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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behavior of jet streams in potential fallout situations (1968)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 17 (1968), S. 8-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Hand eines konkreten Falles wird gezeigt, daß die Aufspaltung des Jet Streams in mehrere Äste, wie dies häufig über den Vereinigten Staaten an der Vorderseite intensiver Jet Maxima beobachtet wird, mit der Erhaltung der potentiellen Vorticity innerhalb einer Luftschicht, die sich über ein Hindernis bewegt, erklärt werden kann. Ein derartiges Hindernis kann einerseits durch ein Gebirge gegeben sein, wie etwa die Rocky Mountains, andererseits aber auch durch eine sich nur langsam fortbewegende Kaltluftmasse in der unteren Troposphäre. Eine solche ist für Kaltluftausbrüche im Zusammenhang mit intensiven Strahlströmen charakteristisch.
    Abstract: Résumé En se basant sur un cas particulier, on montre que la subdivision d'un courant “jet” en plusieurs bras distincts — fait souvent observé au dessus des Etats Unis d'Amérique à l'avant de la zone d'intensité maximum — peut s'expliquer par la conservation de l'énergie tourbillonnaire potentielle d'une couche d'air se déplaçant sur un obstacle. Un tel obstacle peut être soit une importante chaîne de montagnes telles que les Rocheuses, soit une masse d'air froid se déplaçant lentement dans la basse troposphère, comme c'est typiquement le cas lorsqu'une invasion d'air froid est liée à un fort courant “jet”.
    Notes: Summary It is shown from a case study that the splitting of jet streams into several branches, which is frequently observed over the United States on the leading edges of intense maxima, may be explained by conservation of potential vorticity within an atmospheric layer moving over an obstacle. Such an obstacle may be a large mountain barrier, such as the Rocky Mountains, or a slowmoving dome of cold air in the lower troposphere, as is typical for cold outbreaks associated with strong jet streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02250789
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Results of investigation on precipitation and cloud electricity based on 15 years of observation (1968)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 17 (1968), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine systematische Phänomenologie der luftelektrischen Erscheinungen innerhalb und in der Umgebung von Wolken und Niederschlägen, soweit sie nicht mit Gewittern verbunden sind, entwickelt. Sie erstreckt sich auf niedrige Schichtwolken, Cumulus humilis, Cumuli im Wachstumsstadium sowie Cu congestus und schließt typische stabile Aufgleitprozesse mit Übergang von Altocumulus über Altostratus in Nimbostratus bei absinkender Basis ein. Die schlüsselhafte Bedeutung des Aggregatzustandes der Niederschläge und des Turbulenzgrades innerhalb der Wolken für das Verständnis der atmosphärisch-elektrischen Prozesse und ihrer Systematisierung im Rahmen einer Phänomenologie wird dargestellt.
    Abstract: Résumé On développe ici un système des phénomènes électriques atmosphériques au voisinage et à l'intérieur des nuages et des précipitations, pour autant que ces deux catégories d'hydrométéores ne soient pas liées à des orages. Cette classification s'étend aux nuages stratiformes bas, aux cumulus humilis, aux cumulus en plein développement ainsi qu'aux cumulus congestus, Elle englobe en outre des processus de glissement ascendant stables et typiques tels que le passage de l'altocumulus au nimbus en passant par l'altostratus et cela par abaissement de la base du nuage. On souligne la signification de l'état des précipitations et du degré de turbulence à l'intérieur du nuage pour la compréhension des processus électriques atmosphériques et leur systématisation.
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to develop a systematic, phenomenological classification of non-thunderstorm clouds based on the electrical characteristics of such clouds, and to derive a similar classification of precipitation from the electrical properties of hydrometeors. The system, as proposed, will cover low stratus, cumulus humilis, convective cumulus and cumulus congestus, and also the cloud configuration associated with stable upslide situations characterized by a continuous transition, in time and space, from altocumulus to altostratus and nimbostratus, with the bases of the latter steadily losing altitude. The significance of the physical state of hydrometeors and of the intensity of turbulence in clouds as a key to atmospheric-electrical phenomena, and the interpretation and phenomenological classification thereof, is stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02250790
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    Remarks concerning the “ten-year-period” of atmospheric electricity (1968)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 17 (1968), S. 88-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02250794
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Beschreibung des Stromfeldes im Alpenbereich mittels Windmatrizen (1968)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 17 (1968), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper the authors investigate the stream field over the Alpine region. For the comparison of the wind frequencies observed at two stations the representation of the frequencies of wind direction in matrix notation proved to be very useful. From such a matrix one can immediately read off the frequencies of the simultaneous wind directions at the stationB, when the direction at the stationA is held fast. The frequency distributions of the wind directions at the single stationsA andB result as the sums of the columns and of the rows of the wind matrix. The matrix allows to specify index numbers (e. g. the trace of the matrix) which characterize the simultaneous wind conditions at a pair of stations,AB, the change of direction from one station to the other and so on.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans le présent travail, on étudie le champ des courants dans la région des Alpes. Pour comparer la fréquence du vent à 2 stations, il est apparu que la représentation de la fréquence des directions du vent sous forme de matrice était parfaitement utilisable. Il est possible de tirer immédiatement d'une telle matrice la direction du vent dans une stationB en partant de la direction du vent observée au même moment en une stationA. La répartition des fréquences de la direction du vent aux stationsA etB résulte de la somme des colonnes, respectivement des lignes de la matrice. Une telle matrice permet également de tirer des grandeurs caractéristiques de la paire des stationsA etB. Ces grandeurs expliquent mieux l'apparition simultanée des mêmes directions (trace de la matrice), les rotations du vent d'une station par rapport à l'autre, etc.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Strömungsfeld im Bereich der Alpen untersucht. Für einen Vergleich der Windhäufigkeiten zwischen zwei Stationen stellte sich eine Darstellung der Häufigkeiten der Windrichtungen in Matrixform als sehr brauchbar heraus. Man kann aus einer solchen Windmatrix bei einer festgehaltenen Windrichtung in der StationA sofort die Häufigkeiten der gleichzeitigen Windrichtungen in der StationB ablesen. Die Häufigkeitsverteilungen der Windrichtungen an den einzelnen StationenA undB ergeben sich aus der Summe der Spalten bzw. der Zeilen der Windmatrix. Mittels einer solchen Windmatrix ist man auch in der Lage, für das betreffende StationspaarAB charakteristische Kenngrößen anzugeben, die das gleichzeitige Auftreten von Windrichtungen (Spur der Matrix), die Drehung des Windes und dergleichen mehr beschreiben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02250792
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation of crevasses in relation to the measured distribution of strain-rates and stresses (1968)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 17 (1968), S. 78-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf einer Fläche von etwa 0,3 km2 wurde am Hintereis- und Langtaufererjochferner (Ötztaler Alpen) die Verteilung der Deformationen und der Spannungen an der Oberfläche bestimmt. Dazu wurde in den Jahren von 1957 bis 1963 ein Pegelnetz, bestehend aus 30 Pegeln in etwa 2750 m Seehöhe, vermessen. Die Gletscheroberfläche zeigt beim Zusammenfluß beider Gletscher ein Gebiet ohne Spalten, bedingt durch hohe Kompressionen, und ein Gebiet mit Querspalten, die durch seitliche Quetschung in Verbindung mit kleinen Zugspannungen entstehen. Die Spaltenbildung stimmt mit der Spannungsverteilung in bezug auf Größe und Richtung des Spannungszustandes überein.
    Abstract: Résumé On a déterminé la répartition des déformations et des tensions à la surface des glaciers du Hintereis et du Langtaufererjoch (Alpes de l'Ötztal, Autriche) et cela sur, une surface de 0.3 km2. Ces mesures furent effectuées de 1957 à 1963 et on s'est servi pour cela d'un, réseau de 30 échelles nivométriques situées à environ 2750 m d'altitude. La surface présente, au confluent des deux glaciers une zone sans crevasses due à de hautes compressions et une zone zébrée de crevasses transversales dues à des forces de compression, latérale liées à de petites tensions. La formation des crevasses correspond à la répartition des tensions et cela aussi bien en ce qui concerne leur direction que leur importance.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of strain-rates and stresses was determined in an area of approximately 0.3 km2. For this purpose a network of 30 stakes was established on the Hintereisferner and Langtaufererjochferner (Oetztal Alps, Austria) in an altitude of approximately 2750 m in the years between 1957 and 1963. The region of the confluence of the Hintereisferner and the Langtaufererjochferner shows both, an area without crevasses, where high compressing strainrates and stresses occur, and an area with transverse crevasses formed by high lateral compressive stresses in combination with small tensile stresses. The formation of crevasses is a good agreement with the distribution of stresses concerning direction and magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02250793
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  • 6
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    Electronic Resource
    Eddy flux of sensible heat at different levels in the stratosphere (1968)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 17 (1968), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kovarianz zwischen Temperatur und meridionaler Windkomponente wurde für 18 Stationen der nördlichen Hemisphäre für 2km-Intervalle vom Boden bis 28 km berechnet. Diese Kovarianzen sind dem nach Norden gerichteten mittleren Strom der Wärme proportional, verursacht durch wandernde Wirbel. Für 80°W wurden Querschnitte der Kovarianz zwischen Temperatur und meridionaler Windkomponente konstruiert. In diesem Meridianschnitt tritt ein Minimum des turbulenten Wärmeflusses in nahezu 20 km Höhe in allen Breiten im Januar auf; in höheren Breiten beginnt eine plötzliche Zunahme mit der Höhe zwischen 18 und 22 km. Dieser turbulente Wärmefluß ist im allgemeinen in der unteren Stratosphäre unterhalb 20 km ziemlich klein. Ein ähnliches Verhalten wird bei der französischen Station Chateauroux gefunden. Die Schicht, welche die Regionen des kleinen und des großen turbulenten Wärmeflusses trennt, scheint mit einer vonFaust besprochenen Nullschicht zusammenzufallen. Diese scharfe Trennungslinie zwischen unterer Stratosphäre mit kleinem turbulenten Wärmefluß und der oberen Stratosphäre mit größeren Wirbelköpern der Wärme tritt jedoch nicht an allen Längengraden auf. Über Alaska findet man einen maximalen turbulenten Wärmestrom zwischen 20 und 22 km; auch die Werte in der unteren Stratosphäre sind dort viel größer als diejenigen um 80°W.
    Abstract: Résumé On a calculé la covariance existant entre la température et la composante méridionale du vent. Ces calculs, ont été effectués pour des intervalles de 2 km du sol à 28 km et cela pour 18 stations, de l'hémisphère nord. Ces nord et provoqués par des tourbillons mobiles. On a construit des sections de la covariance entre température et composante méridionale du vent à 80° de longitude W. Sous cette longitude, on constate en janvier un minimum du flux turbulent de chaleur à environ 20 km d'altitude et cela sous toutes les latitudes. Dans les latitudes élevées, on constate en outre une brusque augmentation de ce flux avec l'altitude et cela entre 18 et 22 km. Ce flux turbulent de chaleur est en général assez faible dans les basses couches de la stratosphère, c'est à dire au-dessous de 20 km. On trouve des conditions similaires, à la station française de Chateauroux. La couche qui sépare les régions présentant des flux turbulents de chaleur faible et important semble coïncider avec la “couche nulle” deFaust. Cette nette ligne de séparation entre la stratosphère inférieure présentant un faible flux turbulent de chaleur et la stratosphère supérieure comportant des corps tourbillonnaires de chaleur importants ne se rencontre cependant pas sous toutes les longitudes. Au-dessus de l'Alaska, on rencontre un courant turbulent de chaleur maximum entre 20 et 22 km. Les valeurs de la stratosphère inférieure y sont aussi beaucoup plus grandes que celles trouvées à 80° de longitude ouest.
    Notes: Summary Covariances of temperature and meridional wind component at 18 stations in the Northern Hemisphere were computed at 2km-intervals from the surface to 28 km. These covariances are proportional to the northward flux of sensible heat resulting from transient eddies. Cross sections of covariance of temperature and meridional wind component during January and July were constructed for 80°W. At this longitude during January a minimum of eddy heat flux occurred near an altitude of 20 km at all latitudes, and in the higher latitudes a sharp increase began somewhere between 18 km and 22 km. Eddy heat fluxes were generally quite small, in the part of the stratosphere below 20 km. A similar pattern was found at the French station of Chateauroux. The layer which separates the regions of small and large eddy heat fluxes appears to coincide with a null layer described byFaust. However, this sharp dividing line between a lower stratosphere with small eddy heat fluxes and an upper stratosphere with large eddy heat fluxes does not appear at all longitudes. Over Alaska one finds maximum eddy heat fluxes between 20 km and 22 km, and values in the lower stratosphere are much larger than those near 80° W.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247078
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Nicht-lineare Effekte beim Strömen viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten durch Schlitz- und Lochdüsen (1968)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short survey of previous theoretical investigations on inflow of viscoelastic fluids into slits and holes as well as of experimental results obtained in such devices with polymer melts, a description is given of corresponding experiments with dilute polymer solutions. Particular attention is paid to the dependence on die shape of the effects. Steady circular flow and elastic turbulence (connected with irregularities in the discharging jet), as well as various transition phenomena (periodic instabilities, unsymmetric steady inflows) can be observed. In hole-type dies the contour of the jet changes, when a critical flow rate is being exceeded: the usual onion-like shape instantly turns to a slightly diverging cone. From experimental results some conclusions are drawn with respect to theoretical treatment of transition phenomena, which may be understood as a problem of rheodynamic stability.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die bisher durchgeführten theoretischen Untersuchungen betreffend das Einströmen viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten in Schlitzund Lochdüsen, sowie über die in solchen Anordnungen mit Polymerschmelzen gewonnenen experimentellen Ergebnisse werden entsprechende Versuche mit verdünnten Polymerlösungen beschrieben. Besonderes Interesse findet dabei die Abhängigkeit der Effekte von der Gestalt der Düsen. Stationäre Zirkularströmungen und elastische Turbulenz (verbunden mit Schwankungen im austretenden Strahl), sowie verschiedene Übergangsformen zwischen diesen beiden Erscheinungen (periodische Instabilitäten, unsymmetrische stationäre Einströmungen) werden beobachtet. In Lochdüsen findet oberhalb eines kritischen Durchsatzes ein Wechsel der Strahlform statt: Die übliche „Zwiebel“ geht momentan in einen schwach divergierenden Kegel über. Aus den Beobachtungsergebnissen werden einige Folgerungen bezüglich der theoretischen Behandlung der Übergangsphänomene — als eines „rheodynamischen Stabilitätsproblems“ — abgeleitet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982375
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  • 8
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    The effect of filler on the mechanical properties of an elastomer at high strain rates (1968)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 174-179 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die dargestellten Ergebnisse zeigen den Einfluß von Korngröße und Gehalt des Füllstoffes auf das Spannungsdehnungsdiagramm eines Elastomers unter hohen Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten. Eine Gleichung für die Voraussagung der anscheinenden Erhöhung des Elastizitätskoffizienten des Elastomers durch den Einschluß von starren kugelförmigen Körnern wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary Results are presented which show the effect of filler size and content on the stress-strain curves of an elastomer at high strain rates. An equation is proposed for the prediction of the apparent increase in modulus of an elastomer due to the addition of rigid spherical particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982378
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Rheology of molten polymers (1968)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 179-183 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gleichung vonCross beschreibt das Fließverhalten von pseudoplastischen Flüssigkeiten durch drei Konstante: Die obereNewtonsche Viskositätη∞ (bei sehr hohen Schergeschwindigkeiten), die untereNewtonsche Viskositätη 0 (bei Scherspannung Null), und eine Materialkonstanteα, die vom Brechen der Bindungen zwischen Partikeln im nicht-Newtonschen Fließbereich abhängt. Die Berechnung vonη∞ ist wichtig für unverdünnte Polymere, wo man sie nicht messen kann. Die Gleichung wurde auf das Fließverhalten der Schmelzen von zwei handelsüblichen Hochdruckpolyäthylenen bei drei Temperaturen angewandt. Die Werte vonη 0, durch Extrapolation von gemessenen scheinbaren Viskositäten im Schergeschwindigkeitsbereich von 10 bis 4000 sec−1 errechnet, wichen bis 30% von den gemessenenη 0-Werten ab. Die Aktivierungsenergie derη∞ war so klein, daß dieη∞-Werte bei den drei Temperaturen innerhalb der Genauigkeit der Extrapolation anscheinend gleich waren. Dieη 0-Werte waren 100 bis 1400 mal größer als dieη∞-Werte. Im Verhältnis zu kolloidalen Dispersionen und verdünnten Polymerlösungen war dasα der Schmelzen groß, nahm aber mit steigender Temperatur ab. Deshalb wird die Verhakung der Molekülketten hauptsächlich durch Scherbeanspruchung vermindert, aber der Beitrag derBrownschen Bewegung nimmt mit steigender Temperatur zu.
    Notes: Summary TheCross equation describes the flow of pseudoplastic liquids in terms of an upper and a lower Newtonian viscosity corresponding to infinite and zero shear,η∞ and η0, and of a third material constantα related to the mechanism of rupture of linkages between particles in the intermediate, non-Newtonian flow regime, Calculation ofη∞ of bulk polymers is important, since it cannot be determined experimentally. The equation was applied to the melt flow data of two low density polyethylenes at three temperatures. Using data in the non-Newtonian region covering 3 decades of shear rate to extrapolate to the zero-shear viscosity resulted in errors amounting to about onethird of the measuredη 0 values. The extrapolated upper Newtonian viscosity was found to be independent of temperature within the precision of the data, indicating that it has a small activation energy. Theη 0 values were from 100 to 1,400 times larger than theη∞ values at the corresponding temperatures. The values ofα were large compared to theα values found for colloidal dispersions and polymer solutions, but decreased with increasing temperature. This shows that shear is the main factor in reducing chain entanglements, but that the contribution of Brownian motion becomes greater at higher temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982379
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  • 10
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    The static drag on bodies in Bingham plastics (1968)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 188-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einen guten Hinweis auf den Fließwiderstand eines in einer fließenden Bingham-Substanz eingetauchten Körpers erhält man, indem man die statische Fließspannung über die Querschnittsfläche des Körpers senkrecht zur Bewegungsrichtung der Bingham-Substanz summiert und das Ergebnis mit 16,7 multipliziert. Der tatsächliche Fließwiderstand mag im Falle einer Scheibe oder einer Kugel etwas höher sein als für einen Zylinder oder eine rechteckige Platte, und möglicherweise ist ein zusätzlicher Faktor erforderlich, wenn die Länge des Körpers parallel zur Strömung größer ist als seine Breite. Der Mechanismus der Kräfteübertragung von der Bingham-Substanz auf den eingetauchten Körper ist zur Zeit noch nicht erkannt.
    Notes: Summary A good indication of the static drag force experienced by a body immersed in a Bingham plastic can be obtained by summing the static yield stress over the cross-sectional area of the body normal to the direction of movement of the plastic and multiplying the result by 16.7. The actual drag may be slightly higher in the case of a disc or a sphere than for a cylinder or a rectangular plate, and an additional factor may be required if the length of the body parallel to the flow exceeds its width. The mechanism of transmission of the force from the Bingham plastic to the immersed body is not understood at present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982381
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  • 11
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    Kurzer Beitrag zur Berechnung des Relaxationsspektrums (1968)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 225-228 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A general numerical solution of the integral equation of first kind was discussed in connection with the restriction arising from the physical meaning of relaxation spectrum. The Roessler-Twyman approximation method was modified in order to remove the appearance in the course of iteration process of negative values of relaxation spectrum which have no physical meaning. The iteration process proposed becomes stabilised for positive values of relaxation spectrum only. An example is given to illustrate the difference between the two methods.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mittels des oben beschriebenen Rechnungsverfahrens stabilisiert die gewonnene Funktion des Relaxationsspektrums ihre Grundform für die positiven Werte des Spektrums ebenso schnell wie die Funktionen, welche mittels der ursprünglichen MethodeRoesler-Twyman(2) gewonnen werden. Durch die erwähnte Modifikation wird die Konvergenz der „Reproduktionsfähigkeit“ des Relaxationsspektrums etwas verzögert, weil der Durchschnittswert des Parameters „p“ in dem Intervall (c, d) herabgesetzt wird. Aus der graphischen Darstellung des Iterationsverlaufs und aus der Tab. 2 geht hervor, daß man auch mit der oben beschriebenen Modifikation der Berechnung eine sehr gute „Reproduzierbarkeit“ der Ausgangsfunktion des dynamischen Moduls erzielen kann, unter Wahrung der Unterscheidbarkeit der diskreten Relaxationszeiten. Der wesentliche Vorteil der Modifikation der numerischen MethodeRoesler-Twyman (2) besteht darin, daß es zu keiner Verzerrung der physikalischen Bedeutung der Funktion des Relaxationsspektrums in den höheren Graden der Iteration kommt. Aus den Ergebnissen der Arbeit vonTwomey (5) undPhillips (4), sowie aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit kann man ersehen, daß es für numerische Lösungen der Integralgleichung der ersten Art wichtig ist, die Art der Berechnung so zu wählen, daß die physikalischen Voraussetzungen für die unbekannte Funktion in dem eigentlichen Berechnungsverfahren numerisch ausgedrückt werden.
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  • 12
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    Some observations on the role of guard-rings in the cone-in-cone viscometer (1968)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 197-202 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three cylindrical guard-rings, two conical guardrings, and two cone-in-cone units were used in order to evaluate the effects of the presence of surface films on viscosity determined by means of the cone-in-cone viscometer. Distilled water, paraffin oils and human blood were used for this study. No surface film was found to exist on paraffin oils; a surface film present on distilled water was found to be affected by an addition of a detergent. While surface films of very complex nature were found to exist, and to affect viscosity readings, on anticoagulated blood, no viscosity artefacts were present in the freshly shed, and especially not anticoagulated, blood. It was found that the effect of surface films on the viscosity determination depends on the geometry of the viscometer, as well as on the geometry of the guardrings employed. In the cone-in-cone viscometer used, the critical “locking” gap for surface films is about 0.8 mm; when the gap was larger than 1.5 mm, no artefact reading could be obtained on fresh blood. This study confirms the validity of data obtained on freshly-shed blood at very low shear rates. The colloidal structure and the rheology of the surface films in blood and in distilled water remain obscure.
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    A simple extension apparatus for dilute gelatin gels (1968)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 217-222 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es ist ein Apparat konstruiert und gebaut worden, welcher die Untersuchung der Brucheigenschaften von verdünnten Gelatine-Gelen gestattet. Die Bruchspannungen im Bereich von 1,7×104 bis 1×106 Dyn cm−2 sind bestimmt worden. Die Dehnung am Bruchpunkt variierte zwischen 46 und 155%. Das Anfangsstück (ansteigend) der Belastungs/Dehnungskurve ist linear und kann zur Berechnung desYoungschen Moduls verwendet und mit der Gallertfestigkeit nachBloom in Beziehung gesetzt werden.
    Notes: Summary An apparatus has been designed and constructed which allows the rupture properties of dilute gelatin gels to be studied. Breaking stresses in the range 1.7×104 to 1×106 dyne cm−2 have been determined; extension at break varied between 46 and 155%. The initial slope of the load-extension graph is linear and can be used to calculateYoung's modulus and can be related to Bloom jelly strength.
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    Zur Besprechung eingegangene Bücher (1968)
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    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 195-195 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982383
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    A capillary rheometer for dilute polymer solutions (1968)
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    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 349-354 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein von TNO entwickeltes Kapillar-Rheometer ermöglicht im Prinzip eine zuverlässige Messung der Viskosität verdünnter Polymerlösungen bei Schergefällen, bei denen auch die Messung der Strömungsdoppelbrechung ausgeführt werden kann. Für Newtonsche Flüssigkeiten wurde Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen vonUbbelohde-Messungen gefunden. Für mäßig konzentrierte Polymerlösungen wurde jedoch ein Unterschied gefunden, der mit dem Auftreten eines elastischen Eintrittseffektes bei denUbbelohde-Messungen zusammenhängen könnte.
    Notes: Summary A capillary rheometer developed by TNO enables, in principle, a reliable determination of the viscosity of dilute polymer solutions in the range of shear rates, where also measurements of the flow birefringence can be performed. For Newtonian liquids, agreement with the results ofUbbelohde measurements was found. For moderately concentrated solutions, however, a difference with the results ofUbbelohde measurements was observed, which may point to the presence of an elastic entrance effect in the latter measurements.
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    Determination of normal stress differences in steady shear flow (1968)
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    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 364-368 
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    Notes: Summary Using the cone- and-plate apparatus ofAdams andLodge, values of pressure gradient,r-d¯p/dr in a range 300 to 3000 dyn/cm2, have been measured to an accuracy of 1% at shear rates near 10 sec−1 in liquids of viscosity less than 200 poise. Using the constancy of pressure gradient at a given shear rate as an indicator of liquid stability, it was found that a polyisobutene liquid containing 2% of ‘Oppanol B 200’ in ‘Oppanol B I’, when stored at rest at 25 °C, was stable during a certain 7-day period after dissolution and unstable during the subsequent 30 days.
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    Research-program in non-Newtonian fluids (1968)
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    Rheologica acta 7 (1968), S. 395-397 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Jean Dufay (1896–1967) (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 409-410 
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    On the X-ray source SCO XR-1 (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 424-428 
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    Notes: Abstract If the assumption of a catastrophic explosion during the formation of a neutron star is correct, the parent systems for Šklovsky's model of SCO XR-1 seem to have been very short-period white-dwarf binaries. A white dwarf originally in contact with its Roche limit is forced to lose mass. During the ejection of matter the primary may pass the white-dwarf mass limit and become a neutron star. The mass transfer time-scale can change from pulsational to thermal, and a mass flow of 10−9 M ⊙ per year needed for SCO XR-1 can be understood, while at the same time the orbital period will increase.
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    On the spectrum of relativistic electrons accelerated in cosmic-ray sources (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 442-450 
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    Notes: Abstract The data on the spectrum of the cosmic-ray electron component near the earth, on the radio-spectra of radio-galaxies, quasars and the Crab Nebula, as well as the data pertaining to the X-ray spectrum of the cosmic background, all agree that the sources of cosmic-ray electrons (such as supernovae and galactic nuclei) inject particles characterized by a power spectrumN(E)=KE −γ0, with γ0≃1.5–2.5. A mechanism is known in which the source emits a proton-nuclear component of cosmic rays with a spectrumN n (E)=K n E −γ n, γn = δ + 2, δ=w cr/(w−w cr), wherew cr is the cosmic-ray energy density in the source, andw=w cr+w n+w turb, the total energy density. We obtain γ=2.5 in agreement with observations on the natural assumption that δ=0.5. Within the framework of the same model with some additional assumptions, the electrons in the source, as well as those ejected by the source, are shown to have a power-spectrum characterized with γ0 ≤ γn = δ + 2. Thus the model discussed gives an adequate spectrum for both the proton-nuclear and the electron components of cosmic rays.
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    Dynamical tides in close binary systems (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 411-423 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present paper will be to investigate the circumstances under which an irreversible dissipation of the kinetic energy into heat is generated by the dynamical tides in close binary systems if (a) their orbit is eccentric; (b) the axial rotation of the components is not synchronized with the revolution; or (c) the equatorial planes are inclined to that of the orbit. In Section 2 the explicit form of the viscous dissipation function will be set up in terms of the velocity-components of spheroidal deformation arising from the tides; in Section 3, the principal partial tides contributing to the dissipation will be detailed; Section 4 will be devoted to a determination of the extent of stellar viscosity — both gas and radiative; while in the concluding Section 5 quantitative estimates will be given of the actual rate at which the kinetic energy of dynamical tides gets dissipated into heat by viscous friction in stellar plasma. The results disclose that the amount of heat produced per unit time by tidal interaction between components of actual close binaries equals only about 10−10th part of their nuclear energy production; and cannot, therefore, affect the internal structure of evolution of the constituent stars to any appreciable extent. Moreover, it is shown that the kinetic energy of their axial rotation can be influenced by tidal friction only on a nuclear, rather than gravitational (Kelvin) time-scale — as long as plasma or radiative viscosity constitute the sole sources of dissipation. However, the emergence of turbulent viscosity in secondary components of late spectral types, which have evolved away from the Main Sequence, can accelerate the dissipation 105–106 times, and thus give rise to appreciable changes in the elements of the system (particularly, in the orbital periods) over time intervals of the order of 105–106 years. Lastly, it is pointed out that, in close binary systems consisting of a pair of white dwarfs, a dissipation of the kinetic energy through viscous tides in degenerate fermion-gas could produce enough heat to account, by itself, for the observed luminosity of such objects.
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    О спектре релятивистских электронов, ускоряемых в источниках космическиш лучей (1968)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 451-459 
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    Notes: Аннотация Данные, касющиеся спектга электронной котпоненты коцтических лучей у Зетли, снектга гадиоизлуелия радигалактык и квазаров, спектна крабовитной тутанности и снсктча рентгеновского костическоао фона согласуются с такит предположениет: источнхики электронной хотпоненты костич-еских pllучей (оболочки сверхновых звезд, галактыческие ядра) инжектируют частицы со спектротN(E) =KE −γ0, γ0 ≃ 1.5–2.5. Ызвестна нэкоторая схетта, в которой источникн В источнике, а кполн=ккл+щтюрб-полнаи энепгия в источнике); при доволщйно естэцтвенном прэдположении, что д≏:05 показатель γn ≃ 2.5, в согласии с наблюдениями. В рамках этой же схемы, приизвестных дополнитэлйных прэдположэниях, электроны в оболочке и электроны выходящие из оболочки имеют спектр γ0 ≤ γn = 2 + δ. В рамках этой схэмы можно, таким обрзом, полычить и для протонно-ядерноь и дляэлектронной компонент спектры, сорласуюуиеся с наблюдаемыми.
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    Radiative source-function predictions for finite and semi-infinite non-conservative atmospheres (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 460-498 
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    Notes: Abstract The probabilistic method of Sobolev and Case's method of normal mode expansion are combined to predict source-function distributions for radiative transfer in non-conservative, planeparallel atmospheres. The solutions obtained for semi-infinite atmospheres are exact and can be expressed in terms of functions and parameters associated with the non-conservative Milne problem. The predictions for finite atmospheres are approximate and are constructed from the semi-infinite solutions. Tabular values of the requisite functions and parameters are provided to facilitate rapid numerical evaluation of the solutions. Although the finite solutions corresponds to the zeroth-order (optically thick) approximation by Case's method, an assessment of the accuracy indicates that the results are useful for optical thicknesses as small as one or even less. The close connection between the results obtained and the method of point-direction gain of Van de Hulst is discussed.
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    Methods in computational physics, vol. 7, astrophysics (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 519-520 
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    On the third integral of the galaxy (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 6-19 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown here that the ‘third integral’ of the galaxy, whenever its constant is conserved, defines the same surface as the Hamiltonian, and thus does not constitute anynew integral, but a function of the already known integral of energy. In particular, the ‘third integral’ and the Hamiltonian are found to possess collinear gradients, in accordance with Poincaré's theorem concerning the characteristic exponents in systems with multiple integrals.
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    Fabry-Pérot observations of the Rosette Nebula (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 68-73 
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    Notes: Abstract The results of observations of the Rosette Nebula using the equipment described byMeaburn andSmith (1968) and the reduction procedures outlined inSmith andWalker (1968) are reported. The results and conclusions differ markedly from an earlier report (Flynn, 1965), of detailed radial-velocity observations of this nebula. The peak positions of the Hα-line profiles have now been shown not to vary greatly. The mean of 37 measurements at different points gives, for the heliocentric velocity of the Rosette nebula, +35±5 km sec−1. The widths of the lines are consistent with a model of randomly directed streaming motions of order 15 to 25 km sec−1.
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    The precession and nutation of deformable bodies (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 74-91 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present paper will be to derive from the fundamental equations of hydrodynamics the explicit form of the Eulerian equations which govern the motion about the centre of gravity of self-gravitating bodies, consisting of compressible fluid of arbitrary viscosity, in an arbitrary external field of force. If the problem is particularized so that the external field of force represents the attaction of the sun and the moon, this motion would represent the luni-solar precession and nutation of a fluid viscous earth; if, on the other hand, the external field of force were governed by the earth (and the sun), the motion would define the physical librations of the moon regarded as a deformable body. The same equations are, moreover, equally applicable to the phenomena of precession and nutation of rotating fluid components in close binary systems, distorted by mutual tidal action; and the present paper contains the first formulation of the effects of viscosity on such phenomena.
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    On metagalactic cosmic rays (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 125-128 
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    Notes: Abstract The simple argument is presented to show that the average energy density of cosmic rays in the Metagalaxy must be much smaller than in the Galaxy. This conclusion could, in principle, be not valid in the Lemaître cosmological model. The gamma-ray astronomical data now available testify, however, against the possibility of the cosmic-ray storage during the ‘stop’ phase of the Lemaître model. The measurements of the diffuse background gamma-ray intensity with energy exceeding 10 MeV could definitely solve this problem.
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    Density perturbations in cosmological models (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 309-335 
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    Notes: Abstract Differential equations are derived, following the methods ofLifshitz (1946) andLifshitz andKhalatnikov (1963), for density perturbations in isotropic, spatially homogeneous cosmological models of arbitrary space curvature. The unperturbed models contain both matter and radiation. An explicit third-order equation is obtained for the time development of the perturbations, and it is shown that one of the solutions is not covariantly defined. The two remaining solutions are compared with existing solutions for the limiting cases of radiation-filled and dust-filled models. The results ofBonnor's (1957) Newtonian analysis are shown to be a valid limiting case of our equation when the pressurep is finite, but small compared with the densityp timesc 2. A detailed analysis is given of a model containing coupled radiation (p=pc 2/3) and dust (p=0). It is shown that density perturbations with long wavelengths are unstable (with slow growth rate) for all time. The instability exists because for a long-wavelength disturbance, the time scale governing the propagation of pressure effects (which stabilize perturbations) is longer than the time scale for which pressure falls to the point of ineffectiveness. The present value of the critical wavelength is ∼60 Mpc in models based on flat space sections in which the present background radiation temperature is 3 °K.
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    Interstellar grains (1968)
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    Astrophysics and space science 1 (1968), S. 406-406 
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    Isotope shift in the resonance lines of131cesium (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 28-32 
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    Notes: Abstract Reactor produced131Cs (T 1/2=9.7 d) was used to investigate the isotope shift against the stable nuclide133Cs in the resonance lines of the Cs I spectrum. Special techniques to prepare the hollow cathode and a completely digitalized method of measuring and evaluation of the hyperfine structure made it possible to investigate short-lived isotopes with high accuracy. The following results were obtained:Δv IS(133−131; 6p 2 P 1/2−6s 2 S 1/2)=−0,39 (9) mKΔv IS(133−131; 6p 2 P 3/2−6s 2 S 1/2)=−0,28 (20) mK.
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    Suche nach Zwei-Elektronen-Emission beim Zerfall von113mIn (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 153-164 
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    Notes: Abstract An electromagnetic transition between two nuclear states may proceed through simultaneous ejection of two atomic electrons. This process was searched for in the decay of113mIn by means of two lithium-drifted silicon detectors and a two-dimensional pulse height analysis. No evidence for double electron ejection was found. From back-ground analysis, however, upper intensity limits relative to normal singleK-conversion were derived for different modes of the double decay. The intensity of doubleK-electron ejection with electron energies between 68 and 267 keV was determined to be less than 2.0 · 10−5. This limit was compared with theoretical estimates. In addition, the following limits were obtained: 1.8 · 10−4 for simultaneous emission of aK- and aL-electron, the energies ranging from 79 to 280 keV, and 2.9 · 10−5 for simultaneous emission of twoL-electrons with energies between 91 and 292 keV.
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    Level-crossing-Untersuchung der Hyperfeinstruktur des angeregten 32 P 3/2- und 42 P 3/2-Zustands von Na23 (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 172-182 
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    Notes: Abstract The hyperfine structure of the excited 32 P 3/2- and 42 P 3/2-state of Na23 has been investigated in a level-crossing-experiment by means of a detailed analysis of the dependence of the scattered resonance light as a function of the magnetic field. From the experimental curves the following results for the hyperfine structure constantsA andB and for the lifetimesΤ were deduced 32 P 3/2-state: 42 P 3/2-state:A=18.65(10)Mc/sA=6.006(30)g j/1.334Mc/sB=2.82(30)Mc/sB=0.86 (9)g j/1.334Mc/sΤ=1.60 (3) · 10−8sΤ=6.56 (25)1.334/gj·10−8 s. The nuclear electric quadrupolemoment of Na23 derived from these values isQ=0,097 · 10−24 cm2, where the Sternheimer-correction has been applied.
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    On the superconvergence of meson-nucleon invariant scattering amplitudes (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 194-203 
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    Notes: Abstract Using two models, i.e. perturbation theory with the usual PS-PS Hamiltonian and a “relativistic” version of the Lee model with the same type of interaction, it has been tried to clarify the question if there are superconvergent amplitudes in the (π, K) meson-nucleon forward scattering. Does the impressive validity of the well-known sum rule for theB (+) amplitude makes a serious support of the assumed superconvergence (becauseB describes the spin-flip scattering)? Indications, obtained from perturbation theory, including all Feynman diagrams up to the sixth order in the coupling constant and from the Lee model, where all allowed diagrams can be summed up, do not support the superconvergence assumption. Therefore the impressive prediction of theB (+) amplitude sum rule seems to be accidental.
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    Das Positronenspektrum von22Na und die Ruhemasse des Neutrinos aus dem β+-Zerfall (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 229-231 
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    Notes: Abstract Theβ + spectrum of22Na has been measured with the Heidelberg (π/2) √13 iron-freeβ-ray spectrometer. Particular attention was paid to the upper end of the continuum. The maximum energy was found to beE max=(545.7 ±0.5) keV. The rest mass of the neutrino connected withβ + decay was found to be zero with an upper limit of 4.1 keV (67 per cent confidence).
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    The foundations of turbulent motion flow between parallel planes. III (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 261-266 
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    Notes: Abstract It is suggested that the dynamical vibrations interact with (proper) turbulence which acts as a kind of kinetic damping force; this transformes the discrete vibrations into a continuous spectrum; it contains most of the turbulent energy. The theoretical spectrum is in satisfactory agreement withLaufer's measurements.
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    Conditions that must be satisfied by crossing-symmetric finite-energy sum-rules (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 281-292 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that there can be no exact solution of a crossing-symmetric finite-energy sum-rule in terms of a finite number of towers of zero-width resonances. If the Regge behaviour in a channel is to come from the resonances in the same channel, and not from some background term, there must either be appreciable overlap of broad resonances, or an infinite number of Regge trajectories. If complete crossing-symmetry is to be achieved, Regge cuts, as well as poles, must be incorporated. The above statements are supported by mathematical models; and the conclusion is that finite-energy sum-role bootstrap calculations with a finite number of towers of resonances should be treated with extreme caution, for they can, at best, be only very approximate.
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    The ferromagnetic transition of iron according to a Landau-theory of phase transitions of second order (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 456-458 
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    Notes: Abstract The properties of iron at its ferromagnetic transition point are described by a type of Landau-theory developed for He II. The theory includes spatial fluctuations of the spontaneous magnetisation which lead to a logarithmic singularity of the specific heat nearT c in agreement with measurements byKraftmakher andRomashina.
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    On the relaxation of anisotropic plasmas with dynamic shielding (1968)
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    The European physical journal 216 (1968), S. 488-498 
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    Notes: Abstract The relaxation of a strongly anisotropic two-component-plasma is treated by using the Balescu-Lenard-equation, i.e. taking into account collective effects. The relaxation process is described by parallel and perpendicular temperatures as functions of time; it is assumed that the distribution functions remain elliptical. The result is that collective effects are only significant if the ratio of electron and ion temperatures is very small (〈10−4) or very large (〉10+2).
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    Untersuchung des FaktorsU −n in der Niveaudichteformel des Fermigas-Modells (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 247-255 
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    Notes: Abstract The nucleus considered as a Fermi-gas is supposed to consist of several subsets of fermions with a constant number of nucleons in each subset. With this assumption the exponentn in the level density formulaρ(U)∼ U −n exp(2 √aU) is found to increase by 0.25 per additional subset.
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    The decay of the 11.80 MeV isobaric analog resonance in93Tc to negative parity states in92Mo (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 213-224 
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    Notes: Abstract The 2,524 keV 5− state and 2,848 keV3− state in92Mo were excited by inelastic proton scattering going through the 11.80 MeV isobaric analog resonance in93Tc. Angular distributions of the 3−→ 2+ and 5−→ 4+ γ-rays were measured and analyzed in order to obtain the partial waves of the outgoing protons.
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    Die Auger-Spektren derL 2- undL 3-Schale von Argon (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 294-303 
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    Notes: Abstract TheL 2 MM andL 3 MM-Auger spectra of gaseous argon have been investigated with an electrostatic spectrometer with energy resolution of 0.17%. The ionization in theL 2 andL 3 shell was caused by electron impact. It was possible to separate allL 2 MM andL 3 MM lines except the components of transitions to triplet final states. The experimental relative intensities of transitions within theL 2 M 2,3 M 2,3 andL 3 M 2,3 M 2,3 groups agree well with theoretical values, calculated byRubenstein, whereas the relative intensities of transitions of the groupsL 2 M 1 M 1,L 3 M 1 M 1,L 2 M 1 M 2,3 andL 3 M 1 M 2,3 differ systematically from theoretical values.
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    Finite energy sum rules for π-N backward scattering (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 321-335 
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    Notes: Abstract Finite energy sum rules for the A and S,π-N scattering amplitudes are saturated in the region −0.4 GeV2〈 u 〈0 with a number of s andt channel resonances. It turns out that one needs a rather large π—π s wave contribution, to get agreement with the high energy Regge pole analysis, which explains the dip structure in π+p scattering atu 0=−0.15 GeV2 by a zero in theN α contribution. The coupling of theN α trajectory seems to be much stronger than the coupling of theN γ andΔ δ trajectories.
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    The effective interaction in a nuclear model (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 386-405 
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    Notes: Abstract The effective interactionU belonging to a given subspace ofn unperturbed model functions can be related to the free nucleon-nucleon interaction by means of an exact integral equation. The conditions for a Born-v. Neumann expansion ofU and for an approximation by a slowly energy dependent interaction with adjustable parameters are investigated. It appears that effective interactions which have been used successfully in shell model calculations of bound state properties do not necessarily describe the actual dynamics of a nucleus.
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    Dispersion relations of the surface plasma oscillations of multilayers (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 406-408 
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    Notes: Abstract An equation for determining the dispersion relations of the surface plasma oscillations has been derived for the most general case of multilayers. The equation is given in a very simple form of the vanishing of the trace of a product of 2×2 matrices of recursive type.
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    Anomalous hyperfine fields detected with the differential angular correlation method (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 425-437 
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    Notes: Abstract Time differential perturbed angular distributions of nanosecond-levels of some rare earth nuclei embedded in a ferromagnetic host lattice have been measured. Coulomb excitation with 4–10 MeV α-particles and recoil implantation technique have been used. Some evidences have been found for anomalous hyperfine fields acting on the nucleus in a time period which cannot be resolved. On a time scale starting at about 1 nsec where details can be resolved, the hypothesis of a static hyperfine field parallel to the external polarizing field seems to be justified.
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    Über die Anwendung von Greenfunktionen zur Beschreibung von Paarungseffekten bei deformierten Atomkernen (1968)
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    The European physical journal 217 (1968), S. 457-464 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of nuclear pairing correlations, recently developed byMigdal, introduces only one constant, which should be nearly the same for all nuclei. This Green's function method is compared with the well known BCS-theory. The constant is fitted and the problem has been solved by numerical methods. We found that the constant varies likeA −1/2. The individual magnitude of the pairing energy depends strongly on the single particle level density which determines the value of the renormalized coupling constant of the pairinteraction. This enables us to reproduce the deviations of the pairing energy from the curveδ n =11,2A −1/2. The results are independent from the choice of the cut-off level.
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    Das Coster-Kronig- und Auger-Spektrum derL 1-Schale von Argon (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. 1-27 
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    Notes: Abstract The Coster-Kronig and Auger spectrum of theL 1 shell of gaseous argon has been investigated with an electrostatical spectrometer. The ionization in theL 1 shell of argon was caused by electron impact. Absolute energies and relative intensities of all the Coster-Kronig and Auger transitions have been determined. The relative intensities of transitions within the groupsL 1 L 2, 3 M 1,L 1 L 2, 3 M 2, 3 andL 1 MM agree fairly well with the theoretical values, calculated byRubenstein for extreme Russel-Saunders coupling, if intermediate coupling theory is used properly. Via the widthγ(L 1) of theL 1 level of argon, found in this experiment to be (1.84±0.2) eV, the following absolute group transition probabilities were determined (in units of 1014 sec−1):W(L1 L 2, 3 M 1)=(5.5±1.0),W(L1 L 2, 3 M 2, 3)=(20.8±2.8),W(L1 MM)=(1.44±0.16). The theoretical values are 21.0, 20.4 and 1.27. The possible reason for the large discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical value ofW(L1 L 2, 3 M 1) is the use of the incorrect value of 287 eV for the binding energyE(L1) byRubenstein. From the energies of theL 1 MM transitions this value has been determined to beE(L1)=(326.5±0.5) eV. This is the first direct measurement ofE(L1) of argon.
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    Relation between the Anderson and Kondo Hamiltonians for the case of degenerate impurity orbitals (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. 94-103 
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    Notes: Abstract The Schrieffer-Wolff transformation which connects the Anderson and Kondo models of a magnetic impurity is studied for the case of several impurity orbitals.
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    Wirkungsquerschnitte depolarisierender Stö\e von angeregten Natriumatomen mit Edelgasatomen durch optisches Pumpen mit D2-Licht (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. 104-104 
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    Neu eingegangene Arbeiten (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. I 
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    Continuous creation in a closed world model (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. 113-115 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that spontaneous creation can occur in de-Sitter space of positive curvature. The rate however is extremely low at the present stage of the universe.
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    Untersuchung der Anregung innerer Elektronen von Alkalihalogenidmolekülen im Energieverlustspektrum von 25 keV-Elektronen (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. 105-112 
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    Notes: Abstract The energy loss spectra of 25-keV electrons after interaction with alkali halide vapors were measured. For the energy losses in the energy rangeE≲6eV the positions of the peaks are consistent with light absorption measurements considering the energy resolution of the loss spectra. At higher energy peaks were observed, which correspond to the excitation of inner electrons belonging to the alkali atoms. From electron diffraction diagramms it follows, that for the lithium halides the concentration of dimers is considerable.
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    Stark-Effekt-Verbreiterung von Argon-I-Linien im Bogenplasma (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. 116-128 
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    Notes: Abstract The Stark broadening of Ar I spectral lines characterized by quadratic Stark effect was investigated in a wall-stabilized argon arc plasma. Only in some cases the theoretical interruption broadening half widths according toWeisskopf-Unsöld-Lindholm agree with the experimental values, usually they are smaller up to the factor 0.44. On the other side the Stark half widths calculated by the new Griem method are higher than the experimental values, however, mostly they are in the experimental limit of error.
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    Der Kernphotoeffekt am3H (1968)
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    The European physical journal 208 (1968), S. 129-141 
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    Notes: Abstract The nuclear photoeffect in tritium was investigated by irradiating a gaseous3H-target with bremsstrahlung of 32,5 MeV endpoint energy in the collimated beam of the Heidelberg betatron. Protons and deuterons from the reactions3H(γ, n)d and3H(γ, p)2n were measured independently at (90±15)° with respect to the γ-beam by adE/dx-E-semiconductor telescope. The cross section of the twobody disintegration3 H(γ, n)d is derived forγ-energies fromE γ=18 to 31 MeV. The integrated cross section from threshold to 32 MeV is (11.8±1.4) MeVmb. The cross section of the threebody disintegration3 H(γ, 2n)p is obtained by making assumptions regarding the angular distribution and energy split up amongst the three disintegration products, which appear plausible on theoretical grounds. Within experimental errors the results reported here seem to be in agreement with a theoretical calculation byFetisov.
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    Exchange and correlation contribution to the plasma zero-point energy in metals (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 132-141 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of exchange and correlation on the electron plasma frequency up to the fourth order terms in the wave number is investigated in the framework of the procedure ofBohm andPines. Applying the expression obtained to the calculation of the zero-point plasma energy, we found in the whole region of metallic densities the values which are negligibly higher than the RPA results derived in thek 2 approximation.
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    Time constants for nonstationary arcs (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 113-131 
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    Notes: Abstract The time constants associated with the initial deviations of an arc column from a static state have been studied analytically. The basic approach is to use a Taylor series expansion in powers of time of the energy balance equation. It is assumed that the arc gas is optically thin and is in local thermal equilibrium. Initially the effects of radial gas flow (which must exist for dynamic arcs) are neglected, but this simplification is later relaxed. The initial conditions are given by the properties of a cylindrically symmetric, wall-stabilized DC positive column. The interrupted (freely decaying) and the step-modulated arcs are considered, and initial time constants for conductance, electric field, and heat flux potential are computed. For numerical results the best available values of thermodynamic and transport properties have been used.
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    A study of laser rate equations by Liapunov's second method (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 142-151 
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    Notes: Abstract An investigation is made of a system of coupled nonlinear differential equations (Statz-DeMars equations), describing the time variation of photon density and inversion in a laser or maser, without solving these equations explicitly. The method applied is based onLiapunov's stability theory. The results are rigorous and imply no approximation; they are, therefore, valid for arbitrarily large nonlinear terms. In the physically meaningful halfspace of the phase plane, i.e. where the photon density is not negative, the Statz-DeMars equations admit only damped periodic and damped aperiodic solutions. The transition between the aperiodic and the periodic mode is achieved, when the pumping rate exceeds a critical value. It is proven that the whole halfspace considered belongs to the domain of asymptotic stability of the equilibrium state and, therefore, no limit cycles and no diverging solutions exist.
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    The proton form factor in the timelike region (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 176-182 
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    Notes: Abstract With the help of an exact inversion formula for the dispersion relation the proton form factor is calculated for the whole timelike region of momentum transfer till 7 (GeV)2 with an accuracy of at least 50%. The essential features (extrema and zeros) can even be given within 25%. Thep-resonance can be seen at the correct position but there is no marked vector-meson-dominance.
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    Thick target energy loss distributions of electrons (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 152-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Energy loss distributions of electrons with initial kinetic energies of 1.52, 2.65 and 3.66 MeV were measured after penetration through Al, Cu, Ag and Au targets with thicknesses ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 g/cm2. The most probable energy lossW and the widthB of the distributions were compared with theoretical results. Fair agreement is obtained forW if the pathlength distribution due to multiple scattering of the electrons in the target is taken into account. This pathlength distribution was obtained by a slight modification ofYang's formula. ForB a discrepancy remained especially for the highZ materials which is probably due to an underestimation of the bremsstrahlungbroadening in the theory ofBlunck andWestphal for energy loss distributions.
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    Optische Transmission dünner Silberschichten in der Nähe der Plasmafrequenz (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 165-175 
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    Notes: Abstract The measurements of the transmission of light at various angles of incidence and film thickness are compared with theoretical calculations. The influence of temperature on the value of the transmission minimum at the plasma frequency is measured from 10 °K up to 600 °K. A dependence of this value on the structure of the film is found. If one adds small quantities of Pb and Zn to the silver film, the plasma frequency is shifted to lower values.
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    Zur formelmäßigen Darstellung des Ionisierungsquerschnitts für den Atom-Atomstoß und über die Ionen-Elektronen-Rekombination im dichten Neutralgas (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 404-417 
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    Notes: Abstract Thomson's classical theory for the calculation of ionisation cross sections in electron-atom encounters is applied for calculating the ionisation cross section for atom-atom collisions. A very simple formula is obtained permitting a rapid calculation of the total ionisation cross sections as a function of the kinetic energyE a and the massm A of the ionizing atom, and of the binding energyE i and the number ξi of equivalent electrons in the electronic shell to be ionized. The formula is in good agreement with quantum mechanical calculations and with experimental results. It can be applied to ionization from ground and from excited states. From this formula one obtains an expression for the rate coefficient for ionization in the center-of-mass system of the colliding particles. Then, the method of detailed balancing is applied to calculate the rate coefficient for ion-electron three-body collisional recombination with a neutral atom acting as the third body. This latter formula is applicable to recombination into the ground and into excited states.
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    Thef-sum rule for “rotator strengths” (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 419-428 
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    Notes: Abstract The concept of oscillator strengthsf for the emission and absorption of radiation by the electrons of an atomic system which has lead to the familiar Kuhn-Thomas-Reichef-sum rule has been extended to that of “rotator strengths” for a molecule approximated by a freely rotating rigid asymmetric rotator with a permanent body fixed dipole moment. As a consequence of the different type of physical system the resulting “f-sum rule for rotator strengths” holds only for what may be termed average rotator strengths (averaged over theM-degenerate sublevels).
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    Unelastische Elektronenstreuung an14N für Anregungsenergien zwischen 8,5 und 11,5 MeV (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 452-468 
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    Notes: Abstract 14N was investigated by inelastic scattering of 35... 58 MeV electrons (scattering angles 117 to 165°). For theM1-transitions to the 2+,T=1 levels at 9.17 and 10.43 MeV, ground state radiation widths of (7.7±0.9) eV, and (12.1±1.5) eV, respectively, were obtained. The ratio of these two widths is 1.57±0.07. The 3−,T=1 level at 8.90 MeV is excited by anM2-transition withΓ γ 0 =(6.6±2.2) · 10−3 eV. An excitation of a level at (11.01±0.07) MeV is observed.
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    Das Emissionsspektrum gebundener Excitonen in Zinkoxydkristallen in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und uniaxialer Verspannung (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 429-451 
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    Notes: Abstract The recombination radiation of bound excitons in ZnO-crystals (spectral range 3,38–3,35 eV at 4.2 °K) and the adjacent phonon-assisted spectrum have been studied at temperatures between 4.2 °K and 90 °K. The phonon-assisted spectrum changes its structure at about 30 °K. With increasing temperature the exciton lines shift toward smaller quantum energies (ΔE∼T 2) and their half widthH increases (H∼T 2). The line shift is explained by a band gap variation due to deformation potential coupling of the holes toTA phonons. The line width is explained by broadening of an infinitely sharp line under the influence of the mean square fluctuation of thermally generated crystal deformations. The influence of uniaxial stress on the spectral positions of the lines has been studied.
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    Die Bremsstrahlung von Plasmen bei geringer Ionisation (1968)
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    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 483-490 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown, that the continuous spectrum (free-free radiation) of a plasma in a thermal equilibrium — if the degree of ionization is slight — is produced not only by the electron-ion impacts, but also to a considerable extent by the impacts of electrons with the neutral atoms. Under this assumption the radiation of a mercury arc plasma in the infra-red is calculated. The results are in good agreement with absolute radiation measurements in a wide range of frequencies and pressures.
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    Photon statistics of the optical parametric oscillator including the threshold region (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 469-482 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Starting from an effective Hamiltonian the derivation of a set of classical Langevin equations for the amplitudes of signal, idler, and pump is briefly reconsidered. From these equations all variables except those describing the signal mode are eliminated with the help of an adiabatic approximation and certain others, which are valid in the threshold region and somewhat above (i.e. photonumbers ≪ 1014). The signal mode amplitude then satisfies a van der Pol equation in the rotating wave approximation and is driven by a fluctuating force. With the exception of a slight difference due to the undamped phase diffusion of the pumping laser, the same Langevin equation has been derived earlier for the amplitude of a laser mode near threshold. We present the stochastically equivalent Fokker-Planck equation, whose solution is reduced to the known solution of the laser Fokker-Planck equation. Thus the complete photon statistics of the signal mode is revealed at once. In particular we obtain the stationary distribution and the amplitude and intensity correlation functions as well as the transient solution.
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    Range of recoil atoms in isotropic stopping materials (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 211 (1968), S. 495-501 
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    Notes: Abstract A calculation of the stopping power, range, and range straggling of low energetic atoms (E≲1 MeV) is reported. The computation applied the biatomic repulsive potential of Firsov and thus had to be carried out numerically. The results, however, are presented in an analytical form. — Experimental checks were performed with recoil atoms. 96 keV Ra-224 atoms from the α-decay of Th-228 were used to measure the range distributions in several light gases. — The fast neutron induced reactions, such as (n, p)-or (n, α)-reactions, led to recoils of higher energies (up to more than 1 MeV). Their mean ranges in polycrystalline metals or amorphous oxide layers could be obtained by measuring the fraction of radioactive recoils which had left the target surface. — The experimental data are in good agreement with the theory, except at the highest energies where the observed ranges are slightly larger than predicted.
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    Hartree-Fock and Hartree-Bogolyubov calculations inp shell nuclei (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 1-31 
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    Notes: Abstract Hartree-Fock (HF) and Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov (HFB) calculations have been performed for the 1p shell nuclei. Nuclear deformations are assumed to be at most axially symmetric. The HFB transformation is restricted to allow forp-p andn-n pairing only.Volkov's force, a soft-core, two-body interaction of semi-realistic nature, is used which does not produce any single-particle spin-orbit splittings. Coulomb force and the usual correction for centre-of-mass motion are taken into account. The calculations are carried out in a single-particle basis including all states up to principle oscillator quantum numberN=3 (in some cases,N=4). Binding energies, rms radii, density distributions, and quadrupole moments are calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment. Large Hartree-Fock energy gaps are obtained. They prevent the pairing correlations considered from becoming effective in an HFB approach and from changing the HF ground-state properties appreciably. In non-selfconjugate nuclei, the Pauli principle, rather than the Coulomb interaction, yields large differences between the charge and mass distributions. A theorem on selfconsistent symmetries is proved. The coefficients of the HFB transformation turn out to be real, if time-reversal and angular momentum projection flip are selfconsistent symmetries.
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    The influence of screening on Mott scattering by mercury atoms (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 48-60 
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    Notes: Abstract Cross sections of elastic electron scattering by mercury nuclei have been measured at energies and angles where the screening of the nuclear Coulomb field by the atomic cloud begins to play a role. Electrons of 46, 79, 100, and 204 keV were scattered by a mercury atomic beam and the angular distribution of the elastically scattered electrons was measured between 45
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    Untersuchungen von Relaxationserscheinungen an Quecksilberatomen im metastabilen 63 P 2-Zustand mit einem Impulsverfahren (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 32-47 
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    Notes: Abstract The decay of rf signalsδm=±1 between the Zeeman sublevels of mercury atoms in the metastable 63 P 2 state was investigated by means of a sampling method. The density matrix of the state was expanded in terms of irreducible tensor operators. By solving the appropriate differential equations, we were able to show that the time constant of the decay obtained from the measurements is the relaxation time for the longitudinal component of the mean electric quadrupole moment (alignment) of the metastable atoms. The linewidths of the rf resonances reflect the relaxation rates of the transverse components however. From the decay time, the cross sectionσ 0=(1,80±0,11) · 10−14 cm2 for depolarizing collisions between metastable mercury atoms (even isotopes) and ground state atoms was derived. A comparison ofσ 0 with the value which was previously determined from the linewidths of rf resonances, indicates that the relaxation process in a weak magnetic field is essentially isotropic.
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    Elastic electron scattering by mercury atoms (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 61-70 
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    Notes: Abstract The cross section and Mott asymmetry function of elastic electron scattering by mercury atoms have been calculated for energies of 46, 79, 100, and 204 keV and the angular range 45
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    Bemerkung zu einer Arbeit von K. Müller (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 104-106 
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    Angular correlation measurements in the B10(d,p,γ)B11 reaction (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 71-82 
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    Notes: Abstract Proton gamma angular correlations through the 6.76 and 8.92 MeV excited states of B11 are measured at deuteron bombarding energies from 1.6 to 2.4 MeV. The correlations are measured at laboratory proton scattering angles 35
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    Neu eingegangene Arbeiten (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. I 
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    On the coupling of the giant multipole resonances to the surface quadrupole oscillations of nuclei (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 83-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of the hydrodynamic model the exact coupling constants of the coupling of the giant multipole resonances to the surface quadrupole oscillations of nuclei are derived. The differences to former variational calculations are discussed. It is found that the coupling constants for the terms linear in the surface variables are almost the same whereas the coupling constants for the quadratic terms differ appreciably. The influence on the photon absorption and scattering cross sections of spherical nuclei is discussed.
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    Angular correlation measurement in the B11(d, pγ)B12 reaction (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 122-129 
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    Notes: Abstract Thep-γ angular correlations in B11(d, p)B12 reaction have been measured in both reaction and azimuthal planes for proton angles 35° at ED=1.60 and 2.40 MeV. The correlation coefficient A 2 0 and the distortion parameterλ were calculated. The obtained values of the shift of the symmetry axis from the recoil direction, Φ0 and the parameterλ are far from there plane wave limits. The anisotropy of the angular correlation gives two possible values, 1+ and 2+, for the spin of the first excited state of B12.
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    Pressure dependence of the isomer shift of Sn119 (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 107-121 
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    Notes: Abstract Using recoilless gamma resonance absorption of the 23.8 keV transition of Sn119 we have measured the isomer shift as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to 100 kbar. The tin isotope was introduced into the substances SnMg2, metallic tin, Pd(12 wgt.% Sn), Sn (SO4)2·2H2O, and SnAu. Except for SnMg2, all compounds exhibit a linear relation between isomer shift and pressure, which reflects a decrease of ¦ ψ(0)¦2, the probability density of the electrons at the nuclear site, with increasing pressure. This decrease is interpreted by a volume-dependent screening of the 5s electrons by the 5p electrons. The non-linear dependence of the isomer shift upon pressure in the case of SnMg2 is interpreted in terms of the superposition of two counteracting effects, with band repopulation and electronic shielding effects prevailing in the low and high pressure branches, respectively. Measurements of the pressure dependence of both the electrical resistivity and the lattice structure of SnMg2 lead to a picture, which resulted in a calculation of the pressure dependence of the isomer shift, which is in agreement with the experimental observations.
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    Neu eingegangene Arbeiten (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. I 
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    Einzelteilchen-Berechnungen zur Kernspaltung (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 295-307 
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    Notes: Abstract We use an axial symmetric, energy-, spin-, and isospin-dependent shell model Hamiltonian to describe heavy deformed nuclei, where the equipotential surfaces are taken to be spheroids, corrected towards a more realistic nuclear shape by means of Legendre polynomials of maximal order four, and the potential is assumed to depend on the modified radial coordinate like a Fermi function. The eigenvalue problem is solved by a perturbation treatment which starts with the eigensolutions for purely spheroidal deformations as a first approximation. By analysis of an expression which involves the single particle energies for a given deformation, the sets of deformation parameters for the ground state and the transition point of a fissioning nucleus are found, and from them the total energy at the transition point is obtained. For Th231, Th233, U235, U236 and U237 we give our results and compare them with measurements and liquid drop model calculations.
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    Optisches Pumpen mit Mischlicht bei einer stoßinduzierten teilweisen Vermischung angeregterP-Zustände (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 315-329 
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    Notes: Abstract The dependence of ground state spin polarization 〈S z〉 on the degree of collisionally induced excited state mixing has been calculated and discussed using the following mixtures of pumping light:σ + D 1 andσ − D 1 σ + D 2 andσ − D 2 as well asσ + D 2 andσ + D 1. The calculations in this first part have been performed on nuclear spin zero “one-electron” atoms using different mixing modells. Possibilities to determineP 1/2- andP 3/2-excited state mixing cross sections from easily detectable values par example the pass-through-zero of 〈S z〉 and to get informations on the validity of mixing modells are described. Category: atomic physics, optical pumping.
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    Messung der Winkelverteilung der Neutronenpolarisation bei Streuung von 15,85 MeV-Neutronen am Kohlenstoff (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 365-379 
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    Notes: Abstract AtE n=15.85 MeV the angular distributions of neutron polarizationP(θ) for12C(n, n)12C and of scattering asymmetry A(θ) for12 C(n,n′)12 C *(Q=−4.43 MeV) have been measured. In a neutron time-of-flight method with a plastic scintillator as scatterer carbon recoil nuclei were used for detection. Polarized neutrons were produced in thed-t reaction atE d=1.90 MeV at a reaction angle of 70° (lab.). WithP n=−0.135 scattering polarizations P(θ) are forθ lab=30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80° respectively −27.0±2.1, −48.4±2.7, −68.7±3.6, −20.7±6.2, +5.3±3.9, and +2.1±4.5%.
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    Verwendung der Kohlenstoff-Rückstoßmethode zur Asymmetriemessung von elastisch und inelastisch an Kohlenstoff gestreuten Neutronen (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 347-364 
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    Notes: Abstract The carbon recoil method has been used in a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. The asymmetries of fast neutrons elastically and inelastically scattered from carbon nuclei in a plastic scintillator were measured simultaneously. Properties of the spectrometer are discussed. As an example the measurement of scattering asymmetries atθ lab=50°, using 15.85 MeV neutrons from thed-t-reaction, is described.
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    Mößbauereffekt in Eisenstilben und FeCl2·H2O (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 330-346 
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    Notes: Abstract Using Mößbauer effect measurements in the temperature range between 3 °K and 310 °K the magnetic fields at the nucleus in iron-stilbene, FeCl2·H2O and FeCl3 are determined to beH T=0=(250±10) kOe, (252±18) kOe and (468±10) kOe; a Néel-temperature ofT N=(23±1) °K is measured for iron-stilbene. The electric quadrupole splittings atT=0 °K for iron-stilbene and FeCl2 ·H 2 O, ΔE=(+2.52±0.02) mm/sec and (+2.50±0.05) mm/sec, yield electric field gradients at the iron nucleus ofq z=+9.7·1017 V/cm2 and +9.6·1017 V/cm2, whereq z⊥H; Debyetemperatures of θ=162 °K and 188 °K are obtained. The energy of the excited 3d-electron levels in iron-stilbene is estimated to Δ1=309 cm−1 and Δ2=618cm−1 as deduced from the temperature dependence ofΔE. In contrast to the suggestion ofEuler andWillstaedt bivalence of the iron in ironstilbene is found; its composition is shown to be 4(FeCl2 ·H 2O)·stilbene.
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    Neu eingegangene Arbeiten (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. I 
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    Mößbauereffekt in157Gd und155Gd (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 415-434 
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    Notes: Abstract Using the Mössbauer technique electric hyperfine interactions of the first excited non-rotational states at 64 keV in157Gd and at 86.5 keV in155Gd have been determined in GdF3 and GdCl3· 6H2O. For the ratio of quadrupolmoments the ratiosQ 64 157 /Q g 157 =1.74±0.04,Q 86.5 155 /Q g 157 =−0.07 ± 0.21 andQ g 155 /Q g 157 =0.78 ± 0.06 were found. In addition isomer shifts were observed from which a ratio δ〈r2〉 64 157 /δ〈r2〉 86.5 155 =−2.6±0.15 can be inferred.
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    Green's function theory of the Kondo effect in dilute magnetic alloys (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 380-407 
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    Notes: Abstract The exact solution of thet-matrix integral equation derived from the self-consistent Nagaoka equations in the theory of dilute magnetic alloys is established. It is shown that the unique solution for thet-matrix involving all Kondo type anomalies can be found under quite general assumptions. Using the exact solution we have calculated thermodynamic properties of dilute magnetic alloys. It is found that the excessive specific heat of the system due to the anomalous scattering of conduction electrons from the magnetic impurities is of the order ofBoltzmann's constant per local moment at low temperatures. In the limit of vanishing temperature the specific heat goes to zero asymptotically as (lnT)−4. Finally the entropy difference of the interacting system as compared to the free system is calculated.
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    Absolutmessung der Ionisierungsausbeute von Alkaliatomen an Metalloberflächen (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 408-414 
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    Notes: Abstract The ionization of alkali atoms on incandescent metal surfaces provides a useful means for measuring mass thicknesses of alkali films if the fraction of ionized atoms is known. For this reason a series of systematic measurements was initiated. The technical advance of this new method is the independent measuring of the number of incident atoms and the number of ionized atoms, the former by means of an ultra high vacuum microbalance. Previous measurements have shown that potassium is nearly completely ionized on hot tungsten and platinum surfaces, the ionization coefficients being resp.β=0.97 for K/W andβ=0.99 for K/Pt. The present investigation gave for sodium on a hot Pt-surface a maximum ionization-coefficient ofβ=0.86 at a temperature of 1250 °K, whereas only 0.5 to 2% of Na-atoms are ionized on a W-surface between 1200 and 1700 °K. This ionization and its dependence on temperature are in accord with the Saha-Langmuir-equation.
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    Zur Zustandsdichte der Übergangsmetalle (1968)
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    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 435-448 
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    Notes: Abstract X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromats of the hcp metals Sc, Ti, Y, Zr, Lu, Hf and of the fcc metals La, Ce have been measured with high resolution under comparable conditions. The isochromats show, that the width of the conduction band (d-band) grows from the 3d-to the 5d-row of the periodic table; within each row a rigid-band-model seems to be valid. In the 5d-row only Lu fits well into this general trend of the transition metals: an X-ray spectroscopic argument, that Lu, but not La, should be placed below Sc and Y in the periodic table. Long range, low frequency spin fluctuations, which appear in Sc, Y, Lu, are not visible in the observed isochromat curves.
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    Induzierte Synchrotronstrahlung (1968)
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    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 1-20 
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    Notes: Abstract The conditions for laser action of an ensemble of relativistic electrons moving under circumstances comparable with those in a circular accelerator are investigated. The possibility is found to exist in principle, but the required current density of the electron beam is to be extremely high for interesting frequencies. Nevertheless some astrophysical conclusions can be drawn.
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    Quantum mechanical correlation functions for the electromagnetic field and quasi-probability distribution functions (1968)
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    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 21-32 
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    Notes: Abstract We give new formulae permitting the calculation of time ordered but otherwise arbitrary correlation functionsK of electromagnetic field operators in terms of a class of quantum mechanical quasi-probability distribution functions. This class contains among others the socalledQ- andP-functions as well as the Wigner function.
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    Theory of angular momentum waves in solid ortho-hydrogen (1968)
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    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 33-45 
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    Notes: Abstract The Theory of angular momentum waves in pure ortho-hydrogen is presented in the Bloch spin wave approximation. Since there is a large energy gap between the ground state and the excitation this approximation can be justified. Quadrupole-quadrupole interaction of nearest neighbours is used. We have derived some dispersion curves and the spectrum.
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    Symmetry properties of integral equations in the theory of classical fluids (1968)
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    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 46-55 
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    Notes: Abstract The functional formalism described in a preceding paper, leads to a great number of integral equations for molecular distribution functions. Some of them have a certain symmetry property which, in the case of the pair distribution function includes symmetry with respect to the permutation of particles. This symmetry condition is necessary for any self consistent approximation. Among all integral equations known to date only the PY and the HNC equations satisfy this condition. In this paper we derive some new symmetric equations. Integral equations which are obtained with the help of the Percus method, involvingn-particle distribution functions (n 〉 2), cannot be symmetric with respect to the interchange of particles.
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    Konversionskoeffizienten und Fluoreszenzausbeuten beim Zerfall des Ir192m und Co58m (1968)
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    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 56-69 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract With a proportionalcounter and an anthracene-crystal-spectrometer theL-X-ray- and the conversion-electron-spectra of $$Ir^{192_{m_1 } } $$ were measured. TheL-fluorescenceyield of iridium was found to beω L=0.30±0.04. The partial fluorescence-yields of theL 2- andL 3-subshells could be determined:ω L2 =0.35±0.14 andω L3 =0.29±0.04. The conversion-coefficients for the isomeric transition of $$Ir^{192_{m_1 } } $$ were also measured:α L =1660±250 andα L +α M =2030±230. The spectra of the conversion-electrons of the 25 keV-isomeric transition of $$Co^{58_m } $$ were measured with a methane-filled proportionalcounter, and theγ- and X-rays with a Nal-scintillation-spectrometer. The conversion-coefficients for this transition and theK-fluorescence-yield of cobalt were found to beα K =2000±260,α L+M =890±150,K/(L+M)=2.25±0.15,α K =0.34±0.02.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01380027
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  • 95
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    Supraleitung abschreckend kondensierter Blei-Wismut-Legierungen (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 79-88 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract By quenched condensation of various alloys in the Pb-Bi-system the superconducting transition temperature of an amorphous phase could be obtained for all concentrations. During annealing new unknown phases were found and their transition temperatures were measured. The dependence ofT c on electron concentration of the amorphous phase is compared with that of theα-phase solid solution. A variation of the interaction parameterV with concentration is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01380029
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  • 96
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    Neu eingegangene Arbeiten (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01380032
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  • 97
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    Hyperfeinstrukturaufspaltung und Lebensdauer des 72 P 3/2-Terms von Rb85 und Rb87 (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 101-118 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The hyperfine structure splitting of the 72 P 3/2 state of Rb85 and Rb87 has been measured with optical double resonance. The following hfs interaction constants have been obtained: Rb85:A 7p 85 =3.71(1) MHz;B 7p 85 =3.68 (8)MHz. Rb87:A 7p 87 =12.57(1) MHz;B 7p 87 =1.71 (3)MHz. These values yield quadrupole moments ofQ 7p,hfs 85 =+0.316(7) barn andQ 7p,hfs 87 =+0.147(2)barn which are reduced by application of the Sternheimer correction toQ 7p 85 =+0.267(6) barn andQ 7p 87 =+0.124(2) barn. The averaged ratio of the uncorrected values of Qhfs in the 5p and 7p 2 P 3/2 stake isQ 5p,hfs/Q 7p,hfs=1.07(3). This has to be compared with the correction factors for polarization of the core of electrons by the nuclear quadrupole moment (1−R)5p/(1−R)7p=1.07. The agreement between the measured and calculated ratio indicates a net antishielding of the nuclear quadrupole moments of rubidium by the core of electrons as has been predicted bySternheimer. The lifetime of the 72 P 3/2 state of the RbI-spectrum is:τ(72 P 3/2, Rb)=2.4(2)·10−7 sec.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01380031
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  • 98
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    Wellentypen in Helium II-Schichten (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 152-170 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In liquid helium two wave modes are possible. Their properties may be analysed by solving the thermohydrodynamical equations under the condition that the tangential component of the normal fluid velocity is vanishing on the walls. In the present paper, these two types of wave propagation are determined for a plane-parallel capillary with the heat conduction and the thermal expansion being neglected and with the width of the capillary being much smaller than the penetration depth of a viscous wave. In particular, the dispersion relations of both, the so called fourth sound and an overdamped mode are calculated. (This overdamped mode may be called fifth wave mode.) The velocity fields can be determined, too, as well as the pressure fields and the temperature fields. It is shown, that pressure and temperature are coupled in both cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01379822
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  • 99
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    Die räumliche Magnetfeldverteilung und kritische Stromdichte in supraleitenden Blei-Wismut-Legierungen (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 119-151 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the spatial distribution of magnetic fields within superconductors were made with alloys of lead-bismuth, which allow for a large variation of superconducting properties. From these measurements critical current densities were derived as function of local magnetic field, and qualitative informations about surface currents are obtained. By Friedel et al. (1963) a field dependence of critial current density has been calculated, which makes a characteristic shape to be expected at low fields. This shape was found experimentally. A semiempirical extension of the relation given byKim et al. (1962) andAnderson (1962) is proposed, which satisfactory describes the measured current densities in the whole field range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01379821
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  • 100
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    A study of levels in the highly excited29Si nucleus (1968)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 213 (1968), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of fast neutron elastic scattering measurements on natural silicon in the energy range 0.57–2.28 MeV were used for comparison with the nuclear resonance theory. Assignment of spin and parity to some highly excited states in29Si was possible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01379824
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