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  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,182)
  • General Chemistry  (1,021)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (429)
  • COMMUNICATIONS  (315)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (3,134)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1930-1934
  • 1972  (3,134)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1970-1974  (3,134)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1930-1934
Year
  • 101
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    Explorer 35 observations of solar-wind electron density, temperature, and anisotropy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the solar wind electron integral spectrum yielding electron temperatures ranging from 100,000 to 400,000 K and having an average value of 182,000 K, electron densities having an average value of 4.6 per cu cm, and electron-temperature anisotropies ranging from 1 to 1.4. The electron temperature is found to be independent of solar-wind speed over the range from 290 to 675 km/sec. Comparison of the simultaneous alignment of the local magnetic-field vector with the direction of the electron-temperature anisotropy reveals a high correlation. Necessary conditions for the fire-hose instabilities were satisfied in the electron and proton components of the solar-wind plasma immediately behind an interplanetary shock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 102
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    On the relative need for satellite remote soundings and rocket soundings of the upper atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of engineering and research data requirements for altitudes 30-100 km is made, indicating a variety of concrete data applications above 30 km (10 mb). The required data have in large measure been provided from meteorological rocket soundings, of which 18,000 have been taken, at considerable cost, since 1959. Remote vertical soundings based on satellite infrared radiation measurements have been obtained since 1969 with considerable success to an altitude of 25 km (30 mb). From developmental work in progress, it is expected that reliable temperature soundings may be obtained to 40-45 km. A discussion of the overall reliability and utility of the satellite data leads to several conclusions regarding the continuing need for rocket soundings.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 53
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  • 103
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    A high-sensitivity search for X-rays from supernova remnants in Aquila. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A high-sensitivity scan of the galactic plane from 70 to 30 deg was performed to search for 2-20-keV X rays from supernova remnants. The spectra of five X-ray sources detected between 44 and 31 deg longitude are presented, of which only two might be associated with suggested supernova remnants. Upper limits are given for the 19 possible supernova remnants scanned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 173; Apr. 15
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  • 104
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    Convergence of oscillator spectral estimators for counted-frequency measurements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A common intermediary connecting frequency-noise calibration or testing of an oscillator to useful applications is the spectral density of the frequency-deviating process. In attempting to turn test data into predicts of performance characteristics, one is naturally led to estimation of statistical values by sample-mean and sample-variance techniques. However, sample means and sample variances themselves are statistical quantities that do not necessarily converge (in the mean-square sense) to actual ensemble-average means and variances, except perhaps for excessively large sample sizes. This is especially true for the flicker noise component of oscillators. This article shows, for the various types of noises found in oscillators, how sample averages converge (or do not converge) to their statistical counterparts. The convergence rate is shown to be the same for all oscillators of a given spectral type.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-20; Apr. 197
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  • 105
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    Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra above 50 GeV. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Differential energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and He nuclei have been measured for the first time by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 to more than 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power-law spectra with a slope of -2.75 (plus or minus 0.03) for protons and of -2.77 (plus or minus 0.05) for He nuclei. The proton-to-He ratio is 26 (plus or minus 3) at 40 GeV/nucleon and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 28; Apr. 10
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  • 106
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    Oceanographic applications of color-enhanced satellite imageries. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Black and white infrared imageries obtained from satellites over the oceans were transformed into color presentations. Investigations in different regions (Persian Gulf, Arabian Coast, Somali Coast and the Northwest Coast of Australia) revealed that temperature gradients and temperature differences of two degrees Celsius can be displayed by the color process from the imageries. This data display can be used for a rapid analysis of information obtained with an APT station.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 107
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    An observation of the Gulf Stream surface front structure by ship, aircraft, and satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of observations of surface temperature and salinity along the western edge of the Gulf Stream made from a ship and of concurrent temperature observations obtained by instrumented aircraft at six altitudes. The major feature along a five-kilometer line normal to the Stream's edge is a temperature gradient of about 0.75 C/kilometer within which are embedded two abrupt temperature increases of about 1.5 C. Temperature variations were compensated by salinity variations, yielding nearly constant density through the frontal zone; a sharp lateral current shear was associated with the thermohaline mixing region between the steps. The attenuation of surface temperature measured by the airborne radiometer was compared with a theoretical model. The analysis supports the view that a two-part correction technique is required: one part for bulk-skin temperature differences, and another for atmospheric attenuation of sea surface emission due to the mass and temperature of interfering gases.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 108
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    Rocket observations of sporadic-E layers. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The characteristics of midlatitude sporadic-E layers are observed using rocket payloads incorporating a probe and a propagation experiment. Layers below 120 km show evidence of preferred altitudes. The slopes of layers are within 1 deg of horizontal. The horizontal dimensions are deduced to be several hundred kilometers. Individual profiles of daytime layers show a range of shapes ranging from triangular to rectangular. The plasma frequency derived from the peak electron density in the layer is found to agree with the blanketing frequency given by the local ionosphere sounder.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 109
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    The use of magnetometers on balloon-borne X-ray astronomy experiments. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of magnetometers for azimuth determination of balloon-borne X-ray astronomy payloads is examined, with special emphasis placed on the experiments of the University of Adelaide Cosmic Ray Group. A critical evaluation is made of the effectiveness of the magnetometers, including discussion of effects due to geomagnetic field variations, magnetometer misorientation and spurious contaminant magnetic fields. Calibration techniques and details of in-flight performance are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Mar. 197
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  • 110
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    Remarks about X-rays from Eta Carinae. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two current models for Eta Carinae are discussed. It is shown that the recently observed soft X-ray flux seems to indicate a surprisingly high density for the ambient gas around Eta Carinae, and that some useful constraints on models of this object may result from X-ray observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 236; Mar. 20
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  • 111
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    Quantitative relationship between reflectance and transpiration of phreatophytes, Gila River test site (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of IR aerial photographs for determining the dynamic characteristics of evapotranspiration at the Gila River Test Site is discussed. Evapotranspiration was measured as a function of plant volume, surface conditions, soil moisture storage, and ground water levels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 9 p
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  • 112
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    Discrimination of fluoride and phosphate contamination in central Florida for analyses of environmental effects (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study was made of the spatial registration of fluoride and phosphate pollution parameters in central Florida by utilizing remote sensing techniques. Multispectral remote sensing data were collected over the area and processed to produce multispectral recognition maps. These processed data were used to map land areas and waters containing concentrations of fluoride and phosphate. Maps showing distribution of affected and unaffected vegetation were produced. In addition, the multispectral data were processed by single band radiometric slicing to produce radiometric maps used to delineate areas of high ultraviolet radiance, which indicates high fluoride concentrations. The multispectral parameter maps and radiometric maps in combination showed distinctive patterns, which are correlated with areas known to be affected by fluoride and phosphate contamination. These remote sensing techniques have the potential for regional use to assess the environmental impact of fluoride and phosphate wastes in central Florida.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 12 p
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  • 113
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    An automated map and model of land use in the Phoenix quadrangle (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Efforts to develop an automated system, from ERTS data, for producing computer models and computer maps of land use and other environmental factors for the Phoenix quadrangle are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 19 p
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  • 114
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    The geography and human cultural resources working group of the EROS program (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The functions, activities, and objectives of the Geography and Human-Cultural Resources Working Group of the EROS program are outlined. The Group's primary function is to coordinate remote sensing experiments of physical scientists and the needs of socioeconomic and culturally orientated planners, policy makers, administrators, and other user groups. Other functions of the Group include land use analysis, resource mapping, and development of an operational automatic information system receptive to land use and environmental data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 4 p
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  • 115
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    Automatic thematic mapping in the EROS program (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A specified approach to the automatic extraction and catographic presentation of thematic data contained in multispectral photographic images is presented. Experimental efforts were directed toward the mapping of open waters, snow and ice, infrared reflective vegetation, and massed works of man. The system must also be able to process data from a wide variety of sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 13 p
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  • 116
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    Earth resources cartography program (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Progress is reported on efforts to develop techniques of using space vehicle and high altitude aircraft imagery in cartography projects. Major efforts were made to develop an operational system for isolating specified themes from the imagery.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 8 p
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  • 117
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    Remote sensing on Indian and public lands (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of remote sensing techniques by the Bureaus of Indian Affairs and Land Management in planning resource problems, making decisions, writing environmental impact statements, and monitoring their respective programs is investigated. For Indian affairs, data cover the Papago, Fort Apache, San Carlos, and South Dakota Reservations. For the Land Management Office, data cover cadastral surveys, California desert study, range watersheds, and efforts to establish a natural resources information system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 7 p
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  • 118
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    Mapping of terrain by computer clustering techniques using multispectral scanner data and using color aerial film (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two clustering techniques were used for terrain mapping by computer of test sites in Yellowstone National Park. One test was made with multispectral scanner data using a composite technique which consists of (1) a strictly sequential statistical clustering which is a sequential variance analysis, and (2) a generalized K-means clustering. In this composite technique, the output of (1) is a first approximation of the cluster centers. This is the input to (2) which consists of steps to improve the determination of cluster centers by iterative procedures. Another test was made using the three emulsion layers of color-infrared aerial film as a three-band spectrometer. Relative film densities were analyzed using a simple clustering technique in three-color space. Important advantages of the clustering technique over conventional supervised computer programs are (1) human intervention, preparation time, and manipulation of data are reduced, (2) the computer map, gives unbiased indication of where best to select the reference ground control data, (3) use of easy to obtain inexpensive film, and (4) the geometric distortions can be easily rectified by simple standard photogrammetric techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 30 p
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  • 119
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    High-sensitivity receiver for infrared laser communications. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a high-sensitivity wide-bandwidth 10.6-micron heterodyne receiver for space and ground operational use. The receiver includes a cooled HgCdTe infrared mixer diode, a conical scanner for spatial tracking, an acquisition channel for spatial search and station alignment, and an automatic frequency-control channel to maintain a fixed laser frequency offset. The infrared mixer is designed to provide nearly quantum-noise-limited operation over an extended range of mixer temperature, bias voltage, and intermediate frequency. The resultant experimental receiver has a measured noise equivalent power of less than 10 to the minus 19th W/Hz over the 15- to 40-MHz i.f. band for mixer temperatures from 85 to 115 K, and less than 2 x 10 to the minus 19th W/Hz up to 140 K. Mixer 3-dB cutoff frequencies as high as 420 MHz were measured at a mixer temperature of 125 K. An analysis and engineering equations are given for receiver noise components, noise equivalent power, available mixer conversion gain, mixer transducer gain, and quantum-noise factor in terms of such factors as mixer parameters, quantum efficiency, mixer temperature, dynamic conductance, bias voltage, local oscillator power, and i.f. amplifier characteristics.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
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  • 120
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    Imp 5 magnetic-field measurements in the high-latitude outer magnetosphere near the noon meridian. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of Imp 5 magnetic-field measurements at geomagnetic latitudes up to 75 deg and at distances beyond six earth radii, revealing the permanent existence of a broad depressed field region centered on the polar or dayside cusp. Field strengths at seven earth radii on cusp field lines that connect to the earth are typically only 50 to 70% of that of an undistorted dipole field. The transition region between the magnetosheath and the point where the fields are clearly of dipolar origin is characterized by large-amplitude fluctuations and the lack of a clear magnetopause boundary. Magnetic-field perturbations are observed in the cusp region with magnitudes up to 45 gamma and in directions that are approximately perpendicular to the average field. These perturbations are suggestive of field-aligned currents, and their magnitudes are consistent with the low-altitude measurements obtained on polar-orbiting spacecraft.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Feb. 1
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  • 121
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    Lunar fossil magnetism and perturbations of the solar wind. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Perturbations of the solar wind downstream of the moon and lying outside of the rarefaction wave that defines the diamagnetic cavity are used to define possible source regions comprised of intrinsically magnetized areas of the moon. A map of the moon is constructed showing that a model in which the sources are exposed to the grazing solar wind during the lunation yields a selenographically invariant set of regions strongly favoring the lunar highlands over the maria. An alternative model with the source due to electromagnetic induction is explored. The ages of the field sources should be consistent with those based on the basalt ages and possibly far older if the sources are connected with the formation of the highland rocks themselves. The perturbations are tentatively identified as weak shock waves, and a Mach angle in accord with nominal values for the solar wind is found.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Feb. 1
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  • 122
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    Internal structure of the geomagnetic neutral sheet. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of the internal structure of the neutral sheet in the geomagnetic tail has been made from data obtained by the NASA-GSFC magnetic-field experiment on the Explorer 34 spacecraft during its tail passage in the first half of 1968. The data used in the analysis are individual measurements of the vector magnetic field at 2.56-sec intervals. The experimental results consist of statistical studies of relevant properties of the magnetic field as a function of field magnitude. The results do not support nearly one-dimensional field models with characteristic lengths for field variation parallel to the neutral sheet much larger than the neutral-sheet width. The principal conclusion from the data points toward consistency with a quasi-periodic (possibly turbulent) structure with a tendency to formation of magnetic loops as one might expect from stability studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Jan. 1
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  • 123
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    Airborne optical detection of oil on water. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Airborne measurements were made over controlled oil-spill test sites to evaluate various techniques, utilizing reflected sunlight, for detecting oil on water. The results of these measurements show that (1) maximum contrast between oil and water is in the UV and red portions of the spectrum; (2) minimum contrast is in the blue-green; (3) differential polarization appears to be a very promising technique; (4) no characteristic absorption bands, which would permit one oil to be distinguished from another, were discovered in the spectral regions measured; (5) sky conditions greatly influence the contrast between oil and water; and (6) highest contrast was achieved under overcast sky conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 124
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    Search for antimatter in primary cosmic rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from two flights of a new superconducting magnetic spectrometer are reported. This instrument was capable of a direct matter-antimatter separation in the cosmic rays. Antimatter events would appear in the spectrometer as trajectories which curve in the opposite direction to common matter, because of their negative charge. A brief description of the equipment and of the characteristics of the instrument is presented, along with the data processing techniques used. A new upper limit on the amount of antimatter in primary cosmic rays has been established. The limits are considerably lower than those for any previous experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 236; Apr. 14
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  • 125
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    Requirements for laser radar detection of a barium ion cloud at five earth radii. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The requirements for a tuned laser radar capable of detecting and ranging a high altitude barium ion cloud release are discussed. A high energy pulsed dye laser tuned to the 455.4 nm Ba II resonance line is considered as the transmitter. Photon counting detection is employed and the resultant signal is integrated over a number of successive laser firings. The solar induced radiance of the cloud is the major background noise source. Detection and ranging may be achieved with signal-to-noise ratios of the order of unity using currently available equipment. This technique has the potential of improved resolution as compared to photographic measurements previously made.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Mar. 197
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  • 126
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    Bureau and agency reports (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A summary of the work done by Geography and Human-Cultural Resources Work Group on EROS resources management program is given. Work covers archeological surveys, outdoor recreational planning, and engineering studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Sapcecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 12 p
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  • 127
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    Remote sensing of wet lands in irrigated areas (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of airborne remote sensing techniques to: (1) detect drainage problem areas, (2) delineate the problem in terms of areal extent, depth to the water table, and presence of excessive salinity, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of existing subsurface drainage facilities, is discussed. Experimental results show that remote sensing, as demonstrated in this study and as presently constituted and priced, does not represent a practical alternative as a management tool to presently used visual and conventional photographic methods in the systematic and repetitive detection and delineation of wetlands.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 10 p
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  • 128
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    Binary single-sideband phase-modulated communication systems. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Single-sideband phase modulation (SSBPM), in which a signal is simultaneously phase- and amplitude-modulated by a signal and its Hilbert transform, is shown to be suboptimum for binary signaling in white Gaussian noise. An alternative single-sideband technique based on the properties of binary suppressed-carrier phase modulation is proposed and shown to give performance equivalent to the double-sideband version.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Information Theory; IT-18; Jan. 197
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  • 129
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    Mechanism for the X-ray pulsations in Cyg X-1. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The mechanism proposed involves the occurrence of a flare in a region of high magnetic field on the surface of a star. The flare produces oscillations in the magnetic field structure. The oscillations lead to heating of the plasma in a flux tube which emits thermal radiation. The heating may be caused by magnetic pumping or particles accelerated in periodic bursts by the flare. Synchrotron radiation from high energy particles accounts for the hard X-ray emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 235; Jan. 14
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  • 130
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    Computations of the aperture admittance of an axial slot on a dielectric coated cylinder. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An extensive set of curves for the aperture admittance of a waveguide-fed axial slot on a coated metal cylinder is presented for both an underdense plasma and a Teflon coating. Examination of these curves shows that a slot on a cylinder with a Ka of 2 to 3 has about the same aperture admittance as the identical slot opening onto a flat ground plane.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-20; Jan. 197
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  • 131
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    Gamma-ray absorption for a beam model of NP0532. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The model involves an assessment of the effect of beaming as indicated by the pulsations themselves rather than by assuming gamma-ray absorption by interaction with an isotropic photon field. The chief absorption process to be taken into account is that of pair production in the intense photon field. Most important is the pair production in the intense photon field which occurs during the pulse.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 235; Jan. 3
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  • 132
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    Rocket measurements of conjugate photoelectrons during the total solar eclipse of 7 March 1970 over Wallops Island. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of measurements made with a retarding potential analyzer on a Nike-Tomahawk rocket during the totality of the solar eclipse, showing definite evidence for the existence of photoelectrons from the conjugate hemisphere. Photoelectrons are observed in the altitude range from 120 to 260 km. The observed flux in the energy range from 2 to 30 eV is relatively constant above about 200 km, but decreased below that altitude. The flux of 5-eV energy electrons above 200 km altitude is about 10 to the 7th power electrons/cm/sec/eV. Higher-energy electrons were also observed, and it is possible that the energy content of these observed fluxes of conjugate-point photoelectrons is sufficient to maintain the observed electron densities and temperatures during the total eclipse.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 133
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    Rocket observations of solar UV radiation during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of observations of the solar eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970, with photometers sensitive to narrow bands of radiation at Lyman-alpha (1216 A) and at 2600 A included in the payloads of four Nike Apache rockets flown before and during the eclipse. At the center of totality, the flux of Lyman-alpha from the solar corona is 0.15% of the flux from the unobscured sun. The flux at second contact is 0.64%; at third contact, two observations give 0.52 and 0.59%. The brightness of the chromosphere in Lyman-alpha decreases exponentially over the range from 5 to 30 arc-sec from the limb with a scale height of 3835 plus or minus 70 km. In addition to the coronal and chromospheric Lyman-alpha a diffuse source is found. This is restricted to within 20 deg of the earth's horizon and is nearly uniform in azimuth at 170 km, the flux is about 3% of that from the unobscured sun. The flux of Lyman-alpha during the eclipse is considered in relation to the observed variation in electron density. It is concluded that, in totality, the ionosphere near 80 km is not in equilibrium with the ionizing radiation and that the production rate for electrons is not negligible if the loss process is recombination; it is negligible if the loss process is attachment-like.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 134
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    Rocket observations of solar X-rays during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the absorption profiles and residual fluxes of three bands of solar X-rays before and during the eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. In the bands 2 to 8 A, 8 to 20 A, and 44 to 60 A the residual flux in totality is found to be respectively 5, 7, and 16% of the flux from the uneclipsed sun. It is shown that the radiation maintaining the E-layer varies in proportion to the 44- to 60-A flux. In the D-layer, ionization by the residual flux of 2 to 8 A is less important in totality than is ionization of nitric oxide by Lyman-alpha.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 135
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    Electron loss coefficients for the D-region of the ionosphere from rocket measurements during the eclipses of March 1970 and November 1966. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observation that recombination-like electron loss coefficients measured during the March 1970 eclipse coincide with those from the November 1966 eclipse and range from 2 x 10 to the minus 7th power cu cm/sec at Z sub zero + 6 km to 0.00005 cu cm/sec at Z sub zero -2 km, where Z sub zero is the altitude of the steep gradient of electron concentration. During totality, Z sub zero was 82.5 km in 1970, and 86.8 km in 1966. For full-sun conditions, Z sub zero was 84 km on both eclipse days. Attachment-like electron loss coefficients from both eclipses are in good agreement below Z sub zero, and have a nearly constant value of about 0.008 per sec. Below Z sub zero, attachment-like loss rates agree with production rates - i.e., electron concentration is proportional to electron production.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 136
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    Response of the neutral particle upper atmosphere to the solar eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of soundings with a series of five pitot probes launched in conjunction with the solar eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. Three soundings were programmed to occur at 40, 80, and 100% obscuration of the sun (at 100 km) during a 42-min period. The remaining two soundings were made 24 hr before and after the eclipse. The five soundings yielded neutral particle pressure, temperature, and density profiles over the altitude regime from 30 to 125 km. Below 95 km, the three density profiles resulting from the eclipse day launches had an average deviation of less than 1.5%. Above 95 km, density changes of up to 20% were observed. Such changes in density are comparable in magnitude to those normally observed over a period of several hours. On Mar. 10, 1971, three additional pitot probes were launched at times identical to those of the 1970 eclipse day. Comparison of the two sets of data should provide for a more objective analysis regarding atmospheric response to solar input.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 137
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    Nuclear composition and energy spectra in the 1969 April 12 solar-particle event. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the charge composition for several of the multicharged nuclei and the energy spectra for hydrogen, helium, and medium (6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 9) nuclei in the Apr. 12, 1969, solar-particle event. The energy/nucleon spectral shape of the medium nuclei was again the same as that of the helium nuclei, and the ratio of these two species was consistent with the present best average of 58 plus or minus 5. By combining the results obtained here with previous work, improved estimates of the Ne/O and Mg/O values of 0.16 plus or minus 0.03 and 0.056 plus or minus 0.014, respectively, were obtained. Silicon and sulfur abundances relative to O were determined to be 0.208 plus or minus 0.008 plus or minus 0.006, respectively, and 85% confidence upper limits for Ar and Ca relative to O of 0.017 and 0.010 were obtained. Previously, these last four nuclei had only been listed as a group.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 1
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  • 138
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    Spatial-detection effects in laser radar. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Determination of a relation for the detector-aperture size for spatially coherent detection when dependent scattering is present. This relation is applied to several realistic laser-radar situations. It is concluded that no distortion of laser-radar signal signatures due to spatial-detection effects should be expected for present typical operating conditions (i.e., mean wavelength of the source = 0.6943 micrometer, and the diameter of the receiving aperture is about 10 cm). With development of longer-wavelength laser radars, in order to monitor signal returns at pollutant-gas absorption lines concomitantly larger receiver apertures must be used or else widely varying signal signatures will result even though similar conditions prevail.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 139
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    An all-sky X-ray monitor for the UK-5 satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An X-ray imaging system using a pin-hole camera and a position sensitive proportional counter at the image plane has been designed for an all-sky X-ray monitor for UK-5 satellite. This high-sensitivity device with real-time coverage of the entire celestial sphere would aid in programming satellite maneuvers such that transient events in the X-ray sky could be investigated in detail by the other primary satellite experiments. Discussion of design criteria for the camera geometry, the position sensitive proportional detector, and electronics to handle the data is presented in this paper.
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  • 140
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    Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily oriented ice cylinders. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The scattering of electromagnetic waves by arbitrarily oriented, infinitely long circular cylinders is solved by following the procedures outlined by van de Hulst. The far-field intensities for two cases of a linearly polarized incident wave are derived. The scattering coefficients involve the Bessel functions of the first kind, the Hankel functions of the second kind, and their first derivatives. Calculations are made for ice cylinders at three wavelengths: 0.7, 3, and 10 microns. The numerical results of intensity coefficients are presented as functions of the observation angle. A significant cross-polarized component for the scattered field, which vanishes only at normal incidence, is obtained. It is also shown that the numerous interference maxima and minima of the intensity coefficients due to single-particle effects depend on the size parameter as well as on the oblique incident angle.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Mar. 197
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  • 141
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    A study of microwave leakage through perforated flat plates. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple formula useful for predicting leakage through a circular hole array in a metallic flat plate is presented. A correction is given for plate thickness. The formula is applicable to arrays having either a 60-deg (staggered) or 90-deg (square) hole pattern, but is restricted to the case of (1) an obliquely incident plane wave with the E field polarized normal to the plane of incidence, and (2) large transmission loss. When theoretical values were compared to experimental data obtained on test samples having transmission losses greater than 20 dB, the agreement between theory and experiment was typically better than 1 dB at S band and 2 dB at X band.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-20; Mar. 197
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  • 142
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    Atmospheric absorption measurements in the region of 1 mm wavelength. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A Froome-type plasma-metal-junction device (1962) was used in high-resolution radiation transmission measurements in the atmosphere at wavelengths from 0.5 to 3.0 mm. The experimental and theoretical results for water vapor absorption lines in two submillimeter wavelength windows were compared, showing that this technique provided a much higher wavelength accuracy than more conventional optical-type spectroscopy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Infrared Physics; 12; Mar. 197
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  • 143
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    Correction of satellite tracking data for an arbitrary tropospheric profile. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A procedure is given for deriving elevation-error and range-error correction equations in a form suitable for use in the rapid processing of satellite tracking data. The refractivity of the troposphere is assumed to have spherical symmetry, but may have any given profile that does not depart greatly from standard. When the procedure was tested for numerical accuracy by application to an exponential profile, the corrections calculated agreed with those obtained by ray tracing to 0.3% or better over a range of surface refractivity from 200 to 450 and a range of radiowave arrival angles from horizontal to vertical.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Radio Science; 7; Feb. 197
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  • 144
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    Low energy electron precipitation and the ionospheric F-region in and north of the auroral zone. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of low-elevation sounding rocket (Polar 1) in the exploration of the F region morphology in and north of the auroral zone over northern Norway. The rocket which moved over a horizontal distance of some 400 km inside the F region, monitored low-energy electron precipitation and various upper-atmosphere excitation and ionization processes. The latitudinal variations of the less than 1 keV energy electron fluxes showed excellent agreement with corresponding variations in the F-region electron density and the O I (6300 A) emission below the rocket, indicating that the low-energy electrons are the main sources for these phenomena at these high latitudes. An N2(+) (4278 A) arc was located near the decrease in the 40-keV electron fluxes. This arc was produced by a nearly monoenergetic influx of some 3-keV electrons. The expected luminosity profile derived from this energy spectrum differs significantly from the observed one, and possible explanations for the discrepancy are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 145
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    Multifarious temporal variations of low-energy relativistic cosmic-ray electrons. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed examination of the intensity variations of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons. The data are from the Goddard cosmic-ray experiment on the Imp satellites and cover the period from just before the last solar minimum through the onset of the present solar maximum (i.e., from December 1963 through August 1969). A morphology for the intensity changes is tentatively proposed that includes solar-flare-associated events, solar co-rotating increases, Forbush decreases, quiet-time increases, and the long-term 11-year variation. It is contended that the electron components observed both during quiescent times and during quiet-time increases are galactic in origin. The quiet-time increases represent a completely new phenomenon that appears to be unique to the low-energy electron population. During a quiet-time increase the electron intensity is enhanced by a factor of 3 to 5 over a period of days, and, in general, these periods anticorrelate with low-energy solar particle events. Qualitatively, their amplitude diminishes with increasing solar activity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 146
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    Quiet-time electron increases - A measure of conditions in the outer solar system. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of a possible explanation for the increases in the intensity range of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons that McDonald et al. (1972) have labeled as 'quiet-time electron increases.' It is argued that the electrons in quiet-time increases are galactic in origin but that the observed increases are not the result of any variation in the modulation of these particles in the inner solar system. It is suggested instead that quiet-time increases may occur when more electrons than normal penetrate a modulating region that lies far beyond the orbit of the earth. The number of electrons penetrating this region may increase when field lines that have experienced an unusually large random walk in the photosphere are carried by the solar wind out to the region. As evidence of this increased random walk, it is shown that five solar rotations before most of the quiet-time increases occur there is an extended period when the amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy (measured by the Deep River neutron monitor) is relatively low. A delay time of five rotations implies that the proposed modulating region lies at about 30 AU from the sun if the average solar-wind speed is assumed to be constant at about 400 km/sec over this distance. The implications for the correlation between periods of low-amplitude diurnal anisotropy and quiet-time increases on interplanetary conditions out to about 30 AU and some possible models for the proposed modulating region are also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 147
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    Compound classification by computer treatment of low resolution mass spectra - Application to geochemical and environmental problems. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A description is given of a development of computer analysis of low-resolution chromatographic-mass spectrometric data, which provides a preliminary classification of an unknown spectrum as a listing of candidate classes of compounds. This procedure, referred to as COMSOC (Classification of Mass Spectra on Computers), operates by converting an incoming unknown mass spectrum into a simplified key word which is then compared with each of the key words held in its reference file. The advantages of COMSOC in characterizing complex mixtures are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 235; Feb. 11
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  • 148
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    The physics of the neutral upper atmosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Particular attention is given to models of the upper atmosphere that deal with the diurnal variation and the latitudinal density dependence. The upper atmosphere is considered as essentially an ideal gas, or rather a weakly ionized plasma, where physical and chemical processes of considerable complexity take place. The final goal for the theoretical models of the upper atmosphere is to derive the time and space dependence of the physical quantities density, composition, temperature, pressure, and state of motion by theoretical considerations from basic physical assumptions. Questions of the dynamics of the upper atmosphere are discussed together with one- and two-dimensional models of the upper atmosphere, three-dimensional models, the geomagnetic effect, and the semiannual density variation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 149
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    Tropospheric refraction effects on satellite range measurements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model for predicting the atmospheric effect for earth-to-orbit range or range-rate measurements is described. The model treats the dry and wet components of refractivity (N) as different functions of its surface value and of height above the earth. It provides a zenith integral of the dry component that is consistent with the equation for the zenith range effect in dry air. For low angle use, it gives a reasonable approximation of observed N profiles. The use of the model is discussed, and data and computed positions without and with a correction for the troposphere are presented.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: APL Technical Digest; 11; Mar
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  • 150
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    Model development of supersonic trough wind with shocks. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The time-dependent one dimensional hydrodynamic equations describe the evolution of the thermal plasma flow along closed magnetic field lines outside of the plasmasphere. The convection of the supersonic polar wind onto a closed field line results in the assumed formation of collisionless plasma shocks. These shocks move earthward as the field line with its 'frozen-in' plasma remains fixed or contracts with time to smaller L coordinates. The high equatorial plasma temperature (of the order of electron volts) produced by the shock process decreases with time if the flow is isothermal, but it will increase if the contraction is under adiabatic conditions. Assuming adiabaticity a peak in the temperature forms at the equator in conjunction with a depression in the ion density. After an initial contraction, if the flux tube drifts to higher L coordinates, the direction of the shock motion can be reversed so that the supersonic region will expand along the field line toward the state characterizing the supersonic polar wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Nov. 197
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  • 151
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    Observational evidence relating to a recent theory on the origin of the universal X-ray background /Research note/. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 16; May 1972
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  • 152
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    Search for a visible counterpart of the September 2, 1972 radio outburst in Cygnus. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 239; Oct. 23
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  • 153
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    The relationship of theory and experiment in the D-region. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: To monitor the descriptive parameters of the lower ionosphere and construct a model which predicts their temporal and spatial variations is a particularly difficult task. In a given situation simultaneous measurements should be conducted of ionization sources, the altitude distribution of all neutral atmospheric constituents, the identification, number density, and altitude distribution of different species of positive and negative ions and electrons. These results are compared with theoretical predictions to serve as boundary conditions and guides to modification of the theory. It has not been possible to realize this goal in lower ionosphere research because of the large number of parameters and since certain parameters, such as positive ion species distribution and nitric oxide, can only be measured with the aid of sounding rockets. To illustrate the difficulty, recent positive ion composition measurements are compared with predictions utilizing clustering of ions and neutrals to form hydrated ions.
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  • 154
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    Preconditions for the triggering of polar magnetic substorms by storm sudden commencements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of 36 storm sudden commencements (ssc) for the period June 1965 to January 1967 indicates that, for the cases considered, sufficient conditions for the triggering of simultaneous polar magnetic substorm onsets were an ssc amplitude of more than 10 gamma and an average geocentric solar magnetospheric Z component of interplanetary magnetic field of less than -1 gamma over a period of at least 1/2 hour preceding the ssc. All events satisfying these conditions produced simultaneous negative-bay onsets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Oct. 1
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  • 155
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    Quartz and feldspar glasses produced by natural and experimental shock. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Refractive index, density, and infrared absorption studies of naturally and experimentally shocked-produced glasses formed from quartz, plagioclase, and alkali-feldspar confirm the existence of two main groups of amorphous forms of the framework silicates: solid-state and liquid-state glasses. These were apparently formed as metastable release products of high-pressure-phases above and below the glass transition temperatures. Solid-state glasses exhibit a series of structural states with increasing disorder caused by increasing shock pressures and temperatures. They gradually merge into the structural state of fused minerals similar to that of synthetic glasses quenched from a melt. Shock-fused alkali feldspars can, however, be distinguished from their laboratory-fused counterparts by infrared absorption and by higher density.
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  • 156
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    Some characteristics of microwave type IV radio bursts and the acceleration of solar cosmic rays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 84
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  • 157
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    Azimuth angle dependence of equatorial ultraviolet airglow. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An EUV solar blind photomultiplier was rocket-flown to an altitude of 103 km from Kourou, French Guiana. The rocket was spinning, thus allowing observations in all azimuthal directions within 15 deg from the horizontal plane. The observed radiation is strongly dependent on azimuth angle, the maxima of radiation are located in the southwest direction (the directions of maximum are slightly different when the experiment is looking down or up), and the radiation intensity is independent of elevation angle, suggesting that the glow is located between 75 and 105 km in altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 239; Sept. 15
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  • 158
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    Free oscillations of the sun and their possible stimulation by solar flares. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The main characteristics of free oscillations of the sun are described, and the sources and sinks of energy are estimated. Adiabatic oscillations and damping are considered. It is shown how a large solar flare can exert a significant mechanical impulse on the sun by causing a wave of compression to move subsonically into the interior. The solar interior does not easily dissipate low-amplitude acoustical energy, and therefore a relatively large fraction of the energy should remain available to go into the normal modes. An estimate is made of how this energy might be distributed among the more interesting modes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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  • 159
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    Observation of several X-ray sources in 1970 September. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Position and intensity measurements made with proportional counters in the 2 to 12 keV band are described. The instruments were launched from Johnson Atoll, and four scans were carried out during the 525 sec spent above 200 km. In comparing the results with the Uhuru survey, only a few differences are noted. One variable source, 2U 1908+0, was weaker. The case of the Magellanic Cloud sources is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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  • 160
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    Osarsite, a new osmium-ruthenium sulfarsenide from California. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Mineralogist; 57; July-Aug
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  • 161
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    Upper limit of the torque of the solar wind on the earth. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An upper limit is presented for the torque exerted on the earth by the solar wind. It is found that the maximum possible torque is 3 or 4 orders of magnitude too small to be responsible for the slowing of the earth's rotation, contrary to Coleman's (1971) suggestion.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 162
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    Magnetic field structure in flare-associated solar-wind disturbances. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the solar-wind disturbance models proposed by Piddington (1958), Gold (1959, 1962), Parker (1961), and De Young and Hundhausen (1971), in an attempt to determine what information and conclusions can be drawn about these models by examining the interplanetary magnetic field. The conclusions reached suggest that little, if any, flux is permanently ejected during the average solar-wind disturbance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 163
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    Electron and positive ion density altitude distributions in the equatorial D-region. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Sept
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  • 164
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    Relativistic electrons associated with solar flares. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar flares which produce relativistic electrons generally occur within sunspot groups which are active in the emission of meter type I noise storms. It is suggested that relativistic electrons in solar flares are accelerated from the keV-energy electrons responsible for the type I noise storms. The relationship between flare developments and the ejection of keV-electrons is briefly considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Aug. 197
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  • 165
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    Search for 1/3e and 2/3e charged quarks in the cosmic radiation at 2750-m altitude. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A scintillation counter telescope consisting of eight liquid scintillation counters and four wide-gap spark chambers was used to search for particles with electric charge 1/3e and 2/3e in cosmic rays at 2750 m above sea level. No such particles were detected during the 1500-hr experimental run. Upper limits on the vertical fluxes are established, and estimates of the corresponding sea-level fluxes are made for comparison with previous results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 6
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  • 166
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    Solar wind heating. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The difference in objectives, physical assumptions, and results among the most recent detailed models aimed at understanding energy transport in the solar wind are analyzed. Models have been judged primarily by comparing their predictions against spacecraft observations near 1 AU. However, the observed values of flow speed, density, and temperature fluctuate over a wide range so that the criteria for agreement between theory and observation are necessarily somewhat subjective.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Electrodynamics; 3; July 197
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  • 167
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    Stardust. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Rocket experiments were conducted to collect particles from noctilucent clouds at Kiruna, Sweden. The Pandora II inflight shadowing technique considered by Hallgren and Hemenway (1971) was used in the experiments. This technique makes it possible to study the collected particles as a function of time and altitude intervals. The particles observed consisted of an irregular electron-opaque core surrounded by a rounded, low density material. X-ray and electron opacity data suggest that the abundances of the heavy elements, such as Hf and Ta, in the particles are comparable to those of the light elements, such as Al and Si.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 238; Aug. 4
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  • 168
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    Activity-composition relations in the fayalite-forsterite solid solution between 900 and 1300 C at low pressures. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 15; July 197
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  • 169
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    Helium abundance variations. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of observations of the solar wind by Explorers 34 and 43 to confirm the existence of a linear relationship between the relative abundance of helium and the bulk speed of the wind, recently described by Hirshberg et al. (1972). Use of this relationship allows the dependence of the relative abundance of helium on solar activity to be separated from its dependence on bulk speed. The proportion of helium in the solar wind at a given bulk speed is found to increase with increasing sunspot number, averaged over the period of observation. It is shown that the relationship between average relative abundance and temperature, deduced by using the bulk speed/temperature relation, is consistent with the data. The relative abundance of helium is not found to increase with increasing solar-wind flux. This confirms the result of Hirshberg et al.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Aug. 1
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  • 170
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    Attenuation of X rays in interstellar space. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Calculation of the X-ray interaction cross sections for three cosmic mixtures over the range from 1 keV (12.4 A) to 1.5 MeV (0.008 A). The cosmic composition of elements as given by Aller and utilized by Bell and Kingston (1967) and the total photon interaction cross sections per atom of the elements as computed by Hubbell and collaborators are used for this purpose. The results are compared with a formula given by Heiles (1971). Approximate agreement exists between 10 to 20 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 171
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    Lava tubes of the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America Bulletin; 83; Aug. 197
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  • 172
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    A comparison of measurements of the charge spectrum of solar cosmic rays from nuclear emulsions and the Explorer 35 solid-state detector. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; July 1
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  • 173
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    Olivine-garnet reaction in peridotites from Tanzania. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Missing abstr.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lithos; 5; 1972
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  • 174
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    Velocity and flux dependence of the solar-wind helium abundance. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The causes of the variations in the relative abundance of helium in the solar wind are not understood. To define the theoretical problem more precisely, empirical relationships between helium abundances and other pertinent solar-wind parameters are necessary. In this report we show that the average percentage of helium increases with the solar-wind velocity. We also confirm that the abundance of helium tends to be higher for low solar-wind fluxes rather than lower as expected from theory. The interpretation of these results is discussed, and it is concluded that more realistic theoretical treatments of the problem are necessary before these results can be understood in terms of models of the solar corona and solar wind.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; July 1
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  • 175
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    X-ray emission from the galactic disk. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A search was made for a diffuse component of greater than 1.5 keV X rays associated with an interarm region of the Galaxy at galactic longitudes in the vicinity of 60 degrees. A statistically significant excess associated with a narrow disk component was detected. The angular extent of this component has a most probable value of 2 degrees. The best-fit spectrum yields an intensity of 2.9 photons/sq cm per sec per sterad over the 2-10 keV range. The 3-sigma upper limit to any emission in a 1.5 keV band centered at 7 keV from galactic latitudes not greater than 3.5 deg is 0.3 photons/sq cm per sec per sterad. Several possible emission models are evaluated, with the most likely choice being a population of unresolvable low-luminosity sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 174; June 1
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  • 176
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    Transition radiation as a source of cosmic X-rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that transition radiation generated during the passage of relativistic charged particles through interstellar grains can be an important source of cosmic X-rays. In order to account for recent X-ray observations below 300 eV by transition radiation, an energy density in interstellar space of about 10 eV per cu cm in 10 MeV electrons is required. This seems to rule out transition radiation as an important source of diffuse cosmic X-rays in any energy region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 11; May 1972
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  • 177
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    The upper atmosphere as a regulator of subauroral red arcs. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The mechanisms for producing a subauroral red arc (SARARC) are studied by solving a system of basic ionospheric and atmospheric equations. It is shown that many of the observed features of a SARARC can be explained within the framework of the two processes generally responsible for the ionospheric behavior during a magnetic storm: (1) energy conduction from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and (2) the changes in neutral composition of the lower atmosphere caused by the increase in turbulent mixing. Both processes trigger a complex chain of events which ultimately results in the redistribution of both the charged and neutral particles, an increase in the electron, ion, and neutral temperatures, and a decrease in the electron density in the altitude region near the F2 peak. It is shown that both the occurrence and the emission intensity of a SARARC are regulated by the neutral atmosphere, even though conduction of the thermal energy from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere provides the excitation energy of the optical remission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Apr. 197
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  • 178
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    Deformation and transformation of rock-forming minerals by natural and experimental shock processes. I - Behavior of minerals under shock compression. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Fortschritte der Mineralogie; 49; Nov. 197
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  • 179
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    On higher order discrete phase-locked loops. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An exact mathematical model is developed for a discrete loop of a general order particularly suitable for digital computation. The deterministic response of the loop to the phase step and the frequency step is investigated. The design of the digital filter for the second-order loop is considered. Use is made of the incremental phase plane to study the phase error behavior of the loop. The model of the noisy loop is derived and the optimization of the loop filter for minimum mean-square error is considered.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-8; Sept
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  • 180
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    Vertical resolution of temperature profiles obtained from remote radiation measurements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 29; Oct. 197
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  • 181
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    Radio tracking of solar energetic particles through interplanetary space. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations of traveling solar radio bursts provide information about the propagation of energetic solar particles through interplanetary space. This information leads to data on the solar wind density and gross magnetic field configuration over distances of 1 AU. By placing a radio telescope well above the ionosphere it is possible to observe the radio emission down to frequencies that correspond to emission at distances of the order of 1 AU. The observations reported provide the first 'radio picture' over 1 AU of the spiral magnetic field configuration in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science; 178; Nov. 17
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  • 182
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    Simultaneous measurements of radar reflectivity and refractive index spectra in clear air convection. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of radar reflectivity and radio refractive index at several altitudes in clear air convection have been made. The experimental data were compared with the theoretical relationship which relates the reflectivity to the refractivity spectrum. The agreement between the measurements and the theory is excellent and shows that the radar returns in clear air are the result of, and can be quantitatively described as being from, fine-scale refractivity fluctuations due to turbulent mixing. Further, the data give strong support to the -5/3 spectral decay of the refractivity spectrum in the inertial subrange.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 183
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    Rocket measurements of low energy electrons and optical emissions in the dayglow and aurora. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 184
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    Polar motion from laser tracking of artificial satellites. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the range to the Beacon Explorer C spacecraft from a single laser tracking system at Goddard Space Flight Center have been used to determine the change in latitude of the station arising from polar motion. A precision of 0.03 arc second was obtained for the latitude during a 5-month period in 1970.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 178; Oct. 27
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  • 185
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    The short-wavelength spectrum of the microwave background. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
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  • 186
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    A three-dimensional model of thermosphere dynamics. I - Heat input and eigenfunctions. II - Tidal waves. III - Planetary waves. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 187
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    Tesseral resonance on Imp 4 orbit. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The supersynchronous resonance occurred because the orbital period of 4 1/3 days was nearly commensurate with the earth's rotational period. The satellite was launched on May 24, 1967. The perturbation due to commensurability is discussed, giving attention to the ground track of the longitude at perigee passage and the effect of the tesseral harmonic on the time of perigee passage. The measurement of the time of perigee passage of Imp 4 is accurate enough to provide a stringent test of the third-degree tesseral terms in the model of the earth's gravitational field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Oct. 10
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  • 188
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    Magnetic field fluctuations during substorms. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Before a magnetospheric substorm and during its early phases, the magnetic field magnitude in the geomagnetic tail increases and field lines in the night-time hemisphere assume a more tail-like configuration. Before the substorm onset, a minimum amount of magnetic flux is observed to cross the neutral sheet which means that the neutral sheet currents attain their most earthward locations and their greatest current densities. This field configuration apparently results from an increased transport of magnetic flux to the tail caused by a southward interplanetary magnetic field. The field begins relaxing toward a more dipolar configuration at the time of a substorm onset with the recovery probably occurring first between 6 and 10 earth radii and later at greater distances. This recovery must be associated with magnetospheric convection which restores magnetic flux to the dayside hemisphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 189
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    Analytic models of electron impact excitation cross sections. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A number of analytic forms are presented which have been used to represent electron impact excitation cross sections all the way from threshold to the high energy domain where they join approximately to the results of the Born-Bethe approximation. Techniques for estimating the parameters in these analytic forms are described in detail so that the reader can update his own parameter set when new experimental information becomes available. A short collection of parameters for excitations to key states of N2, O2 and O is given along with references to sources where more complete sets are available. The importance of analytic models as a means of communication to aeronomical users of cross sections is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 190
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    The development of a theoretical model of the atmosphere and the ionosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 191
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    Frame synchronization in time-multiplexed PCM telemetry with variable frame length. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-20; Oct. 197
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  • 192
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    Savonoski crater, Alaska - A possible meteorite impact structure. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Meteoritics; 7; June 30
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  • 193
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    Mean lifetimes and equilibrium abundances in the fast CN cycle. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that the production of small nitrogen to carbon ratios is possible, in contrast to the equilibrium production in the ordinary CN cycle. Associated with such a production are high ratios of C-13/C-12 and of N-15/N-14. The final ratios depend on the conditions under which cessation of hydrogen burning occurs under astrophysical circumstances. A table showing proton capture mean lifetimes of CN nuclei is provided together with tables of the equilibrium abundances in a fast CN cycle. The ratios of final abundances of nitrogen to carbon as functions of temperature are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 238; July 10
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  • 194
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    Theoretical studies of the flux and energy spectrum of gamma radiation from the sun. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 13; May 1972
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  • 195
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    The earth's atmosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: Topics discussed include the effects of solar radiation on the heat balance of the earth and its atmosphere, the physicomathematical models of the atmosphere and the computational schemes used in numerical investigations of the general circulation of the atmosphere, the effects of atmospheric turbulence on aeronautical systems, te chemistry of different regions of the atmosphere, the use of hot-filament and cold-cathode vacuum gauges to measure upper-atmosphere densities, methods of determining the air density at heights near a satellite's perigee by analyzing changes in its orbit, and an evaluation of various atmospheric models in the 100- to 1000-km altitude range.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 196
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    Transport of cosmic rays in the solar corona. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Abstract missing.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 23; Mar. 197
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  • 197
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    Extragalactic X-ray sources. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The extended X-ray sources associated with the Virgo, Perseus, and Coma clusters of galaxies can best be explained as a result of the Compton scattering of relativistic electrons (generated in the radio sources which are present in each of these clusters) on the microwave background radiation. The same physical process involving microwave infrared or optical photons generated in the nuclei of active galaxies may account for the more compact X-ray sources. Thermal bremsstrahlung of hot gas in clusters of galaxies is a less likely source of X-rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 237; June 23
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  • 198
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    Frequency shifts of ionospheric nfH resonances. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New observational data are analyzed to interpret mechanisms responsible for large positive frequency shifts of Alouette II plasma resonances (corresponding to the first and second electron cyclotron harmonics) relative to frequency values expected from model magnetic field calculations. It is shown that the frequency shifts can be consistently explained by plasma wave dispersion effects combined with sounder transmitter frequency deviation (positive offset of several kilohertz) and a negative offset (several tens of gammas) in the geomagnetic field relative to the model field. Plasma wave dispersion effects are observed on the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance when it is in the vicinity of the resonance observed near the upper hybrid frequency. The observations suggest that an oblique echo model may be required for interpretation of the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; July 197
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  • 199
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    Monte Carlo treatment of Lyman-alpha radiation in a plane-parallel atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A Monte Carlo technique involving Stokes vectors is used to obtain the state of polarization and intensity of solar Lyman-alpha photons as they diffuse through a plane-parallel homogeneous model of earth's hydrogen envelope. Fine structure of Lyman-alpha and Doppler redistribution of frequencies are taken into account. Comparison of the results with Heath's observed upper limit for polarization of 1.5 per cent implies an optical thickness tau greater than 7 and intensities of 8-10 kilorayleighs for a solar Lyman-alpha flux of 5.8 ergs per sq cm per sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 175; July 1
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  • 200
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    The role of time-frequency in satellite position determination systems. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tests were conducted by NASA on radio navigation satellite systems that employ the use of time-frequency determination. The satellites used for this purpose were the ATS 1 and 3, and the Nimbus 3 and 4. Several systems were tested in order to examine the feasibility of three satellite navigation concepts: (1) multiple satellite range measurements, (2) satellite range rate, or range and range rate measurements and (3) satellite angle measurements. Test results indicate that locations of ships and aircraft can be determined to within 3-5 km, one sigma, by these satellite methods, and that location accuracy is both a function of the RF employed and of the extent of knowledge of the satellite orbit.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE; vol. 60
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