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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (41)
  • Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer  (25)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1960-1964  (66)
  • 1960  (66)
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Keywords
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Years
  • 2000-2004
  • 1960-1964  (66)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical-size dextran by direct fermentation (with NRRL B-1351 Streptococcus sp.)This study was supported in part by grant 4395 from the Surgeon General's Office, U.S. Department of Defence. The views or conclusions contained in this paper are not to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views or endorsement of the Department of Defence. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 381-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dextran, a polymer of glucose, has been widely used as a blood-plasma volume expander. In whole culture fermentations most dextran-producing organisms elaborate dextrans that have molecular weights of many millions and must be depolymerized and fractionated to obtain a product suitable for clinical use. An exception however is Streptococcus sp. (Strain DS-50) NRRL B-1351. In the work described here, this organism is used to produce clinical-size dextran in high yields, both on a laboratory- and a pilot-plant scale. With this process, fractionation is required but depolymerization is not. Fermentations of media containing 15 per cent sucrose are complete in less than 48 hours with 0·2 per cent inoculum. Yields of native dextran and clinical-size dextran by methanol precipitation are 68 and 43 per cent of the theory, respectively. The structurally heterogeneous dextran formed by NRRL B-1351 has a higher viscosity for a given molecular weight than does NRRL B-512 dextran. The viscosity-molecular weight relationship for the former may be expressed by the equation [η] = 6·51 × 10-4Mw0·554. The high-molecular weight fraction had approximately 75 per cent of 1,6-like linkages, as compared with 87 per cent for the clinical fraction. All fractions had a lower ratio of 1,6 to non-1,6 linkages than did NRRL B-512 dextrans.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020402
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pilot plant studies on parboiling of rice - III. Effect of hot soaking and mechanical drying on the nutritive value of parboiled rice (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 447-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hot soaking of paddy in the parboiling process does not significantly affect the digestibility of rice compared to ‘raw’ rice. Mechanically dried parboiled rice appears to be slightly more digestible in vitro than sun-dried parboiled rice. It is also significantly superior in thiamine value.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020408
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Control of stock culture preservation and inoculum build-up in bacterial fermentation (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 481-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Control of product quality throughout repeated fermentations depends upon maintenance of genetic uniformity from the time of strain selection until the product is harvested. Genetic control, therefore, must be maintained for stock cultures, and during inoculum preparation and growth to produce the product. Theoretical and applied aspects of a procedure that will accomplish this control are discussed. A specific procedure adaptable to situations in which a ‘seed’ is repeatedly increased to produce a larger quantity of a final material is described. The procedure was tested by comparing the product of three bacterial species grown by a standard or usual vs. recommended or experimental procedure comparing product quality and uniformity. Use of the recommended procedure resulted in the high production of a uniform product based on the maintenance of the colony type of Bacillus anthracis, colony colour and type of Serratia marcescens, and uniformity and amount of toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type A.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020410
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production and isolation of the antibiotic, oligomycin (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 31-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of oligomycin has been studied in fermentations ranging from 100 ml in shaken flasks to 1000 gal in agitated and aerated tanks. The yields ranged from nothing to 3675 μ;g per ml. The main factor favouring the production of oligomycin was a medium giving good growth and supplying an abundance of slowly utilized energy. Media meeting these requirements contained yeast extract and/or molasses for growth and lard oil for energy. Glycerol, glucose or starch as the main source of carbon gave poor results. A pH close to 7 favoured oligomycin production. Considerable organic nitrogen was synthesized and excreted by the mycelium during oligomycin production.Under suitable conditions practically all of the oligomycin remained in the mycelium. Extraction of the mycelium with acetone, concentration of the extract, removal of oily material with a low-boiling hydrocarbon, decolourization and final crystallization from methanol or ethanol were the main steps in the recovery process. From pilot plant and tank fermentations about 4500 g of crystalline oligomycin have been prepared.Three oligomycins, A, B and C were found by paper chromatography in even well-crystallized oligomycin. In different lots the proportions varied from 10-75 per cent A, 4-90 per cent B and 0-36 per cent C. High yields and high percentages of A and C were obtained on the neutral, lard-oil medium. Low yields and high proportions of B were given by the glycerol, low-pH medium.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020105
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  • 5
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    Glycerol production: A pilot-plant investigation for continuous fermentation and recoveryPresented at the American Chemical Society meeting in Atlantic City, N.J. September 1959.This report is based on work supported by U.S. Army Ordnance under Ordnance Project No. TA1-3601. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 9-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot plant was built to evaluate the economic potentialities of producing glycerol from sugar by the bisulphite fermentation process. The design of this small unit was based on information collected from bench-scale studies of the fermentation and recovery processes taking advantage of new separation techniques.A beer containing 5 per cent of glycerol is produced in a continuous fermentation in which the free bisulphite level is automatically controlled. The effluent from the fermentor is centrifuged, and the yeast is returned to the fermentation. The dilute clarified beer is acidified; sulphur dioxide, acetaldehyde, and alcohol are removed; and the stripped solution is neutralized and concentrated until it contains 45 per cent of glycerol. This concentrated glycerol stock is purified by using a combination of ion-exclusion and ion-exchange.Good fermentation control results in a beer that has a low solids-to-glycerol ratio, low organic acid content, and low residual sugar. The method of glycerol purification results in a high glycerol recovery, since no distillation of glycerol is involved. The sulphur dioxide removed from the beer is recycled through the fermentation so that the chief raw materials used in the process are sugar, sulphuric acid, and sodium carbonate. The yields of products based on sugar charged are: glycerol, 25 per cent; alcohol, 17 per cent; and acetaldehyde, 11 per cent.The economic success of the process depends to a large extent upon the price of sugar. Under present conditions it is felt that the process is competitive.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    The disintegration of micro-organisms by shaking with glass beads (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 49-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new vibrator, commercially available as the Sonomec Wave-Pulse Generator, is described, in which micro-organisms may be disrupted by shaking with glass beads. The amplitude and frequency of vibration of the shaker may be varied independently by suitable linkages incorporated in the mechanism. A study has been made of the effect of several variables, particularly the height of the liquid column in the vibrating container, on the rate of disruption. A relation is shown to exist between the acoustic heating produced in the container by the passage of sound waves through the liquid and the rate of disruption of baker's yeast. It is considered that at most depths of the liquid column, the action is similar to that of other shakers, but at a certain depth of liquid, additional forces arise which greatly increase the rapidity of disruption. How these forces act is not known. Factors affecting the rate of disruption of baker's yeast, Corynebacterium xerosis and Bacillus megatherium have been studied and a comparison has been made of the fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of the cell dispersion and compared with similar preparations from the Hughes press.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020106
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  • 7
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    Theoretical aspects of sterilization of tissue culture medium by depth filtration (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 93-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Filtration theory is briefly reviewed with regard to possible application to sterilization by filtration. Of the different devices tested, Seitz asbestos sheets, acid-treated to remove toxic materials, offered most advantages for routine use and scale-up potential. The standard law of Hermans and Bredée best expressed mathematically, the filtration of tissue culture media sterilized by Seitz No. 6 laboratory filters. Data are presented showing the correlation between the performance of the Seitz No. 6 filter, and the Seitz No. 200 plate and frame press (involving a scale-up ratio of up to 400 to 1). An expression: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${{t = 3 \cdot 25 \Delta P^{ - 0 \cdot 627}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{t = 3 \cdot 25\Delta P^{ - 0 \cdot 627} } {{{(A} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{(A} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001 \Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001 \Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{{(A} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{(A} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001{\rm }\Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001 \Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}}} $$\end{document} derived from experimental data obtained, expressing time in terms of pressure, surface area, and volume of filtrate, enabled prediction of filtration parameters with accuracy acceptable for engineering purposes for unclarified media, and greatly improved for media which had been initially clarified.The influence of streaming potential is discussed with regard to its influence on the course of a filtration.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020109
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  • 8
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    Continuous centrifugation in virus processing (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ambler's Q/Σ relationship between the throughput of a centrifuge and its mechanical characteristics has been translated from batch data in order to predict operating conditions for continuous centrifugation in virus processing. A Sharples Laboratory Supercentrifuge was converted from batch to continuous operation and a slurry feed device was developed. A correlation between operating conditions for continuous centrifugation and amount of test virus recovered from the feed showed that the Q/Σ values at which high concentrations of the virus were recovered were almost identical to the Q/Σ values for significant virus recovery in batch centrifugation. Titration and gravimetric determinations of the sediments recovered from continuous centrifugation operations indicate that product purity might be influenced by operating conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020107
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  • 9
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020201
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  • 10
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    Equipment for the resuspension or redissolving of precipitates in continuous-flow centrifuges (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for resuspending or redissolving protein precipitates separated in a continuous-flow centrifuge without first removing them from the centrifuge bowl. All the components can be sterilised by autoclaving. The equipment has been used successfully in selected stages of a process for the preparation of human plasma fractions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020202
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  • 11
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    Oxygen transfer in fermentation systems - I. Use of gluconic acid fermentation for determination of instantaneous oxygen transfer ratesPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer has been studied in the Pseudomonas ovalis fermentation that quantitatively converts glucose into gluconic acid. The rate of oxygen uptake by this system was correlated with aeration rates and agitator speeds over wide ranges of these variables, by the introduction of a liquid expansion term. The technique described provides a biological method for studying oxygen transfer in the P. ovalis system; its general principles can be applied to other fermentations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020203
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  • 12
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    An attempt to determine discriminate use of hydrogen isotopes by bacteria (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrogenase system of Hydrogenomonas facilis could be induced by either hydrogen or deuterium and the rate of deuterium uptake by the induced cells was the same as that of hydrogen.An attempt has been made to detect discriminate use of hydrogen and deuterium by bacteria. No discrimination could be detected during hydrogenation of methylene blue by Escherichia coli, under the experimental conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020104
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  • 13
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    Effect of antifoam agents on oxygen transfer in deep tank fermentationsIssued as N.R.C. No. 5607 (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Development of a foam breaker which operates on the principle of rapid acceleration of foam through a nozzle has allowed large-scale aerobic fermentations to be run without addition of antifoam agents. Fermentations have been investigated over a wide range of aeration levels in which oxygen supplied to the organisms was the limiting growth factor.With Torulopsis utilis grown in a 5 per cent molasses medium. oxygen utilization followed an exponential pattern during the early phase of growth, with carbon dioxide production equal to the consumption of oxygen. At the point where oxygen supply to the organism became limiting, anaerobic fermentation began, and the consumption of oxygen remained constant. The level of oxygen absorption beyond which the respiratory quotient exceeded unity was used as a measure of limiting oxygen supply.Addition of three types of antifoam compounds to T. utilis fermentations resulted in a marked depression of oxygen consumption, and a decrease in cell production. Incremental addition of small quantities of antifoam to maintain a constant foam level in the fermentor depressed the oxygen absorption rate to a lesser extent. Sulphite oxidation rates did not reflect the true value of oxygen absorption rates found for fermentations without addition of antifoam.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020108
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  • 14
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    Handling of antifoam oils for fermentationsPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 143-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Control of foams by oil additions is of large economic importance to the fermentation industry. Excessive foaming causes loss of material and contamination, while excessive oil additions may decrease the product formation. Antifoam oils may be synthetic, such as silicones or polyglycols, or natural, such as lard oil or soybean oil. Either will substantially change the physical structure of foam, principally by reducing surface elasticity.Industrial antifoam systems usually operate automatically from level-sensing devices. Methods for metering of oil under aseptic conditions are: timed delivery through a solenoid, two solenoids with an expansion chamber between, a motor-driven hypodermic syringe, and certain industrial pumps.Distribution devices can improve efficiency over straight-pipe entry. Types described are spray distribution, diverter bars, and wick devices.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020204
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  • 15
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    Rheological examination of some fermentation brothsPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 165-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The broths of four important industrial fermentations, namely nystatin, penicillin, and streptomycin fermentations, and a fermentation used for steroid hydroxylation, were examined rheologically. Considerable variation in rheological properties was demonstrated among these fermentations as well as throughout the course of the nystatin and streptomycin fermentations. These latter fermentations, employing Streptomyces strains, were mostly Newtonian in behaviour. Departures from this behaviour twice in the streptomycin fermentation resulted in plastic characteristics. The other two fermentations employing moulds were found to be markedly non-Newtonian, either plastic or pseudo-plastic in their behaviour.Rheological properties of most fermentation broths change appreciably during the course of fermentation. These properties influence the nature of the fluid regime in fermentors and, as a consequence, are important factors when considering mass and heat transfer. Therefore, a knowledge of the rheological behaviour of fermentation broths is an important prerequisite for an intelligent understanding of these transport processes. This paper briefly reviews some of the mathematical flow models used to characterize fluids and reports the rheological examination and analysis of several industrially important fermentation broths containing filamentous micro-organisms.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020206
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  • 16
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    Surface culture in the mass growth of bacteriaPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present study was conducted to determine the feasibility of growing bacteria in quantity on solid media in closed vessels. Five techniques were investigated in the laboratory, including growth on agar, growth on packing in beds, growth on solids in a fluidized bed, growth in foamed medium, and growth on semipermeable membranes. Data obtained from the laboratory experiments were used to scale up these techniques on paper and compare the projected plants with a conventional submerged fermentation production. All the techniques compared unfavourably with submerged culture on the basis of plant and operating costs, operating complexity, equipment complexity, and safety. One technique of surface culture, growth on semipermeable membranes, appears to offer a decided advantage over submerged culture, in that the cell product can be recovered directly as a paste. Further work on this technique is recommended.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020207
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  • 17
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    Population dynamics in suspension cultures of an animal cell strainThis work was supported by grants C2539 and C3720, National Cancer Institute, by Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Michigan and by grant 383 Rackham Funds, The University of Michigan. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 253-265 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A composite of several studies by the authors is presented in an attempt to illustrate the use of the suspension culture method to analyze population dynamics of an animal cell strain. On the basis of these studies the nature of the lag and plateau phases is discussed. More extensive discussions of the various studies in relation to the work of others appear elsewhere.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020303
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  • 18
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    Mass algal culture in space operations (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 299-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A system is described which uses photosynthesis to regenerate oxygen from exhaled carbon dioxide in sealed cabins in the absence of gravity. Design considerations as to choice of algal strain, illumination, nutrients and gas-exchange methods are discussed. Details are given of such an apparatus, of laboratory size, used to evaluate selected semipermeable gas-exchange membranes. Data is presented and extrapolated to estimate size and weight of a possible manned space system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020306
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  • 19
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    Studies on large-scale methods for propagation of animal cellsPresented to the Fermentation Subdivision Meeting of the American Chemical Society, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 13-18, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 313-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new strain of cells, designated as PD-MEK-I, and derived from the kidneys of a rhesus monkey embryo, has been isolated and utilized as a prototype for mass propagation in suspended cell cultures, using techniques similar to those developed for antiobiotic fermentations. The use of the large-volume units for cultivation of tissue cells has been applied. These units are useful for preparing masses of cells for studies of cellular antigens, virus assays, antitumour cytotoxicity studies, and other biologically active materials, as well as seed for continuing cultures. In addition, other methods of roller bottle cultures, shaker flask cultures, spinner cultures, and disposable 1-litre prescription bottles, have been modified so that over 35 different human and animal cell lines are being maintained in continuous culture. Any one of these procedures may be modified for preparing and handling large numbers of replicate cultures as well as for maintaining stock seed cultures. The characteristics of growth of cells utilizing these methods are similar to those encountered in microbial populations and the principles of antibiotic fermentation have been applied appropriately.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020307
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  • 20
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    Process report: Large-scale production of foot-and-mouth disease virus (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 327-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot plant is described for the mass cultivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus, in vitro, on calf kidney cell monolayers. The pilot plant produces up to 400 litres of virus per week; it can be enlarged with ease to a sufficient capacity to meet any requirements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020308
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    Submerged growth of cells of higher plantsPresented at the Symposium on ‘Mass Propagation of Cells’, sponsored by the Fermentation Subdivision, Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 136th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 15, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The submerged propagation of plant tissue and cell cultures has now reached the stage where mass amounts of material can be produced. In discussing these advances, various aspects of the technology involved are discussed: the methods of isolation and establishment of cultures, the media used for culture and their effects on growth, the systems used for growth and a comparison of their effectiveness.Biochemical differences are shown between cultures grown under in vitro conditions and the organ from which they were derived. These differences are found among amino acids, organic acids, nucleic acids, and sugars. The potential use of the tissue culture approach for the study of the biosynthesis of ‘secondary compounds’ such as alkaloids and steroids is discussed.
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020401
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    Studies on the fermentative production of L-isoleucinePresented at the 1st Symposium on Amino Acid Fermentation, Kyoto, November 4, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several strains of Pseudomonas were selected by the screening test for organisms which are capable of producing L-isoleucine.With these selected bacteria, various cultural conditions suitable for the production and accumulation of L-isoleucine were investigated. As a result, 12-14 mg/ml of L-isoleucine was formed by shake culture in a medium containing α-aminobutyric acid, glucose, cornsteep liquor, urea and inorganic salts.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Mass propagation of algae for photosynthetic gas exchange (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 339-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Engineering data on the design and operation of algal culture systems for photosynthetic gas exchange are virtually non-existent. The authors have conducted intermediate and definitive level engineering studies to characterize algal systems - with a view to extrapolating to larger-scale systems for life support in closed spaces.Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and dilution rate were the principal parameters used to control the photosynthetic rate and, consequently, oxygen production. Carbon dioxide absorption rate, equilibrium density, and cellular growth rate were also investigated.It was found that: (1) properly jacketed high intensity, incandescent lamps provided a suitable light source for growing algae; and (2) physiologically safe (0·5 per cent) concentrations of carbon dioxide produced growth comparable to that obtained at higher concentrations.A dilution rate of nearly 0·1 volume change per hour produced the best oxygen yield (2·41 × 10-3 lb/h) for the definitive system. Maximum cell doubling time was 5·1 h. The highest culture density attained was 5·9 mm3/ml, and the maximum dry weight algae yield was 3·0 × 10-3 lb/h.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020309
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    Sewage sludge conditioning with sulphur oxidizing bacteria (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous research has shown that a reduction in pH of digested sewage sludge considerably improves its filtration characteristics. Experiments with sulphur oxidizing bacteria (thiobacilli) have shown that under aerobic conditions with a supply of elemental sulphur the pH can be reduced by microbial sulphuric acid synthesis. A semi-continuous process of sludge conditioning by this method was evolved, which would continue if the pH did not rise above pH 7 and if sufficient sulphur was supplied. Attempts to substitute sodium thiosulphate, or sulphide-rich sludge, for elemental sulphur were unsuccessful. A note is appended on a method of enumerating the thiobacilli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020403
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  • 26
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020101
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    Combined irradiation-heat processing of canned foods: Green peas inoculated with anaerobic bacterial spores (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combined irradiation-heat processing is shown to be syner-gistic for killing anaerobic bacterial spores inoculated into canned green peas. Following 1·2 megarad of gamma irradiation an F0 of 0·5 sterilized green peas inoculated with either 5,000,000 Clostridium botulinum 213 B or 300 PA 3679 spores per can. This processing schedule must be considered a minimum since it is based on a limited number of cans. Because sterilization by either irradiation or heat alone can damage the organoleptic properties of canned foods, the lowered schedules possible with combined processing may prove to be of value for preserving vegetables as well as meats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020102
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    Disruption of frozen bacteria as a consequence of changes in the crystal structure of iceThe research reported in this paper was supported by a grant from the Wallenberg Foundation. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that at -25°C alterations in the crystal structure of ice caused by repeated pressure changes in the regions of 2000 and 3500 kg/cm2 are accompanied by a disruption of E. coli cells suspended in the ice.
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    Electronic computer solution for the MPN equation used in the determination of bacterial populations (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The utility and the practical precision of the Most Probable Number method for determining bacterial populations is currently restricted by a lack of adequate tables of solved examples or alternatively by an easy and quick solution to individual problems. Where an electronic computer is available, these restrictions need not apply. A computer programme and example solution for tabulated data and individual problems are presented in this paper.
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    Polarographic measurement of oxygen supply and demand during aerobic propagation of a bacterial culturePresented at the Fermentation Subdivision Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sampling method of polarographic analysis for dissolved oxygen in culture medium is unaffected by the presence of viable micro-organisms. This method allows measurement of peak oxygen demand, critical oxygen concentration, and oxygen supply during actual mass propagation of an aerobic culture. Fermentation operating conditions may be adjusted to supply the oxygen required by the aerobic culture.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020210
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    Continuous culture experiments with saccharomyces rouxiiPresented at the American Chemical Society meeting in Atlantic City, N.J. September, 1959.Issued as N.R.C. No. 5690. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 227-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces rouxii, an osmophilic yeast that produces glycerol and arabitol, was investigated using chemically defined media in continuous culture. Total polyol production increased with increasing aeration and growth rate. At very low aeration levels ethanol was produced but as aeration levels were increased ethanol could not be detected, formation of d-arabitol remained constant and formation of glycerol increased.In fully aerobic cultures with a replacement time of twelve hours, nitrogen-limited growth resulted in accumulation of glycerol in the medium. In glucose-limited growth glycerol tended to decrease. It was probably metabolized as a secondary carbon source. The optimum temperature for polyol production was 30°C while that for cell growth was 27°C.
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  • 32
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020301
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    A conductance bridge method for the amperometric estimation of low oxygen tension (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen tension in aqueous media of the order of 10-6 to 10-9 molar is measured amperometrically by means of a stationary inert metal electrode. The electrolytic cell is connected into a high resistance bridge circuit, which is energized from a low resistance d.c. source of voltage adjusted to give a potential difference across the cell corresponding to a position on the diffusion current plateau of the first oxygen wave. This cell potential is monitored by means of a vacuum tube millivoltmeter and maintained constant. A vacuum tube millivoltmeter measures the bridge output. The bridge is initially balanced with the medium deoxygenated; subsequent introduction of low concentrations of oxygen dissolved in the medium unbalance the bridge. Either the resulting bridge output voltage, as read on the millivoltmeter, or the resistance change in the bridge arm opposite the cell, is related to the oxygen tension by means of a previous calibration. Both quantities are directly proportional to oxygen concentration, at least over limited ranges of such concentration changes. The method is also applicable to the estimation of other substances which can be discharged under amperometric conditions at a stationary electrode.
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    The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage effluents through the use of algal culturePresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959.This research has been supported by a National Institute of Health Research Grant. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 187-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is designed to establish fundamental data which will permit the eventual application of algal culture to the removal of nutrients from sewage plant effluents. A test cell is described which gives reproducible data when environmental parameters are varied. The effect of changes in temperature, light intensity and culture density as reflected in the growth rate, are shown, and the influence of these parameters on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus under the test conditions indicated. The importance of an adequate carbon source and proper pH control is demonstrated. The organisms used were Scenedesmus and Chlorella in mixed or unialgal cultures.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020208
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    Developments in the production of mushroom mycelium in submerged liquid culture (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process for the production of mushroom mycelium for food purposes has great potentiality. It would offer a simple, mechanized, inexpensive method for producing a nutritious food. Mushroom mycelium can be cultivated in submerged liquid culture on simple carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds with mineral salts. Yields are high and no special production problems are involved. Those species reported to have flavour are Agaricus campestris, Morchella crassipes, Lepiota rachodes, and Coprinus comatus. The mycelial growth is usually either in ball form or dispersed. The dispersed form, characterized by fine mycelium and secondary spores, may be a physiological mutation which gives greater yield but less flavour. Mycelium grown on solid media is said to have greater flavour than mycelium grown in submerged culture. Several methods for enhancing the flavour of the mycelium have been investigated. The taste of the mycelium has been variously reported from flavourless to equivalent or even preferable to that of the fruiting bodies. The fact remains, however, that it is only the problem of taste that has kept the process from commercial exploitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020302
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    Studies and observations on the growth of mammalian cells in agitated fluid medium (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 267-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fourteen mammalian cell strains were studied in the ‘stirrer culture’. Fair to excellent growth was obtained with twelve of these strains while two strains failed to show evidence of proliferation. Growth curves, maximal population densities, and recovery following subculture of various cell strains, cultivated in this system, were described. Factors effecting the growth of cells under these conditions were outlined. Growth of cells in methods other than the ‘stirrer culture’ were reported. The practical importance of fluid suspension culture of mammalian cells, the potentialities and the problems involved in scaling such cultures to industrial size were discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Analytical control of the biological oxidation in the production of Δ1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 411-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rapid method for the assay of Δ1,4-androstadiene-3, 17-dione has been worked out for use in the control of its production by biological oxidation. The method consists of a single selective extraction step, a specific colour reaction and a photometric measurement. Based upon the analyses of samples taken at frequent intervals, the oxidative process can be stopped at its optimum production level. Thus insufficient transformation and over-oxidation can both be avoided. The time needed for one analysis is 20 minutes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020404
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  • 38
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    Pilot plant studies on parboiling of rice - II. Dehydration (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 439-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A compact dryer for the parboiling of paddy has been described. The use of steam tubes along the circumference of the shell has made high drying rates possible. The rate of water removal is dependent on steam pressure in the tubes. Blowing of pre-heated air through the dryer shell is necessary. The optimum drying conditions for parboiled paddy as observed in the experimental rotary dryer are: (a) the steam pressure in the tubes should be about 45 lb/in2 gauge; (b) the feed rate should be 150 lb/h, approximately; (c) the rotation should be about 5 rev/min; (d) the inclination of the shell should be nearly 2° to the horizontal and (e) air at a rate of 100 ft3/min should be blown parallel to the feed, pre-heated to a temperature of 90°C.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020407
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    Pilot plant studies on parboiling of rice - I. Soaking and gelatinization (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conventional parboiling process used in the Orient consists of steeping paddy in cold or lukewarm water for 48-72 hours, steaming for 15-25 min and then drying in the sun. This process yields rice of a poor quality, and an attempt has been made to improve it by devising both batch and continuous processes in which the soaking and steaming are carried out in the same equipment. The processes developed give a larger throughput and also a product of a quality superior in appearance, flavour and thiamine content to that produced by the usual parboiling method.
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    Purification process development using radioactive vitamin B12Presented at the 42nd National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Atlanta, Ga. February, 1960. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 419-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of low-level radiotracer techniques permits rapid, precise estimation of yields and material balances for processing steps. This is a great advantage for development work with Vitamin B12 because the conventional methods using microbiological assays are slow and lack precision. Release of the vitamin from S. griseus cells, selection of absorbing resins, and screening of eluting agents were followed using cobalt-60 cyanocobalamin. The method is most valuable when supplemented by microbiological assays because the yields of radioactivity are misleading in conditions which inactivate the vitamin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020405
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    A new press for the disruption of micro-organisms and other cellsThis study was made possible by grants from the Wallenberg Foundation. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 453-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new press (the X-press) has been developed for the disintegration of cells in the frozen state (mostly at -25°C). By forcing the frozen cells contained in a cylinder through a hole much smaller than the diameter of the cylinder but much larger than the size of the cells, a satisfactory disintegration can be obtained.By forcing the cells through the hole repeatedly rather than once, a higher degree of disintegration can be achieved. By making the receiver identical to the charge chamber, repeated operations are possible without uncoupling the press.The disintegrated material is very easily recovered - it is simply taken out of the press in the form of a cylinder containing the frozen, disintegrated material which is then easily homogenized.This principle has been found satisfactory for the disintegration of a large number of cells, viz. bacteria, yeasts, moulds, plant and animal cells and, with regard to biochemical questions, it has been found to be superior to existing methods which do not treat the bacteria in the frozen state. The mechanism of the disintegrating action is discussed.
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    Photographic Evidence of Streamwise Arrays of Vortices in Boundary-Layer Flow (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: Photographs are presented of various models coated with fluorescent oil to show evidence of surface vortices at a Mach number of 3.03. Vortex formation was evidently present on models with forward-facing steps, rearward-facing steps, wires, discrete surface particles, or unswept flat surfaces with sharp leading edges. Some photographs are also presented for the models coated with a sublimation material which clearly indicates the location of boundary-layer transition; however, it does not show the vortices as clearly as the fluorescent oil. The study was made on the models at an angle of attack of 0 deg at unit Reynolds numbers of 7.7 and 10.7 million per foot. The spacing of the vortices as indicated by the flow studies on the unswept model was smaller at the higher Reynolds number in accordance with Gortler's theory. The flow studies also indicated that stable surface vortices produced by either steps or surface roughness persisted over model areas known to have turbulent boundary layers.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-328
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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    Effects of Sweep Angle on the Boundary-Layer Stability Characteristics of an Untapered Wing at Low Speeds (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An investigation was conducted in the Ames 12-Foot Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel to determine the effects of sweep on the boundary-layer stability characteristics of an untapered variable-sweep wing having an NACA 64(2)A015 section normal to the leading edge. Pressure distribution and transition were measured on the wing at low speeds at sweep angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 deg. and at angles of attack from -3 to 3 deg. The investigation also included flow-visualization studies on the surface at sweep angles from 0 to 50 deg. and total pressure surveys in the boundary layer at a sweep angle of 30 deg. for angles of attack from -12 to 0 deg. It was found that sweep caused premature transition on the wing under certain conditions. This effect resulted from the formation of vortices in the boundary layer when a critical combination of sweep angle, pressure gradient, and stream Reynolds number was attained. A useful parameter in indicating the combined effect of these flow variables on vortex formation and on beginning transition is the crossflow Reynolds number. The critical values of crossflow Reynolds number for vortex formation found in this investigation range from about 135 to 190 and are in good agreement with those reported in previous investigations. The values of crossflow Reynolds number for beginning transitions were found to be between 190 and 260. For each condition (i.e., development of vortices and initiation of transition at a given location) the lower values in the specified ranges were obtained with a light coating of flow-visualization material on the surface. A method is presented for the rapid computation of crossflow Reynolds number on any swept surface for which the pressure distribution is known. From calculations based on this method, it was found that the maximum values of crossflow Reynolds number are attained under conditions of a strong pressure gradient and at a sweep angle of about 50 deg. Due to the primary dependence on pressure gradient, effects of sweep in causing premature transition are generally first encountered on the lower surfaces of wings operating at positive angles of attack.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-338
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    An Experimental Investigation and Correlation of the Heat Reduction to Nonporous Surfaces Behind a Porous Leading Edge Through Which Coolant is Ejected (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: A configuration of a wing segment having constant chord thickness, 0 deg. sweep, a porous steel semicircular leading edge, and solid Inconel surfaces was tested in a Mach number 2.0 ethlyene-heated high-temperature air jet. Measurements were made of the wing surface temperatures at chordwise stations for several rates of helium flow through the porous leading edge. The investigation was conducted at stagnation temperatures ranging from 500 F to 2,400 F, at Reynolds numbers per foot ranging from 0.3 x 10(exp 7) to 1.2 x 10(exp 7), and at angles of attack of 0, +/- 5, and +/- 15 deg. The results indicated that the reduction of wing surface temperatures with respect to their values for no coolant flow, depended on the helium coolant flow rates and the distance behind the area of injection. The results were correlated in terms of the wall cooling parameter and the coolant flow-rate parameter, where the nondimensional flow rate was referenced to the cooled area up to the downstream position. For the same coolant flow rate, lower surface temperatures are achieved with a porous-wall cooling system. However, since flow-rate requirements decrease with increasing allowable surface temperatures, the higher allowable wall temperatures of the solid wall as compared to the structurally weaker porous wall- sharply reduce the flow-rate requirements of a downstream cooling system. Thus, for certain flight conditions it is possible to compensate for the lower efficiency of the downstream or solid-wall cooling system. For example, a downstream cooling system using solid walls that must be maintained at 1,800 F would require less coolant for Mach numbers up to 5.5 than would a porous-wall cooling system for which the walls must be maintained at temperatures less than or equal to 9000 F.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-235
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  • 45
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    Effect on Gaseous Film Cooling of Coolant Injection Through Angled Slots and Normal Holes (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A study was made to determine the effect of coolant injection angularity on gaseous film-cooling effectiveness. In the correlation of experimental data an effective injection angle was defined by a vector summation of the coolant and mainstream gas flows. The cosine of this angle was used as a parameter to empirically develop a corrective term to qualify a correlating equation presented in Technical Note D-130 that was limited to tangential injection of the coolant. Data were also obtained for coolant injection through rows of holes normal to the test plate. The slot correlating equation was adapted to fit these data by the definition of an effective slot height. An additional corrective term was then determined to correlate these data.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-299 , E-689
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  • 46
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    Measurements of the Time-Averaged and Instantaneous Induced Velocities in the Wake of a Helicopter Rotor Hovering at High Tip Speeds (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the time-averaged induced velocities were obtained for rotor tip speeds as great as 1,100 feet per second (tip Mach number of 0.98) and measurements of the instantaneous induced velocities were obtained for rotor tip speeds as great as 900 feet per second. The results indicate that the small effects on the wake with increasing Mach number are primarily due to the changes in rotor-load distribution resulting from changes in Mach number rather than to compressibility effects on the wake itself. No effect of tip Mach number on the instantaneous velocities was observed. Under conditions for which the blade tip was operated at negative pitch angles, an erratic circulatory flow was observed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-393 , L-836
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  • 47
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    Empirical Equation for Turbulent Forced-Convection Heat Transfer for Prandtl Numbers from 0.001 to 1000 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A review is made of some of the experimental data and analyses applicable to convective heat transfer in fully turbulent flow in smooth tubes with liquid metals and viscous Newtonian fluids. An empirical equation is evolved that closely approximates heat-transfer values obtained from selected analyses and experimental data for Prandtl numbers from 0.001 to 1000. The terms included in the equation are Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and an empirical diffusivity ratio between heat and momentum.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-483
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  • 48
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    NASA Research on the Hydrodynamics of the Gaseous Vortex Reactor (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The experimental and analytical results to date of a study of a two-component gaseous vortex system are presented in this paper. Analytical expressions for tangential velocity and static-pressure profiles in a turbulent vortex show good agreement with experimental data. Airflow rates from 0.075 to 0.14 pound per second and corresponding tangential velocities from 160 to 440 feet per second are correlated by turbulent Reynolds numbers from 1.95 to 2.4. An analysis of an air-bromine gas mixture in a turbulent vortex indicates that a boundary value of bromine-to-air radial velocity ratio (u(2)/u(1)) of 0.999 gives essentially no bromine buildup, while a value of 0.833 results in considerable separation. For a constant value of (u(2)/u(1))(0) the bromine buildup increases as (1) the tangential velocity increases, (2) the air-to-bromine weight-flow ratio decreases, (3) the airflow rate decreases, (4) the temperature decreases, and (5) the turbulence decreases. Analytical temperature, pressure, and tangential-velocity profiles are also presented. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the flow of an air-bromine mixture through a vortex field results in a bromine density increase to a maximum value; followed by a decrease; the air density exhibits a uniform decrease from the outer vortex radius to the exhaust-nozzle radius.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-288 , E-800 , Nov 16, 1959 - Nov 21, 1959; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 49
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    Mixing Characteristics Downstream of Core Region of High-Temperature Axisymmetric Jets Exhausting Into Transonic and Supersonic Streams (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A series of rocket motors with varying exit to throat area ratios was tested in the 8- by 6-foot wind tunnel to determine the effects of mixing on jet diameter and temperature decay at large distances (x/d 〉 30) from the nozzle exit. An approximate method to account for effects of the initial expansion was evolved. It was determined that the combustion efficiency has an important effect on jet spreading, since the unburned products can burn downstream of the nozzle. The data showed considerable scatter; however, mixing rates were, in general, lower than those observed for subsonic jets. Data for angles of attack of 5 and 10 deg are also presented, giving the respective centerline shift and temperature decay as a function of axial distance.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-151
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  • 50
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    An Experimental Study of the Ionization of Low-Density Gas Flows by Induced Discharges (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Induced discharges are advantageous for ionizing low-density flows in that they introduce no electrode contamination into the flow and they provide a relatively high degree of ionization with good coupling of power into the gas. In this investigation a 40-megacycle oscillator was used to produce and maintain induced discharges in argon and mercury-vapor flows. Methods for preventing blowout of the discharge were determined, and power measurements were made with an in-line wattmeter. Some results with damped oscillations pulsed at 1,000 pulses per second are also presented.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-431 , L-986
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  • 51
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    An Experimental Investigation of Boundary-Layer Control for Drag Reduction of a Swept-Wing Section at Low Speed and High Reynolds Numbers (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An investigation of laminar boundary-layer control by suction for purposes of drag reduction at low speed and high Reynolds numbers has been conducted in the Ames 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel. The model was a 72.96-inch-chord wing panel, swept back 30 deg., which was installed between end plates to approximate a wing of infinite span. The airfoil section employed was a modified NACA 66-012 in the streamwise direction. Tests were limited to controlling the flow over only the upper surface of the model. Seventeen individually controllable suction chambers were provided below the surface to induce flow through 93 spanwise slots in the surface between the 0.0052- and 0.97-chord stations. Tests were made at angles of attack of 0 deg., +/- 1.0 deg., +/- 1.5 deg., and -2.0 deg. for Reynolds numbers from approximately 1.5 x 10(exp 6) to 4.0 x 10(exp 6) per foot. In general, essentially full-chord laminar flow was obtained for all conditions with small suction quantities. Minimum profile-drag coefficients of about 0.0005 to 0.0006 were obtained for the slotted surface at maximum values of the Reynolds number; these values include the Power required to induce suction as an equivalent drag.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-320
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  • 52
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    Real-Gas Correction Factors for Hypersonic Flow Parameters in Helium (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The real-gas hypersonic flow parameters for helium have been calculated for stagnation temperatures from 0 F to 600 F and stagnation pressures up to 6,000 pounds per square inch absolute. The results of these calculations are presented in the form of simple correction factors which must be applied to the tabulated ideal-gas parameters. It has been shown that the deviations from the ideal-gas law which exist at high pressures may cause a corresponding significant error in the hypersonic flow parameters when calculated as an ideal gas. For example the ratio of the free-stream static to stagnation pressure as calculated from the thermodynamic properties of helium for a stagnation temperature of 80 F and pressure of 4,000 pounds per square inch absolute was found to be approximately 13 percent greater than that determined from the ideal-gas tabulation with a specific heat ratio of 5/3.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-462 , L-1135
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  • 53
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    Experimental Smoke and Electromagnetic Analog Study of Induced Flow Field About a Model Rotor in Steady Flight Within Ground Effect (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Hovering and steady low-speed forward-flight tests were run on a 4-foot-diameter rotor at a ground height of 1 rotor radius. The two blades had a 2 to 1 taper ratio and were mounted in a see-saw hub. The solidity ratio was 0.05. Measurements were made of the rotor rpm, collective pitch, and forward-flight velocity. Smoke was introduced into the tip vortex and the resulting vortex pattern was photographed from two positions. Using the data obtained from these photographs, wire models of the tip vortex configurations were constructed and the distribution of the normal component of induced velocity at the blade feathering axis that is associated with these tip vortex configurations was experimentally determined at 450 increments in azimuth position from this electromagnetic analog. Three steady-state conditions were analyzed. The first was hovering flight; the second, a flight velocity just under the wake "tuck under" speed; and the third, a flight velocity just above this speed. These corresponded to advance ratios of 0, 0.022, and 0.030 (or ratios of forward velocity to calculated hovering induced velocity of approximately 0, 0.48, and 0.65), respectively, for the model test rotor. Cross sections of the wake at 450 intervals in azimuth angle as determined from the path of the tip vortex are presented graphically for all three cases. The nondimensional normal component of the induced velocity that is associated with the tip vortex as determined by an electromagnetic analog at 450 increments in azimuth position and at the blade feathering axis is presented graphically. It is shown that the mean value of this component of the induced velocity is appreciably less after tuck-under than before. It is concluded that this method yields results of engineering accuracy and is a very useful means of studying vortex fields.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-458 , W-143
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  • 54
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    Distribution of Time-Averaged Pressure Fluctuations Along the Boundary of a Round Subsonic Jet (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A semiempirical analysis of the equation for incompressible fluctuations in a turbulent fluid, using similarity relations for round subsonic jets with uniform exit velocity, is used to predict the shape of the time-averaged fluctuation-pressure distribution along the mean-velocity boundary of jets. The predicted distribution is independent of distance downstream of the nozzle exit along the mixing region, inversely proportional to the distance downstream along the region of mean-velocity self-preservation, and proportional to the inverse square of the distance downstream along the fully developed region. Experimental results were in fair agreement with the theory. However, the measured fluctuation-pressure distributions were found to be very sensitive to changes in jet temperature and jet-nozzle profile, especially near the nozzle. These factors are not included in the theory. Increased jet temperatures produce increased pressure fluctuations and violation of similarity conditions. Nozzle-profile modifications may lead to violation of the uniform-exit-velocity requirement imposed in the theory.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-468 , E-780
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  • 55
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    The Blunt Plate In Hypersonic Flow (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The sonic-wedge characteristics method has been used to obtain the shock shapes and surface pressure distributions on several blunt two-dimensional shapes in a hypersonic stream for several values of the ratio of specific heats. These shapes include the blunt slab at angle of attack and power profiles of the form yb = a)P, where 0 les than m less than 1, Yb and x are coordinates of the body surface, and a is a constant. These numerical results have been compared with the results of blast-wave theory, and methods of predicting the pressure distributions and shock shapes are proposed in each case. The effects of a free-stream conical-flow gradient on the pressure distribution on a blunt slab in hypersonic flow were investigated by the sonic-wedge characteristics method and were found to be sizable in many cases. Procedures which are satisfactory for reducing pressure data obtained in conical flows with small gradients are presented.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-408 , L-897
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  • 56
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    Investigation of the Flow Over Simple Bodies at Mach Numbers of the Order of 20 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: It is shown that adequate means are available for calculating inviscid direct and induced pressures on simple axisymmetric bodies at zero angle of attack. The extent to which viscous effects can alter these predictions is indicated. It is also shown that inviscid induced pressures can significantly affect the stability of blunt, two-dimensional flat wings at low angles of attack. However, at high angles of attack, the inviscid induced pressure effects are negligible.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-449 , L-1051
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  • 57
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    Variation in Heat Transfer During Transient Heating of a Hemisphere at a Mach Number of 2 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Convective heat-transfer tests were made on a 5-inch-diameter hemisphere to determine the variation of Stanton number with the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature. The tests were made at a nominal Mach number of 2 for stagnation temperatures of 760 deg R, 1,030 deg R, and 1,380 deg R. The model was constructed so that radiation effects and also streamwise conduction effects within the model skin were minimized. The results of the tests verified that these effects were small. Tests which were made with different masses of air inside the model to check for conduction effects to the internal air cavity showed these effects to be negligible. For laminar flow on the hemisphere, the Stanton number remained essentially constant as the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature increased. However, for fully established turbulent flow, the Stanton number at some stations decreased on the order of 50 percent as the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature increased. A theory which agreed fairly well with the trend of this decrease is shown for comparison.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-399 , L-463
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  • 58
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    Experimental Investigation of Two Low-Drag Supercavitating Hydrofoils at Speeds up to 200 Feet per Second (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An experimental investigation has been made in the Langley highspeed hydrodynamics facility to determine the force and moment characteristics of two hydrofoils (one having an aspect ratio of 1 and the other having an aspect ratio of 3) designed to have improved lift-drag ratios when operating under either supercavitating or ventilated conditions. Measurements were made of lift, drag, and pitching moment over a range of angles of attack from 40 to 200 for depths of submersion varying from 0 to approximately 1 chord. The range of speed for the investigation was from 110 to 200 feet per second. When the upper surface of the hydrofoils was completely unwetted, the experimental values of lift and drag forces were in good agreement with the theoretical values obtained from the zero-cavitation-number theory. The theoretical values for minimum angle of attack for operation with the upper surface of the hydrofoil unwetted define the lower limits of angle of attack for which the experimental values of lift coefficient are either in agreement with or slightly greater than those predicted by theory.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-436 , L-913
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  • 59
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    Preliminary Heat-Transfer Measurements on a Hypersonic Glide Configuration Having 79.5 degree Sweepback and 45 degree Dihedral at a Mach Number of 4.95 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the heat-transfer characteristics of a hypersonic glide configuration having 79.5 deg of sweepback (measured in the plane of the leading edges) and 45 of dihedral. The tests were conducted at a nominal Mach number of 4.95 and a stagnation temperature of 400 F. The test-section unit Reynolds number was varied from 1.95 x 10(exp 6) to 12.24 x 10(exp 6) per foot. The results indicated that the laminar-flow heat-transfer rate to the lower surface of the model decreased as the distance from the ridge line increased except for thermocouples located near the semispan at an angle of attack of 00 with respect to the plane of the leading edges. The heat-transfer distribution (local heating rate relative to the ridge-line heating rate) was similar to the theoretical heat-transfer distribution for a two-dimensional blunt body, if the ridge line was assumed to be the stagnation line, and could be predicted by this theory provided a modified Newtonian pressure distribution was used. Except in the vicinity of the apex, the ridge-line heat-transfer rate could also be predicted from two-dimensional blunt-body heat-transfer theory provided it was assumed that the stagnation-line heat-transfer rate varied as the cosine of the effective sweep (sine of the angle of attack of the ridge line). The heat-transfer level on the lower surface and the nondimensional heat-transfer distribution around the body on the lower surface were in qualitative agreement with the results of a geometric study of highly swept delta wings with large positive dihedrals made in reference 1.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-247
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  • 60
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    Flight Measurement of Wall-Pressure Fluctuations and Boundary-Layer Turbulence (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The results are presented for a flight test program using a fighter type jet aircraft flying at pressure altitudes of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 feet at Mach numbers from 0.3 to 0.8. Specially designed apparatus was used to measure and record the output of microphones and hot-wire anemometers mounted on the forward-fuselage section and wing of the airplane. Mean-velocity profiles in the boundary layers were obtained from total-pressure measurements. The ratio of the root-mean-square fluctuating wall pressure to the free-stream dynamic pressure is presented as a function of Reynolds number and Mach number. The longitudinal component of the turbulent-velocity fluctuations was measured, and the turbulence-intensity profiles are presented for the wing and forward-fuselage section. In general, the results are in agreement with wind-tunnel measurements which have been-reported in the literature. For example, the variation the square root of p(sup 2)/q times the square root of p(sup 2) is the root mean square of the wall-pressure fluctuation, and q is the free-stream dynamic pressure) with Reynolds number was found to be essentially constant for the forward-fuselage-section boundary layer, while variations at the wing station were probably unduly affected by the microphone diameter (5/8 in.), which was large compared with the boundary-layer thickness.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-280
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  • 61
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    Radiation Shielding of the Stagnation Region by Transpiration of an Opaque Gas (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The laminar compressible boundary layer in the two-dimensional and axisymmetric stagnation regions has been analyzed to show the effects of the injection of a radiation absorbing foreign gas on an incident radiation field, and on the enthalpy profiles across the boundary layer. Total heat transfer to the stagnation region is evaluated for numerous cases and the results are compared with the no shielding case. Required absorption properties of the foreign gas are determined and compared with properties of known gases.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-329
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  • 62
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    Spatial Characteristics of Water Spray Formed by Two Impinging Jets at Several Jet Velocities in Quiescent Air (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The spatial characteristics of a spray formed by two impinging water jets in quiescent air were studied over a range of nominal jet velocities of 30 to 74 feet per second. The total included angle between the 0.089-inch jets was 90 deg. The jet velocity, spray velocity, disappearance of the ligaments just before drop formation, mass distribution, and size and position of the largest drops were measured in a circumferential survey around the point of jet impingement. Photographic techniques were used in the evaluations. The distance from the point of jet impingement to ligament breakup into drops was about 4 inches on the spray axis and about 1.3 inches in the radial position +/-90 deg from the axis. The distance tended to increase slightly with increase in jet velocity. The spray velocity varied from about 99 to about 72 percent of the jet velocity for a change in circumferential position from the spray axis to the +/-80 deg positions. The percentages tended to increase slightly with an increase in jet velocity. Fifty percent of the mass was distributed about the spray axis in an included angle of slightly less than 40 deg. The effect of jet velocity was small. The largest observed drops (2260-micron or 0.090-in. diam.) were found on and about the spray axis. The size of the largest drops decreased for an increase in radial angular position, being about 1860 microns (0.074 in.) at the +/-90 deg positions. The largest drop sizes tended to decrease for an increase in jet velocity, although the velocity effect was small. A drop-size distribution analysis indicated a mass mean drop size equal to 54 percent of an extrapolated maximum drop size.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-301 , E-419
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  • 63
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    Measurement of Screen-Size Effects on Intensity, Scale, and Spectrum of Turbulence in a Free Subsonic Jet (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The results are reported of hot-wire anemometer measurements of the fluctuating longitudinal component of the turbulent velocities in the mean flow downstream of screens in an air jet. These measurements have been analyzed by well-established techniques to give the influence of tile screen mesh size on the turbulent intensity, scale, and the power-spectral-density. The results show a linear dependence of the intensity upon the screen mesh size for locations within the central core of the air jet. The spectral-density curves show that the screens redistribute the turbulent energy from the low frequencies (〈1000 cps) to the high frequencies (〉1000 cps). The effects of the screens are overwhelmed in the mixing region of the jet flow by the turbulence levels existing there. The large pressure drops occurring across the screens reduce the velocity of the jet as compared to the jet without screens by approximately one-third for the velocity and range of mesh sizes investigated and reported in this report. The turbulence scale is a linear function of distance from the nozzle exit and is somewhat greater than comparable jets without screens.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-297 , E-798
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  • 64
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    The Influence of Low Wall Temperature on Boundary-Layer Transition and Local Heat Transfer on 2-Inch-Diameter Hemispheres at a Mach Number of 4.95 and a Reynolds Number per Foot of 73.2 x 10(exp 6) (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the location of boundary-layer transition and the local heat transfer have been made on 2-inch-diameter hemispheres in the Langley gas dynamics laboratory at a Mach number of 4.95, a Reynolds number per foot of 73.2 x 10(exp 6), and a stagnation temperature of approximately 400 F. The transient-heating thin-skin calorimeter technique was used, and the initial values of the wall-to-stream stagnation- temperature ratios were 0.16 (cold-model tests) and 0.65 (hot-model test). During two of the four cold tests, the boundary-layer flow changed from turbulent to laminar over large regions of the hemisphere as the model heated. On the basis of a detailed consideration of the magnitude of roughness possibly present during these two cold tests, it appears that this destabilizing effect of low wall temperatures (cooling) was not caused by roughness as a dominant influence. This idea of a decrease in boundary-layer stability with cooling has been previously suggested. (See, for example, NASA Memorandum 10-8-58E.) For the laminar data obtained during the early part of the hot test, the correlation of the local-heating data with laminar theory was excellent.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-391 , L-752
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  • 65
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    Turbulence Studies of a Rectangular Slotted Noise-Suppressor Nozzle (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The problem of noise suppression of turbojet engines has shown a need for turbulence data within the flow field of various types of nozzles used in ad hoc investigations of the sound power. The result of turbulence studies in a nozzle configuration of four parallel rectangular slots is presented in this report with special attention to the effect of the spacing of the nozzles on the intensity of turbulence, scale of turbulence, spectrum of turbulence, and the mean stream velocity. Taylor's hypothesis, which describes the convection of the turbulence eddies, was tested and found correct within experimental error and certain experimental and theoretical limitations. The convection of the pressure patterns was also investigated, and the value of the convection velocity was found to be about 0.43 times the central core velocity of the jets. The effect of the spacing-to-width ratio of the nozzles upon the turbulence intensity, the scale of turbulence, and the spectral distribution of the noise was found in general to produce a maximum change for spacing-to-width ratios of 1.5 to 2.0. These changes may be the cause of the reduction in sound power reported for similar full-scale nozzles and test conditions under actual (static) engine operation. A noise reduction parameter is defined from Lighthill's theory which gives qualitative agreement with experiments which show the noise reduction is greatest for spacing-to-width ratios of 1.5 to 2.0.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-294 , E-384
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  • 66
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    Full-Scale Wind-Tunnel Tests of Blowing Boundary-Layer Control Applied to a Helicopter Rotor (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A full-scale wind-tunnel test was conducted of two boundary-layer-control applications to a 44-foot diameter helicopter rotor. Blowing from a nozzle near the leading edge of the blades delayed retreating blade stall. Results also indicated that delay of retreating blade stall could be obtained by cyclic blowing with a lower flow rate than that required for continuous blowing. It was found that blowing applied through a nozzle at mid-chord had no effect on retreating blade stall.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-335 , A-380
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