flux distributions (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents particularly simple mathematical formulas for the calculation of force-free fields of constant alpha from the distribution of discrete sources on a flat surface. The advantage of these formulas lies in their physical simplicity and the fact that they can be easily used in practice to calculate the fields. The disadvantage is that they are limited to fields of 'sufficiently small alpha'. These formulas may be useful in the study of chromospheric magnetic fields by the comparison of high-resolution H-alpha photographs and photospheric magnetograms.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 45; Dec. 197
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  • 90
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    The role of dust in cosmogony (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A discussion is given of the production of interstellar grain cores from stellar material, the gain and loss of grain mantles in interstellar space, chemical transformations in these grains when they become part of the primitive solar nebula, and the identification of these grains with interplanetary dust derived from comets and with the matrix material in meteorites. Thus, this paper proposes a common cosmogonic framework relating studies of interstellar and interplanetary grains.
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  • 91
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    Lunar magnetism (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown, for a very simple model of the moon, that the existence of a primordial core magnetic field would give rise to a present day nonzero dipole external field. In the investigation a uniformly magnetized core embedded in a permeable mantle is considered. The significance of the obtained results for the conclusions reported by Runcorn (1975) is discussed. Comments provided by Runcorn to the discussion are also presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 258; Nov. 13
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  • 92
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    Microwave H2O emission from young stars (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: H2O emission has been detected from the Ae or Be stars HD 250550, LkH-alpha 234, and LkH-alpha 198. Comparison of the H2O velocity with that of associated interstellar CO indicates that the H2O originates in an infall region, possibly the contracting parent cloud. H2O emission has also been detected in OH 205.1-14.1, and OH source near the T Tauri star LkH-alpha 308.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Oct. 1
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    Confirmation of interstellar N2H/+/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The proposed identification of the triplet of interstellar lines recently discovered at 93.174 GHz with the molecular ion N2H(+) is confirmed by resolving the predicted hyperfine structure of the inner nitrogen nucleus in the narrow-line molecular source OMC-2 in the Orion Nebula. The hyperfine constants of N2H(+) are derived from the observational data, and the rest center frequency of the J = 1-0 rotational transition is determined. It is noted that the full width at half-maximum of the weakest line (F sub 1 = 0-1) is only 230 kHz (0.74 km/sec in radial velocity), making it the narrowest molecular emission line (excluding maser point sources) thus far observed in the direction of a H II region or IR source.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Oct. 1
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    The spatial and temperature structure of vacuum spark plasmas (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The spatial and temperature structures of the X-ray emitting components of low-inductance vacuum-spark plasmas are investigated. The plasmas produced by low-inductance vacuum sparks show striking resemblances to solar-flare plasmas. High-resolution photographs show that the spark plasmas are composed of hot (about 30 million K) compact sources (less than 20 microns) and cooler (about 10 million K) larger sources (of the order of 100 microns). Both types of sources may be produced by the same plasma at different times. The differences between the solar flare iron-line spectrum near 1.9 A and the spark iron-line spectrum are discussed and interpreted.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Oct. 1
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  • 95
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    Molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy and galactic gamma rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent surveys of 2.6-cm CO emission and 100-MeV gamma-radiation in the galactic plane reveal a striking correlation suggesting that both emissions may be primarily proportional to the line-of-sight column density of H2 in the inner Galaxy. Both the gamma-ray and CO data suggest a prominent ring or arm consisting of cool clouds of H2 at a galactocentric distance of about 5 kpc with a mean total hydrogen density equivalent to approximately 5 atoms per cu cm. Estimates are made of column densities of H2 at 0 deg galactic longitude and are compared with estimates from infrared and X-ray absorption measurements. These estimates are all consistent, indicating that H2 is far more abundant than H I in the inner Galaxy and is the key to a more satisfactory explanation of the gamma-ray observations than previous suggestions. The importance of H2 in understanding galactic gamma-ray observations is also reflected in the correlation of galactic-latitude distribution of gamma-rays and dense dust clouds. The deduced cosmic-ray distribution inferred from the calculations is similar to that of galactic supernova remnants, suggesting a galactic origin for most cosmic rays.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Oct. 1
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  • 96
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    Ultraviolet observations of cool stars. III - Chromospheric and coronal lines in alpha Tauri, beta Geminorum, and alpha Bootis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 97
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    Uranium lines in the spectra of peculiar A stars - A search for recent r-process events (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Uranium wavelengths in the spectra of Ap stars are studied to see if they give any indication of a recent r-process event. It is concluded that there is no credible evidence for an admixture of uranium-235 in these stars, which would imply such an event. The evidence, though negative, is badly confused by blending of lines, and a final judgement must wait for an observational clarification of the situation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 16; 1, 19; 1975
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  • 98
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    Microwave continuum radiation from comet Kohoutek 1973f - Emission from the icy-grain halo (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cometary emission was measured at 3.71 cm on January 10-11, 1974. A possible detection at 2.8 cm and an upper limit at 11.1 cm are also reported. Interferometer measurements at 3.71 cm show that the angular diameter is less than 1.4 arc sec or less than 850 km at the comet. The corresponding disk brightness temperature is greater than 313 + or - 80 K. The radiation presumably originates in the icy-grain halo postulated by Delsemme.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 99
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    The origin of the nonthermal radiation of quasi-stellar objects and galactic nuclei (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The supermassive-star model for the origin of the nonthermal luminosity of quasars and nuclei of Seyfert galaxies is analyzed. In the general model, a moving magnetic field is the accelerating mechanism for ultrarelativistic particles and gravitational collapse is the energy source. Several specific models are considered for the magnetic field, including a frozen-in field that is twisted about the axis of a rotating supermassive star, a tightly wound magnetic spiral, and the rotating field of a giant pulsar. In the general model, an accelerating efficiency close to unity is assumed. However, it is found that observational and theoretical evidence indicate an accelerating efficiency of less than 0.01 for the specific magnetic-field models. Mass-loss rates of quasars and Seyfert nuclei are calculated on the basis of the lower efficiency value and found to be reasonable.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Oct. 15
    Format: text
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    Spectral variability of Cygnus X-3 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectra of Cyg X-3 from 1.7 to 40 keV, obtained about a year apart using the same rocket payload, show large spectral differences. The two observations suggest that while the luminosity of this source remains roughly the same, its spectrum can vary from a featureless blackbody distribution to a flat spectrum which includes strong iron line emission at approximately 6.7 keV. The flux in the line is 0.018 (plus or minus 0.004) photons per sq cm/sec, corresponding to an equivalent continuum width of 1.2 keV.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Oct. 1
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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