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  • Articles  (115)
  • Electron microscopy  (103)
  • Calcification  (13)
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  • Physical Chemistry
  • 1970-1974  (115)
  • 1974  (115)
  • Biology  (115)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Neutral sites ; Elastin ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études précédentes suggèrent la présence de groupements carboxyles, sulfhydriles et aminés dans les sites de liaison en calcium de l'élastine. La possibilité de l'existence de sites neutres de liaison en calcium au niveau de l'élastine a été étudiée dans ce travail. Une augmentation de la fixation du calcium au niveau de l'élastine est observée après des modifications de dissolution qui ont aussi provoqué des modifications de structure de la protéine. Dans des mélanges méthanol-H2O, les liaisons du calcium semblent indépendantes du pH et de la force ionique. Sur dix ions testés (Ca2+, CO2+, Na2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Pb+2, K+, Rb+ et Mg2+) seule la liaison du calcium est nettement augmentée, lorsque le méthanol est ajouté. Il semble que les sites neutres sont importants pour les divers rapports entre calcium et élastine et servent, peut-être, comme centres de nucléation au cours de la calcification de la protéine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Vorgängige Studien haben die Bedeutung der Carboxyl-, Sulfhydryl- und Aminogruppen als Stellen der Calciumbindung im Elastin gezeigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, die Rolle der neutralen Koordinationsstellen im Elastin als mögliche Calcium-Bindungsseite abzuklären. Die Calciumbindindung an das Elastin wurde durch solche Lösungsmittelveränderungen erhöht, die auch gleichartige Verschiebungen im Proteinmolekül bewirkten. In Methanol-Wasser-Mischungen schien die Calciumbindung nicht von Veränderungen des pH oder der Ionenstärke abhängig zu sein. Von 10 Ionen, bei welchen die Bindung überprüft wurde, war einzig diejenige des Calciums signifikant erhöht, wenn Methanol zugesetzt wurde. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die neutralen Stellen für die verschiedenen Vorgänge, bei welchen Calcium und Elastin beteiligt sind, eine wichtige Rolle spielen und vielleicht für die Verkalkung der Proteine als Nukleationszentren in Frage kommen.
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have implicated carboxyl groups, sulphhydryl groups and amino groups as the sites for calcium binding in elastin. In this study, the concept was investigated that neutral co-ordinating sites in elastin may also provide calcium binding sites. Calcium binding to elastin was increased upon solvent changes which also effected conformational changes in the protein. In methanol-H2O mixtures calcium binding appeared to be independent of changes in pH and ionic strength. Of ten ions tested (Ca2+, Co2+, Na+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Pb+2, K+, Rb+, and Mg2+), only calcium binding was significantly increased when methanol was added. It is proposed that neutral sites are important to the various relationships involving calcium and elastin and perhaps serve as nucleation centers in the calcification of the protein.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 227-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Calcification ; Secretion ; Protistan ; Coccolith
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The calcified body scale (coccolith) of the unicellular marine algaHymenomonas carterae is composed of two morphologically distinct calcite elements which alternate about the perimeter of a complex, elliptical organic base. The coccoliths ofHymenomonas are formed intracellularly in a precise and orderly sequence of events within the single Golgi apparatus of the alga and then secreted to the anterior cell surface. This study demonstrates that the kinetics of this calcification-secretion process can be reproducibly determined by morphological means. Under standardized conditions, coccoliths are secreted at a rate of about ten per hour. In the absence of light this rate is significantly reduced. The procedure described for determining the kinetics of coccolith secretion inHymenomonas provides a simple, precise method for evaluating the results of experimental manipulation of this calcification-secretion system.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Apatite ; Calcification ; Pineal gland ; Calcospherulites ; Calculi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calcifications of the pineal gland in the form of calcospherulites have been studied by optical microscopy, electron microscopy, electron probe analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and infra-red and chemical analysis. Complex calcospherulite textures have been observed which have a granular substructure made up of apatite crystals averaging 218 Å in length and 38 Å in width. These apatite crystals appear to be a carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite, mineralogically similar to enamel.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Diphosphonates ; Calcification ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of high doses of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) were investigated at the light microscopic and subcellular level. The administration of EHDP at a concentration of 7.5–10 mg P/kg body weight/day over a short period of time resulted in complete inhibition of crystal formation in predentin and pre-enamel. An increased predentin width was observed and within newly-formed predentin areas the formation ofcollagen fibrils was grossly disturbed. In addition, fine precipitates appeared in the ground substance. The presence of unusual thread-like elements within specific bodies in the cytoplasm of the odontoblastic processes may be indicative of an interference by EHDP in e.g. the synthesis of precollagen. The possibility of an inhibition by EHDP of the extracellular aggregation of collagen molecules is also discussed. EHDP further inhibited crystal formation within dentinal globules. Functioning ameloblasts were grossly affected in EHDP-treated rats, and it is suggested that this is related to an inhibition of crystal formation in pre-enamel.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Microsporon audouinii ; Pyrrolnitrin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that a ceiling quantity (1.56 mcg) of antifungal antibiotic Pyrrolnitrin caused heavy damage to dermathophyteMicrosporon audouinii Gruby CBS 313-54in vitro. Suitable preparation technique made it clear that the changes involved consisted of hyphal collapse on the edge of the culture, with loss of euplasmic organelles identity and cell autolysis. The cell wall, however, was apparently undamaged. These findings fit in with the suggestion that the mode of action of the antibiotic leads to generalised lipoproteic membranes damage. They must, however, be considered as representing the result of the terminal phase of cell distress.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 229-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Teeth-enamel ; Histocytochemistry ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études histochimiques et d'affinités tinctoriales sont menées sur des germes dentaires de foetus de veauxin situ, fixés dans du chlorure de cyanure ou du formol. La concentration en protéine décroit avec la maturation de l'émail. Le tissue est divisé en deux bandes distinctes: une région externe d'émail nouvellement formé et une région interne d'émail en maturation. L'émail mature, défini antérieurement par méthode biochimique, n'a pas été étudié. L'histidine, présente dans l'émail, est aisément traitée par l'iode: le traitement au benzol n'a pas d'effet. La tyrosine est mise en évidence par deux méthodes dans les deux types d'émail et décroit légèrement au cours de la maturation. La transition est progressive. Des groupements sulfhydriles sont présents dans l'émail jeune, mais non dans l'émail en voie de maturation, avec une transition nette entre les deux zones. Le tryptophane est présent dans toute l'épaisseur de l'émail. L'arginine ne réagit pas bien par la méthode de Sakaguchi, mais on peut la mettre en évidence en bloquant par la fluorodinitrobenzène les colorants anioniques. La lysine est présente et diminue avec la maturation. Les résidus d'acide carboxyliques sont mis en évidence dans les deux types d'émail, mais des bandes distinctes et moins de résidus sont observés au cours de la maturation. Les affinités tinctoriales anioniques à diverses concentrations de sels montrent que la concentration critique en électrolytes de l'émail est relativement élevée et semblable à celle de la kératine. Les affinités tinctoriales cationiques indiquent que l'ionisation des groupements d'acide carboxylique peut être supprimée dans l'émail jeune, mais non dans l'email en voie de maturation. L'émail jeune a les caractéristiques histochimiques d'une kératine, mais non pas l'émail mature, qui ressemble à un groupe de protéines globulaires ectodermiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Histochemische Methoden und Farbbindungs-Untersuchungen wurden an Zahnkeimen von Kalbsembryonen in situ, welche in Cyanurchlorid oder Formalin fixiert worden waren, ausgeführt. Die Proteinkonzentration nahm mit dem Reiferwerden des Schmelzes ab. Das Gewebe wurde in zwei genau abgegrenzte Bänder unterteilt, einen äußeren Bereich aus neu gebildetem Schmelz und einen inneren Bereich aus reifendem Schmelz. Was früher biochemisch als reifer Schmelz definiert wurde, wurde nicht untersucht. Histidin lag im Schmelz vor und konnte leicht iodiert werden, eine Benzoilierung fand jedoch nicht statt. Zwei verschiedene Tyrosinanalysen bestätigen dessen Gegenwart in neugebildetem und reifendem Schmelz, wobei es aber beim Reifeprozess etwas abnahm. Der Übergang zeigte sich fließend. Sulphydryl-Gruppen waren in neugebildetem, aber nicht in reifendem Schmelz vorhanden, wobei sich ein abrupter Übergang zwischen den beiden Zonen fand. Tryptophan konnte durch die gesamte Schmelzbreite nachgeweisen werden. Argininrückstände reagierten kaum auf die Sakaguchi-Methode, aber sie konnten durch die anionische Farbstoffe blockierende Fluorodinitrozenzen-Methode nachgewiesen werden. Lysin war anwesend und nahm im Laufe des Reifeprozesses ab. Carboxylsäure-Rückstände wurden in reifendem und neugebildetem Schmelz nachgewiesen, jedoch mit scharfer Abgrenzung und deutlich weniger Rückständen in reifendem Schmelz. Die Bindung mit anionischen Farbstoffen bei verschiedenen Salzkonzentrationen zeigte, daß die kritische Elektrolyten-Konzentration nicht besonders hoch und derjenigen von Keratin ähnlich ist. Untersuchungen mit kationischen Farbstoffen deuteten an, daß die Ionisierung von Carboxylsäure-Gruppen in neugebildetem, nicht aber in reifendem Schmelz, unterdrückt werden kann. Neugebildeter Schmelz hat die histochemische Eigenschaften von Keratin; reifender Schmelz hingegen hat diese Eigenschaft nicht und gleicht eher einem Vertreter der Gruppe der ektodermalen globulären Proteine.
    Notes: Abstract Histochemical methods and dye binding studies were carried out on foetal calf tooth germsin situ fixed in cyanuric chloride or formalin. Protein concentration decreased upon maturation of enamel. The tissue was divided into two distinct bands, an outer region of newly formed enamel and an inner region of maturing enamel. What has previously been defined biochemically as mature enamel was not investigated. Histidine was present in enamel and easily iodinated but protected from benzoylation. Two methods for tyrosine analysis confirm its presence in both newly formed and maturing enamel but with some decrease upon maturation. The transition was gradual; Sulphydryl groups were present in newly formed, but not in maturing, enamel, with abrupt transition between the two zones. Tryptophane was demonstrated throughout the entire thickness of enamel. Arginine residues were not very reactive to Sakaguchi's method but they were demonstrable by fluorodinitrobenzene blockade of anionic dyes. Lysine was present, decreasing upon maturation. Carboxylic acid residues were demonstrated in both maturing and newly formed enamel but with distinct banding and noticeably fewer residues in maturing enamel. Anionic dye binding at various salt concentrations showed that the critical electrolyte concentration of enamel is moderately high and similar to that of keratin. Cationic dye binding studies indicated that ionization of carboxylic acid groups in newly formed enamel, but not maturing enamel, might be suppressed. Newly formed enamel has the histochemical characteristics of a keratin but maturing enamel does not, more nearly resembling one of a group of ectodermal globular proteins.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Cartilage ; Lipids ; Membranes ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vésicules matricielles sont des particules extracellulaires, entourées par une membrane, qui sont nombreuses dans la matrice du cartilage en voie de calcification et qui sont en rapport morphologique avec le dépôt minéral. Les vésicules matricielles et les cellules de l'épiphyse d'os longs d'embryons de veaux sont libérées par digestion grâce à la collagénase et séparées par centrifugation différentielle. Les vésicules ainsi obtenues sont riches en lipides et contiennent significativement plus de sphingomyéline et phosphatidyl sérine que les fractions cellulaires. Le rapport moles de cholestérol sur moles de phospholipides totaux est plus élevé dans les vésicules que dans les cellules; ce résultat est en accord avec l'origine des vésicules au niveau des membranes cellulaires des chondrocytes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Matrixvesikel sind extrazelluläre, membrangebundene Teilchen, welche in der Matrix von verkalkendem Knorpel gehäuft vorkommen und welche in morphologischem Zusammenhang mit der Mineralablagerung in diesem Gewebe stehen. Matrixvesikel und Epiphysenzellen aus Röhrenknochen von Kalbsembryonen wurden mittels Collagenaseverdauung freigesetzt und durch Differential-Zentrifugierung getrennt. Die Vesikelpräparate waren reich an Lipidien und enthielten bedeutend mehr Sphingomyelin und Phosphatidylserin als die Zellfraktionen. Das molare Verhältnis Cholesterol/Gesamtlipide war in den Vesikeln höher als in den Zellen; dieser Befund stimmt mit der Tatsache überein, daß die Vesikel ihren Ursprung in den Plasmamembranen der Chondrozyten haben.
    Notes: Abstract Matrix vesicles are extracellular, membrane-bounded particles which are abundant in the matrix of calcifying cartilage and which are morphologically related to the deposition of mineral in this tissue. The matrix vesicles and cells of the epiphyses of the long bones of fetal calves were liberated by digestion with collagenase and separated by differential centrifugation. Vesicle preparations were found to be lipid-rich and to contain significantly more sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl serine than cellular fractions. The ratio, moles cholesterol to moles total phospholipid, was higher in vesicles than in cells, a finding which is consistent with vesicles having their origins in the plasma membranes of the chondrocytes.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 93-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Globules ; Pyrophosphatase ; Calcification ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-day-old rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and thin slices were cut of the first molar germs. The slices were treated with EDTA and “activated” with buffered solutions containing Mg2+, Ca2+ or Zn2+. Incubation was carried out in buffered solutions (pH 8.5) containing inorganic pyrophosphate and Pb2+. In the Mg2+-activated specimens incubation products were localized to the plasma membranes in the stratum intermedium and the subodontoblastic area. Lead deposits were found on the periphery of the dentinal globules. Incubation products were more randomly distributed in Ca2+-activated specimens whereas those activated with Zn2+ displayed a deposition of lead precipitates mainly corresponding to that seen after activation with Mg2+. The findings are discussed in reference to the localization of alkaline phosphatase in the dentin-producing tissues and it is proposed that the results are indicative of the presence of an inorganic pyrophosphatase in these tissues.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatases ; Calcification ; Bone ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Activity of alkaline phosphatases in unfixed cold microtome setions from the lower first molar area of newborn mice was recorded by histochemical methods. A substrate specificity test included the following phosphate compounds: ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, ADP, AMP, GP, PPi, MDP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate. Intense staining was obtained in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium of the enamel organ and odontoblasts with all the substrates, except PPi and MDP. Staining of skeletal muscle fibres was obtained only with triphosphates as substrates. Addition of-SH groups decreased the hydrolysis of triphosphate compounds in cells involved in mineralization while the hydrolysis of monophosphate was inhibited. In contrast triphosphatase activity in striated muscle was enhanced when-SH compounds were added. Demineralization with EDTA diminished the cytoplasmic staining but induced a nuclear staining in hard tissue forming cells when triphosphates were used as substrates. No cytoplasmic and only slight nuclear staining was seen with GP or AMP as substrates. The triphosphate hydrolyzing capacity of tongue muscle fibres was, however, increased after the decalcification treatment. Addition of Mg2+ ions to the incubation media distinctly lowered the hydrolysis of triphosphates in the investigated tissues whereas the hydrolysis of ADP, AMP, GP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate remained unchanged. In view of the findings the triphosphatase activities at alkaline pH of muscle fibres and of cells related to hard tissue formation are considered to be due to activity of separate enzymes. The orthophosphate liberating enzyme activities at alkaline pH in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium and odontoblasts may be expressions of the catalytic functions of one common enzyme. Furthermore, the results indicate that CaATP might be the substrate used by the alkaline ATPase in mineralizing areas.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 31-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Collagen ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode pour l'étude de la croissance des os longs de foetus de rat, en culture d'organe, dans un milieu chimiquement défini, a été mise au point. Les extrémités cartilagineuses et les parties centrales de l'os sont analysées séparément pour leur croissance et minéralisation en étudiant leur contenu en collagène, calcium et phosphate, poids sec, et incorporation de proline marquée en hydroxyproline. La croissance et la minéralisation des parties centrales osseuses sont plus lentes dans un milieu chimiquement défini qu'in vivo. La croissance peut être accélérée en ajoutant au milieu des acides aminés non essentiels, de l'albumine ou du sérum. Les extrémités cartilagineuses présentent une augmentation plus importante en poids et contenu en collagène que les parties centrales et l'adjonction de diverses substances a moins d'effet sur la croissance. La croissance et la minéralisation des parties centrales sont augmentées en élevant la concentration du milieu en phosphate de 1.5 à 4.5 mM, avec ou sans adjonction de sérum ou d'albumine. A une concentration faible de calcium (0.5 mM), la croissance et la minéralisation des parties centrales sont arrêtées. A une concentration faible en magnésium (0.5 mM), la minéralisation est augmentée, mais la croissance est arrêtée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, mit welcher das Wachstum der Röhrenknochen von Rattenembryos in einem chemisch bestimmten Medium in Organkultur untersucht werden kann. Die Knorpelenden und Knochenschäfte wurden gesondert auf Wachstum und Mineralisation geprüft, indem Collagen-, Calcium- und Phosphatgehalt, das Trockengewicht und der Einbau von markiertem Prolin in Hydroxyprolin gemessen wurden. Wachstum und Mineralisation des Knochenschaftes waren langsamer in einem chemisch bestimmten Medium als in vivo. Das Wachstum konnte beschleunigt werden, indem dem Medium nicht-essentielle Aminosäuren, Albumin oder Serum beigegeben wurden. Die Knorpelenden zeigten eine viel stärkere Zunahme an Gewicht und Collagengehalt als die Schäfte, und Anreicherung des Mediums hatte weniger Wirkung auf ihr Wachstum. Das Wachstum und die Mineralisation der Knochenschäfte nahmen zu, wenn die Phosphatkonzentration im Medium zwischen 1,5 und 4,5 mM erhöht wurde, und zwar unabhängig davon, ob dem Medium Serum oder Albumin beigegeben wurde oder nicht. Bei niederer Calciumkonzentration (0,5 mM) im Medium wurden Wachstum und Mineralisation der Knochenschäfte beeinträchtigt. Bei niedriger Magnesiumkonzentration (0,5 mM) wurden die Mineralisation erhöht, das Wachstum hingegen gehemmt.
    Notes: Abstract A method for studying the growth of fetal rat long bones in a chemically defined medium in organ culture is described. Cartilage ends and bone shafts were analyzed separately for growth and mineralization by measuring the collagen, calcium, and phosphate content, dry weight, and incorporation of labeled proline into hydroxyproline. Growth and mineralization of the bone shaft were slower in a chemically defined medium thanin vivo. Growth could be enhanced by supplementation of the medium with non-essential amino acids, albumin or serum. Cartilage ends showed a greater increase in weight and collagen content than the shafts, and medium supplements had less effect on their growth. Bone shaft growth and mineralization were enhanced by increasing medium phosphate concentration over a range of 1.5 to 4.5 mM whether or not the medium was supplemented with serum or albumin. At a low medium calcium concentration (0.5 mM) bone shaft growth and mineralization were impaired. At a low magnesium concentration (0.5 mM) mineralization was enhanced, but growth was impaired.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentin ; Calcification ; Pyrophosphate ; Enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après incubation de coupes de germes de molaires de rats, fixés aux aldéhydes, dans une solution alcaline de pyrophosphate de plomb, une réaction positive de coloration au sulfure est localisée au niveau du front de minéralisation de la dentine, dans le stratum intermedium et les cellules sous-odontoblastiques. Au microscope électronique, le nombre et la taille de cristaux, en forme d'aiguilles, sont augmentés dans la zone en voie de minéralisation (denture intermédiaire). Un fin précipité est surtout observé dans les noyaux du stratum intermedium et les cellules sous-odontoblastiques. Les effects de l'EDTA, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ et citrate sont aussi étudiés et la probabilité d'activité en pyrophosphatase inorganique est discutée en fonction des dépôts de plomb observés. L'action d'une pyrophosphatase inorganique sur la précipitation du phosphate de plomb ne peut être exclue. Cependant, la réaction de coloration peut être aussi due à une absorption non catalysée de composé de plomb sur les cristaux d'apatite.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Schnitte von Ratten-Molarkeimen, die mit Aldehyd fixiert und in einer alkalischen Blei-Pyrophosphat-Lösung inkubiert wurden, zeigten an folgenden Stellen eine positive Sulfid-Färbungsreaktion: in der Mineralisierungsfront des Dentins, im Stratum intermedium, und in den subodontoblastischen Zellen. Elektronenmikroskopisch waren Anzahl und Größe der sichtbaren, nadelartigen Kristallite in der Mineralisationszone (intermediäres Dentin) erhöht. Ein feiner Niederschlag konnte vorwiegend in den Nuclei des Stratum intermedium und der subodontoblastischen Zellen beobachtet werden. Es wurde zudem die Wirkungsweise von EDTA, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ und Zitrat untersucht. Schließlich wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Aktivität von anorganischer Pyrophosphatase im Zusammenhang mit den beobachteten Bleiablagerungen besprochen. Daß anorganische Pyrophosphatase bei der Fällung von Bleiphosphat eine Rolle Spielt, ist nicht auszuschließen. Allerdings kann die Farbreaktion auch durch nicht-katalysierte Adsorption der Bleiverbinding an die Apatitkristalle bedingt sein.
    Notes: Abstract After incubation of aldehyde-fixed sections of rat molar germs in an alkaline solution of lead pyrophosphate, a positive sulphide staining reaction was observed in the mineralization front of the dentin, in the stratum intermedium, and in the subodontoblastic cells. In the electron microscope, the number and size of visible needle-like crystallites was increased in the mineralization zone (intermediate dentin). A fine precipitate was observed predominantly in the nuclei of the stratum intermedium and subodontoblastic cells. The effects of EDTA, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and citrate were also studied and the probability of inorganic pyrophosphatase activities is discussed in relation to the observed lead deposits. The interaction of an inorganic pyrophosphatase cannot be excluded in the precipitation of lead phosphate. However, the staining reaction may also be due to uncatalyzed adsorption of the lead compound onto the apatite crystals.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Regeneration ; Repair ; Shell ; Mollusc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une régénération de la coquille induite expérimentalement chez l'excargot terrestreOtala lactea a été utilisée pour l'étude du substratum sur le type de régénération minérale. Des subsrats, comportant le periostracum de quatre espèces de mollusques, des répliques de surfaces et la membrane externe de la coquille de poule, ont été insérés au niveau de la région de reconstitution de la coquilled'Otala. Les divers types de dépôt de carbonate de calcium sont étudiés en microscopie électronique par balayage. Les types minéraux, formés sur les substrats mis en place, se conforment à la microtopographie des surfaces et se trouvent être nettement différents du type minéral observé au cours d'une régénération normale de la coquille. Les types minéraux de la surface minérale externe normale de la coquille de quatre espèces de mollusques semblent identiques aux types individuels de surface du periostracum sur lequel les cristaux de la coquille se déposent. Il semble que ce type de surface minérale externe de la coquille se forme par l'interaction de cristaux de CaCO3 qui se développent dans une matrice organique au contact du periostracum. La coquille normaled'Otala est constituée d'aragonite à orientation hautement préférentielle. La coquille régénérée contient de la calcite et de l'aragonite orientées au hasard. Le rapport aragonite-calcite est très variable et parait indépendant des substrats expérimentaux placés dans la région de régénération.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Unterlage auf die Art der Mineral-Neubildung im Gehäuse der Landschnecke,Otala lactea, wurde mit dem Raster-Elektronenmikroskop untersucht, indem in der Regenerationszone Fremdkörper eingeschoben wurden. Diese Fremdkörper waren Periostraca von vier anderen Molluskenarten, Plastikabdrücke von Periostraca oder der äußeren Mineral-Oberfläche normaler Gehäuse und die äußere Membran einer Hühnereierschale. Die Oberflächenstruktur des Kalziumkarbonats, das auf diesen Unterlagen abgelagert wurde, entsprach der Mikrotopographie der Unterlags-Oberfläche und war deutlich verschieden von der Mineraloberflächenstruktur bei normaler Regenerierung des Gehäuses. Die Strukturen der normalen Mineraloberflächen der vier Molluskenarten entsprachen der Struktur der Periostracum-Oberfläche, auf welcher die Kalziumkarbonat-Kristalle abgelagert werden. Die Mineraloberflächenstruktur des Gehäuses ergibt sich vermutlich durch die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Kalziumkarbonat-Kristallen, welche in einer organischen Matrix wachsen und der Berührung mit dem Periostracum. Das normale Mineral von Otala-Gehäusen besteht aus Aragonit in ganz bestimmter Anordnung. Regeneriertes Gehäuse enthielt Kalzit in zufälliger Anordnung und Aragonit, meist auch in zufälliger Anordnung. Das Verhältnis Aragonit/Kalzit variierte stark und schien unabhängig von der experimentellen Unterlage zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Experimentally induced shell repair in the land snailOtala lactea has been employed to study the influence of the substratum on microtopography of the surface of mineral deposited by molluscs. Substrata, including the periostraca of four species of molluscs, surface replicas, and the outer membrane of the eggshell of the hen, have been inserted in the area of shell repair inOtala, and the topographical patterns of deposition of calcium carbonate have been observed by scanning electron microscopy. The mineral patterns formed on all inserted substrata conformed to the microtopography of the surfaces and were distinctly different from that of normal shell regeneration. The topography of the normal outer mineral surface of the shell of four species of molluscs were observed to conform to the topography of the periostraca on which the crystalline shell is deposited. It is inferred that the topography of the outer mineral surface of the shell probably results from the interaction of crystals of aragonite and calcite growing in an organic matrix and in contact with the periostracum. Normal shell ofOtala consists of fine-grained aragonite in highly preferred orientation. Regenerated shell contains calcite grains in random orientation and aragonite, usually in random orientation. The aragonite-to-calcite ratio varies widely and appears to be independent of experimental substrata placed in the area of repair.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy ; Shell Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Acid phosphatase activity was mainly localized in the lysosomes in all the regions of the outer epithelium. The transitional portion of the outer epithelium showed more intense activity than the other regions. During shell regeneration the activity of this portion decreased to a minimum level at 12 hours and was restored to normal at 72 hours. The other regions showed no change of activity during shell regeneration. It is postulated that the acid phosphatase in the transitional protion is responsible for conferring calcifiability to the organic matrix of the shell.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notes: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 315-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ossification center ; Calcification ; Femoral head ; Estrogen ; Hypophysectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Wistar rats, calcified centers normally appeared in the epiphyseal cartilage of the femoral heads by 21 days of age, but ossification centers were not observed until the animals were at least 6 weeks old. The effects of hypophysectomy, performed when the rats were 13 days old, and estradiol, 5 μg per g body weight injected subcutaneously on the day of birth and subsequently every second day, were investigated. All animals were sacrificed when 21 days old and the development of calcified centers examined radiographically and histologically. At this time there were fewer calcified centers in the femoral heads of the hypophysectomized rats than in those of the control animals, but there was no significant difference between the number of calcified centers in the estradiol-treated hypophysectomized rats and the controls. Estradiol-injected rats developed calcified centers at a nearlier stage than hypophysectomized rats receiving estradiol injection. These findings are interpreted to show that hypophysectomy produces the opposite effect to estradiol treatment on the development of calcified centers in the femoral heads of rats.
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 589-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ommatidium ; Apis mellifica ; Ninth retinula cell ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Rhabdom im Ommatidium der Arbeitsbiene wird von 9 Retinulazellen aufgebaut. Die exzentrische Zelle = Zelle Nr. 9 (ca. 50–75 μ lang) liegt im distalen Bereich des Ommatidiums, unterhalb der Zelle Nr. 4 (nach Varela und Porter, 1969), die ihrerseits den Rhabdomverband verläßt und als Axon zur Basalmembran zieht.
    Notes: Summary The rhabdom in the ommatidium of the worker honey bee is built up of 9 retinula cells. The eccentric cell = cell No. 9 (approx. 50–75 μ long) is situated in the distal region of the ommatidium beneath the fourth cell (numbered according to Varela and Porter, 1969), which in its turn leaves the rhabdom and runs as an axon towards the basement membrane.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 397-406 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; “Nude” mouse ; Ciliogenesis ; Ciliary anomalies ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thymus of the “nude” mouse is composed of ciliated cysts. In the adult mouse, different steps of ciliogenesis can be observed. The ciliated cells exhibit several anomalies in the centriole and in the cilium itself; the most important ones are the half-centriole and the compound cilia. An explanation for the occurrence of frequent anomalies in ciliated cells is suggested. Finally, some single cilia are described in fat cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urethra (rat) ; Chromaffin cells ; Sensory neurons ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urethra of the rat was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Under a transmission electron microscope flask-shaped chromaffin cells containing membrane-bound osmiophilic granules were seen to possess microvilli at their apical surfaces. The microvilli projected into large extracellular spaces which were apparently in continuity with the lumen of the urethra. Using scanning electron microscopy, a surface view of the lumen of the urethra was obtained. It showed a gently undulating surface with distinct intercellular boundaries. Scattered over the surface were numerous deep depressions between individual cells. These were thought to correspond with the large extracellular spaces into which microvilli had been seen to project. It is suggested that urethral chromaffin cells may “trigger” the afferent part of a reflex causing contraction of the urethral longitudinal muscle.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 535-550 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Rat brain stem ; Synaptogenesis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and protein content of the five subfractions of the crude mitochondrial fraction from the brain stem of the 1-day old and adult rat was examined. The morphological composition of the subfractions after fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmiumtetroxide in the adult rat brain stem resembled that previously reported for the whole brain; synaptosomes sedimented in a sucrose gradient in subfractions C and D. In the 1-day old rat, mature synaptosomes were found in subfractions A, B, C and D; E contained mainly free mitochondria. 80–95% of the processes in the adult and 10–30% in the 1-day old rat contained synaptic vesicles which were of four types: (1) small agranular vesicles (2) large dense core vesicles (3) large agranular vesicles (4) coated vesicles. Pre- and postsynaptic membrane thickenings were demonstrated in many nerve-ending particles. In the subfractions of the 1-day old rat the protein content was one half and the distribution resembled that in the adult. Evidently nerve endings develop faster in the brain stem than in cortical areas; a serotoninor adrenergic origin of the early synaptosomes is suggested.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 577-586 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Axonal-glial junctions ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paranodal zone of myelinated nerve fibers from the CNS of cats has been studied by means of the lanthanum technique and after freeze-etching. Special interest was given to the axonal-glial zones of contact in this region. Examination of the membranes of the paranodal pockets and the axolemma revealed that the membrane thickenings which occur between the adjacent membranes actually consist of bands. The bands show a specific pattern of diagonal running subunits 10 nm apart. These substructures of the axonal side of the membrane contacts protrude outwards, i.e. towards the glial membrane, where they fit into depressions on the glial membrane surface. This arrangement in form of a “zip-fastener” makes the whole structure very flexible. The subdivision of the bands was identified with both techniques. The different membrane aspects obtained by the freeze-etching technique are discussed in respect to the splitting theory, and a hypothetical model of this membrane specialization is presented.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Structural water ; Fibrinogen-Fibrinmolecule ; Molecular morphology ; Electron microscopy ; Heat drying
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Standardgerinnsel aus Rinderfibrin wurden in der Kammer einer Versuchsanordnung einem mit Wasser nahezu gesättigten Luftstrom ausgesetzt. Die Gerinnsel kollabierten, und ihr Restwasser wurde in Zeitabständen durch Hitzetrocknung bei 105°C bestimmt. Es resultierte eine zeitabhängige Kurve, die aus 3 Phasen besteht. Elektronen-mikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigen, daß infolge eines Verlustes des freien Wassers während der ersten Phase das Pibringerüst des Gerinnsels kollabiert. Während der dritten Phase kollabiert das Proteingerüst der Fibrinmoleküle infolge des Verlustes von Strukturwasser. Während der zweiten Phase besteht das Gerinnsel aus raumfüllend gepackten Fibrinmolekülen. Das Strukturwasser beträgt dann etwa 5,25 g/g Trockengewicht; die Höhe ist etwa 180 μm und ergibt den wahrscheinlichsten Wert des Strukturwassers, 6,25 g/g Protein. Wenn dieser experimentelle Wert mit entsprechenden, theoretisch zu erwartenden Werten verglichen wird, die von elektronenmikroskopischen Molekularmodellen für Fibrin hergeleitet wurden, so ergibt das Gerinnsel, das aus raumfüllend gepackten Pentagondodekaeder-Modellen besteht, mit etwa 8 g Strukturwasser/g Fibrin die beste Näherung an den im Experiment erhaltenen Wert. Dieses Modell kann — im Gegensatz zu anderen Modellen — Massen-, Volumens- und Morphologieverhältnisse des Gerinnsels und des Moleküls erklären. Die verbleibende Differenz zwischen wahrscheinlichstem experimentellem und theoretischem Strukturwasser-Gehalt ist leicht durch experimentelle Ungenauigkeiten und Anwesenheit von Nicht-Fibrin im Molekularvolumen erklärbar. Mit an Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit repräsentiert deshalb das Pentagondodekaeder-Modell die Allgemeinstruktur des Fibrin- und Fibrinogenmoleküls.
    Notes: Summary Standard clots of bovine fibrin collapsed in the highly humid air stream of a laboratory device. Their residual water, determined by heat drying at 105°C, resulted in a time dependent curve composed of 3 distinct phases. Electron micrographs show that during the first phase free water is released causing a collapse of the fibrous framework of the clot, during the third phase structural water is lost causing a breakdown of the molecular protein. The clot of the second phase consists of space fillingly packed fibrin molecules, whose directly determined structural water is approximately 5.25 g/g dry wt., but whose height (approximately 180 μm) results in the most probable value 6.25 g structural water/g protein. If this amount is compared with respective theoretical values of electron microscopic molecular models of fibrin, the clot consisting of space fillingly packed pentagon dodecahedron models yields approximately 8 g structural water/g fibrin, closely to the experimental value. In contrast to other models, this model explains simultaneously the shape of the curve, mass and volume relationships and morphology of clot and molecule. The remainding difference between the most probable experimental and this theoretical value can easily be attributed to experimental errors and impurities contained in the volume of the molecule. Consequently, the general structure of the fibrinogen and fibrin molecule is represented by the pentagon dodecahedron model.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 481-495 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Monoamines ; Amphibia ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the brain of Bufo poweri was investigated with the Falck-Hillarp method. Green fluorescence was observed in neurons of the diencephalic preoptic recess organ (PRO) and its so-called additional cells, in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and its so-called accompanying cells, in the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) and in the mesencephalic nucleus reticularis mesencephali (NRM). Yellow fluorescence was found in some cells of the PVO and NID and in neurons of the caudal part of the NRM. Extensive tracts of aminergic fibres are described running caudo-rostrally and mainly terminating in the septa and striata of the telencephalon. It is suggested that the aminergic nuclei mentioned above partly contribute to the ascending tracts. Other fibres, originating in the PVO and NID are curving centro-caudally towards the median eminence. Although with the electron microscope some apparently aminergic nerve fibres were detected in the pars intermedia, such fibres have not been observed fluorescence microscopically. The ultrastructural study of the PRO has shown the presence of two types of aminergic liquor-contacting neurons. Among the distal cells of the PRO, aminergic and peptidergic neurons were distinguished. The presence of PRO additional cells, which are considered as a rostral extension of the PRO, is discussed with regard to the terrestrial habitat of the species.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sea anemone mesoglea ; Collagen synthesis ; Epitheliomuscular cells ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy and autoradiography (H3-proline) were used to determine the cell(s) responsible for collagen synthesis and lamination in the mesoglea of the sea anemone, Aiptasia diaphana. Mesogleal collagen is synthesized by the epidermal epitheliomuscular cells which contain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory vesicles attached to microtubules which cross the basal plasmalemma and anchor in the basement membrane; these cells incorporate large amounts of H3-proline. The mesogleal collagen fibers are non-striated, have clear centers, and a diameter of 200–260 Å; their walls are composed of 65 Å diameter subunit fibrils which appear to be helically oriented. Epitheliomuscular cells rest upon a subepidermal basement membrane which is composed of mesogleal collagen fibers, 65 Å subunit fibrils, and dense granules. This subepidermal basement membrane labels definitively with H3-proline, and is the region where soluble collagen precursors apparently form subunit fibrils which associate to yield mesogleal fibers. The columnar mesogleal collagen fibers are arranged to form layers: the fibers of each layer have the same longitudinal orientation, while those of adjacent layers display an approximate orthogonal arrangement. It is felt that the subepidermal basement membrane is responsible for this organization of mesogleal fibers. Mesogleal amoebocytes do not label with H3-proline and show no ultrastructural evidence of collagen secretion.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Mouse ; Multinucleate spermatids ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of the testes of five inbred and three outbred mouse strains show that the usual frequency of multinucleate spermatids is between one and two percent. In C57 BL/6J and A/Gr however it is higher (4–5%). The frequency of the shared acrosome condition, which would lead to the formation of an abnormal sperm, is 1.3 per thousand.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipofuscin ; Phagocytosis ; Vacuolization ; Capillary endothelium ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Dimethylaminoethyl p-chlorophenoxy acetate (80 mg/kg body weight) was administered (i. m.) to guinea pigs for 30 to 56 days. Electron microscopic examination of the hippocampus, mid-brain reticular formation and the area postrema revealed marked diminution in the electron density of the pigment granules and vacuolization. This type of lipofuscin was detected in some phagocytic cells and in the capillary endothelium. Conspicuous vacuolization of the capillary wall was discernible. These changes were not observed in the “control group” of animals.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula submandibularis (Mouse) ; Acinar ultrastructure ; Cell types ; Development ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The development of the submandibular gland of the mouse was studied by means of electron microscopy, from the 14th day of gestation up to birth. In the first two days the acini are solid and their cells contain polyribosomes and a few lamellae of endoplasmic reticulum. Beginning with the 16th day secretory granules appear and rapidly fill an increasing number of cells. The different electron density of the granules makes it possible to distinguish 1. two types of granules, dense and pale, and sometimes intermediate ones, 2. “polymorphic” granules. The latter consists of electron dense and electron pale parts combined in different configurations. The possible significance of the various types of granules is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic organization ; Trochlear nucleus ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Two distinct types of neuron in the cat trochlear nucleus (one large, one small) are described, the α- and γ-motoneurons, respectively. Four types of terminals are observed which establish axo-dendritic synapses. Two of them (Types I and II) perform axo-somatic synapses as well. Terminals en passant (Types I and II) are predominant. The Type I terminal is long and slender with a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles and the unique feature of a relative narrowing of the synaptic cleft as compared to the width of the neighboring extracellular space. Its vesicle population is pleomorphic and a conspicuous glial barrier surrounds the synaptic zones. The Type II terminal differs slightly from Type I, revealing a wider synaptic cleft and lacking a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles. The type III terminal is rarely observed performing axo-somatic synapses, but is a common finding in the neuropil. Post-junctional dense bodies are often present in its axodendritic synapses. The Type IV nerve terminal performs axo-dendritic synapses and is characterized by a rich content of large granulated vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses are observed only very rarely. The synaptic organization of the feline trochlear nucleus is compared with the synaptic morphology of the oculomotor nuclei of inframammalian species (Waxman and Pappas, 1971). In addition to certain similarities (e.g., richness of synapses en passant), significant differences are encountered: the present study provides no morphological evidence for electrotonic transmission in the trochlear nucleus of cat.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 521-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Intrafusal fibres ; Myofilaments ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative stereology
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    Notes: Summary Muscle spindles contain two types of intrafusal muscle fibre, nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres. The intrafusal fibres of rabbit and guinea pig spindles have been studied using quantitative stereological techniques at the ultrastructural level. The crosssectional areas occupied by myofilaments have been measured in the polar and equatorial regions of both types of intrafusal fibre. There are considerably fewer myofilaments in the equatorial regions of both types of fibre compared with their polar regions.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mitochondria ; ACTH ; DNA-synthesis ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic ACTH administration (up to 12 consecutive days) on the 3H-thymidine uptake by the mitochondrial compartment of rat adrenal zona fasciculata were investigated by high resolution autoradiography, and compared with the changes in volume and number per cell of these organelles induced by the hormonal treatment. Up to the 9th day of treatment there is a significant increase in the tracer incorporation into adrenocortical mitochondria which is coupled with a significant increase in the volume of the organelles. After 12 days of hormone administration a significant decrease in the 3H-thymidine mitochondrial uptake is found, which is associated with a conspicuous increase in the number of mitochondria per cell and a net decrease in their average volume. The data are discussed in the light of evidence indicating that mitochondria possess a genetic apparatus largely independent of nuclear control. It is hypothesized that ACTH controls the growth and proliferation of adrenocortical mitochondria and that the mechanism of this action of ACTH involves stimulation of the mitochondrial DNA synthesis.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 269-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis ; Adenosine triphosphatase ; Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Two intracellular phospho-hydrolases are revealed in cells of Trichomonas vaginalis. One of the enzymes is an acid phosphatase and the other a nucleoside triphosphatase (ATP-ase). Both enzymes are found to be present in the Golgi saceuli and vesicles of the cells. The ATP-ase activity has prevalence to the more superficially positioned saceuli of the Golgi region and the acid phosphatase to the more deeply positioned saceuli. Both enzymes are also found in the phagolysosomes but only acid phosphatase could be demonstrated in the small primary lysosomal structures of the cell cytoplasm. The findings indicate that both enzymes are active in the hydrolytic processes associated with endocytosis of foreign matter.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 385-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Membrane particles ; Cockroach hemocytes ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Freeze-fracture studies were conducted on the membranes of normal cockroach hemocytes. The plasmalemma is asymmetric with the A fracture face containing 80–100 Å membrane intercalated particles at a concentration of ∼2500/μ2. The B fracture face contains 120–150 Å particles with a relatively low density (∼800/μ2). The nuclear envelope displays an asymmetry with the A fracture face containing ∼1500 particles/μ2 and the B face containing ∼300/μ 2. No significant particle size differences were observed in nuclear envelope fracture faces. Two types of symmetric membranes were also found in these cells. Both A and B fracture faces of the membrane surrounding the numerous cytoplasmic inclusion bodies contain particle sizes and concentrations similar to the B face of the plasmalemma. A second type of symmetry was observed in cells apparently engaged in “exocytosis”. Vesicles (∼0.1 μD) from this process were completely particle free on both fracture faces. Such particle free vesicles could be found in the cytoplasm, attached to the plasmalemma, or completely separated from the cell.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Adrenalectomy ; Renin and secretory granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion des juxtaglomerulären Apparates auf Adrenalektomie wurde untersucht. Im Stadium der Nebenniereninsuffizienz, sechs Tage nach der Operation, wurde quantitativ morphometrisch eine Abnahme der Volumendichte der Sekretgranula (von 32% auf 16%) festgestellt. Golgi-Apparat und Ergastoplasma proliferieren stark, wobei insbesondere die erweiterten Cisternen des Ergastoplasmas auffallen.
    Notes: Summary The response of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus to bilateral adrenalectomy was studied in rats. After the sixth postoperative day, symptoms of severe adrenal insufficiency had developed. In the Juxtaglomerular cells, the volume density of the secretory granules decreased from 32% to 16%. The Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum underwent considerable proliferation, the latter showing strikingly enlarged cisternae.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 433-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus (Rat) ; Development ; Renin ; Pools ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die perinatale Entwicklung des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere das Verhalten der epitheloiden Zellen wurde an 18 trächtigen Ratten and 65 Embryonen bzw. Jungtieren elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Parallel dazu wurde die Reninkonzentration bzw. der Reningehalt bestimmt. Spezifische Sekretgranula finden sich erstmals am 18. Tag der Fetalzeit, und zwar in den epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates juxtamedullärer Nephrone. Die Granula machen einen Struktur- und wahrscheinlich auch Funktionswandel durch, der eine Einteilung in drei verschiedene Granulatypen nahelegt. Diesen drei Typen spezifischer (reninhaltiger) Sekretgranula werden die Lysosomen als unspezifische Einschlüsse der epitheloiden Zellen gegenübergestellt. Im einzelnen kommt es während der perinatalen Phase in den fetalen Epitheloidzellen zuerst, d.h. pränatal, zu einer Hypertrophie des rauhwandigen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und des Golgi-Apparates. Hierin sehen die Autoren einen Hinweis auf eine erhöhte Proteinsynthese mit entsprechender Zunahme der Transport- und Konzentrationsvorgänge. Nach der Geburt findet sich dann auch eine deutliche Zunahme der Sekretgranula vom Typ III, die als reife Reningranula (mature granules) angesehen werden. Die bisher noch nicht beschriebenen kleinen Sekretgranula vom Typ I dagegen kommen in weniger entwickelten Epitheloidzellen häufiger vor. Bestimmungen der Reninverteilung zwischen Zytoplasma und den durch Differential-zentrifugation gewonnenen Granula-Fraktionen ergeben auffallende Parallelen zu den morphologischen Befunden. Diese sprechen im allgemeinen dafür, daß “freies Renin” im Ergasto-plasma und “gebundenes Renin” in den Sekretgranula vorliegt. Mit zunehmendem Alter scheint es außerdem — parallel zur relativen Abnahme des Ergastoplasmas und Zunahme der reifen Reningranula — zu einer Verminderung des extragranulären zugunsten des granulär gebundenen Renins zu kommen.
    Notes: Summary The perinatal development of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), with particular reference to the epithelioid cells, was studied. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on 18 gravid rats and 65 embryos with corresponding determinations of renin concentration and the renin contents by bio-assay. Specific secretory granules of the epithelioid cells of the JGA of juxtamedullary nephrons are first observed on the 18th day of gestation. The classification into three types of secretory granules suggests that they undergo a structural and probably also a functional transformation. All three types of secretory granule may be regarded as specific, renin-containing, cytoplasmic organelles. During the last days of gestation, the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus become hypertrophied in epithelioid cells, indicating an increased protein synthesis as well as transport and concentration processes. After birth, there is a definite increase in the number of Type III secretory granules-which may be regarded as mature granules. The small Type I secretory granulesnot previously described-are found more frequently in the immature epithelioid cells. Determinations of the renin distribution in the plasma and in fractions of cytoplasmic constituents (total homogenate, secretory granules) prepared by differential centrifugation showed striking congruence with the morphological findings. It is generally assumed that “soluble renin” occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and “bound renin” in secretory granules. A shift from extragranular to granular (bound) renin, occurs with increasing age, having its morphological equivalent in the relative decrease of the endoplasmic reticulum and increase in mature secretory granules.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 69-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Freshwater stickleback ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary A new approach to the ultrastructure of fish pituitary glands is presented. A morphometric analysis of the cell types in the pituitary gland of the adult, winter, fresh-water stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus form leiurus, reveals differences between both the relative and absolute volumes of the various organelles in different cell types. The morphometric data on the relative volumes of the organelles, together with section profile diameters of the secretory granules and information on the surface area: volume ratio of the nuclei are then used to build “reconstruction drawings” of “average” cells. A distinction is made between the ultrastructural description and identification of cell types.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sense organ ; Lateral line ; Synapses ; Ambystoma mexicanum ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Lateral line organs in young salamanders of the species Ambystoma mexicanum were investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were found to differ from the lateral line organs in adult animals (1) by being lower, having short hair cells and supporting cells, (2) by the hair cells having areas of lateral contact, (3) by the occasional presence, at the edge of the organ, of hair cells at an early developmental stage. Two types of nerve endings are seen: (1) afferent, and (2) less commonly, efferent vesiculated ones. Synaptic bodies have been seen in the cytoplasm without association to afferent synapses.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 513-523 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Corpus luteum ; Innervation ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative study
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    Notes: Summary Qualitative and quantitative studies were made to determine the amount of nerve fiber supplying corpora lutea (CL) of rats during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy and sow CL during days 4–6 after ovulation. Fluorescence microscopy of freeze-dried, paraformaldehyde treated (Falck-Hillarp method) rat ovaries reveals adrenergic nerve fibers which run along with vessels and form a network among interstitial gland cells. Nerve fibers do not enter the granulosa cell layer in follicles or CL. In the CL circumference both vascular and non-vascular nerves occur the latter being related to the fibromuscular layer and probably innervating smooth muscle cells. No striking differences exist between the innervation of the ovary in non-pregnant and pregnant rats. Bodian and methylene blue staining did not contribute to a more detailed knowledge of rat ovary nerve supply. Electron microscopic quantitative analysis of rat and pig CL (rat: day 18 of pregnancy; pig: day 4–6 after ovulation) revealed no axon profiles in 2.000 grid squares (one square measuring 2.25×10-2 mm2) of randomly taken CL sections. Thus it was possible to calculate an upper limit of 133 μm of nerve fibers per 1 mm3 CL tissue, in case there were any at all.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 525-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nidation ; Mice ; Cell interaction ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The interaction between the trophoblast and the maternal epithelium at early implantation was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The uterine horns were fixed in situ and a double-embedding method was used to locate implantation sites. Observations were made on mice killed at 2 hour intervals 90–116 h. post coitum which covered the following stages: pre-attachment (i) with zona pellucida intact (ii) with zona pellucida in dissolution (iii) after loss of the zona; attachment; adherence; and invasion. The intact zona pellucida was electron opaque and of uniform density. In the stage of apparent dissolution it became electron dense and was trapped between trophoblast and epithelium. At preattachment the trophoblast cells were round. Subsequently they became long and attenuated, often with lysosomes in the cytoplasm proximal to the epithelial layer. Epithelial cells, which could be seen in various stages of degeneration were apparently phagocytosed by the trophoblast. Occasional pyknotic epithelial cells were seen, as well as some apparently normal ones which contained cytosegresomes. The possible reasons for their presence are discussed. The microvilli of the epithelial cells changed from regular and pointed at preattachment to short and irregular at adherence and invasion.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Ovulation ; Connective tissue ; Muscle, smooth ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tunica albuginea in ovaries of sexually mature rabbits is only a few cell layers thick but is much more densely packed with collagen bundles than the broad theca externa of the Graafian follicles. Smooth muscle cells were demonstrated in theca externa around the whole follicle; ultrastructural evidence of smooth muscles in the apical region of theca externa in rabbit follicles has not been presented previously. At 8 hrs after injection of an ovulatory dose of HCG oedema was observed below the germinal epithelium covering preovulatory follicles. In the oedematous area, dead or degenerating cells could be found, and the underlying tunica albuginea contained degenerated fibroblasts and showed dissociation and fragmentation of the collagen. The alterations gradually proceeded inwards, and, at 9.5 hrs and later, marked changes were obvious even in the innermost portion of theca externa. The observation that the changes started, and were most pronounced, in the collagen-rich tunica albuginea and gradually proceeded inwards, supports the hypothesis that lytic substances emanating from the surface epithelium covering preovulatory follicles play a central role in effecting follicle rupture.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinohypothalamic projection ; Passer domesticus ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The possibility of a direct retinohypothalamic projection was reinvestigated in Passer domesticus by electron microscopy following left unilateral retinectomy. To avoid misinterpretation of non-specific degeneration, the course of degenerative changes was observed at intervals of 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours after operation. Of the hypothalamic areas examined in only one, the contralateral suprachiasmatic nucleus, was it possible to identify reliable indications of secondary anterograde degeneration comparable to those observed in the contralateral optic tectum. Single dark profiles within the supraoptic nucleus and the basal infundibular (tuberal) nucleus showed neither internal changes in structure nor an increase in number per unit area in retinectomized birds. Since photoperiodically induced gonadal growth occurs in totally blinded birds the functional significance of the retinohypothalamic projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus is open to discussion.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branchiostoma ; Kölliker's pit ; Hatschek's pit ; Wheel organ ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Kölliker's and Hatschek's pit and the wheel organ in the head region of Amphioxus have been studied with the electron microscope. Kölliker's pit is lined by ciliated cells lacking specific ultrastructural characteristics which might suggest an olfactory function. No nerve terminals have been found near this structure. The wheel-organ consists of tall ciliated cells, which occasionally have been found to be innervated and which are clearly marked off the rest of the epithelial lining of the oral cavity. The epithelium of Hatschek's pit again is ciliated and possesses markedly euchromatin rich nuclei. In the area of Hatschek's pit numerous epithelial cells have been observed which possess accumulations of small granules and vesicles in their basal cytoplasm. Such basally granulated cells occur in the immediate neighbourhood of blood spaces of the glomus and other vessels; the connective tissue between blood and epithelium is loosened up or has completely disappeared. The question of homology of the structures investigated with the olfactory groove and hypophysis of vertebrates is briefly discussed.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Elastic fibres ; Notochord Rana rugosa ; Elastogenesis, Elastica interna ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The elastica interna was studied in the notochord sheath of the caudal one third of the tail of Rana rugosa tadpoles. Dense amorphous bodies are present in depressions at the surface of superficial notochord cells. These bodies are intimately associated with microfibrils. The notochord basement membrane tends to cover the surface of the dense amorphous bodies but often appears to fuse with them and disappear. There is a striking close resemblance between the amorphous dense bodies and the elastica interna. These observations, together with the observation of dilated cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum with dense contents in the cytoplasm of superficial notochord cells, suggest that the amorphous dense bodies and the elastica interna are produced by superficial notochord cells.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 449-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Bufo bufo ; Macula densa ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the toad, Bufo bufo was investigated.—It is suggested that the granules in the media cells of the afferent arteriole are formed from the Golgi apparatus. Many granules have a content of lamellar material. The media cells do not show the ultrastructural features of active secretory cells. In the media cells, the myofilaments are situated near the vascular lumen. The other cell organelles, including the granules, are preferentially located at the opposite pole of the cell in the neighbourhood of the macula densa cells and the adventitial nerve fibres. In these regions the media cells show many pinocytotic vesicles. The nerve fibres innervating the juxtaglomerular cells are non-myelinated and their varicosities contain dense core vesicles. The basement membranes of media cells and adjacent macula densa cells occasionally fuse, which may indicate a functional relationship between these cells.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen (human) ; T and B cell regions ; Localization ; Enzyme cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The capacity of certain B-lymphocytes to bind complement (demonstrated by erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes, EAC) was used as a marker of the B-lymphocyte regions of the human white splenic pulp. This was carried out on cryostat sections in order to correlate enzyme histochemical findings (5-nucleotidase, ATPase, acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase, alkaline phosphatase) to immunological functions. EAC were typically found in the follicle centers and marginal zone, whereas periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths remained negative. The enzyme histochemical patterns of lymphocytes and reticulum cells allowed a clear distinction between areas with and those without EAC-binding. This was shown most clearly when the following enzymes were demonstrated in combination: 5-nucleotidase (5-Nase) + alkaline phosphatase, ATPase + acid phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase + acid phosphatase. 5-Nase correlated best to EAC-positive areas with a positive reaction in follicle wall lymphocytes and dendritic reticulum cells, whereas periarteriolar sheaths contained no 5-Nase-positive structures. Reticulum cells around periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths at the margin of the red splenic pulp showed a particularly strong alkaline phosphatase reaction. The reticulum cells of the areas containing B-lymphocytes and those of the EAC-negative periarteriolar regions, which probably contain T-lymphocytes, were specifically labeled for different sets of enzymes. These findings suggest that specialized, morphologically different reticulum cells may be the “guide rails” for the different freely circulating lymphocyte populations.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 367-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rodlet cell ; Pear-shaped cell ; Rhabdospora thelohani ; fishes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Rodlet cells from many species of fresh water fish were examined with the electron microscope. Observations of these cells in the epithelia of intestine, gill, and other organs favor the interpretation that rodlet cells are secretory cells rather than protozoan parasites (Rhabdospora thelohani). Evidence is presented that rodlet cells develop from undifferentiated cells near the epithelial basement membranes and migrate“upward” to secrete their contents in a holocrine manner at the epithelial surface. The major secretory product is packaged in unique club-shaped sacs which contain a central core of highly electron dense material with less dense material surrounding it. Secretion often appears to be accomplished by active contraction of a 0.5 μm fibrillar border resembling smooth muscle which lies just inside of the plasma membrane. Some rodlet cells, however, merely break apart and release their contents.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 437-447 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Fishes ; Polypterus ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytochemical similarities between the polypterine and mammalian lung are presented. The ultrastructural localization of reaction products from ruthenium red and tricomplex flocculation staining indicates that the epithelial surface is coated by saturated phospholipids and mucopolysaccharides. Utilization of various chemical markers demonstrates the epithelial cell to be physiologically active in the transport of certain substances. Evidence supporting the concept that the lamellar inclusion bodies are responsible for the surfactant lining is presented.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 491-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Tilapia mossambica ; Arterio-venous anastomoses ; Specialized endothelia ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA) in gill filaments of Tilapia mossambica exhibit a distinct polarity. Two different types of highly specialized endothelial cells, both of epitheloid shape, line these vessels: Type I cells, contacting the arterial lumen, are elongated and about two to three times as large as type II endothelial cells. Their surface is increased by tentacular protrusions which reach far into the arterial lumen. Filament whorls forming tubelike structures with centrally located glycogen granules are abundant in these cells. Type II endothelial cells are located proximal to the central venous sinus (CVS). Their less abundant and more electron dense cytoplasm is free of filament whorls. There are also intermediate cell forms at approximately the middle of each anastomosis. Short cell processes protrude from all endothelial cell types into the AVA lumen. Outside the indistinct vascular basement lamina, a layer of cover cells tightly envelopes the AVA. These cells are, however, absent around the part of the AVA adjacent to the CVS. Here the endothelial cells are in immediate contact with the interstitium. Endothelial cells sheathed by cover cells reach the interstitium through basal foot processes. Nerve fibre bundles regularly come into close contact with the AVAs. Possible functions of the AVAs, including osmoreception are discussed.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian follicles ; Oocytes ; Transosomes ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy has been utilized to determine fates of sacs of ribosomes (variously termed “transosomes”, “unique organelles”, or “lining bodies”) formed in the follicular cells of avian follicles and subsequently entering-or being taken in-by the oocytes. Small follicles (0.5 mm diameter) of laying hens, a hen afflicted with Marek's disease and prelaying pullets were examined in this regard. In the case of the hen with Marek's disease and the prelaying pullets, sacs of ribosomes were found to be present within the oocyte but those present in the interior of the cell were in the form of digestive vacuoles. In a fourth group of hens, receiving actinomycin D, larger oocytes (2.0 mm diameter) exhibited breakdown of the membranous vesicles in which the sacs of ribosomes entered the oocyte, as well as dissolution of membranes surrounding the forming yolk granules and the membranes of coated vesicles. Annulate lamellae were present in oocytes of the hen afflicted with Marek's disease and appeared within at least 24 hours in oocytes from hens receiving actinomycin D.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Hair ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palisade-shaped nerve endings of the small normal hairs of the rat snout were examined with the electron microscope (fixation by perfusion). The terminals are located inside the ‘glassy membrane’ in the area of the neck of the hair root. The 10–20 radially arranged terminal axons are in direct contact with the basement membrane of the epithelium of the external root sheath. The axons are surrounded on all sides by leaf-shaped processes of the Schwann cells. The surfaces of these cell processes are marked by numerous vesicle-like invaginations (approx. 1000 Å dia.). Transverse sections from several areas of the palisadeshaped nerve endings are compared with longitudinal sections. In the upper area ‘empty’ vesicles (approx. 500–600 Å in diameter) occur, along with electron-dense vesicles (approx. 800–1100 Å in diameter); in the middle area, the axons are distended and contain accumulations of mitochondria.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branchiostoma ; Osmoregulation ; Cyrtocytes ; Podocytes ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretory organs of Amphioxus occur as segmentally arranged structures throughout the pharyngeal region and may be divided into three components: the solenocytes, the renal tubule, and the renal glomerulus. The solenocytes possess foot processes that rest upon the coelomic surface of the ligamentum denticulatum. The tubular apparatus of the solenocytes consists of ten triangular rods surrounding a central flagellum. The distal end of the tubular apparatus enters branches of the renal tubule. The renal tubule eventually opens into the atrial cavity of Amphioxus. The renal glomerulus is a sinus within the connective tissue of the ligamentum dentieculatum where it connects elements of the branchial circulation with the dorsal aorta. The renal glomerulus, like other blood vessels of Amphioxus, lacks an endothelial lining. If Amphioxus is adapted to artificial sea water at different concentrations there is no change in kidney morphology suggesting that Amphioxus is either is osmotic with its environment or is osmoregulating with other organs.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Cyproterone ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dorsal lobe and the coagulating gland of the rat prostate were studied after administration of the anti-androgenic compound Cyp A for varying periods (7–20 days). There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells were pale, contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi area, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of free ribosomes. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found, comprising different types of intranuclear inclusions of membranous configurations. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in castrated animals and are consistent with atrophy. The results are discussed in relation to the available biochemical and autoradiographic data on the different lobes.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosal mast cells ; Rat ; Compound 48/80 ; Degranulation, Release ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Mast cells in the tongue and lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa, representing two cell types with different morphological, histochemical and functional properties have been studied under the electron microscope. Both cell types were found to contain similar moderately electron dense and homogeneous granules surrounded by a tight membrane constituting the basic ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells. The mucosal mast cells, however, contained fewer granules per cell and the individual granules often exhibited considerable variation in size. In addition the mucosal mast cells, unlike those of the tongue, peritoneum and skin, had a smooth plasma membrane lacking microvilli and possessed irregularly shaped or lobulated nuclei. In the tongue mast cells, administration of Compound 48/80 caused the formation of vacuoles around the granules, expulsion of granules from the cells and disintegration of the granular matrix, but no changes that could be attributed to 48/80 could be found in the mucosal mast cells.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mitochondria ; ACTH ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic administration of ACTH (up to 36 consecutive days) on the mitochondria of the zona fasciculata of the rat adrenal cortex were investigated by stereologic techniques. It was found that, while the volume of the mitochondrial compartment significantly increases in relation to the duration of treatment, the size and number of mitochondria display a different pattern. Up to the 9th day of hormone treatment mitochondria significantly increase in volume, whereas their number per cell is only slightly increased. After 12 days of ACTH-treatment there is a tremendous increase in the number of organelles per cell, resulting in a significant decrease in their average volume. After 24 and 36 consecutive days of treatment the number of mitochondria per cell as well as their average volume both show a slight but significantly constant increase. The hypothesis that ACTH controls the processes of growth and division of adrenal mitochondria is discussed in the light of evidence indicating that mitochondria contain a complete genetic apparatus largely independent of nuclear control.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 143-145 
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    Keywords: Arteria centralis retinae ; Cat ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Terminal axons emerging from the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina reach the wall of the arteria centralis retinae, as revealed by electron microscopy. Numerous unusually large dense core vesicles (about 1000 Å in diameter), of different electron densities, occur in the varicosities of these axons. These observations may be compatible with the idea of an innervation of the central artery of the retina which is non-autonomic, possibly intrinsic in nature.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat anterior pituitary ; FSH and LH-gonadotrophs ; Luteinizing releasing hormone ; “Signet cells” ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The action of luteinizing releasing hormone (LH-RH) on FSH and LH-gonadotrophs from the anterior pituitary glands of normal rats has been studied with electron microscopy. After 15 min. incubation with LH-RH, LH cells showed secretory granules undergoing exocytosis, but FSH did not appear to release secretory products. On the other hand, incubations with the releasing hormone for 3 and 6 hr stimulated exocytosis from both FSH and LH-gonadotrophs. Of more interest was the finding that FSH cells appeared as typical “signet cells” of castration when glands were incubated for 3 and 6 hr with the releasing hormone. The appearance of such “signet cells” was prevented if puromycin was added to the medium together with LH-RH.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 231-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Nerve cells ; Neurosecretion ; Hydra ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Major ultrastructural changes in neurons were studied during sequential periods of hypostomal regeneration in Hydra. Some neurons remain unaffected except that at certain periods following amputation, they become more active in neurosecretory production. Other neurons in various stages of differentiation were also observed. Most emphasis was placed on degenerating neurons showing a loss of organelles and destruction of the perikarya. Certain large, membrane-bounded structures (up to 1.7 μ in diameter) suggested tentatively to be of a lysosomal-like nature, may be partly responsible for the degenerative process. The neurites of these cells first assume a beaded appearance and/or contain bulbous endings. The eventual isolated fragments of neurites contain typical membrane-bounded neurosecretory droplets (850/1700 Å in diameter) which disintegrate forming particulate materials (350 Å in diameter). Following complete disruption of the neurites, some of the granules accumulate in the extracellular spaces before they are disintegrated. From the data presented in this and the preceding paper, it is suggested that these particles, derived from neurosecretory droplets, may be responsible for the stimulation of: 1) interstitial cell differentiation into neurons, 2) the increased activity in neurosecretory production in normal cells, 3) the conspicuous increase in neurite length and consequently the exaggerated degree of anastomosis, and 4) the possible capacity of neurons to regenerate neurites.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 481-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminiferous tubule, ovine ; Lamina propria ; Development ; Endocrine factors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the lamina propria in the ovine seminiferous tubule was studied from 54 days (postcoitum) fetuses up to sexual maturity. In young animals (aged about two months) the effect of hypophysectomy and/or hormones was also analyzed. Initially, large areas of the lamina propria already show signs of morphological differentiation. The non cellular component is a single or sometimes double lamella. Outwardly, the cellular component is represented by rounded connective tissue cells or by elongated cells, exhibiting 80 Å filaments in the cytoplasm and arranged in 3 to 4 layers. By the first week after birth, the non cellular component is formed by 8 to 10 lamellae and the cellular component shows typical contractile cells, the fibroblasts being now located only in the periphery. Basically, the same aspect is found in the adult ram, thus differing from the more extensively studied prototypes of lamina propria architecture of rodents or primates. In as much as the sheep lamina propria differentiates precociously, probably induced by fetal testicular hormones, it is relatively insensitive to hypophysectomy or hormonal substitution. Hypophysectomy and cyproterone acetate administration cause intracytoplasmic lipid deposition in the contractile cells, the other components being not changed. Some questions are raised concerning the role of this peculiar lamina propria in the function of the blood-testis barrier.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin, rat ; Cytology ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural elements within the parenchyma of the sebaceous gland have not been reported previously. Nerve endings have been observed only in the connective tissue surrounding the gland or in close association with the undifferentiated basal cells. In this study, electron microscopy revealed the possible presence of nerve endings (or terminal portions of neural elements) in the suprabasal level of functional sebaceous glands of pinnae of white rats. Morphologically, there are two distinct types of nerve endings. Type 1 is bordered by a membrane of relatively irregular contour and contains a single mitochondrion, various-sized vesicles, numerous microtubules, fine neurofilament-like fibrils, and occasional ribosome-like granules. Type II is also bordered by a membrane, but its contour was relatively smooth and rounded. Moreover, Type II contains many mitochondria, varying in size, density, and the arrangement of cristae. While ribosome-like granules are scattered throughout the structure in relative abundance, there are scarcely any fine neurofilament-like fibrils or microtubules. Whether these two structures are sensory or autonomic fibers could not be determined by electron microscopic examination.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human fetal pineal gland ; Development ; Secretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pineal gland of 18 human fetuses (crown-rump lengths 30–178 mm) was investigated. The pineal gland exhibits a pyramidal shape and consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. Only one parenchymal cell type, the pinealocyte, was observed. Few neuroblasts were seen between the pinealocytes and in the extended perivascular space. The pinealocytes possess all the organelles necessary for hormone synthesis. No specific secretory granule could be observed. The organ is abundantly vascularized and richly innervated. The morphology of the capillaries indicates the existence of a blood-brain barrier. The ultrastructure of the human fetal pineal gland suggests that the gland has a secretory function in early intrauterine life.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 51-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelin ; Ventral habenular nuclei ; Interpeduncular nucleus ; Rana esculenta ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural analysis of myelin in the ventral habenular and in the interpeduncular nuclei of the adult frog Rana esculenta has been carried out. In the ventral habenular nuclei, in addition to normally myelinated fibres, some myelin irregularities have been observed. They consist of myelin enwrapping the perikarya of some neurons and of isolated flaps of collapsed myelin. In the interpeduncular nucleus numerous myelinated fibres occur but few redundant myelin irregularities have been noticed. The morphological data suggest that myelination of fibres in these sites is due to the spiral wrapping mechanism from a glial cell process while the myelin irregularities described in the ventral habenular nuclei are probably due to membrane synthesis within the cytoplasm of the myelinated neurons and of the oligodendrocytes which are sometimes observed in contact with the ensheathed neurons. In the interpeduncular nucleus myelinated fibres indenting astrocytes and oligodendrocytes have been observed.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aedes aegypti ; Midgut epithelium ; Cytology ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ultrastruktur des Mitteldarmes von Aedes aegypti Weibchen wurde morphometrisch untersucht. Besonderes Interesse lag dabei auf quantitativen Unterschieden im Bau der Epithelzellen eines vorderen (A) und eines hinteren (P) Abschnittes des Mitteldarmes, um jedem dieser beiden Abschnitte bestimmte Funktionen zuordnen zu können. 5 physiologisch verschiedene Stadien wurden verglichen: 1 = unreife Weibchen; 2 = zum 1. Blutmahl (B.M.) bereit; 3 = Verdauung des B.M.; 4 = zum 2. B.M. bereit; 5 = alternde Weibchen. Wenn der Mitteldarm noch nicht funktionsbereit ist (Stadium 1) gleichen sich die Epithelzellen von A und P quantitativ ultrastrukturell. In den folgenden Stadien hingegen werden deutliche Unterschiede sichtbar. Das Zellvolumen und die Kern-Cytoplasma-Relation werden in P generell größer als in A. Parallel dazu nehmen der Mitochondriengehalt und die Oberfläche des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums in P gegenüber A zu. In A entwickeln sich mehr Microvilli, ein extensiveres basales Labyrinth und ein deutliches glattes endoplasmatisches Retikulum. Vergrößerte Cytoplasmavolumina vor allem in den P-Zellen werden 24 Std. nach dem 1. B.M. gefunden (Stadium 3). Parallel dazu erreichen die Volumina der Organellen und/oder ihre Membranoberflächen ebenfalls Maximalwerte. Diese Vergrößerung des gesamten Zell-apparates läßt den Schluß zu, daß während der Blutverdauung die Funktionskapazität des Mitteldarmes erhöht ist. Basierend auf den quantitativ ultrastrukturellen Unterschieden zwischen den Zellen von A und P wurde postuliert, daß dem vorderen Abschnitt des Mitteldarms verstärkte Absorptionsfunktionen zukommen. Dem hinteren Abschnitt hingegen wurden gesteigerte Protein-syntheseleistungen im Zusammenhang mit der Bildung von Verdauungsenzymen zugeordnet. Die vorliegenden Resultate wurden an einem, in Beziehung auf seine Ernährung, spezialisierten Insekt gewonnen (Blutverdauung). Trotzdem scheint die postulierte Zuordnung von Funktionen zu bestimmten Mitteldarmzonen mit dem “secretion—absorption”-Modell (Berridge, 1970) übereinzustimmen.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the midgut of Aedes aegypti females was investigated by means of morphometric techniques. The interest was focussed on quantitative differences in the composition of epithelial cells between the anterior (A) and posterior (P) part of the midgut. The aim was to attribute defined functions to each of these 2 parts. 5 different physiological stages were compared: 1 = immature female; 2 = ready for first blood meal (b.m.); 3 = digestion of b.m.; 4 = ready for 2nd b.m.; 5 = aging female. Whereas in stage 1, when the gut has not yet reached a functional state the epithelial cells of A and P resemble each other, distinct differences develop in subsequent stages. Generally the cell volume and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio become higher in P than in A. Concomitantly the mitochondrial content and the surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are more prominent in P than in A. On the other hand more microvilli, a more extensive basal labyrinth and a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum are present in A. Enlarged cytoplasmic volumes, especially high in P, are found 24 h after the first b.m. (stage 3). In accordance with this increase the volume of organelles and/or their membrane surface areas also reach maximal values. This augmentation of the metabolic cell apparatus suggests that during blood digestion the whole organ develops an increased functional capacity. From the quantitative structural differences in A and P we concluded that the A-part of the midgut is especially involved in absorption. To the P-part more protein synthesis may be attributed, thus indicating an enhanced formation of digestive enzymes. Although this study deals with a rather specialised insect (blood digestion), it appears that our hypothesis attributing functions to defined midgut zones, agrees to a certain extent with the “secretion-absorption-model” of Berridge (1970).
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Laryngeal muscles ; Female tree frog, Hyla arborea arborea (L.) ; Fine structure ; Motor endplates ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larynx musculature of female tree frogs is very poorly developed compared with that of males. This is probably due to the fact that they are less used; female tree frogs do not produce mating calls. The larynx muscles of the female are composed of fibers with small, medium, and large cross-sections. The distribution of the motor end plates varies correspondingly: in regions with fibers of very small diameter the density of synapses is about 33 times greater than in regions with large fibers. There is also a difference in fine structure between male and female laryngeal muscles. The muscles of females comprise red fibers, white fibers, and various transitional types. The arrangement of the triads and their number per sarcomere is the same in all fiber types. All fibers contain about the same amounts of glycogen, but the fat content varies widely among the different types.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 467-475 
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    Keywords: Sertoli cell ; Human testis ; Nucleolus ; Nuclear bodies ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nucleus of human Sertoli cells has been studied in testicular samples from normal adults and patients with hypospermatogenesis or absence of the germinal cell line (Sertoli cell only syndrome). In all cases the ultrastructure of the nuclear structures was alike. The nucleus is irregularly shaped and its membrane presents numerous pores. The inner aspect of the nuclear membrane is electron dense due to the presence of a fibrous lamina. The outer aspect presents a concentric arrangement of 50 Å cytoplasmic filaments. The chromatin is rather dispersed. Some perichromatin granules are found occasionally. The nucleolus is characteristic of human Sertoli cells and displays three clear components. In addition, sphaeridia of at least two principal morphological types were found. Their significance in the cell metabolism as well as relationship to either the nucleolus or the nuclear DNA are discussed. The need for further investigation on the functional meaning of the nuclear organelles of human Sertoli cells is stressed.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 1-14 
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    Keywords: Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Granulosa cells ; Ovulation ; Basement mem-brane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Membrana granulosa in rabbit Graafian follicles was studied at accurately determined times after an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). At 4 and 6 hrs after injection of HCG the granulosa cells were slightly dissociated around the whole follicle. So-called abutment nexuses (gap junctions) had decreased and continued to do so up to ovulation. At 8 hrs after HCG, membrana granulosa had thinned out apically and cell dissociation was even more evident in all parts of the follicle. Granulosa cell projections through the basement membrane were found, and, closer to the time of ovulation, more and larger granulosa cell protrusions penetrated the partly fragmented basement membrane. At 8 hrs spherical inclusions in the granulosa cells, corresponding to so-called annular nexuses, were significantly more numerous than before injection of HCG; the relative amount had more than doubled. Later, the number of annular nexuses decreased. The significance of annular nexuses and their variations is discussed. The decrease in the abutment nexuses probably means a decrease in cohesive force between the granulosa cells and facilitates follicle expansion; moreover, the simultaneous changes in the basement membrane, with more or less open channels into the antrum the last few hours before ovulation, presumably, permit rapid follicle growth by influx of fluid as soon as increased distensibility of the follicle wall allows further expansion without increase in pressure.
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Ovulation ; Capillaries ; Intercellular junc-tions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rabbit Graafian follicles are encircled by a capillary network between the theca interna and the avascular membrana granulosa. After injection of an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) the theca interna cells showed an increase in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets and mitochondria with tubular cristae. In addition, considerably more junctions, similar to the abutment nexuses of granulosa cells were found; annular nexuses also appeared. At 4 hours after injection of HCG a prominent oedema was evident in the theca interna layer, particularly in the apical region. Small fenestrations in the endothelium of the blood capillaries increased in amount after HCG injection, and close to the time of ovulation, large gaps or perforations, 1–3 μ in diameter, were found in the thin, distended part of the endothelial cells. The surrounding basement membrane became fragmented and partly lost, so that a seemingly free passage from the capillary lumen to the interstitium was eventually established. Leakage of fluid, causing interstitial oedema, presumably proceeds until the pressure in the pericapillary interstitium has risen to the pressure in the capillaries. Some hours before and up to ovulation the pericapillary interstitium has also broad communications with the cavity of the follicles. Therefore, both pressure and fluid can be passed from the capillaries-via the interstitium-to the follicle antrum. However, influx of fluid with subsequent follicle expansion and ovulation-at constant pressure-does not occur until the tensile strength of the follicle wall has decreased.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 79-88 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk nuclei ; Nassarius reticulatus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dotterkerne kommen in allen Blastomeren des 4- bis 16-Zellstadiums von Nassarius vor. Sie haben überwiegend kugelige Gestalt und liegen kernnah zwischen Kern und apikalem Plasmalemm. Feinstrukturell sind sie erstaunlicherweise nicht einheitlich aufgebaut, sondern treten in zwei Typen auf: Typ I besteht aus einer relativ kompakt erscheinenden kugeligen Ansammlung von Mitochondrien. Die Mitochondrien liegen in einer dichten, teils granulären, teils fibrillären intermitochondrialen Substanz eingebettet. Typ II besteht aus einer ebenfalls kugeligen Ansammlung vieler kleiner radiär angeordneter Golgi-Stapel, welche in der gleichen dichten, teils granulären, teils fibrillären Substanz liegen wie die Mitochondrien von Typ I. Die Funktion beider Typen von Dotterkernen wird diskutiert. Sicherlich haben sie nichts mehr mit der Dottersynthese zu tun wie möglicherweise die Dotterkerne der Oocyten, doch gibt es bisher auch keine Anzeichen dafür, daß sie bevorzugt am Dotter- oder Lipidabbau beteiligt sind.
    Notes: Summary In all blastomeres of Nassarius from 4- to 16-cell stage yolk nuclei occur. Most of them are spherical bodies, lying juxtanuclearly between the nucleus and the apical plasmalemma. Strangely they are not ultrastructurally uniform but fall into two categories (Fig. 5): Type I is a massive spherical accumulation of mitochondria embedded in a dense intermitochondrial substance, which appears to contain both granules and filaments. Type II is a ball of radially arranged small Golgi stacks clustered around a centre of Golgi vesicles and other organelles embedded in a ground cytoplasm structurally similar to the intermitochondrial substance of type I. The function of both types of yolk nuclei is unknown. These segmentation yolk nuclei have nothing to do with yolk synthesis any more. On the other hand there are no indications that yolk nuclei occurrence is correlated with the break-down of yolk because neither lipid droplets nor protein yolk granules are observed in or beside the yolk nuclei.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: Synapses ; Embryo (Xenopus laevis) ; Spinal cord ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation found in vertebrate embryos has been utilized to examine the sequence of synaptic junction development in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis at a late embryonic stage. Uniform samples were taken at various points along the cord of a stage 27 embryo and examined in the electron microscope. The general ultrastructure of the cord demonstrated the rostro-caudal gradient of development. The sequence of synaptic junction development was like that in the cervical region (Hayes and Roberts, 1973). “Membrane-vesicle clusters” and “immature” synaptic junctions were found most caudally followed by synaptic junctions, first with cleft and subsynaptic membrane density, then with only cleft density and finally, most rostrally, with cleft, subsynaptic membrane, and subsynaptic cytoplasmic density. Mature synaptic junctions were found in increasing numbers from the mid to anterior trunk cord and could mediate alternating trunk flexions made by the embryos at this stage of development. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were found near processes containing irregular vesicles and also near membrane outlines. These may be signs of dendritic growth. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were also found in varicosities, facing the space around the spinal cord and in nerve fibres peripherally between the skin and myotomes. This suggests an association of early stages in synaptogenesis with axon growth. This and other possible inferences about axon and dendrite growth in relation to synaptogenesis are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 303-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body (Cat) ; Chemoreceptor ; Nerve endings ; Glossopharyngeal nerve ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of nerve endings in the cat carotid body was analyzed by serial section electron microscopy. In the normal animal, three types of intralobular endings can be recognized. The first type consists of large, calyciform endings which surround glomus cells. The second type includes small calyciform endings which arise from a thin axon and also contact glomus cells. Interstitial enlargements enveloped by sustentacular cells having no direct contact with glomus cells constitute a third type of nerve ending. Intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve caused no change in the number or appearance of intralobular endings, indicating that they are afferent terminals. Stromal axons in the connective tissue of the carotid body may be autonomicfibers as indicated by their degeneration following removal of the superior cervical ganglion.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Frog ; Water permeability and Ultrastructure ; Hyperosmolarity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Certaines informations récentes (voir introduction) nous ont conduits à reconsidérer la possibilité que l'action de l'hormone antidiurétique sur les tissus épithéliaux puisse s'exercer au niveau des jonctions intercellulaires. Une étude comparative des cinétiques d'apparition des altérations ultrastructurales et des variations de perméabilité à l'eau a permis d'établir que les décollements de la “tight junction” provoqués par l'hyperosmolarité muqueuse apparaissent avant tout accroissement significatif du flux net d'eau et ne peuvent donc pas en être la conséquence. L'examen à haute résolution, par cryodécapage, de la structure de la “tight junction” montre l'apparition dans ces conditions de plages plus ou moins circulaires où la membrane présente un aspect lisse et apparemment distendu et où la structure typique de la “tight junction” a disparu. Ces modifications rétrocèdent après stimulation hormonale et ceci conduit à penser qu'elles ne sont pas impliquées dans la réspone hydrosomotique physiologique.
    Notes: Summary The role of the tight junction in the hydrosmotic response of the frog urinary bladder has been analysed by comparative kinetic studies and freeze etching examination. The comparison of the time course of the variations in transepithelial water net flux and of the alterations of tight junction ultrastructure in bladders exposed to mucosal hyperosmolar solutions shows that blisters are present in the tight junction before any increase in transepithelial water net flux. This indicates that the two phenomena are dissociated. In the same experimental conditions, freeze etching examination shows the presence in the tight junction of large areas of smooth and apparently stretched membrane where the typical network structure has disappeared. These alterations are reduced by further treatment with oxytocin and are probably not involved in the physiological hydrosomotic response.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 543-545 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epitheliomuscular cells ; Brachiopoda Lingula ; Acrania ; Branchiostoma ; Phylogeny ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epitheliomuscular cells largely corresponding to those of cnidarians have been found in the mesenteria of Lingula and in various coelomic channels of Branchiostoma. They are characterized by basal extensions containing thin and thick myofilaments. In Lingula they also bear an apical cilium.
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 47-55 
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    Keywords: Thymus (human) ; Reticulum cells ; Thymus dependent region ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven thymuses from children between 1 and 12 years were examined by electron microscopy. Biopsies had been taken during surgical correction of congenital heart defects. In all cases we found interdigitating reticulum cells (IRC) in the medulla and inner cortex. These cells resembled the IRC which have been described previously in the thymus-dependent regions of the spleen and lymph node. They were characterized by an irregularly shaped nucleus, narrow cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and widespread interdigitation and invagination of the cell membrane. The surfaces of the IRC were in close contact with those of small lymphocytes, sometimes polysomal lymphatic cells, epithelial cells, and occasionally with those of lymphatic cells containing ergastoplasm. The IRC is apparently a specific cell of thymus-dependent regions. It may be that the IRC in the thymus, lymph node, and spleen contribute to the microenvironment needed for the differentiation of T-cells.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila ; larval and prepupal ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary A major function of the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster is known to be the production of a mucopolysaccharide that serves as an adhesive during puparium formation. In order to localize the mucosubstances during development substrate histochemical methods were used, and the site of acid phosphatase was demonstrated by the ultrahistochemical lead-salt method. It could be shown that the “glue”-granules in the corpus cells of larval salivary glands as well as the large secretion vacuoles in the prepupal corpus cells give a positive β-amylase-resistent PAS-reaction, which indicates neutral mucosubstances. Granular PAS-positive deposits in the larval and prepupal collum cells were reduced after preincubation with β-amylase and may represent glycogen, which has also been seen in electron micrographs of these cells. The Hale-reaction gave a weak indication that acid mucosubstances are present in the larval “glue” granules and in the large prepupal secretory vacuoles. After digestion of sialic acid with α-neuraminidase the weak indication was absent showing that the acid mucosubstances had been sialomucines. Ultrahistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase indicated the presence of this enzyme in Golgi fields and lysosomal structures. Acid phosphatase seems to be missing in the large secretion vacuoles of the prepupal salivary gland. It is concluded, that the large vacuoles in the corpus cells of prepupal salivary glands represent a secretion product, obviously a mucosubstance. The lysosomal structures, containing acid phosphatase, may be accumulated in preparation for the autolysis of the gland which begins about two hours after the pupal moult, i.e. 15 hours after puparium formation.
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Organ of Bellonci ; Carcinus maenas (Crustacea, Decapoda) ; Sensory and secretory function ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organ of Bellonci of Carcinus maenas is made up of onion bodies and secretory cells. The onion body consists of a distal segment, of membranous whorls and granules, and a proximal nuclear cell body. They are joined by a modified double ciliary junction. Both a sensory and secrtory function is suggested. The secretory cells fall into two groups based on size, shape and organelles. Their presence suggests a secretory function to the organ of Bellonci.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Man ; Primary cultures ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method of primary tissue culture involving both disaggregation of cells by repeated exposure of small tissue fragments to a solution of trypsin, collagenase and hyaluronidase and explantation of the residual tissue fragments intermingled with isolated cells onto polyethylene discs, has been shown to be adequate for the prolonged maintenance (up to 30 days) in vitro of cells arising from decapsulated adult human adrenocortical tissue. The technique and its critical points are discussed. Adrenocortical cells were organized both as outgrowing columns from microexplants or as variously sized islets of monolayered cells. The ultrastructural features of ACTH-deprived adrenocortical cells (i.e., mitochondria with laminar cristae, endoplasmic reticulum mainly consisting of rough profiles, abundance of lipid droplets and β-glycogen particles) suggest that the cells dedifferentiate and retain practically no steroidogenic activity. After 2 days of ACTH-treatment, cultured parenchymal cells were found to be quite similar to the zona fasciculata elements of the normal human adrenal cortex. They were grouped in islets of about 50–100 cells. Rough endoplasmic reticulum had decreased, but smooth endoplasmic reticulum showed focal proliferation. The pleomorphic mitochondria with laminar cristae, transformed into a homogeneous population of round or ovoid mitochondria containing tubulo-vesicular cristae. Lipid droplets and glycogen particles were decreased in number. After 7 days of daily treatment with ACTH, the cortical elements, whose nucleus and cytoplasm seemed to be enlarged, were arranged in clusters formed by up to 300 monolayered elements, in which dividing cells were consistently observed. Their cytoplasm was filled with a meshwork of smooth reticulum tubules, in which scantly ribosome-studded profiles and occasional small stacks of granular cisternae were embedded. Mitochondria were similar to those of the 2 days ACTH-treated cultures. Lipid droplets and glycogen particles were absent. The functional significance of these structural changes as well as the possible mechanism underlying the differentiative effect of ACTH are discussed. Primary cultures of human adult adrenals are proposed as a new tool for studies into the physiopathology of the adrenocortical cells under carefully controlled experimental conditions. mis|It is a pleasure to acknowledge our thanks to Drs. F. Mantero and C. Eccher for kindly supplying the normal human adrenocortical tissue. Thanks are also due to Mr. G. Gottardo for his excellent technical assistance. mis|This work was partly supported by a contract with the CNR-Italy (C.T. 73.00663.04).
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 193-199 
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    Keywords: Microfilaments ; Prolactin cells ; Anterior pituitary ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prolactin cells from anterior pituitary glands of normal non-lactating female rats, and lactating animals, some of which were separated from their pups for 48 hours, were examined ultrastructurally for the presence of microfilaments. Microfilaments were found in specific intracellular locations in all cells examined. They were in association with the nuclear envelope, the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, small vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory granules. The possible role of microfilaments in the movement of intracellular organelles is considered.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junctions ; Development in vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Electrophysiology
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    Notes: Summary The development of neuro-muscular junctions between previously dissociated foetal rat spinal cord and somatic muscle has been investigated. The first indications of junction formation, both ultrastructurally and electrophysiologically, were observed after circa 18 days in vitro. The junctions contained numerous vesicles, but no secondary folds were developed even after 6 weeks in culture, and synaptic densities were not well marked. Functional endplates were found, and action potentials, endplate potentials and miniature endplate potentials recorded.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 383-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment cells ; Melanin granules ; Pigment retina ; Albino goldfish ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The fine structural differentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium of the albino goldfish (Carassius auratus) in several developmental stages and in the adult was studied. In the 5-mm larva, the retinal pigment cells contained granules whose cores are filled with conglomerates of electron-dense pigments, but they were never pigmented fully as in the control black moor goldfish. Most of the granules have a round or ovoid shape, but granules with an elongate, cigar-like form are occasionally observed. The internal membranous frame-work, which has been reported in unpigmented and lightly pigmented granules in melanocytes of other vertebrates, was rarely observed in the present study. The number of pigment granules increased during the early developmental stages, whereas they decreased conspicuously in the later stages. From these results, the function of one of the albino genes p, is discussed and the following three phenomena are attributed to it: the decrease in formation of cigar-shaped granules, the partial inhibition of pigmentation, and the disintegration of pigment granules during the larval and post-larval stages. In addition to the pigment granules, the differentiation and disappearance of other characteristic cytoplasmic organelles are described. The biological significance of the changes in many of these organelles remains in question.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 157-161 
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    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Iris ; Lanthanum nitrate ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig sphincter pupillae were fixed in the presence of 3% lanthanum nitrate. Although only small amounts of lanthanum were found in plasmalemmal vesicles, large deposits were present within a membrane system resembling sarcoplasmic reticulum. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the use of lanthanum nitrate as an extracellular tracer.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 237-245 
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    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Innervation ; Insect ; Monoamines ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The salivary glands of the moth, Manduca sexta (Insecta: Sphingidae), are unlike most other salivary glands in that they are innervated from one source only. Vital staining of nerves with methylene-blue reveals numerous fine nerves extending to the glands from the oesophageal nerve, a part of the stomatogastric or visceral nervous system. Light and electron microscopy confirm that only the fluid-secreting cells, confined to a discrete region in these glands, are innervated. Axons with or without glial wrappings are found in intercellular spaces between fluid-secreting cells. Axons lacking a glial sheath contain, after glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation, large granular and small agranular vesicles. In nerve endings in glands fixed with permanganate these smaller vesicles are granular, having the electron-dense cores characteristic of monoamine-containing neurons. These nerve endings with “synaptoid areas” are in close (“direct”) contact with the fluid-secreting cells.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Microglia ; “M” cells ; Gliogenesis ; Neuropathology ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of subependymal cells and microglia in rat neonatal spinal cord reveals the latter to be a distinctive group of non-neuronal elements characterized by pronounced heterochromatin nuclei, many free ribosomes and rosettes, hour-glass shaped mitochondria, a moderately dense, granular cytoplasmic matrix, lipid vacuoles and a wide variety of lysosomes. Some examples are elongated and ameboid in appearance or may contain phagocytic vacuoles. Transitional forms between subependymal cells, or any other nonneuronal forms, and microglia were not observed. Ultrastructural features displayed by microglia are also strikingly characteristic of the “M” cells (Matthews and Kruger, 1973a, b) encountered in zones of thalamic degeneration two to three weeks following cortical ablation of adult rabbits. During the first and second postoperative weeks, “M” cells closely resemble the agranular leukocytes accumulating in the perivascular space of vessels coursing within the zones of degeneration. This fact, together with documentation of penetration of the vascular external lamina by elements of similar morphology, indicates a mesodermal origin for some “M” cells. The microglia of normal CNS and “M” cells of pathologic neural tissue are sufficiently similar, both in morphology and apparent function, to warrant consideration of a mesodermal origin for the microglia of neonatal CNS and a number of criteria to substantiate this concept are presented.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 1-20 
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    Keywords: Axon sprouts ; Regeneration ; Dorsal column lesion ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary A graded series of changes occur around lesions to the central nervous system. In the present investigation three zones were distinguished caudal to a lesion of the dorsal columns in the rat, In Zone I near the lesion, necrosis and cellular disintegration are followed by phagocytosis, and the development of a loose connective tissue matrix. Here Schwann cells proliferate and envelope axon sprouts in a similar fashion to those in developing of regenerating peripheral nerve. Zone II includes the proximal segment of nervous tissue containing normal appearing axons in continuity with parent nerve cells. Here an initially severe edematous condition is followed by growth and proliferation of astrocytes. Axon sprouts are present in the transitional Boundary Zone the first day following a lesion. They continue to grow and are most numerous at one week. By two weeks axons have apparently disappeared from many parts of Zone I and degeneration of parent axons and retraction clubs is advanced in Zone II. The reasons for axon involution are not known but do not appear to be related to the development of a glial scar.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 287-300 
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    Keywords: Symbiotes ; Aphids ; Antibiotics ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of penicillin and chlortetracyline HCl on the fine structure of the intracellular symbiotes of the pea aphid were studied in an attempt to remove the symbiote population. High penicillin concentrations, 1% and 0.1%, caused symbiote breakdown but were toxic and/or repellent to the aphids; at 0.1% specific effects were observed on the symbiotes' cell walls. After the use of 0.01% penicillin in the aphid diet, the symbiotes had abnormal cell walls and were abnormally dilated; however, symbiote division and transmission from one aphid generation to the next seemed unaffected and the aphids appeared normal. Aphids fed 0.1% chlortetracycline failed to reproduce. After 7 days, their symbiotes were found to break down at a high rate but aphid mitochondria were also adversely affected at this stage. Following 0.002% chlortetracycline, the aphids produced aposymbiotic progeny with apparently normal mitochondrial populations; these larvae failed to develop.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 417-429 
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    Keywords: Kidney ; Sexual segment ; Natrix natrix ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sexual segment of the kidney of Natrix natrix has been investigated cytochemically, light microscopically and ultrastructurally. The sexual segment, which seems to be an important accessory sexual organ, has a single layer of a columnar epithelium. The epithelial cells are filled with large secretion granules of a wide range of electron densities. Cytochemical reactions for neutral and acid mucosubstances are negative, but the cells show a strong positive staining for phospholipids. Within the cells of the sexual segment we have localised by histochemical means several hydrolases and oxydoreductases, which reflect enzyme activities of the glycolytic pathway, the citrate cycle, and related metabolic pathways. The activities of the hydrolytic enzymes acid phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and indoxylacetate esterase are remarkably high within the epithelial cells. Furthermore it was found that the sexual segment tubules possess contractile elements which extends over the basal surface of the epithelial cells. These contractile cells exhibit a very high activity of alkaline phosphatase. Single unmyelinated axons are located between the contractile elements and the basal lamina of the sexual segment cells. The functional significance of the sexual segment structures is briefly discussed.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 493-497 
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    Keywords: Testicular interstitial cells ; Dog ; Filaments ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the dog testicular interstitial cells the cytoplasmic filaments are occasionally arranged in large bundles piled closely in an extensive area adjacent to the Golgi region in the cytoplasm. Some of the large bundles show conspicuous circular or spiral configurations which are composed of elaborate arrangements of both circular and longitudinal filaments and accompany tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum running parallel to the longitudinal filaments.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 561-563 
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    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; Xiphophorus helleri ; A2-Granules ; Crystalline structure ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By tilting experiments in the electron microscope evidence was found for crystalline islet A2-granules of Xiphophorus helleri H. to be rhombic dodecahedral and thus to belong to the cubic system.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Spleen ; Thymus dependent area ; Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) ; Interdigitating cell (IDC) ; T-lymphocyte ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary To study the submicroscopical morphology of the microenvironment for T-lymphocytes in the spleen, mice were lethally X-irradiated and injected intravenously with syngeneic thymocytes. 24 hours after cell transfer, small lymphocytes occurred in the thymus dependent area of the spleen: the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS). They localized preferentially around a special type of mononuclear phagocyte, the Interdigitating Cell (IDC), which is considered to be characteristic for thymus-dependent areas in peripheral lymphoid organs. A close cell contact between both cell types was observed: small lymphocytes protruded into the cytoplasm of the IDC by means of fingerlike protrusions. This type of cell contact seems to induce blast transformation of the lymphoid cells which resulted in the formation of medium sized T-cells. In a control experiment, spleen cells from thymectomized, X-irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted mice were injected intravenously into lethally X-irradiated recipients. These B-lymphocytes, however, were not found to be localized around IDC. They preferentially formed primary follicles at the periphery of lymphocyte-depleted thymus dependent areas.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 219-235 
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    Keywords: Lysosomes ; Mouse fibroblasts ; Dye treatment ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Mouse fibroblasts were grown in a ‘deficient’ medium consisting solely of Hank's salt solution. Treatment of cells after 48 hours in deficient medium with the cationic dye, mepacrine, resulted in an altered formation of lysosomes. Cells grown in full medium form dense, multi-vesiculated lysosomes in response to mepacrine. Cells grown in deficient medium form large electron lucent vacuoles containing peripherally located dense globules. The significance of the observations in relation to the deficiency of the medium is discussed.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 505-527 
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    Keywords: Cartilage ; Ageing ; Chondrocyte and matrix ; Light microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural investigations have been carried out on ageing costal and tracheal cartilage of rats. The following age groups of animals have been studied: 1, 7, 14, 20, 30, 45, 75 days, 6 months, and 2 years. Ageing induces cellular changes which are represented by a reduction in the number of chondrocytes, a progressive increase in glycogen deposition, and processes of degeneration, the most frequent of which is the accumulation of lipidic material within large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Changes in the intercellular matrix become evident after 20 days in costal cartilage and after 30 days in tracheal cartilage. Chondroitin sulphate decreases while keratan sulphate, whose presence is limited to the territorial matrix, increases. Glycoproteins increase slightly in young animals and then remain constant; they decrease in the subperichondrial areas in old animals. Ultrastructurally, the matrix of cartilage of young animals contains thin collagen fibrils, most of which have no periodic banding. Roundish electron dense granules are associated with these fibrils. Irregular filaments associated with small electron-dense circular bodies are present around chondrocytes as well as within cytoplasmic vacuoles. With increasing age, and coincident with the reduction of chondroitin sulphate, the thickness of collagen fibrils increases, their period becomes evident, and the associated matrix granules decrease in number and size. Areas containing these fibrils undergo calcification, which frequently starts within roundish bodies of cellular origin. Collagen fibrils with a period of 640 Å but a highly variable thickness are often present in cartilage of adult and old rats. These fibrils seem to be due to an abnormal synthetic activity of chondrocytes.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 567-588 
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    Keywords: Macrophage ; Freund's adjuvants ; Stimulation ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principles of stereology have been applied to a stereometric analysis of the ultrastructural composition of normal rat peritoneal macrophages and of cells stimulated five days previously by a single intraperitoneal dose of Freund's adjuvants. Material obtained by a systematic random sampling regime was analysed and the data groups for various morphological parameters were compared. Estimates were made of cell numbers. From electron micrographs the volume proportions of nuclei, mitochondria, heterogeneous granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum were determined. The average numbers and dimensions of mitochondria, granules and free ribosomes were also evaluated. The volume-to-surface ratios of cells and their nuclei were computed. By the independent measurement of cellular volumes it was possible to obtain estimates of nuclear and cytoplasmic volumes, to evaluate the membrane surface areas of the average cells and their nuclei, and to calculate numbers of organelles per average cell. The structural alterations induced by the complete adjuvant were similar to those evoked by the incomplete adjuvant. Stimulation was characterized by a cellular hypertrophy accompanied by an increase in mean granule size and in the number of mitochondria per average cell. At the same time, there was a substantial decrease in the number of granules and a considerable depletion of both nuclear and plasma membrane surface areas.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 271-283 
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    Keywords: Intestinum ; Diseases of the colon ; Laboratory animals ; Ruthenium red ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ruthenium-Rot gefärbte Darmpräparate verschiedener Krankheitsbilder sowie verschiedener Laboratoriumstiere wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Ruthenium-Rot läßt sich im Bereich des Intestinaltraktes teils homogen, teils grob- und feingranulär nachweisen. Microvilli and Glycokalyx sind relativ konstant Ruthenium-Rot gefärbt. Der Intercellularraum der Lamina epithelialis mucosae zeigt eine auffallend variable Ruthenium-Rot Anfärbung. Diese ist offenbar nicht methodisch bedingt, sondern Ausdruck eines unterschiedlichen bzw. variablen Funktionszustandes. Es bleibt offen, ob Ruthenium-Rot im Sinne einer histochemischen Reaktion bestimmte, im interzellulären Raum gelegene Substanzen markiert, oder als Tracer für den Stofftransport angesehen werden muß. Becherzellen und nekrobiotische Zellen weisen in der Regel eine konstante Ruthenium-Rot Anfärbung auf. Im Stratum proprium mucosae ist der Reaktionsausfall für Ruthenium-Rot sehr inkonstant, möglicherweise auf Grund des langen Penetrationsweges. Ziemlich regelmäßig findet sich allerdings eine Ruthenium-Rot Markierung de Phagolysosomen von Makrophagen. Prinzipielle Unterschiede der explorierten Gewebe und Tierarten bezüglich der Affinität zu Ruthenium-Rot bestehen nicht.
    Notes: Summary Biopsy specimens of human intestines in various disease states and from laboratory animal intestines have been stained with ruthenium red and inspected by electron microscopy. Ruthenium red reaction product is found as a homogeneous deposit and also in the form of coarse and fine granules. Microvilli and the glycocalyx are stained relatively constant by ruthenium red. The intercellular space of the epithelium shows a strikingly variable ruthenium red staining. This variation is apparently not related to the method but indicates differences or variations in the functional state of the membranes. It remains an open question whether the ruthenium red reaction is a histochemical reaction, marking certain substances present in in the intercellular area or whether it should be considered as a tracer for the transport of materials. Goblet cells and necrobiotic cells usually show a constant ruthenium red staining. In the lamina propria the reaction product is very inconstant, possibly on account of the long penetration path from the lumen. The phagolysosomes of macrophages are marked by ruthenium red rather regularly. No fundamental, but only quantitative differences have been found between the various kinds of tissue studied.
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 595-597 
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    Keywords: Mesothelium (rat) ; Surface film ; Ruthenium red ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary A surface film with a thickness of 280–570 Å covers the mesothelium of serous membranes in the rat. This film can be stained with ruthenium red. Its considerable water-binding capacity produces the reflecting surface of the serous membranes. The friction of the organs is thereby greatly reduced. Only a small amount of serous fluid must be produced to keep the surface moist. The glucosamino glycans of the surface film are probably synthesized by the mesothelial cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 313-327 
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    Keywords: Follicle rupture ; Rabbit ; Ovary surface epithelium ; Induced ovulation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the intra-ovarian mechanism of follicle rupture, young, sexually mature rabbits were oophorectomized at accurately determined times after an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and the surface epithelium of Graafian follicles was studied by transmission electron microscopy. At 4 hr after injection of HCG the surface epithelial cells are considerably larger than earlier and many of them show large, round, dense, cytoplasmic bodies, particularly in the apical region of the preovulatory follicles. Up to 8 hr after injection of HCG there is a gradual accumulation of the large, dense bodies; from then on they markedly decrease in amount. Recently reported values of prostaglandins in rabbit Graafian follicles at various times after ovulatory stimulation and of steroid hormone levels in the Graafian follicle and the ovarian vein have been correlated with the ultrastructural changes. Both sex steroids and prostaglandins can labilize lysosomal membranes (and presumably other membranes as well) and may thus cause leakage of lytic enzymes. The large dense bodies of the apical surface epithelium of preovulatory follicles may represent an important source of (lysosomal) enzymes to effect weakening of the follicle wall and rupture of the follicle apex in a fairly constant area, the stigma.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 555-566 
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    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Spermatid ; Campodea (apterygota) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A un certain stade de leur évolution, les spermatides de Campodea C. remyi Denis sont réunies en petites touffes de 236 á 650 éléments. Leurs acrosomes sont implantés dans une substance homogéne (ciment) assez dense aux électrons. La spermatide comprend une région acrosomienne et une région postacrosomienne où sont alignés parallèlement: l'axonème, les deux dérivés mitochondriaux et le noyau. L'acrosome est assez long, il est renforcé par 7 à 10 microtubules. L'axonème est du type 9+9+2; les mitochondries sont de longueur presque égale. Le noyau plus court, montre une chromatine très dense aux électrons. Au niveau de la région postérieure du noyau, la membrane cytoplasmique se replie sur elle-même pour former une sorte de collerette ouverte vers l'arrière. En région distale de la spermatide, on observe au niveau d'un élargissement, une superposition de structures lamellaires.
    Notes: Summary The spermatids of Campodea C. remyi Denis are clumped in small bundles of 236 to 650 elements during spermiogenesis, their acrosomes being embedded within an homogeneous electron dense material. The spermatid comprises an acrosomal region and a postacrosomal region within which, the two mitochondrial derivatives and the nucleus are arranged in parallel. The acrosome is rather long, it is reinforced by seven to ten microtubules. The axoneme is of the 9+9+ pattern. The mitochondria are of almost equal length. The shorter nucleus shows a very electron dense chromatin. At mid-nuclear level the cytoplasmic membrane is folded up to form a sort of collar opening backwards. Distal to the nucleus, superimposed lamellar structures are found located in an expanded part of the spermatid.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 105-111 
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    Keywords: Sperm flagella ; Motility ; Axonemal variation ; Axonemal evolution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The flagella of the motile sperm cells of Nymphon leptocheles and N. rubrum (Pyonogonida, Arthropoda) exhibit a 12+0 and a 9+0 axoneme pattern, respectively. Central tubules, central sheath, spokes and arms are absent. The doublets are connected by a circular nexus. The functional significance of this axonemal composition is discussed. Aberrant axonemes occurring in high frequencies both within the species and within single specimens are probably explained by the loose axonemal connection, due to the absence of a central complex. This absence is further suggested to have facilitated the evolution from the 9+0 type to the 12+0 type.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 235-243 
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    Keywords: Adrenal zona glomerulosa ; Rat ; Normal ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary This paper reports on an electron microscopic study of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in the normal rat, with special emphasis on the structural diversity of mitochondria in its parenchymatous cells. The mitochondria of cristae may be tubulo-vesicular, plate-like and/or straight tubular, any one mitochondrion containing one or more types of cristae. The mitochondrial features of the zona glomerulosa parenchymatous cells are attributed to the biochemical stages of aldosterone synthesis, taking place in different mitochondria of these cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 283-286 
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    Keywords: Intracisternal inclusions ; Nerve cells ; Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (Cat) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Peculiar inclusions occur within cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of some perikarya of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in cats. These inclusions appear as rods or bullet-shaped structures and their interiors are generally less dense. The inclusions may represent virus particles or proteinaceous products of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in which protein-synthetizing activities are probably increased to enormous extents.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 587-590 
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    Keywords: Chlorphentermine ; Iprindole ; Nucl.supraopticus ; Nucl.paraventricularis ; Lipidosis, drug-induced ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Prolonged administration of the anorectic drug chlorphentermine or of the antidepressant agent iprindole to rats caused the formation of lamellated and crystalloid inclusions in neurosecretory cells of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus The observations are interpreted as supporting the concept of a generalized phospholipidosis inducible by compounds of amphiphilic character.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje fibres ; Avian heart ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subendocardial Purkinje fibres in the right atrium of the heart of the adult fowl were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The myofibrils often originate from the lateral cell membrane of the cells and show a spirally wound course. Their arrangement is obviously not random. In some Purkinje cells the absolute amount of myofibrils per cell is as large as in ordinary myocardial muscle cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is constituted by ramifying tubules. They are distributed throughout the entire Purkinje cell and contact the myofibrils, the mitochondria, and the cell membrane. At the cell membrane the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms terminal cisternae, which often possess an electron dense content. These terminal cisternae are apparently unrelated to the Z-discs of the myofibrils. The cytoplasmic organelles of the Purkinje cell are embedded in a network of ca. 100 Å thick filaments. It is assumed that these filaments are responsible for the maintenance of the arrangement of the cell organelles. Some Z-discs of the myofibrils of the Purkinje cells are up to 0.4 μm long. Axon terminals running between the Purkinje fibre and the fibrocytic envelope may lie only 150 Å from the fibrocytes. The fibrocytes are connected by tight junctions and desmosomes and contain fine filaments and microtubules. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Binucleation ; Amitotic nuclear division ; Palatal epithelium (Guinea pig) ; Keratinocytes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The palatal epithelium of adult male guinea pigs contains a considerable number of binucleate epithelial cells in all strata but the basal cell layer. Electron microscopical examination shows that the two equal-sized nuclei are dome-shaped with the flattened surfaces closely approximated, the distance between the nuclei being 30 nm or more. No points of contact have been found between the nuclear membranes. No differences in number, distribution or ultrastructure of cytoplasmic organelles were found between mono- and binucleate epithelial cells. Evidence of amitotic nuclear division being a plausible mechanism of binucleation is presented.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Autonomic innervation ; SIF cells ; Fluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fluorescence and electron microscopy have been used to study the distribution of noradrenergic nerves in the smooth muscle of the cat urinary bladder. Using the former technique, relatively few fluorescent noradrenergic nerves were observed in the body and fundus, while a rich plexus occurred adjacent to muscle cells of the bladder neck. The trigone could not be distinguished neuromorphologically from detrusor muscle in this region. Electron microscopy showed that the majority of noradrenergic terminals in the body and fundus were associated with presumptive cholinergic axons, while in the bladder neck noradrenergic terminals formed typical neuroeffector relationships with individual smooth muscle cells. Numerous ganglia occurred both in the adventitia and among the smooth muscle bundles, particularly in the bladder neck. The majority of the nerve cell bodies were non-fluorescent, although many contained bright orange autofluorescent granules, believed to be lysosomes. A small minority of ganglion cells were associated with fluorescent noradrenergic nerve terminals, thereby providing structural evidence for limited intraganglionic inhibition. In addition, occasional groups of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells were observed in some intramural ganglia and these were subsequently identified in the electron microscope. The possibility that these cells may provide a second inhibitory influence on bladder activity was considered.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sarcolemma ; Collagen texture ; Frog ; Electron microscopy ; Replica technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single stage carbon replicas were obtained from dried bundles of frog skeletal muscle fibres at different sarcomere lengths. In unfixed specimens finer details are masked by an amorphous substance; after fixation with glutaraldehyde a network of collagen fibrils covering the muscle fibres appears. At a sarcomere length of 1.8 μm the collagen fibrils are oriented diagonally and transversely; between a sarcomere length of 2.8 and 3.1 μm the collagen fibrils are increasingly oriented along the axis of the muscle fibre. This indicates a helical arrangement of the collagen fibrils in the sarcolemma, the pitch being grossly related to sarcomere length. Collagen fibrils and fibres in the endomysium are not oriented according to sarcomere length; hence at low degrees of stretch, force applied to the tendon is primarily transmitted by the muscle fibres and not by the endomysium. Replicas from skinned fibres showed that shrinkage is most pronounced in the I-bands and least in the Z-and M-lines.
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