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  • Organic Chemistry  (720)
  • Physics  (480)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (435)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (1,834)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1973  (1,834)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (1,834)
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 101
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    Preliminary results from the first satellite of a high-resolution germanium gamma-ray spectrometer: Backgrounds from electron bremsstrahlung and from electron-positron annihilation (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed data are presented on the bremsstrahlung backgrounds measured by a satellite-borne high resolution Ge(Li) gamma ray spectrometer. Two bremsstrahlung classes were discussed: (1) those arising from radiation belt electrons stopping in the vicinity of the spectrometer, and (2) bremsstrahlung produced by electrons precipitating into the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma-Ray Astrophys.; p 77-82
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  • 102
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    On limits to Jupiter's magnetospheric diffusion rates. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: X-ray fluxes at earth estimated from hypothetical fluxes and spectra of energetic particles trapped in Jupiter's magnetic field are found to be 1/170000 times the upper limit X-ray flux from Jupiter based on published results from a rocket experiment. Detection of the calculated X-ray flux from Jupiter does not necessarily provide information on an energetic trapped proton component because the X-ray flux due to the hypothetical trapped energetic proton fluxes alone is comparable in magnitude to that due alone to trapped energetic electron fluxes as Jupiter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 103
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    The solar wind cycle, the sunspot cycle, and the corona. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent theories of the solar cycle and of coronal heating strongly suggest that solar cycle variations of different quantities (i.e., sunspots, coronal green line, etc.) ought not to be expected to be in phase with one another. In agreement with this notion it is noted that the shape of the corona typical of a 'maximum' eclipse occurs 1.5 yr before sunspot maximum, compared with 2 yr as might be expected from Leighton's 'standard' model. Further, it is argued that the phase of the solar wind cycle can be determined from geomagnetic observations. Using this phase, a solar cycle variation of 100 km/sec in the solar wind velocity and 1 gamma in the magnetic field intensity becomes apparent. In general, the solar wind cycle lags behind the coronal-eclipse-form cycle by 3 yr, compared with the 2 yr that might be expected from model calculations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 104
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    Composition of galactic cosmic rays with energy ranging between 10 and 30 MeV/nucleon. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 243; May 7
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  • 105
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    On the generation of high-energy particles in solar flares. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper discusses the relationship between some characteristics of microwave type IV radio bursts and solar cosmic ray protons of MeV energy. It is shown that the peak flux intensity of those bursts is almost linearly correlated with the MeV proton peak flux observed by satellites near the earth and that protons and electrons would be accelerated simultaneously by a similar mechanism during the explosive phase of solar flares. Brief discussion is given on the propagation of solar cosmic rays in the solar envelope after ejection from the flare regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; May 1973
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  • 106
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    Observations of the binary X-ray source SMC X-1 from OSO-7. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The X-ray source was observed with an X-ray telescope during the time from April 15, 1972 to May 25, 1972. These observations complement the Uhuru results reported by Schreier et al. (1972) and permit an extension of the spectrum to at least 35 keV. Combined with other observations, the data could help determine long term periodic variations, if any exist. The relative exposure and the corrected counting rate of the X-ray telescope during the precession of the satellite axis are shown in a graph.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 242; Apr. 23
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  • 107
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    Solar wind temperature and speed. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: When it is averaged on a time scale of several solar rotations, the solar wind proton temperature T increases monotonically with the bulk speed V (Hundhausen et al., 1970; Burlaga and Ogilvie, 1970). This macroscale T-V relation does not change appreciably with solar cycle. The temperatures corresponding to intervals of increasing speed are only 15% higher than those corresponding to decreasing speeds, and thus it is indicated that the macroscale T-V relation is not appreciably affected by stream interactions. On a time scale of a tenth of a solar rotation there are time dependent T(t)-V(t) relations that are closely related to the stream profiles, as was noted by Hundhausen (1973). These T(t)-V(t) relations can meaningfully be resolved into two components - the macroscale T-V relation and systematic time dependent deviations from the macroscale relation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; May 1
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  • 108
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    Solar energetic particles and wide-band continuum storms from metric to hectometric frequencies. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Jan. 197
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  • 109
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    Distortion of the Microwave Blackbody Background Radiation Implied by the Baryon-symmetric Cosmology of Omnes and the Galaxy Formation Theory of Stecker and Puget (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Theories on the evolution of the universe are evaluated. Particular attention was given to Omnes and Stecker and Puget theories. Data cover distortion of the microwave black body background energy distribution at red shifts between 10,000 and 1.000, and black body distortion due to antimatter and annihilation reactions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 6 p
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  • 110
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    Gamma-ray Background Spectrum and Annihilation Rate in the Baryon-symmetric Big-bang Cosmology (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: An attempt was made to acquire experimental information on the problem of baryon symmetry on a large cosmological scale by observing the annihilation products. Data cover absorption cross sections and background radiation due to other sources for the two main products of annihilation, gamma rays and neutrinos. Test results show that the best direct experimental test for the presence of large scale antimatter lies in the gamma ray background spectrum between 1 and 70 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 19 p
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  • 111
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    Ultrahigh Energy Gamma-rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: An analysis is made of the interactions of very high energy cosmic ray protons with the relict radiation in extragalactic space. Two situations are examined: gamma rays derived from neutral pions -mesons produced in collisions in a nonevolutionary situation and gamma rays from electron pairs produced at early epochs. It is shown that the ultrahigh energy gamma rays could conceivably be of high enough intensity to be detected. The flux of gamma rays from the second process is not far from the diffuse background that was reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 19 p
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  • 112
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    Gamma-ray Astronomy and Cosmic-ray Origin Theory (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The assumption that cosmic rays originate from metagalactic sources is investigated. Gamma ray astronomy and its application to studying nuclear components of cosmic rays far from the earth, estimating energy density of cosmic rays, and determining magnetic field strength is also examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 12 p
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  • 113
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    Mechanisms for Production of the Diffuse Gamma-ray Continuum Radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The production of cosmic gamma radiation from Compton interactions with low energy photons, bremsstrahlung interactions, cosmic ray induced neutral pion production, and matter-antimatter annihilation is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 59 p
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  • 114
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    Observations of High-energy Gamma Rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The application of the Cerenkov light technique to detect the intensity and direction of incident gamma ray photons above 10 to the 11th power eV is studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 20 p
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  • 115
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    Preliminary Results on SAS-2 Observations of Greater than 30 Mev Gamma Radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: A description is given of the SAS-2 detector and some of the preliminary results obtained from high energy gamma radiation are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 26 p
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  • 116
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    Gamma-ray Astronomy Results Obtained in Europe Since the Iau-symposium No. 55 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Results of European measurements of diffuse flux and the Crab pulsar NP 0532 are updated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 7 p
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  • 117
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    Recent Observations of Cosmic Gamma Rays from 10 Mev to 1 Gev (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Recent observations of cosmic gamma-rays made subsequent to the discovery of energetic photons from the galactic plane are analyzed. Three main areas under current investigation are treated. They are: (1) gamma ray emission from the plane of the galaxy, with emphasis on observations made in the vicinity of the galactic center, (2) gamma ray emission from the Crab nebula and its pulsar, and (3) diffuse gamma radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 44 p
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  • 118
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    The Measurement and Interpretation of the Cosmic Gamma-ray Spectrum Between 0.3 and 27 Mev as Obtained During the Apollo Mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: An analysis was made of data collected by Apollo 15 on the total cosmic gamma ray background over the 0.3 to 27 MeV range. Sources of interference with respect to the determination of diffused gamma ray spectrum were considered. Attempts were made to correct the measured spectrum for these background effects.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 31 p
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  • 119
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    Cosmic ray sources - Evidence for two acceleration mechanisms. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The difference between the energy spectra of iron and other cosmic rays is interpreted in terms of two source mechanisms. One mechanism, possibly acceleration at neutron star surfaces, produces the iron, and another is responsible for the rest of the primary nuclei. Within this model, observations of high-energy cosmic rays could determine whether secondary nuclei are produced in the sources or in the interstellar medium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science; 180; May 18
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  • 120
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    A rigorous cosmic-ray transport equation with no restrictions on particle energy. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new transport equation for the cosmic-ray omnidirectional intensity is obtained. This equation follows exactly from the coupled pair of differential moment equations we presented earlier. It can be characterized as a nonlocal convection-diffusion equation in which the usual transport coefficients are replaced by time integral operators. The nonlocal equation is shown to reduce to the standard convection-diffusion form if the adiabatic approximation can be applied. In general, the adiabatic approximation does not apply; however, by going to the limits of infinite and zero gyroradius and, in addition, applying the adiabatic approximation, the large- and small-gyroradius transport theories due originally to Jokipii are regained. The validity of these theories as asymptotic limits and as approximate theories in the interplanetary magnetic field is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 180; Mar. 15
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  • 121
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    Simple model for scanning-angle distribution of planetary albedo gamma-rays. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The planetary atmosphere is scanned from a satellite located at a point at an altitude of 500 km from the subsatellite point on the surface (the altitude of the satellite OSO-3). Results point out the possibility that by scanning a planet from the subsatellite point to the limb with a high resolution gamma ray detector on an orbiting satellite, the mean total baryonic scale height may be unfolded from the angular distribution of the gamma-ray flux without having to determine chemical composition and temperature.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 242; Mar. 26
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  • 122
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    Tracks from extinct radioactivity, ancient cosmic rays, and calibration ions. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 242; Mar. 9
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  • 123
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    Directivity of high-energy X-ray emission during flares. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The solar X-ray flare model of Jager and Kundu (1963), supported by the direct evidence recently provided by Tindo et al. (1972) for the presence of radial electron beams indicated in Jager-Kundu's model, is discussed with respect to its apparent conflict with Ohki's (1969) and Pinter's (1969) indications of a directivity effect likely to occur for X-ray flares at very high photon energies. An attempt is made to explain this apparent conflict.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Observatory; 93; Feb. 197
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  • 124
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    On the kinetic temperature of He/++/ in the solar wind. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations of solar-wind He(++) can be useful for studying dynamical processes in the interplanetary medium. Several processes which may influence the kinetic temperature are considered, and an attempt is made to inquire whether they can account for the observed fact that the kinetic temperature exceeds the proton temperature. Resonant heating is discussed qualitatively, and equations of resonant heating are developed. The proton and He(++) heating rates are determined for the least damped magnetoacoustic wave under various conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Electrodynamics; 3; Jan. 197
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  • 125
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    Satellite measurements of the charge composition of solar cosmic rays in the Z = 6 to 26 interval. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 180; Mar. 1
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  • 126
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    Soft X-ray pulsations from PSR 0833-45. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 241; Jan. 12
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  • 127
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    Summary of the Stellar Chromospheres Conference (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Studies on solar-type stellar chromospheres include diagnostic techniques, observations on different kinds of apparently existing chromospheres, enhancement dynamics of chromospheric activity, and interpretation of stellar spectroscopy with theoretical explanations for chromospheric lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Stellar Chromospheres; p 305-318
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  • 128
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    Chromospheric activity and stellar evolution (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A study of stellar chromospheres based on the internal structure of particular stars is presented. Used are complex flow diagrams of the linkage paths between mass loss, angular momentum loss, magnetic field from the turbulent dynamo and its relations to differential rotations and the convection zone, and stellar evolution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Stellar Chromospheres; p 265-304
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  • 129
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    Theoretical understanding of chromospheric inhomogeneities (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Detailed theoretical studies of chromospheric inhomogeneities consider dynamics as well as radiative transfer of mass flow as a consequence of energy deposition. It is shown that pressure is exerted by the heating waves, especially in inhomogeneous structures, where they can be defracted. A dynamical model is formulated that depicts the inhomogeneous structure of the chromosphere-corona transition region through mass flow regimes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Stellar Chromospheres; p 207-262
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  • 130
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    Mechanical heating in stellar chromospheres using the sun as a test case (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The shock dissipation hypothesis for solar atmospheric heating is extended to stellar chromospheres of late type stars which have significant convective envelopes. Principle wave modes are studied for their generation, propagation, and heating properties in the presence of a magnetic field, and various approximations on when a sound wave becomes strong enough to produce heating in the atmosphere are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Stellar Chromospheres; p 181-205
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  • 131
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    Evidence for stellar chromospheres presented by ground based spectra of the sun and stars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Direct observational evidence of stellar chromospheres is provided by H and K lines and their relationships to mass flux, mechanical dissipation and magnetic fields. Interpretation of half widths of these lines and of the H alpha lines provides indirect indications of potential chromospheric heating in the presence of velocity fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Stellar Chromospheres; p 79-97
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  • 132
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    Stellar chromospheric models (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Described are two basic types of theoretical models - radiative equilibrium and empirical - that are used to represent stellar chromospheres. The construction of radiative-equilibrium model atmospheres that show an outward temperature increase in the surface layers is reported. Also discussed is chromospheric cooling due to spectral lines. Solar empirical models describe the empirical determination of solar-type chromospheric models that, in order to match observations, imply a temperature rise substantially greater than that predicted by radiative equilibrium. Such a temperature rise must be largely due to mechanical heating. An attempt is made to apply a scaled solar chromospheric model to a star with a different surface gravity. The results suggest that the chromospheric optical thickness is sensitive to gravity and that the width of chromospheric line emission increases with stellar luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Stellar Chromospheres; p 27-76
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  • 133
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    Upper limits on the soft X-ray spectra of 3 C 273 and NGC 4151 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 28; 3; Nov. 197
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  • 134
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    The anomalous abundance of cosmic ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent measurements using a cosmic ray telescope on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft have revealed an anomalous spectrum of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei relative to other nuclei such as He and C, in the energy range 3-30 MeV/nuc. The intensity of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei is enhanced by a factor of up to 20 relative to their abundance in galactic or solar cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70566 , X-660-73-392
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  • 135
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    Thermally driven mass flows in the convection zone of the sun (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A formulation of the fluid dynamics of convective regions is developed which leads to an analytical description of the solar rotation, the Evershed flow, and the supergranulation. The starting point of the present formulation is the mixing length picture of convective equilibrium, but the earlier point mass model for convective molecules is replaced here by a model with both inertia and intrinsic moment of inertia. This extension introduces three rotational degrees of freedom into the dynamics of individual convective molecules, which enter into the dynamical equations for a mixing length fluid in the form of a separate vector field which we term the spin field. It is shown that for convective molecules having a spherically symmetric mass distribution, the spin field is proportional to the local vorticity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-136505 , SU-IPR-518
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  • 136
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    An interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low energy cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is proposed that the enhancements of cosmic ray oxygen and nitrogen observed at approximately 10 MeV/nucleon could result from neutral interstellar particles which are swept into the solar cavity. This is caused by motion of the sun through the interstellar medium, and the particles are subsequently ionized and accelerated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70564 , X-660-73-383
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  • 137
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    Eleven-years inversion of the green corona emission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cross correlation analysis of coronal green line intensity (5303A) and interplanetary magnetic field polarity for the period 1947-1970 shows that the coronal features are organized in a constant pattern with respect to the 4-sector structure through the solar cycle. A sudden inversion of the coronal pattern with respect to the sector structure takes place at the solar minima. The high emission regions of the green corona are located near the solar magnetic sector boundaries having polarities (-,+), (+,-), (-,+) during cycles 18, 19, 20 respectively in the Northern Hemisphere, and (+,-), (-,+), (+,-) in the Southern Hemisphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-136312 , SU-IPR-549
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  • 138
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    Low frequency gyro-synchrotron radio noise from the earth's outer radiation belt (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problem of detecting cyclotron and synchrotron noise from superthermal electrons is analyzed for the frequency range 30 kHz 300 kHz. Due to the earth's ionosphere, ground based observation of this noise is improbable. Therefore, the calculations are made for an observer in the interplanetary medium. In particular, the location is chosen in the geomagnetic equatorial plane at a geocentric distance of 32 earth radii. This position of the observer allows the theoretical results to be compared directly with data obtained from the radio astronomy experiment aboard the IMP-6 spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SU-SEL-73-014
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  • 139
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    On the nature of the unidentified high latitude UHURU sources (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is found that the unidentified high latitude UHURU sources can have either of two very different explanations. They must either reside at great distances with luminosity equivalent to or greater than 10 to the 46th power ergs/sec, or be contained in the galaxy with luminosity equivalent to or less than 10 to the 34th power ergs/sec. The two possibilities are indistinguishable with the available data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70541 , X-661-73-361
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  • 140
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    Variations in thermospheric composition: A model based on mass-spectrometer and satellite-drag data (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The seasonal-latitudinal and the diurnal variations of composition observed by mass spectrometers on the OGO 6 satellite are represented by two simple empirical formulae, each of which uses only one numerical parameter. The formulae are of a very general nature and predict the behavior of these variations at all heights and for all levels of solar activity; they yield a satisfactory representation of the corresponding variations in total density as derived from satellite drag. It is suggested that a seasonal variation of hydrogen might explain the abnormally low hydrogen densities at high northern latitudes in July 1964.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-136192 , SAO-311-005 , SAO-SPECIAL-REPT-354 , NSSDC-ID-69-051A-04-OM
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  • 141
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    Differential energy spectra of low energy (less than 8.5 MeV per nucleon) heavy cosmic rays during solar quiet times (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Explorer 47 satellite observations of carbon, oxygen, and heavier nuclei differential energy spectra below 8.5 MeV/nucleon are presented for solar quiet time periods. A dE/dx vs E method for particle identification and energy determination was used. The instrumentation telescope included an isobutane proportional counter, a surface barrier Si detector, and a cylindrical plastic scintillator anticoincidence shield. The observations were performed outside the bow-shock and in the ecliptic plane. Results show an anisotropy of about 25% at 22 degrees west of the sun with a C/O ratio of 0.5 supporting a solar origin. The low energy portions of the C and O spectra have steep negative slopes, and the corresponding power law is given. Peculiarities in the O spectrum are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-136081 , MPI-PAE/EXTRATERR-84
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  • 142
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    Radiation hazards to synchronous satellites: The IUE (SAS-D) mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ambient trapped particle fluxes incident on the IUE (SAS-D) satellite were studied. Several synchronous elliptical and circular flight paths were evaluated and the effect of inclination, eccentricity, and parking longitude on vehicle encountered intensities was investigated. Temporal variations in the electron environment were considered and partially accounted for. Magnetic field calculations were performed with a current field model extrapolated to a later epoch with linear time terms. Orbital flux integrations were performed with the latest proton and electron environment models using new improved computational methods. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form; they are analyzed, explained, and discussed. Estimates of energetic solar proton fluxes are given for a one year mission at selected integral energies ranging from 10 to 100 MeV, calculated for a year of maximum solar activity during the next solar cycle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70501 , X-601-73-330
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  • 143
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    Variations of three-dimensional anisotropy of cosmic rays during Forbush decreases. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Variations of three-dimensional anisotropy of cosmic rays during Forbush decreases are examined by a spherical harmonic method and by constructing successive isointensity contour maps in the solar ecliptic coordinate system. The east-west and north-south anisotropies are studied statistically and for several individual events; the data are based on cosmic ray records from about 24 stations for the 3-year period from 1966 to 1968. For the individual events, the high anisotropies of about 4% are examined in terms of the convective, diffusive and density gradient components of the differential streaming as well as the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind. In each case, vector gradients are derived that lead to the observed anisotropies, and the magnitude of these gradients is typically 10-20 times that of the quiet time interplanetary gradient.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Oct. 1
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  • 144
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    Observation of cosmic-ray particles with Z of 50 or greater and interpretation of the charge spectrum. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Large areas of plastic detectors and nuclear emulsions were exposed to the primary cosmic radiation on two high-altitude balloon flights in May 1968 and September 1969. From measurements on the tracks found in the scanning of the plastic detectors, events with charges Z greater than 50 were selected, and these data were consolidated with those from our earlier flights. Several conclusions can be drawn from the observed charge spectrum. The detection of trans-bismuth nuclei confirms earlier observations of these particles in the cosmic rays. However, no trans-uranium particles were observed. Detailed features of the charge spectrum cannot be explained by nuclei from r-process nucleosynthesis alone. Although the addition of particles following s-process abundances yields improved agreement, the spectrum appears more complicated than would result from a simple combination of r- and s-process abundances with identical propagation histories.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 8
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  • 145
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    Observation of cosmic-ray particles with Z greater than 35. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of two flights conducted in Texas in September 1968 are reported, giving attention to experimental details, the charge spectrum, and the primary flux of very very heavy cosmic rays. Considerable interest is attached to the observation of uranium, thorium, and transuranic nuclei in the cosmic radiation. It is found that the relative abundances of the charge groups in the ranges from 35 to 40 and from 41 to 50 deviate significantly from solar system abundances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 8
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  • 146
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    Proton collisional excitation in the ground configuration of Fe/+12/. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using semiclassical Coulomb excitation theory, proton collisional excitation and deexcitation cross sections are calculated for all transitions between the Fe(+12) ground configuration levels. Rate constants pertaining to these processes are then derived for coronal temperatures. These rates are shown to be comparable in all cases to the corresponding electron rate constants.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 30; June 197
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  • 147
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    The parallel diffusion of cosmic rays in a random magnetic field. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Within the quasi-linear approximation, the existence of the parallel diffusion coefficient for cosmic rays in a random magnetic field (homogeneous, isotropic), despite the slow decay of the interaction between particles and random field, is demonstrated. As an example, the results of a numerical calculation of the parallel diffusion coefficient for a Gaussian random-field correlation function are presented. The numerical results are corroborated by asymptotic analysis and are compared to those of other theories.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Sept. 15
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  • 148
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    Electron concentrations calculated from the lower hybrid resonance noise band observed by Ogo 3. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A noise band at the lower hybrid resonance (LHR) is often detected by the VLF and ELF receivers on Ogo 3, using the electric antenna. In some cases the noise band is at the geometric mean gyrofrequency as measured by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) magnetometer, and local LHR in a dense H(+) plasma is indicated; in such cases, electron concentration can be calculated, if it is assumed that heavy ions are negligible. Observations at midlatitudes and altitudes of a few earth radii show local concentrations as low as 1.4 electrons/cu cm. In one case the concentrations obtained from the LHR noise band agree with those measured simultaneously by the GSFC ion mass spectrometer within a factor of 2. In another case the concentration is observed to fall by a factor of 2 in 150 km and then to decrease roughly as R to the minus fourth power, in agreement with whistler measurements outside the plasmapause.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-66-049A-17-PM , Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 149
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    Incompatibility of solar EUV fluxes and incoherent scatter measurements at Arecibo. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photoionization rates have been calculated from recent solar EUV flux measurements and are compared with the electron-ion recombination rates estimated from electron density profiles and current reaction rates. These photoionization rates also provided the first step in calculating the photoelectron heating rates of the ambient electrons, which are compared with the cooling rates deduced from ion and electron temperature measurements at Arecibo. The effects of changes in the assumed neutral models, the rate coefficients, and the temperature measurements are discussed. Comparisons of the profiles of energy input and loss with similar profiles of ion production and recombination suggest that the solar EUV fluxes have been underestimated. These comparisons also imply lower molecular neutral densities in winter than in summer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 150
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    Low-energy cosmic ray protons from nuclear interactions of cosmic rays with the interstellar medium. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The intensity of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) protons from nuclear interactions of higher-energy (above 100 MeV) cosmic rays with the interstellar medium is calculated. The resultant intensity in the 10- to 100-MeV range is larger by a factor of 3-5 than the observed proton intensity near earth. The calculated intensity from nuclear interactions constitutes a lower limit on the actual proton intensity in interstellar space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 151
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    Effects of electrostatic instabilities on planetary and interstellar ions in the solar wind. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that newly born ions in the solar wind result in unstable electrostatic waves propagating parallel and perpendicular to the interplanetary magnetic field. A description of the longitudinal instability is followed by a discussion of its implications for assimilating newly born ions of interstellar and planetary origin into comotion with the solar wind bulk velocity. The transverse electrostatic instability is then considered and it is shown that its growth rate is of the same order as that for transverse electromagnetic instabilities found by Wu and Davidson (1972).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 152
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    A new test for solar modulation theory - The 1972 May-July low-energy galactic cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 182; June 1
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  • 153
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    Directional diffusion coefficients of solar protons inside and outside the bow shock. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The directional diffusion coefficients of low-energy (greater than or equal to 0.3 MeV) solar protons inside and outside the bow shock are examined during the solar flare event of Jan. 24, 1969. The data are derived from simultaneous observations obtained by Explorer 33 inside the magnetosheath and by Explorer 35 in the interplanetary medium. Although the gross properties of the spin-averaged intensities on a diffusion-type plot appear to be the same in both media, the directional intensities show significant variations. It is shown that directional intensities of low-energy protons can be described reasonably well by anisotropic diffusion with an associated diffusion coefficient. Directional diffusion coefficients are found to differ by a factor of as much as three among different directions in space, and from the spin-averaged diffusion coefficient. This suggests that anisotropic diffusion does indeed take place and that so called 'isotropic' diffusion coefficients derived in the past from spin-averaged intensities may actually be directional diffusion coefficients in cases where substantial anisotropies (greater than 50%) exist.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; June 197
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  • 154
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    Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968. VII - Ogo 5 energetic proton observations - Spatial boundaries. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-06-PM , NSSDC-ID-68-014A-14-OS , Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 1
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  • 155
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    Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968. VI - Ogo 5 energetic electron observations - Pitch angle distributions in the nighttime magnetosphere. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-06-PM , NSSDC-ID-68-014A-13-OS , NSSDC-ID-68-014A-14-OS , Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 1
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  • 156
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    Traveling regions of high solar wind density observed in early August 1972. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 1
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  • 157
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    Magnetospheric electrons. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Aspects of convection dominated electrons in the auroral zone are considered, giving attention to the plasma sheet as the source of auroral electrons, the convection electron spatial distribution, the observed electron spatial distribution, and the coupling of convection and precipitation. Questions regarding geomagnetically trapped electrons are also investigated, taking into account the source of Van Allen electrons, the inward radial diffuse transport, the spatial structure of Van Allen electrons, electron slot formation, and the rapid loss of outer zone MeV electrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 158
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    Time dependent worldwide distribution of atmospheric neutrons and of their products. I, II, III. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Review of the experimental results obtained in a series of measurements of the fast neutron cosmic ray spectrum by means of high-altitude balloons and aircraft. These results serve as a basis for checking a Monte Carlo calculation of the entire neutron distribution and its products. A calculation of neutron production and transport in the earth's atmosphere is then discussed for the purpose of providing a detailed description of the morphology of secondary neutron components. Finally, an analysis of neutron observations during solar particle events is presented. The Monte Carlo output is used to estimate the contribution of flare particles to fluctuations in the steady state neutron distributions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 1
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  • 159
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    On the distances to transient X-ray sources. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Estimation of the distance of three transient X-ray sources characterized by a rapid increase to a flux comparable with the strongest galactic X-ray sources, followed by a slower decay over a time scale of three to four months. A simple argument based only on X-ray data is presented, which yields a typical distance estimate on the order of a few kiloparsecs. In particular, it is demonstrated that it is most unlikely that the transient X-ray sources can be extragalactic in nature and produced by supernova events in nearby galaxies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 181; May 1
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  • 160
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    Measurement of geomagnetic cutoff rigidities and particle fluxes below geomagnetic cutoff near Palestine, Texas. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We report a high-statistics magnetic spectrometer measurement of the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity and related effects at Palestine, Texas. The effective cutoffs we observe are in agreement with computer-calculated cutoffs. We also report measured spectra of albedo and atmospheric secondary particles that come below geomagnetic cutoff.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Apr. 1
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  • 161
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    Diffuse Cosmic X-rays Below 1 Kev (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of low energy diffuse X-rays are discussed. Particular attention was given to the energy region below 280 eV, the carbon K edge. Spatial structure, nature of local emission, and X-ray extragalactic origin are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 20 p
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  • 162
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    Analyses of the gamma-ray pulse-height spectra from the lunar surface (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The method of inferring photon spectra from an analysis of the measured pulse-height spectrum is considered along with the spectrum shape and its variation energy. The case is examined where photoelastic absorption predominates, and Compton scattering and pair production are negligible. The analytic method for obtaining the elemental composition from the observed lunar surface spectrum is described, and theoretical and calculated weight fraction fluxes for average lunar composition are tabulated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70421 , X-641-73-167
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  • 163
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    Observations of Gamma-ray Emission in Solar Flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The observations of gamma ray emission made from the OSO-7 satellite in connection with two solar flares in early August 1972 are reported. The details of the measurements and a preliminary interpretation of some of the observed features are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Intern. Symp. and Workshop on Gamma-Ray Astrophysics; 15 p
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  • 164
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    A search for periodic structure in solar 2 cm microwave radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A power spectral analysis of 285 hr of 2 cm microwave intensity data showed no statistically significant ( 96% confidence) periodicities in the frequency range 1 to 15 mHz. No correlation was found between 2 cm periodicities and solar activity in H alpha, X-ray, and several microwave frequencies. A small shift of power toward higher frequencies in the power spectrum of the 2 cm data was found to be correlated with solar H alpha and X-ray activity. Using the statistical properties of power spectra, an expression for the ratio of the minimum detectable peak-to-peak to ambient temperature at chromospheric heights may be derived. Applied to a model for oscillation bursts in quiescent supergranules, and using the most significant results of experiments to detect the microwave periodicities, this expression yields an upper limit of approximately .0015.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-133228 , U-OF-IOWA-73-20
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  • 165
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    On the outer limit for the expansion of magnetic bottles ejected by solar proton flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pioneer 6 observations of proton flare ejected magnetic bottles are reported. The SSC geomagnetic storms, electron density distribution near the sun, and Faraday rotation induced by the flares are included. Magnetic bottle speed is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66243 , X-693-73-119
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  • 166
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    Gamma-ray bursts during neutron star formation. Gamma-ray bursts and transient X-ray sources (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Discussions are presented of the associations between cosmic gamma ray bursts and transient X-ray sources, and the release of gravitational binding energy during the formation of neutron stars. The model for studying the associations is described along with the release of neutrinos during the collapse of white dwarfs.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70510 , X-660-73-326
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  • 167
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    Speed and thickness of the magnetopause. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We have used the finite gyroradius of protons with energies greater than 140 keV to determine the location of the magnetopause when the satellite is within the adjacent steep proton flux gradient. This steep gradient region is usually two to four 140-keV proton gyroradii, or about 1000 to 4000 km thick. The measurements described here were made within 45 deg of the earth-sun line on moderately disturbed days, when proton fluxes were unusually high. On these days, the magnetopause usually moves at a speed of less than 20 km/sec. The magnetopause velocity sometimes changes abruptly, while remaining below 20 km/sec. Very rapid (about 50 km/sec) radial motion appears to be associated with the propagation of single, isolated waves along the magnetopause. The thickness of the electric current sheet that produces the magnetic field rotation in the magnetopause is usually on the order of 10 times the gyroradius of a 1-keV proton, or about 1000 km.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Oct. 1
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  • 168
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    Electron observations in the solar wind and magnetosheath. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electron temperature measurements taken by a triaxial electron analyzer on Ogo 5 in the solar wind and in the magnetosheath are interpreted. In the interplanetary medium, observations made on the bow shock connected lines of magnetic force have been separated from those made on non-bow-shock connected lines. The dependence of electron thermal properties on the local field geometry is discussed together with features of electron temperature and density discontinuities across the bow shock. The velocity distribution function is characterized together with temperature and density variations in a part of the dawn magnetosheath.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-11-PM , NSSDC-ID-68-014A-15-OS , Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Oct. 1
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  • 169
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    On the nature of the ionizing agents of the interstellar medium. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ionization structure of the interstellar trace elements predicted by the steady-state cosmic-ray, X-ray, and ultraviolet star ionization models, even when allowance is made for the stellar H II region, is in disagreement with satellite observations of at least two stars. The conclusion is reached that, in some regions of the Galaxy, the flux of cosmic rays or X-rays is much smaller than was thought previously.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Oct. 1
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  • 170
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    Flare triggering by coherent oscillations. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The coherent oscillations observed by Tanaka (1972) are shown to carry very high mechanical-energy fluxes of the order of 9.5 to 45 gigaergs/sq cm per sec. This energy can provide all of the energy expended in a large flare, or at least can be used to trigger a flare. The oscillations are assumed to be free modes of the sun, as described by Wolff (1972), and they are expected to be preferentially excited in the plages where large magnetic fields provide conditions favorable to rapid growth times. The energy driving the coherent oscillations may be derived from the flux deficit of sunspots in the plage.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Oct. 1
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  • 171
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    New transient source, Cepheus X-4, observed by OSO-7. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new, apparently transient, X-ray source, Cep X-4, was observed from June 20 to July 7, 1972, by the UCSD X-ray telescope on OSO-7. Subsequent observations by the lower-energy MIT X-ray telescope on the same satellite confirmed the source and provided an improved position of alpha = 21 hr 37 min, delta = 56.78 deg (1950 coordinates) with an error circle radius of about 0.4 deg. Best fits to the UCSD data in the 7- to 37-keV range were obtained on June 20 to 28 and June 29 to July 6, 1972, respectively.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Sept. 15
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  • 172
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    Thermal-bremsstrahlung interpretation of cluster X-ray sources. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of the X-ray data for the extended sources in Coma, Perseus, and Virgo in terms of an isothermal gas-sphere model emitting thermal-bremsstrahlung radiation. It is found that the gas distribution is somewhat less centrally condensed than the galaxies, and that the gas mass is generally a small fraction of the binding mass of each cluster. In the case of the Coma cluster, approximately one-eighth of the binding mass (with an uncertainty of about 50%) may be in the form of hot gas at 100,000,000 K if H sub zero = 50 km/sec/Mpc.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Sept. 15
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  • 173
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    Interaction of the solar wind with the outer planets. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The hypersonic analog for the interaction of the solar wind with Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto is used to provide estimates of shock shapes and locations, as well as average magnetosheath and/or ionosheath properties for these planets. Several representative spacecraft flyby trajectories (designed for outer-planet 'Grand Tour' simulations) are superimposed upon a series of figures in order to provide estimates of potential plasma and field parameters which may be encountered. Consideration is given first to the possibility that several of these planets have intrinsic magnetic fields and, secondly, to the interaction of the solar wind directly on the ionosphere should there actually be no intrinsic field. Saturn and Pluto are chosen as examples of this latter case.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 22; June 197
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  • 174
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    On the relation between the pattern and wind velocities in interplanetary scintillations. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 182; May 15
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  • 175
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    Expected gamma ray emission spectra from the lunar surface as a function of chemical composition. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The gamma rays emitted from the moon or any similar body carry information on the chemical composition of the surface layer. The elements most easily measured are K, U, Th, and major elements such as O, Si, Mg, and Fe. The expected fluxes of gamma ray lines are calculated for four lunar compositions and one chondritic chemistry from a consideration of the important emission mechanisms: natural radioactivity, inelastic scatter, neutron capture, and induced radioactivity. The models used for cosmic ray interactions are those of Reedy and Arnold (1972) and Lingenfelter et al. (1972). The areal resolution of the experiment is calculated to be around 70-140 km under the conditions of the Apollo 15 and 16 experiments. Finally, a method is described for recovering the chemical information from the observed scintillation spectra obtained in these experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 10
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  • 176
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    Upper limit to the 1-20 MeV solar neutron flux. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The upper limit on the quiet time solar neutron flux from 1 to 20 MeV has been measured to be less than .002 neutrons at the 95% confidence level. This result is deduced from the OGO-6 neutron detector measurements of the 'day-night' effect near the equator at low altitudes for the period from June 7 to Dec. 23, 1969. The OGO-6 detector had very low (less than 4%) counting rate contributions from locally produced neutrons in the detecting system and the spacecraft and from charged-particle interactions in the neutron sensor.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-69-051A-18-PM , Solar Physics; 30; May 1973
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  • 177
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    Decay time of type III solar bursts observed at kilometric wavelengths. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Type III bursts were observed between 3.5 MHz and 50 kHz by the University of Michigan radio astronomy experiment aboard the OGO-5 satellite. Decay times were measured and then combined with published data ranging up to about 200 MHz. The observed decay times increase with decreasing frequency, but at a rate considerably slower than that expected from electron-proton Coulomb collisions. At 50 kHz, values differ by about a factor of 100. Using Hartle and Sturrock's solar wind model, Coulomb collisional frequencies were computed and compared with the apparent collisional frequencies deduced from the observations. It was found that the ratio of observed to computed values varies with heliocentric distance according to an inverse 0.71 power.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-20-PM , Solar Physics; 30; May 1973
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  • 178
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    Correlation and spectral analysis of daily solar radio flux. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Correlation and spectral analysis of solar radio flux density and sunspot number near the maximum of the sunspot cycle has indicated the existence of several effects. These include (1) long period amplitude modulation of the slowly varying component (SVC) of radio emission, (2) coronal storage over a period of the order of three solar rotations, (3) fast decay (one solar rotation period or less) of gyromagnetic emissions from radio sources, and (4) shift in location of chromospheric sources compared to those of either the upper corona or the photosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-783995 , Solar Physics; 30; May 1973
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  • 179
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    High-energy proton radiation belt. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experiments and theories to explain the high-energy protons trapped in the earth's radiation belt are reviewed. The theory of cosmic ray albedo neutron decay injection of protons into the radiation belt is discussed. Radial diffusion and change in the earth's dipole moment are considered along with losses of protons by ionization and nuclear collision. It is found that the measured albedo neutron escape current is sufficient to supply trapped protons above 30 MeV. The theoretical calculations of the trapped protons are in agreement with the measurements for L less than or equal to 1.7 both on and off the equator. For L greater than or equal to 1.7, additional trapped proton differential energy measurements should be made before the theory can be adequately tested. It appears that an additional loss mechanism such as pitch angle scattering may be required.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 11; Aug. 197
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  • 180
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    Further X-ray observations of Hercules X-1 from Uhuru. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent data are presented concerning the X-ray source Hercules X-1. Details of the 1.24-sec pulse shape and its variability are shown. The 1.24-sec period is observed to decrease with time, with an overall change of 4.5 microsec between January and July 1972. The X-ray intensity shows regular on states lasting 11 or 12 days followed by 24-day off states. While the source turn-on is not strictly periodic, the shape of the on state can be used to determine a period of 34.88 plus or minus 0.12 days for this cycle. The source turn-ons are found to only occur at one of two well-defined phases in the 1.7-day orbit.-
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 181
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    New approach to cosmic-ray diffusion theory. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We have investigated a new approach to deriving a diffusion equation for charged particles in a static, random magnetic field. Our method incorporates essential effects of the magnetic fluctuations in the lowest order particle orbits. Significant corrections to the usual quasilinear diffusion coefficient for cosmic rays with pitch angles near 90 deg are a consequence. Monte Carlo results bear out the validity of our theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 31; Aug. 13
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  • 182
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    Upper limits to the X-ray emission from Beta Persei during radio flares. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 15
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  • 183
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    Evidence for an interstellar or interplanetary source of diffuse He I 584 A radiation. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 15
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  • 184
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    Isotopic composition measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 10 made using a new technique. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 15
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  • 185
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    Soft X-ray flux of the Coma cluster of galaxies. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 15
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  • 186
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    Analysis of the Jovian electron radiation belts. II - Observations of the decimetric radiation. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 15
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  • 187
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    The electron energy and number densities of the Jovian radiation belt. I. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 15
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  • 188
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    Evidence for the softening of the cosmic-ray electron spectrum at a few hundred GeV and the origin of the galactic-ridge X-radiation. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 1
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  • 189
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    Neutron measurements in space. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experimental measurements of the neutron flux and energy spectrum in space since 1964 are reviewed and related to the theoretical predictions. A discussion of the neutron sources is presented. The difficulties associated with neutron measurements of both the atmospheric neutron leakage flux and solar neutrons are included. Particular emphasis is placed upon the neutron leakage flux and energy measurements at energies greater than about 1 MeV. The possibilities of CRAND as a source for the energetic trapped protons are discussed in light of recent measurements of the 10- to 100-MeV neutron flux. The current status of the solar neutron flux observations is also presented. An attempt is made to interpret and discuss recent neutron measurements. In order to understand these results, the theoretical predictions of the neutron fluxes and energy spectra from possible neutron sources are briefly presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-69-051A-18-PS , Space Science Reviews; 14; June 197
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  • 190
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    Fluorescence excitation and photoelectron spectra of CO2 induced by vacuum ultraviolet radiation between 185 and 716 angstroms. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; July 1
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  • 191
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    The theory of charged particle temperatures in the upper atmosphere. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The thermal structure of the earth's upper atmosphere is examined in detail, with emphasis on the physical processes that govern the behavior of charged-particle temperatures. The characteristic features of and competition between the heating, cooling, and thermal conduction processes that govern electron and ion temperatures in the mid-latitude and auroral ionospheric regions are theoretically analyzed, and appropriate comparisons are made with experimental data. The proposed elaborate theory is considered qualitatively successful in accounting for the thermal structure of the ionosphere, and points requiring quantitative verification are delineated.
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  • 192
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    Solar flare cosmic rays at and beyond the modulation boundary. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Consideration of the characteristics of solar flare cosmic ray events observed beyond a postulated modulation boundary, should any such boundary exist. It is pointed out that observations of solar flare particles at great distances from the sun provide a sensitive and precise diagnostic for any such boundary. Such considerations are of substantial interest in view of the probable penetration of deep space probes to distances of the order of 10 AU in the near future.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 1
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  • 193
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    Electron precipitation patterns and substorm morphology. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Statistical analysis of data from the auroral particles experiment aboard OGO 4, performed in a statistical framework interpretable in terms of magnetospheric substorm morphology, both spatial and temporal. Patterns of low-energy electron precipitation observed by polar satellites are examined as functions of substorm phase. The implications of the precipitation boundaries identifiable at the low-latitude edge of polar cusp electron precipitation and at the poleward edge of precipitation in the premidnight sector are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-67-073A-11-PM , Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 1
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  • 194
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    The solar radiation pressure on the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The refined mathematical model of the force created by the light pressure of the sun has been used to compute the solar radiation pressure force acting on the Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars 1971) spacecraft, taking into account the reflectivity characteristics of all its components. The results have been compared with values obtained from Mariner 9 observations during the cruise phase and are found to be in agreement within 0.1% of the values.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronautica Acta; 18; Apr. 197
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  • 195
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    The extreme ultraviolet emissions of solar flares - A comparison between OSO-6 spectroheliograph observations and SFDs. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The time structure and intensity of OSO-6 observations of EUV bursts were studied in relation to the corresponding 10-1030 A enhancements deduced from SFD data. Impulsive EUV emissions from lines normally emitted from either the chromosphere or from the chromosphere-corona transition region rise simultaneously with the 10-1030 A flash, to within the time resolution of the OSO-6 observations. Mg X 625 A also showed concurrent impulsive emissions and a close intensity relation to the 10-1030 A enhancement. The observational results are consistent with the hypothesis that most of the EUV radiation is being produced thermally in a region of chromospheric density, which is being heated by collisional losses of nonthermal electrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 29; Mar. 197
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  • 196
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    The fluorine abundance in the galactic cosmic radiation. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 182; May 15
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  • 197
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    Transition radiation in astrophysics. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Transition radiation produced by relativistic electrons traversing cosmic grains is investigated as a possible source of celestial X rays. The detailed theory of transition radiation including the formation-zone effect is used to calculate the X-ray emissivity in interstellar space. It is found that the largest contribution of transition radiation to the observed X-ray emission from the galactic disk is at about 2 keV, where less than about 0.3% of the observed emissivity is due to transition radiation. At higher energies transition radiation is strongly suppressed by the formation-zone effect, while at lower energies the observed emissivity increases much faster with decreasing energy than does transition radiation. Transition radiation is also compared with bremsstrahlung, synchrotron emission, and Compton scattering. The comparison with synchrotron emission and bremsstrahlung relates X-ray production by transition radiation to radio emission and to approximately 100-MeV gamma-ray production, respectively.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 181; May 1
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  • 198
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    The cosmic gamma-ray spectrum between 0.3 and 27 MeV measured on Apollo 15. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of new measurements of the total cosmic gamma-ray spectrum in the 0.3- to 27-MeV range obtained on Apollo 15. These data were obtained with an isotropic scintillation counter similar to that used on Ranger 3 and ERS-18. The new high-precision data permit extension and clarification of the spectrum above 1 MeV, where recent balloon and earth-satellite observations have caused doubts as to the validity of the ERS-18 data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 181; May 1
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  • 199
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    Spatial distribution of emerging flux regions. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The absence of preferential longitudes for emerging flux regions (EFRs) on the sun indicates that sunspot preferential longitudes, if they exist, are due to favorable longitudes for EFRs to become spot groups rather than to the distribution of points of emergence of EFRs. A short-lived 'preferential latitude' (classical activity complex) is found. The latitudinal distribution of all EFRs exhibits a Maunders diagram behavior as expected on the basis of data for the fraction of EFRs which become spot groups. Possibly significant nonrandom behavior of the EFR time distribution is also found.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 85
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  • 200
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    Interplanetary scintillations of cosmic rays. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Statistically significant broad-band fluctuations or 'scintillations' in the high-energy (T about 1 GeV) cosmic-ray flux observed by neutron monitors are interpreted. A mechanism by which interplanetary magnetic-field fluctuations induce cosmic-ray scintillations is presented and shown to be in quantitative agreement with observation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 181; May 1
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