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  • American Physical Society (APS)  (19,265)
  • BioMed Central  (13,148)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Reed Business Information
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  • 2010-2014  (42,908)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1955-1959  (215)
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  • 1
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    Assimilating Along-Track Altimetric Observations through Local Hydrostatic Adjustment in a Global Ocean Variational Assimilation System (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: A global ocean three-dimensional variational data assimilation system was developed with the aim of assimilating along-track sea level anomaly observations, along with in situ observations from bathythermographs and conventional sea stations. All the available altimetric data within the period October 1992–January 2006 were used in this study. The sea level corrections were covariated with vertical profiles of temperature and salinity according to the bivariate definition of the background-error vertical covariances. Sea level anomaly observational error variance was carefully defined as a sum of instrumental, representativeness, observation operator, and mean dynamic topography error variances. The mean dynamic topography was computed from the model long-term mean sea surface height and adjusted through an optimal interpolation scheme to account for observation minus first-guess biases. Results show that the assimilation of sea level anomaly observations improves the model sea surface height skill scores as well as the subsurface temperature and salinity fields. Furthermore, the estimate of the tropical and subtropical surface circulation is clearly improved after assimilating altimetric data. Nonnegligible impacts of the mean dynamic topography used have also been found: compared to a gravimeter-based mean dynamic topography the use of the mean dynamic topography discussed in this paper improves both the consistency with sea level anomaly observations and the verification skill scores of temperature and salinity in the tropical regions. Furthermore, the use of a mean dynamic topography computed from the model long-term sea surface height mean without observation adjustments results in worsened verification skill scores and highlights the benefits of the current approach for deriving the mean dynamic topography.
    Description: European Commission WP4 Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Bologna Cnes
    Description: Published
    Description: 738-754
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: 4.6. Oceanografia operativa per la valutazione dei rischi in aree marine
    Description: 5.4. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Data assimilation ; Satellite observations ; Ocean models ; Sea level ; In situ observations ; Variational analysis ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Baroclinic Stationary Waves in Aquaplanet Models (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: An aquaplanet model is used to study the nature of the highly persistent low-frequency waves that have been observed in models forced by zonally symmetric boundary conditions. Using the Hayashi spectral analysis of the extratropical waves, the authors find that a quasi-stationary wave 5 belongs to a wave packet obeying a well-defined dispersion relation with eastward group velocity. The components of the dispersion relation with k ≥ 5 baroclinically convert eddy available potential energy into eddy kinetic energy, whereas those with k 〈 5 are baroclinically neutral. In agreement with Green’s model of baroclinic instability, wave 5 is weakly unstable, and the inverse energy cascade, which had been previously proposed as a main forcing for this type of wave, only acts as a positive feedback on its predominantly baroclinic energetics. The quasi-stationary wave is reinforced by a phase lock to an analogous pattern in the tropical convection, which provides further amplification to the wave. It is also found that the Pedlosky bounds on the phase speed of unstable waves provide guidance in explaining the latitudinal structure of the energy conversion, which is shown to be more enhanced where the zonal westerly surface wind is weaker. The wave’s energy is then trapped in the waveguide created by the upper tropospheric jet stream. In agreement with Green’s theory, as the equator-to-pole SST difference is reduced, the stationary marginally stable component shifts toward higher wavenumbers, while wave 5 becomes neutral and westward propagating. Some properties of the aquaplanet quasi-stationary waves are found to be in interesting agreement with a low frequency wave observed by Salby during December–February in the Southern Hemisphere so that this perspective on low frequency variability, apart from its value in terms of basic geophysical fluid dynamics, might be of specific interest for studying the earth’s atmosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1023–1040.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Boundary conditions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Quality Assessment of a 1985–2007 Mediterranean Sea Reanalysis (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: A simulation and two reanalyses from 1985 to 2007 have been produced for the Mediterranean Sea using different assimilation schemes: a reduced-order optimal interpolation [System for Ocean Forecast and Analysis (SOFA)] and a three-dimensional variational scheme (OceanVar). The observational dataset consists of vertical temperature and salinity in situ profiles and along-track satellite sea level anomalies; daily mean fields of satellite sea surface temperature are used for correcting the air–sea fluxes. This paper assesses the quality of the reanalyses with respect to observations and the simulation. Both the SOFA and OceanVar schemes give very similar root-mean-square errors and biases for temperature and salinity fields compared with the assimilated observations. The largest errors are at the thermocline level and in regions of large eddy field variability. However, OceanVar gives 20% better results for sea level anomaly root-mean-square error.
    Description: Published
    Description: 569-59
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mediterranean Sea ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.05. Operational oceanography
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Parameterisation of the Sedimentation of Raindrops with Finite Maximum Diameter (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  EPIC3Monthly Weather Review., American Meteorological Society, 140(5), pp. 1589-1602
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    A comparison of methods for estimating Reynolds stress from ADCP measurements in wavy environments (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28 (2011): 1539–1553, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00001.1.
    Description: Turbulent Reynolds stresses are now routinely estimated from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements in estuaries and tidal channels using the variance method, yet biases due to surface gravity waves limit its use in the coastal ocean. Recent modifications to this method, including spatially filtering velocities to isolate the turbulence from wave velocities and fitting a cospectral model to the below-wave band cospectra, have been used to remove this bias. Individually, each modification performed well for the published test datasets, but a comparative analysis over the range of conditions in the coastal ocean has not yet been performed. This work uses ADCP velocity measurements from five previously published coastal ocean and estuarine datasets, which span a range of wave and current conditions as well as instrument configurations, to directly compare methods for estimating stresses in the presence of waves. The computed stresses from each were compared to bottom stress estimates from a quadratic drag law and, where available, estimates of wind stress. These comparisons, along with an analysis of the cospectra, indicated that spectral fitting performs well when the wave climate is wide-banded and/or multidirectional as well as when instrument noise is high. In contrast, spatial filtering performs better when waves are narrow-banded, low frequency, and when wave orbital velocities are strong relative to currents. However, as spatial filtering uses vertically separated velocity bins to remove the wave bias, spectral fitting is able to resolve stresses over a larger fraction of the water column.
    Description: J. Rosman acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation (OCE-1061108).
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Momentum ; Ocean circulation ; Waves, oceanic ; In situ observations ; Instrumentation/sensors
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Data hosting infrastructure for primary biodiversity data (2012)
    BioMed Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in BMC Bioinformatics 12 Suppl. 15 (2011): S5, doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-S15-S5.
    Description: Today, an unprecedented volume of primary biodiversity data are being generated worldwide, yet significant amounts of these data have been and will continue to be lost after the conclusion of the projects tasked with collecting them. To get the most value out of these data it is imperative to seek a solution whereby these data are rescued, archived and made available to the biodiversity community. To this end, the biodiversity informatics community requires investment in processes and infrastructure to mitigate data loss and provide solutions for long-term hosting and sharing of biodiversity data. We review the current state of biodiversity data hosting and investigate the technological and sociological barriers to proper data management. We further explore the rescuing and re-hosting of legacy data, the state of existing toolsets and propose a future direction for the development of new discovery tools. We also explore the role of data standards and licensing in the context of data hosting and preservation. We provide five recommendations for the biodiversity community that will foster better data preservation and access: (1) encourage the community's use of data standards, (2) promote the public domain licensing of data, (3) establish a community of those involved in data hosting and archival, (4) establish hosting centers for biodiversity data, and (5) develop tools for data discovery. The community's adoption of standards and development of tools to enable data discovery is essential to sustainable data preservation. Furthermore, the increased adoption of open content licensing, the establishment of data hosting infrastructure and the creation of a data hosting and archiving community are all necessary steps towards the community ensuring that data archival policies become standardized.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in Barrow Canyon (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1012–1021, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0184.1.
    Description: Pacific Water flows across the shallow Chukchi Sea before reaching the Arctic Ocean, where it is a source of heat, freshwater, nutrients, and carbon. A substantial portion of Pacific Water is routed through Barrow Canyon, located in the northeast corner of the Chukchi. Barrow Canyon is a region of complex geometry and forcing where a variety of water masses have been observed to coexist. These factors contribute to a dynamic physical environment, with the potential for significant water mass transformation. The measurements of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation presented here indicate diapycnal mixing is important in the upper canyon. Elevated dissipation rates were observed near the pycnocline, effectively mixing winter and summer water masses, as well as within the bottom boundary layer. The slopes of shear/stratification layers, combined with analysis of rotary spectra, suggest that near-inertial wave activity may be important in modulating dissipation near the bottom. Because the canyon is known to be a hotspot of productivity with an active benthic community, mixing may be an important factor in maintenance of the biological environment.
    Description: ELS was supported as a WHOI Postdoctoral Scholar through the WHOI Ocean and Climate Change Institute.
    Description: 2012-12-01
    Keywords: Arctic ; Continental shelf/slope ; Mixing ; Small scale processes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM4 (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 5153–5172, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00463.1.
    Description: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability is documented in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) preindustrial control simulation that uses nominal 1° horizontal resolution in all its components. AMOC shows a broad spectrum of low-frequency variability covering the 50–200-yr range, contrasting sharply with the multidecadal variability seen in the T85 × 1 resolution CCSM3 present-day control simulation. Furthermore, the amplitude of variability is much reduced in CCSM4 compared to that of CCSM3. Similarities as well as differences in AMOC variability mechanisms between CCSM3 and CCSM4 are discussed. As in CCSM3, the CCSM4 AMOC variability is primarily driven by the positive density anomalies at the Labrador Sea (LS) deep-water formation site, peaking 2 yr prior to an AMOC maximum. All processes, including parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale eddies, play a role in the creation of salinity anomalies that dominate these density anomalies. High Nordic Sea densities do not necessarily lead to increased overflow transports because the overflow physics is governed by source and interior region density differences. Increased overflow transports do not lead to a higher AMOC either but instead appear to be a precursor to lower AMOC transports through enhanced stratification in LS. This has important implications for decadal prediction studies. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is significantly correlated with the positive boundary layer depth and density anomalies prior to an AMOC maximum. This suggests a role for NAO through setting the surface flux anomalies in LS and affecting the subpolar gyre circulation strength.
    Description: The CCSM project is supported by NSF and the Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Department of Energy. SGY and YOK were supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office under Climate Variability and Predictability Program Grants NA09OAR4310163 and NA10OAR4310202, respectively.
    Description: 2013-02-01
    Keywords: Meridional overturning circulation ; Coupled models ; Ocean models ; Oceanic variability
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Energy transfer from high-shear, low-frequency internal waves to high-frequency waves near Kaena Ridge, Hawaii (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1524–1547, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0117.1.
    Description: Evidence is presented for the transfer of energy from low-frequency inertial–diurnal internal waves to high-frequency waves in the band between 6 cpd and the buoyancy frequency. This transfer links the most energetic waves in the spectrum, those receiving energy directly from the winds, barotropic tides, and parametric subharmonic instability, with those most directly involved in the breaking process. Transfer estimates are based on month-long records of ocean velocity and temperature obtained continuously over 80–800 m from the research platform (R/P) Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) in the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME) Nearfield (2002) and Farfield (2001) experiments, in Hawaiian waters. Triple correlations between low-frequency vertical shears and high-frequency Reynolds stresses, uiw∂Ui/∂z, are used to estimate energy transfers. These are supported by bispectral analysis, which show significant energy transfers to pairs of waves with nearly identical frequency. Wavenumber bispectra indicate that the vertical scales of the high-frequency waves are unequal, with one wave of comparable scale to that of the low-frequency parent and the other of much longer scale. The scales of the high-frequency waves contrast with the classical pictures of induced diffusion and elastic scattering interactions and violates the scale-separation assumption of eikonal models of interaction. The possibility that the observed waves are Doppler shifted from intrinsic frequencies near f or N is explored. Peak transfer rates in the Nearfield, an energetic tidal conversion site, are on the order of 2 × 10−7 W kg−1 and are of similar magnitude to estimates of turbulent dissipation that were made near the ridge during HOME. Transfer rates in the Farfield are found to be about half the Nearfield values.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.
    Description: 2013-03-01
    Keywords: Diapycnal mixing ; Energy transport ; Internal waves ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Ship observations ; Spectral analysis/models/distribution
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Improving HF radar estimates of surface currents using signal quality metrics, with application to the MVCO high-resolution radar system (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29 (2012): 1377–1390, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00160.1.
    Description: Estimates of surface currents over the continental shelf are now regularly made using high-frequency radar (HFR) systems along much of the U.S. coastline. The recently deployed HFR system at the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) is a unique addition to these systems, focusing on high spatial resolution over a relatively small coastal ocean domain with high accuracy. However, initial results from the system showed sizable errors and biased estimates of M2 tidal currents, prompting an examination of new methods to improve the quality of radar-based velocity data. The analysis described here utilizes the radial metric output of CODAR Ocean Systems’ version 7 release of the SeaSonde Radial Site Software Suite to examine both the characteristics of the received signal and the output of the direction-finding algorithm to provide data quality controls on the estimated radial currents that are independent of the estimated velocity. Additionally, the effect of weighting spatial averages of radials falling within the same range and azimuthal bin is examined to account for differences in signal quality. Applied to two month-long datasets from the MVCO high-resolution system, these new methods are found to improve the rms difference comparisons with in situ current measurements by up to 2 cm s−1, as well as reduce or eliminate observed biases of tidal ellipses estimated using standard methods.
    Description: 2013-03-01
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Currents ; Data processing ; Data quality control ; In situ atmospheric observations ; Remote sensing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 11
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    Cross-shelf and out-of-bay transport driven by an open-ocean current (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 41 (2011): 2168–2186, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-08.1.
    Description: This paper studies the interaction of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)–like wind-driven channel flow with a continental slope and a flat-bottomed bay-shaped shelf near the channel’s southern boundary. Interaction between the model ACC and the topography in the second layer induces local changes of the potential vorticity (PV) flux, which further causes the formation of a first-layer PV front near the base of the topography. Located between the ACC and the first-layer slope, the newly formed PV front is constantly perturbed by the ACC and in turn forces the first-layer slope with its own variability in an intermittent but persistent way. The volume transport of the slope water across the first-layer slope edge is mostly directly driven by eddies and meanders of the new front, and its magnitude is similar to the maximum Ekman transport in the channel. Near the bay’s opening, the effect of the topographic waves, excited by offshore variability, dominates the cross-isobath exchange and induces a mean clockwise shelf circulation. The waves’ propagation is only toward the west and tends to be blocked by the bay’s western boundary in the narrow-shelf region. The ensuing wave–coast interaction amplifies the wave amplitude and the cross-shelf transport. Because the interaction only occurs near the western boundary, the shelf water in the west of the bay is more readily carried offshore than that in the east and the mean shelf circulation is also intensified along the bay’s western boundary.
    Description: Y. Zhang acknowledges the support of the MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Physical Oceanography and NSF OCE-9901654 and OCE- 0451086. J. Pedlosky acknowledges the support of NSF OCE-9901654 and OCE-0451086.
    Keywords: Baroclinic flows ; Eddies ; Fronts ; Mass fluxes/transport ; Mesoscale processes ; Topographic effects
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    An equatorial ocean bottleneck in global climate models (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 343–349, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00059.1.
    Description: The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is a major component of the tropical Pacific Ocean circulation. EUC velocity in most global climate models is sluggish relative to observations. Insufficient ocean resolution slows the EUC in the eastern Pacific where nonlinear terms should dominate the zonal momentum balance. A slow EUC in the east creates a bottleneck for the EUC to the west. However, this bottleneck does not impair other major components of the tropical circulation, including upwelling and poleward transport. In most models, upwelling velocity and poleward transport divergence fall within directly estimated uncertainties. Both of these transports play a critical role in a theory for how the tropical Pacific may change under increased radiative forcing, that is, the ocean dynamical thermostat mechanism. These findings suggest that, in the mean, global climate models may not underrepresent the role of equatorial ocean circulation, nor perhaps bias the balance between competing mechanisms for how the tropical Pacific might change in the future. Implications for model improvement under higher resolution are also discussed.
    Description: KBK gratefully acknowledges the J. Lamar Worzel Assistant Scientist Fund. GCJ is supported by NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. RM gratefully acknowledges the generous support and hospitality of the Divecha Centre for Climate Change and CAOS at IISc, Bangalore, and partial support by NASA PO grants.
    Description: 2012-07-01
    Keywords: Tropics ; Ocean circulation ; Ocean dynamics ; Climate models ; Coupled models ; Ocean models
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  • 13
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    The global subduction/obduction rates : their interannual and decadal variability (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 1096–1115, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4228.1.
    Description: Ventilation, including subduction and obduction, for the global oceans was examined using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) outputs. The global subduction rate averaged over the period from 1959 to 2006 is estimated at 505.8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), while the corresponding global obduction rate is estimated at 482.1 Sv. The annual subduction/obduction rates vary greatly on the interannual and decadal time scales. The global subduction rate is estimated to have increased 7.6% over the past 50 years, while the obduction rate is estimated to have increased 9.8%. Such trends may be insignificant because errors associated with the data generated by ocean data assimilation could be as large as 10%. However, a major physical mechanism that induced these trends is primarily linked to changes in the Southern Ocean. While the Southern Ocean plays a key role in global subduction and obduction rates and their variability, both the Southern Ocean and equatorial regions are critically important sites of water mass formation/erosion.
    Description: This work was supported by the Key State Basic Research Program of China under Grant 2012CB417401, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 40906007, 40890152), and the Open Foundation of Physical Oceanography Laboratory, OUC, under Grant 200902.
    Description: 2012-08-15
    Keywords: Decadal variability ; Southern Ocean ; Trends ; Water masses ; Convergence ; Mixing
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  • 14
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    Horizontal density structure and restratification of the Arctic Ocean surface layer (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 659–668, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0125.1.
    Description: Ice-tethered profiler (ITP) measurements from the Arctic Ocean’s Canada Basin indicate an ocean surface layer beneath sea ice with significant horizontal density structure on scales of hundreds of kilometers to the order 1 km submesoscale. The observed horizontal gradients in density are dynamically important in that they are associated with restratification of the surface ocean when dense water flows under light water. Such restratification is prevalent in wintertime and competes with convective mixing upon buoyancy forcing (e.g., ice growth and brine rejection) and shear-driven mixing when the ice moves relative to the ocean. Frontal structure and estimates of the balanced Richardson number point to the likelihood of dynamical restratification by isopycnal tilt and submesoscale baroclinic instability. Based on the evidence here, it is likely that submesoscale processes play an important role in setting surface-layer properties and lateral density variability in the Arctic Ocean.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs Arctic Sciences Section under Awards ARC-0519899, ARC-0856479, and ARC-0806306. Support was also provided by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Arctic Research Initiative.
    Description: 2012-10-01
    Keywords: Arctic ; Ocean dynamics
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  • 15
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    ENSO and Pacific decadal variability in the Community Climate System Model Version 4 (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 2622–2651, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00301.1.
    Description: This study presents an overview of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and Pacific decadal variability (PDV) simulated in a multicentury preindustrial control integration of the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) at nominal 1° latitude–longitude resolution. Several aspects of ENSO are improved in CCSM4 compared to its predecessor CCSM3, including the lengthened period (3–6 yr), the larger range of amplitude and frequency of events, and the longer duration of La Niña compared to El Niño. However, the overall magnitude of ENSO in CCSM4 is overestimated by ~30%. The simulated ENSO exhibits characteristics consistent with the delayed/recharge oscillator paradigm, including correspondence between the lengthened period and increased latitudinal width of the anomalous equatorial zonal wind stress. Global seasonal atmospheric teleconnections with accompanying impacts on precipitation and temperature are generally well simulated, although the wintertime deepening of the Aleutian low erroneously persists into spring. The vertical structure of the upper-ocean temperature response to ENSO in the north and south Pacific displays a realistic seasonal evolution, with notable asymmetries between warm and cold events. The model shows evidence of atmospheric circulation precursors over the North Pacific associated with the “seasonal footprinting mechanism,” similar to observations. Simulated PDV exhibits a significant spectral peak around 15 yr, with generally realistic spatial pattern and magnitude. However, PDV linkages between the tropics and extratropics are weaker than observed.
    Description: M. Alexander, A. Capotondi, and J. Scott’s participation was supported by a grant from the NSF Climate and Large-scale Dynamics Program. Y.-O. Kwon gratefully acknowledges support from a WHOI Heyman fellowship and a grant from the NSF Climate and Largescale Dynamics Program. The CESM project is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Department of Energy.
    Description: 2012-10-15
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; El Nino ; ENSO ; La Nina ; Pacific decadal oscillation ; Climate models
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  • 16
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    High-latitude contribution to global variability of air–sea sensible heat flux (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 3515–3531, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00028.1.
    Description: The study examined global variability of air–sea sensible heat flux (SHF) from 1980 to 2009 and the large-scale atmospheric and ocean circulations that gave rise to this variability. The contribution of high-latitude wintertime SHF was identified, and the relative importance of the effect of the sea–air temperature difference versus the effect of wind on decadal SHF variability was analyzed using an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) approach. The study showed that global SHF anomalies are strongly modulated by SHF at high latitudes (poleward of 45°) during winter seasons. Decadal variability of global wintertime SHF can be reasonably represented by the sum of two leading EOF modes, namely, the boreal wintertime SHF in the northern oceans and the austral wintertime SHF in the southern oceans. The study also showed that global wintertime SHF is modulated by the prominent modes of the large-scale atmospheric circulation at high latitudes. The increase of global SHF in the 1990s is attributable to the strengthening of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode index, while the decrease of global SHF after 2000 is due primarily to the downward trend of the Arctic Oscillation index. This study identified the important effects of wind direction and speed on SHF variability. Changes in winds modify the sea–air temperature gradient by advecting cold and dry air from continents and by imposing changes in wind-driven oceanic processes that affect sea surface temperature (SST). The pattern of air temperature anomalies dominates over the pattern of SST anomalies and dictates the pattern of decadal SHF variability.
    Description: The study is supported by the NOAA Office of Climate Observations (OCO) and the WHOI Arctic Climate Initiative. X. Song acknowledges the support from the China Scholarship Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (40930844, 40976004, and 40921004) and the Ministry of Education’s 111 Project (B07036).
    Description: 2012-11-15
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction
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    On the response of a buoyant plume to downwelling-favorable wind stress (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1083–1098, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-015.1.
    Description: Here, the response of a coastally trapped buoyant plume to downwelling-favorable wind forcing is explored using a simplified two-dimensional numerical model and a prognostic theory for the resulting width, depth, and density anomaly and along-shelf transport of the plume. Consistent with the numerical simulations, the analytical model shows that the wind causes mixing of the plume water and that the forced cross-shelf circulation can also generate significant deepening and surface narrowing, as well as increased along-shelf transport. The response is due to a combination of the purely advective process that leads to the steepening of the isopycnals and the entrainment of ambient water into the plume. The advective component depends on the initial plume geometry: plumes that have a large fraction of their total width in contact with the bottom (“bottom trapped”) suffer relatively small depth and width changes compared to plumes that have a large fraction of their total width detached from the bottom (“surface trapped”). Key theoretical parameters are Wγ/Wα, the ratio of the width of the plume detached from the bottom to the width of the plume in contact with it, and the ratio of the wind-generated mixed layer δe to the initial plume depth hp, which determines the amount of water initially entrained into the plume. The model results also show that the cross-shelf circulation can be strongly influenced by the wind-driven response in combination with the geostrophic shear of the plume. The continuous entrainment into the plume, as well as transient events, is also discussed.
    Description: This work has been supported by FONDECYT Grant 1070501. S. Lentz received support by theNational Science Foundation GrantOCE-0751554. C. Moffat had additional support from the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs through U.S. Southern Ocean GLOBEC Grants OPP 99-10092 and 06- 23223.
    Description: 2013-01-01
    Keywords: Baroclinic flows ; Boundary currents ; Coastal flows ; Upwelling/downwelling ; Wind ; Ocean models
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    ENSO’s impact on the gap wind regions of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 3549–3565, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00320.1.
    Description: The recently released NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) is used to examine the response to ENSO in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean (NETP) during 1979–2009. The normally cool Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) associated with wind jets through the gaps in the Central American mountains at Tehuantepec, Papagayo, and Panama are substantially warmer (colder) than the surrounding ocean during El Niño (La Niña) events. Ocean dynamics generate the ENSO-related SST anomalies in the gap wind regions as the surface fluxes damp the SSTs anomalies, while the Ekman heat transport is generally in quadrature with the anomalies. The ENSO-driven warming is associated with large-scale deepening of the thermocline; with the cold thermocline water at greater depths during El Niño in the NETP, it is less likely to be vertically mixed to the surface, particularly in the gap wind regions where the thermocline is normally very close to the surface. The thermocline deepening is enhanced to the south of the Costa Rica Dome in the Papagayo region, which contributes to the local ENSO-driven SST anomalies. The NETP thermocline changes are due to coastal Kelvin waves that initiate westward-propagating Rossby waves, and possibly ocean eddies, rather than by local Ekman pumping. These findings were confirmed with regional ocean model experiments: only integrations that included interannually varying ocean boundary conditions were able to simulate the thermocline deepening and localized warming in the NETP during El Niño events; the simulation with variable surface fluxes, but boundary conditions that repeated the seasonal cycle, did not.
    Description: This research was supported by grants from the NOAA office of Global Programs and the NSF Climate and Global Dynamics Division.
    Description: 2012-11-15
    Keywords: North Pacific Ocean ; Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; ENSO ; Thermocline circulation ; Waves, oceanic ; Ocean models
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    A surface mooring for air–sea interaction research in the Gulf Stream. Part I : mooring design and instrumentation (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29 (2012): 1363–1376, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00060.1.
    Description: The design of a surface mooring for deployment in the Gulf Stream in the Mid-Atlantic Bight is described. The authors' goals were to observe the surface meteorology; upper-ocean variability; and air–sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum in and near the Gulf Stream during two successive 1-yr deployments. Of particular interest was quantifying these air–sea fluxes during wintertime events that carry cold, dry air from the land over the Gulf Stream. Historical current data and information about the surface waves were used to guide the design of the surface mooring. The surface buoy provided the platform for both bulk meteorological sensors and a direct covariance flux system. Redundancy in the meteorological sensors proved to be a largely successful strategy to obtain complete time series. Oceanographic instrumentation was limited in size by considerations of drag; and two current meters, three temperature–salinity recorders, and 15 temperature recorders were deployed. Deployment from a single-screw vessel in the Gulf Stream required a controlled-drift stern first over the anchor sites. The first deployment lasted the planned full year. The second deployment ended after 3 months when the mooring was cut by unknown means at a depth of about 3000 m. The mooring was at times in the core of the Gulf Stream, and a peak surface current of over 2.7 m s−1 was observed. The 15-month records of surface meteorology and air–sea fluxes captured the seasonal variability as well as several cold-air outbreaks; the peak observed heat loss was in excess of 1400 W m−2.
    Description: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE04-24536 as part of the CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE). The Vetlesen Foundation is also acknowledged for the early support of SB.
    Description: 2013-03-01
    Keywords: Buoy observations
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    The unpredictable nature of internal tides on continental shelves (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1981–2000, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-028.1.
    Description: Packets of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) in a small area of the Mid-Atlantic Bight were 10 times more energetic during a local neap tide than during the preceding spring tide. This counterintuitive result cannot be explained if the waves are generated near the shelf break by the local barotropic tide since changes in shelfbreak stratification explain only a small fraction of the variability in barotropic to baroclinic conversion. Instead, this study suggests that the occurrence of strong NLIWs was caused by the shoaling of distantly generated internal tides with amplitudes that are uncorrelated with the local spring-neap cycle. An extensive set of moored observations show that NLIWs are correlated with the internal tide but uncorrelated with barotropic tide. Using harmonic analysis of a 40-day record, this study associates steady-phase motions at the shelf break with waves generated by the local barotropic tide and variable-phase motions with the shoaling of distantly generated internal tides. The dual sources of internal tide energy (local or remote) mean that shelf internal tides and NLIWs will be predictable with a local model only if the locally generated internal tides are significantly stronger than shoaling internal tides. Since the depth-integrated internal tide energy in the open ocean can greatly exceed that on the shelf, it is likely that shoaling internal tides control the energetics on shelves that are directly exposed to the open ocean.
    Description: This research was supported by ONR Grants N00014-05-1-0271, N00014-08-1-0991, N00014-04- 1-0146, and N00014-11-1-0194.
    Description: 2013-05-01
    Keywords: Internal waves ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Tides
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    Two configurations of the Western Arctic Shelfbreak Current in summer (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 329-351, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-026.1.
    Description: Data from a closely spaced array of moorings situated across the Beaufort Sea shelfbreak at 152°W are used to study the Western Arctic Shelfbreak Current, with emphasis on its configuration during the summer season. Two dynamically distinct states of the current are revealed in the absence of wind, with each lasting approximately one month. The first is a surface-intensified shelfbreak jet transporting warm and buoyant Alaskan Coastal Water in late summer. This is the eastward continuation of the Alaskan Coastal Current. It is both baroclinically and barotropically unstable and hence capable of forming the surface-intensified warm-core eddies observed in the southern Beaufort Sea. The second configuration, present during early summer, is a bottom-intensified shelfbreak current advecting weakly stratified Chukchi Summer Water. It is baroclinically unstable and likely forms the middepth warm-core eddies present in the interior basin. The mesoscale instabilities extract energy from the mean flow such that the surface-intensified jet should spin down over an e-folding distance of 300 km beyond the array site, whereas the bottom-intensified configuration should decay within 150 km. This implies that Pacific Summer Water does not extend far into the Canadian Beaufort Sea as a well-defined shelfbreak current. In contrast, the Pacific Winter Water configuration of the shelfbreak jet is estimated to decay over a much greater distance of approximately 1400 km, implying that it should reach the first entrance to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation GrantsOCE-0726640,OPP-0731928, and OPP-0713250.
    Description: 2012-09-01
    Keywords: Arctic ; Continental shelf/slope ; Boundary currents
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    Estuarine exchange flow quantified with isohaline coordinates : contrasting long and short estuaries (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 748–763, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-086.1.
    Description: Isohaline coordinate analysis is used to compare the exchange flow in two contrasting estuaries, the long (with respect to tidal excursion) Hudson River and the short Merrimack River, using validated numerical models. The isohaline analysis averages fluxes in salinity space rather than in physical space, yielding the isohaline exchange flow that incorporates both subtidal and tidal fluxes and precisely satisfies the Knudsen relation. The isohaline analysis can be consistently applied to both subtidally and tidally dominated estuaries. In the Hudson, the isohaline exchange flow is similar to results from the Eulerian analysis, and the conventional estuarine theory can be used to quantify the salt transport based on scaling with the baroclinic pressure gradient. In the Merrimack, the isohaline exchange flow is much larger than the Eulerian quantity, indicating the dominance of tidal salt flux. The exchange flow does not scale with the baroclinic pressure gradient but rather with tidal volume flux. This tidal exchange is driven by tidal pumping due to the jet–sink flow at the mouth constriction, leading to a linear dependence of exchange flow on tidal volume flux. Finally, a tidal conversion parameter Qin/Qprism, measuring the fraction of tidal inflow Qprism that is converted into net exchange Qin, is proposed to characterize the exchange processes among different systems. It is found that the length scale ratio between tidal excursion and salinity intrusion provides a characteristic to distinguish estuarine regimes.
    Description: SNC is supported by a WHOI postdoctoral scholarship, a NSF Grant OCE-0926427, and a Taiwan National Science Council Grant NSC 100- 2199-M-002-028.WRGis supported byNSFGrantOCE- 0926427. JAL is supported by NSF Grant OCE-0452054.
    Description: 2012-11-01
    Keywords: Coastal flows
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    The role of advection, straining, and mixing on the tidal variability of estuarine stratification (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 855–868, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-10-05010.1.
    Description: Data from the Hudson River estuary demonstrate that the tidal variations in vertical salinity stratification are not consistent with the patterns associated with along-channel tidal straining. These observations result from three additional processes not accounted for in the traditional tidal straining model: 1) along-channel and 2) lateral advection of horizontal gradients in the vertical salinity gradient and 3) tidal asymmetries in the strength of vertical mixing. As a result, cross-sectionally averaged values of the vertical salinity gradient are shown to increase during the flood tide and decrease during the ebb. Only over a limited portion of the cross section does the observed stratification increase during the ebb and decrease during the flood. These observations highlight the three-dimensional nature of estuarine flows and demonstrate that lateral circulation provides an alternate mechanism that allows for the exchange of materials between surface and bottom waters, even when direct turbulent mixing through the pycnocline is prohibited by strong stratification.
    Description: The funding for this research was obtained from NSF Grant OCE-08-25226.
    Description: 2012-11-01
    Keywords: Mixing ; Ocean circulation ; Shear structure/flows ; Transport ; Turbulence
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    The mate recognition protein gene mediates reproductive isolation and speciation in the Brachionus plicatilis cryptic species complex (2012)
    BioMed Central
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in BMC Evolutionary Biology 12 (2012): 134, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-134.
    Description: Chemically mediated prezygotic barriers to reproduction likely play an important role in speciation. In facultatively sexual monogonont rotifers from the Brachionus plicatilis cryptic species complex, mate recognition of females by males is mediated by the Mate Recognition Protein (MRP), a globular glycoprotein on the surface of females, encoded by the mmr-b gene family. In this study, we sequenced mmr-b copies from 27 isolates representing 11 phylotypes of the B. plicatilis species complex, examined the mode of evolution and selection of mmr-b, and determined the relationship between mmr-b genetic distance and mate recognition among isolates. Isolates of the B. plicatilis species complex have 1–4 copies of mmr-b, each composed of 2–9 nearly identical tandem repeats. The repeats within a gene copy are generally more similar than are gene copies among phylotypes, suggesting concerted evolution. Compared to housekeeping genes from the same isolates, mmr-b has accumulated only half as many synonymous differences but twice as many non-synonymous differences. Most of the amino acid differences between repeats appear to occur on the outer face of the protein, and these often result in changes in predicted patterns of phosphorylation. However, we found no evidence of positive selection driving these differences. Isolates with the most divergent copies were unable to mate with other isolates and rarely self-crossed. Overall the degree of mate recognition was significantly correlated with the genetic distance of mmr-b. Discrimination of compatible mates in the B. plicatilis species complex is determined by proteins encoded by closely related copies of a single gene, mmr-b. While concerted evolution of the tandem repeats in mmr-b may function to maintain identity, it can also lead to the rapid spread of a mutation through all copies in the genome and thus to reproductive isolation. The mmr-b gene is evolving rapidly, and novel alleles may be maintained and increase in frequency via asexual reproduction. Our analyses indicate that mate recognition, controlled by MMR-B, may drive reproductive isolation and allow saltational sympatric speciation within the B. plicatilis cryptic species complex, and that this process may be largely neutral.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant BE/GenEn MCG- 0412647.
    Keywords: Mate recognition ; Reproductive isolation ; Speciation ; Concerted evolution ; Gene family
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    On the nature and variability of the east Greenland Spill Jet : a case study in Summer 2003 (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 41 (2011): 2307–2327, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-10-05004.1.
    Description: Results from a high-resolution (~2 km) numerical simulation of the Irminger Basin during summer 2003 are presented. The focus is on the East Greenland Spill Jet, a recently discovered component of the circulation in the basin. The simulation compares well with observations of surface fields, the Denmark Strait overflow (DSO), and the hydrographic structure of typical sections in the basin. The model reveals new aspects of the circulation on scales of O(0.1–10) days and O(1–100) km. The model Spill Jet results from the cascade of dense waters over the East Greenland shelf. Spilling can occur in various locations southwest of the strait, and it is present throughout the simulation but exhibits large variations on periods of O(0.1–10) days. The Spill Jet sometimes cannot be distinguished in the velocity field from surface eddies or from the DSO. The vorticity structure of the jet confirms its unstable nature with peak relative and tilting vorticity terms reaching twice the planetary vorticity term. The average model Spill Jet transport is 4.9 ±1.7 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) equatorward, about 2½ times larger than has been previously reported from a single ship transect in August 2001. Kinematic analysis of the model results suggests two different types of spilling events. In the first case (type I), a local perturbation results in dense waters descending over the shelf break into the Irminger Basin. In the second case (type II), surface cyclones associated with DSO deep domes initiate the spilling process. During summer 2003, more than half of the largest Spill Jet transport values are of type II.
    Description: The research is supported by the National Science Foundation Grants OCE-0726393 and OCI-0904640 (MGM and TWNH) and OCE-0726640 (RSP).
    Description: 2012-06-01
    Keywords: North Atlantic Ocean ; In situ observations ; Regional models
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    Subtropical mode water variability in a climatologically forced model in the northwestern Pacific Ocean (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 126–140, doi:10.1175/2011JPO4513.1.
    Description: A climatologically forced high-resolution model is used to examine variability of subtropical mode water (STMW) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Despite the use of annually repeating atmospheric forcing, significant interannual to decadal variability is evident in the volume, temperature, and age of STMW formed in the region. This long time-scale variability is intrinsic to the ocean. The formation and characteristics of STMW are comparable to those observed in nature. STMW is found to be cooler, denser, and shallower in the east than in the west, but time variations in these properties are generally correlated across the full water mass. Formation is found to occur south of the Kuroshio Extension, and after formation STMW is advected westward, as shown by the transport streamfunction. The ideal age and chlorofluorocarbon tracers are used to analyze the life cycle of STMW. Over the full model run, the average age of STMW is found to be 4.1 yr, but there is strong geographical variation in this, from an average age of 3.0 yr in the east to 4.9 yr in the west. This is further evidence that STMW is formed in the east and travels to the west. This is qualitatively confirmed through simulated dye experiments known as transit-time distributions. Changes in STMW formation are correlated with a large meander in the path of the Kuroshio south of Japan. In the model, the large meander inhibits STMW formation just south of Japan, but the export of water with low potential vorticity leads to formation of STMW in the east and an overall increase in volume. This is correlated with an increase in the outcrop area of STMW. Mixed layer depth, on the other hand, is found to be uncorrelated with the volume of STMW.
    Description: E.M.D. acknowledges support of the Doherty Foundation and National Science Foundation (OCE-0849808). S.R.J was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0849808). Participation of S.P. and F.B. was supported by the National Science Foundation by its sponsorship of the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
    Description: 2012-07-01
    Keywords: Water masses ; Pacific Ocean ; Tracers ; Advection ; Forcing ; Interannual variuability
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  • 27
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    The modification of bottom boundary layer turbulence and mixing by internal waves shoaling on a barrier reef (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 41 (2011): 2223–2241, doi:10.1175/2011JPO4344.1.
    Description: Results are presented from an observational study of stratified, turbulent flow in the bottom boundary layer on the outer southeast Florida shelf. Measurements of momentum and heat fluxes were made using an array of acoustic Doppler velocimeters and fast-response temperature sensors in the bottom 3 m over a rough reef slope. Direct estimates of flux Richardson number Rf confirm previous laboratory, numerical, and observational work, which find mixing efficiency not to be a constant but rather to vary with Frt, Reb, and Rig. These results depart from previous observations in that the highest levels of mixing efficiency occur for Frt 〈 1, suggesting that efficient mixing can also happen in regions of buoyancy-controlled turbulence. Generally, the authors find that turbulence in the reef bottom boundary layer is highly variable in time and modified by near-bed flow, shear, and stratification driven by shoaling internal waves.
    Description: Funding was provided by grants from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Undersea Research Program, National Science Foundation Grants OCE-0622967 and OCE- 0824972 to SGM, and the Singapore Stanford Program. Kristen Davis was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship and an ARCS Foundation Fellowship.
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Turbulence ; Bottom currents ; Mixing ; Internal waves
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  • 28
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    Resonant and near-resonant internal wave interactions (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 669–691, doi:10.1175/2011JPO4129.1.
    Description: The spectral energy density of the internal waves in the open ocean is considered. The Garrett and Munk spectrum and the resonant kinetic equation are used as the main tools of the study. Evaluations of a resonant kinetic equation that suggest the slow time evolution of the Garrett and Munk spectrum is not in fact slow are reported. Instead, nonlinear transfers lead to evolution time scales that are smaller than one wave period at high vertical wavenumber. Such values of the transfer rates are inconsistent with the viewpoint expressed in papers by C. H. McComas and P. Müller, and by P. Müller et al., which regards the Garrett and Munk spectrum as an approximate stationary state of the resonant kinetic equation. It also puts the self-consistency of a resonant kinetic equation at a serious risk. The possible reasons for and resolutions of this paradox are explored. Inclusion of near-resonant interactions decreases the rate at which the spectrum evolves. Consequently, this inclusion shows a tendency of improving of self-consistency of the kinetic equation approach.
    Description: YL is supported by NSF DMS Grant 0807871 and ONR Award N00014-09-1-0515.
    Description: 2012-11-01
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    Extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) of microbial community and other time series data with replicates (2012)
    BioMed Central
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in BMC Systems Biology 5 Suppl 2 (2011): S15, doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-S2-S15.
    Description: The increasing availability of time series microbial community data from metagenomics and other molecular biological studies has enabled the analysis of large-scale microbial co-occurrence and association networks. Among the many analytical techniques available, the Local Similarity Analysis (LSA) method is unique in that it captures local and potentially time-delayed co-occurrence and association patterns in time series data that cannot otherwise be identified by ordinary correlation analysis. However LSA, as originally developed, does not consider time series data with replicates, which hinders the full exploitation of available information. With replicates, it is possible to understand the variability of local similarity (LS) score and to obtain its confidence interval. We extended our LSA technique to time series data with replicates and termed it extended LSA, or eLSA. Simulations showed the capability of eLSA to capture subinterval and time-delayed associations. We implemented the eLSA technique into an easy-to-use analytic software package. The software pipeline integrates data normalization, statistical correlation calculation, statistical significance evaluation, and association network construction steps. We applied the eLSA technique to microbial community and gene expression datasets, where unique time-dependent associations were identified. The extended LSA analysis technique was demonstrated to reveal statistically significant local and potentially time-delayed association patterns in replicated time series data beyond that of ordinary correlation analysis. These statistically significant associations can provide insights to the real dynamics of biological systems. The newly designed eLSA software efficiently streamlines the analysis and is freely available from the eLSA homepage, which can be accessed at http://meta.usc.edu/softs/lsa
    Description: This research is partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) DMS-1043075 and OCE 1136818.
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    Mechanisms behind the temporary shutdown of deep convection in the Labrador Sea : lessons from the Great Salinity Anomaly years 1968–71 (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 6743–6755, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00549.1.
    Description: From 1969 to 1971 convection in the Labrador Sea shut down, thus interrupting the formation of the intermediate/dense water masses. The shutdown has been attributed to the surface freshening induced by the Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA), a freshwater anomaly in the subpolar North Atlantic. The abrupt resumption of convection in 1972, in contrast, is attributed to the extreme atmospheric forcing of that winter. Here oceanic and atmospheric data collected in the Labrador Sea at Ocean Weather Station Bravo and a one-dimensional mixed layer model are used to examine the causes of the shutdown and resumption of convection in detail. These results highlight the tight coupling of the ocean and atmosphere in convection regions and the need to resolve both components to correctly represent convective processes in the ocean. They are also relevant to present-day conditions given the increased ice melt in the Arctic Ocean and from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The analysis herein shows that the shutdown was initiated by the GSA-induced freshening as well as the mild 1968/69 winter. After the shutdown had begun, however, the continuing lateral freshwater flux as well as two positive feedbacks [both associated with the sea surface temperature (SST) decrease due to lack of convective mixing with warmer subsurface water] further inhibited convection. First, the SST decrease reduced the heat flux to the atmosphere by reducing the air–sea temperature gradient. Second, it further reduced the surface buoyancy loss by reducing the thermal expansion coefficient of the surface water. In 1972 convection resumed because of both the extreme atmospheric forcing and advection of saltier waters into the convection region.
    Description: This research was funded by a grant from the NWO/SRON User Support Programme Space Research. FS acknowledges support from OCE- 0850416 and NOAA NA08OAR4310569.
    Description: 2013-04-01
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Intermediate waters ; Oceanic variability
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    Wavenumber–frequency spectra of inertia–gravity and mixed Rossby–gravity waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1859–1881, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0235.1.
    Description: In the 1970s and 1980s, there was considerable interest in near-equatorial variability at periods of days to weeks associated with oceanic equatorial inertia–gravity waves and mixed Rossby–gravity waves. At that time, the measurements available for studying these waves were much more limited than today: most of the available observations were from scattered island tide gauges and a handful of short mooring records. More than a decade of the extensive modern data record from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO)/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) mooring array in the Pacific Ocean is used to reexamine the internal-wave climate in the equatorial Pacific, with a focus on interpretation of the zonal-wavenumber/frequency spectrum of surface dynamic height relative to 500 decibars at periods of 3–15 days and zonal wavelengths exceeding 30° of longitude. To facilitate interpretation of the dynamic height spectrum and identification of equatorial wave modes, the spectrum is decomposed into separate spectra associated with dynamic height fluctuations that are symmetric or antisymmetric about the equator. Many equatorial-wave meridional modes can be identified, for both the first and second baroclinic mode. Zonal-wavenumber/frequency spectra of the zonal and meridional wind stress components are also examined. The observed wind stress spectra are used with linear theory of forced equatorial waves to provide a tentative explanation for the zonal-wavenumber extent of the spectral peaks seen in dynamic height. Examination of the cross-equatorial symmetry properties of the wind stress suggests that virtually all of the large-scale equatorial inertia–gravity and mixed Rossby–gravity waves examined may be sensitive to both zonal and meridional wind stress.
    Description: This research was funded by NASA Grant NNX10AO93G.
    Description: 2013-05-01
    Keywords: Inertia-gravity waves
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    The mean age of ocean waters inferred from radiocarbon observations : sensitivity to surface sources and accounting for mixing histories (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 291–305, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-043.1.
    Description: A number of previous observational studies have found that the waters of the deep Pacific Ocean have an age, or elapsed time since contact with the surface, of 700–1000 yr. Numerical models suggest ages twice as old. Here, the authors present an inverse framework to determine the mean age and its upper and lower bounds given Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) radiocarbon observations, and they show that the potential range of ages increases with the number of constituents or sources that are included in the analysis. The inversion requires decomposing the World Ocean into source waters, which is obtained here using the total matrix intercomparison (TMI) method at up to 2° × 2° horizontal resolution with 11 113 surface sources. The authors find that the North Pacific at 2500-m depth can be no younger than 1100 yr old, which is older than some previous observational estimates. Accounting for the broadness of surface regions where waters originate leads to a reservoir-age correction of almost 100 yr smaller than would be estimated with a two or three water-mass decomposition and explains some of the discrepancy with previous observational studies. A best estimate of mean age is also presented using the mixing history along circulation pathways. Subject to the caveats that inference of the mixing history would benefit from further observations and that radiocarbon cannot rule out the presence of extremely old waters from exotic sources, the deep North Pacific waters are 1200–1500 yr old, which is more in line with existing numerical model results.
    Description: GG is supported by the J. Lamar Worzel Assistant Scientist Fund and the Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists. PJH is supported by NSF Award 0960787.
    Description: 2012-08-01
    Keywords: North Pacific Ocean ; Mass fluxes/transport ; Ocean circulation ; Tracers ; Optimization ; Variational analysis
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    The CCSM4 ocean component (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 1361–1389, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00091.1.
    Description: The ocean component of the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) is described, and its solutions from the twentieth-century (20C) simulations are documented in comparison with observations and those of CCSM3. The improvements to the ocean model physical processes include new parameterizations to represent previously missing physics and modifications of existing parameterizations to incorporate recent new developments. In comparison with CCSM3, the new solutions show some significant improvements that can be attributed to these model changes. These include a better equatorial current structure, a sharper thermocline, and elimination of the cold bias of the equatorial cold tongue all in the Pacific Ocean; reduced sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity biases along the North Atlantic Current path; and much smaller potential temperature and salinity biases in the near-surface Pacific Ocean. Other improvements include a global-mean SST that is more consistent with the present-day observations due to a different spinup procedure from that used in CCSM3. Despite these improvements, many of the biases present in CCSM3 still exist in CCSM4. A major concern continues to be the substantial heat content loss in the ocean during the preindustrial control simulation from which the 20C cases start. This heat loss largely reflects the top of the atmospheric model heat loss rate in the coupled system, and it essentially determines the abyssal ocean potential temperature biases in the 20C simulations. There is also a deep salty bias in all basins. As a result of this latter bias in the deep North Atlantic, the parameterized overflow waters cannot penetrate much deeper than in CCSM3.
    Description: NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The CCSM is also sponsored by the Department of Energy. SGY was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office under Climate Variability and Predictability Program Grant NA09OAR4310163.
    Description: 2012-09-01
    Keywords: Ocean circulation ; Climate models ; General circulation models ; Ocean models
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    Buoyancy arrest and shelf–ocean exchange (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 644–658, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0143.1.
    Description: When steady flow in a stratified ocean passes between the continental slope and open ocean, its ability to cross isobaths is potentially limited by buoyancy arrest. If the bottom Ekman transport vanishes and there are no interior stresses, then steady linear flow on an f plane must be geostrophic and follow isobaths exactly. The influence of arrest on cross-shelf transport is investigated here to establish 1) whether there are substantial penetration asymmetries between cases with upwelling and downwelling in the bottom boundary layer; 2) over what spatial scales, hence in what parameter regime, buoyancy arrest is important; and 3) the effects of depth-dependent interior flow. The problem is approached using scalings and idealized numerical models. The results show that there is little or no asymmetry introduced by bottom boundary layer behavior. Further, if the stratification is weak or moderate, as measured by a slope Burger number s = αN/f (where α is the bottom slope, N is buoyancy frequency, and f is the Coriolis parameter), buoyancy arrest does not exert a strong constraint on cross-isobath exchange.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Physical Oceanography program through Grant OCE-0849498.
    Description: 2012-10-01
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Ekman pumping/transport
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    Influences of precipitation on water mass transformation and deep convection (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1684–1700, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0230.1.
    Description: The influences of precipitation on water mass transformation and the strength of the meridional overturning circulation in marginal seas are studied using theoretical and idealized numerical models. Nondimensional equations are developed for the temperature and salinity anomalies of deep convective water masses, making explicit their dependence on both geometric parameters such as basin area, sill depth, and latitude, as well as on the strength of atmospheric forcing. In addition to the properties of the convective water, the theory also predicts the magnitude of precipitation required to shut down deep convection and switch the circulation into the haline mode. High-resolution numerical model calculations compare well with the theory for the properties of the convective water mass, the strength of the meridional overturning circulation, and also the shutdown of deep convection. However, the numerical model also shows that, for precipitation levels that exceed this critical threshold, the circulation retains downwelling and northward heat transport, even in the absence of deep convection.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Science Foundation underGrantsOCE-0850416, OCE-0959381, andOCE-0859381.
    Description: 2013-04-01
    Keywords: Boundary currents ; Deep convection ; Eddies ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Ocean dynamics ; Stability
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    The wavenumber–frequency content of resonantly excited equatorial waves (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1834–1858, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0234.1.
    Description: The theoretical resonant excitation of equatorial inertia–gravity waves and mixed Rossby–gravity waves is examined. Contrary to occasionally published expectations, solutions show that winds that are broadband in both zonal wavenumber and frequency do not in general produce peaks in the wavenumber–frequency spectrum of sea surface height (SSH) at wavenumbers associated with vanishing zonal group velocity. Excitation of total wave energy in inertia–gravity modes by broadband zonal winds is virtually wavenumber independent when the meridional structure of the winds does not impose a bias toward negative or positive zonal wavenumbers. With increasing wavenumber magnitude |k|, inertia–gravity waves asymptote toward zonally propagating pure gravity waves, in which the magnitude of meridional velocity υ becomes progressively smaller relative to the magnitude of zonal velocity u and pressure p. When the total wave energy is independent of wavenumber, this effect produces a peak in |υ|2 near the wavenumber where group velocity vanishes, but a trough in |p|2 (or SSH variance). Another consequence of the shift toward pure gravity wave structure is that broadband meridional winds excite inertia–gravity modes progressively less efficiently as |k| increases and υ becomes less important to the wave structure. Broadband meridional winds produce a low-wavenumber peak in total wave energy leading to a subtle elevation of |p|2 at low wavenumbers, but this is due entirely to the decrease in the forcing efficiency of meridional winds with increasing |k|, rather than to the vanishing of the group velocity. Physical conditions that might alter the above conclusions are discussed.
    Description: This research was funded by NASA Grant NNX10AO93G.
    Description: 2013-05-01
    Keywords: Inertia-gravity waves ; Ocean dynamics
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    Systematic calculation of threshold displacement energies: Case study in rutile (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): M. Robinson, N. A. Marks, K. R. Whittle, and G. R. Lumpkin A generalized and systematic method of calculating threshold displacement energies ( E d ) using molecular dynamics simulations has been developed and applied to rutile TiO 2 . Statistically representative results have been achieved through fine sampling of impact energy and trajectory for each atomic sp... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 104105] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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    Theoretical model obtained in momentum space for charge transport in a system consisting of noninteracting polarons (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): F. Marsusi and J. Sabbaghzadeh We have developed a theory of charge transport in a system of noninteracting polarons. The theory is conducted to a compact relation through a nonperturbative method based on electron-phonon Hamiltonian. The derived final result represents two different limits of band and phonon-assisted transport, ... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 115302] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Semiconductors II: surfaces, interfaces, microstructures, and related topics
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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    Topics: Physics
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    Configuration and binding energy of multiple hydrogen atoms trapped in monovacancy in bcc transition metals (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Kazuhito Ohsawa, Keisuke Eguchi, Hideo Watanabe, Masatake Yamaguchi, and Masatoshi Yagi We present a first-principles study of stable configurations of single and multiple H atoms in a monovacancy in bcc transition metals and binding energies of the H atoms to the monovacancy. Typical bcc transition metals are group-V elements (V, Nb, and Ta), group-VI elements (Cr, Mo, and W), and Fe.... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 094102] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 40
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    Electronic and structural characterization of divacancies in irradiated graphene (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Miguel M. Ugeda, Iván Brihuega, Fanny Hiebel, Pierre Mallet, Jean-Yves Veuillen, José M. Gómez-Rodríguez, and Félix Ynduráin We provide a thorough study of a carbon divacancy, a point defect expected to have a large impact on the properties of graphene. Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of irradiated graphene on different substrates enabled us to identify a common twofold symmetry point defect. Our fir... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 121402] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 41
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    Phase-matching mechanism for high-photon-energy harmonics of a long trajectory driven by a midinfrared laser (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Cheng Gong, Jiaming Jiang, Chuang Li, Liwei Song, Zhinan Zeng, Jing Miao, Xiaochun Ge, Yinghui Zheng, Ruxin Li, and Zhizhan Xu High-order harmonics were generated with neon gas by using 12-fs midinfrared laser pulses with stabilized carrier-envelope phase (CEP). At some specific CEP, a broad “supercontinuum” of the extreme ultraviolet spectrum can be obtained. Two distinct continuous spectral regimes are found by numerical ... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 033410] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Atomic and molecular processes in external fields, including interactions with strong fields and short pulses
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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  • 42
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    Modal analysis method to describe weak nonlinear effects in metamaterials (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Y. Zeng, D. A. R. Dalvit, J. O'Hara, and S. A. Trugman We apply a rigorous eigenmode analysis to study the electromagnetic properties of linear and weakly nonlinear metamaterials. The nonlinear response can be totally described by the linear eigenmodes when weak nonlinearities are attributed to metamaterials. We use this theory to interpret intrinsic se... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 125107] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
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  • 43
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    Jet momentum balance independent of shear viscosity (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): R. B. Neufeld Jet momentum balance measurements, such as those recently performed by the CMS collaboration, provide an opportunity to quantify the energy transferred from a parton shower to the underlying medium in heavy-ion collisions. Specifically, I argue that the Cooper-Frye freeze-out distribution associated... [Phys. Rev. C 85, 034903] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2813
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-490X
    Topics: Physics
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  • 44
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    Testing the Higgs triplet model with the mass difference at the LHC (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Mayumi Aoki, Shinya Kanemura, and Kei Yagyu In general, there can be mass differences among scalar bosons of the Higgs triplet field with the hypercharge of Y =1 . In the Higgs triplet model, when the vacuum expectation value v Δ of the triplet field is much smaller than that v ( ≃246  GeV ) of the Higgs doublet field as required by the electrowea... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 055007] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Beyond the standard model
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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  • 45
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    Test for anisotropy in the mean of the CMB temperature fluctuation in spherical harmonic space (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Daichi Kashino, Kiyotomo Ichiki, and Tsutomu T. Takeuchi The standard models of inflation predict statistically homogeneous and isotropic primordial fluctuations, which should be tested by observations. In this paper we illustrate a method to test the statistical isotropy of the mean of the cosmic microwave background temperature fluctuations in the spher... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 063001] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Astrophysics & Cosmology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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  • 46
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    Collider constraints on dipole-interacting dark matter (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Jean-François Fortin and Tim M. P. Tait Dark matter which interacts through a magnetic or electric dipole moment is an interesting possibility which may help resolve the discrepancy between the DAMA annual modulation signal and the null results of other searches. In this article we examine relic density and collider constraints on such da... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 063506] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Astrophysics & Cosmology
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  • 47
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    Brane-f(R) gravity and dark matter (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): A. S. Sefiedgar, Z. Haghani, and H. R. Sepangi The collision-free Boltzmann equation is used in the context of brane- f ( R ) gravity to derive the virial theorem. It is shown that the virial mass is proportional to certain geometrical terms appearing in the Einstein field equations and contributes to gravitational energy and that such a geometric m... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 064012] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: General relativity, gravitation
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  • 48
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    Scalar-tensor cosmologies with dust matter in the general relativity limit (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Laur Järv, Piret Kuusk, and Margus Saal We consider flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmological models in the framework of general scalar-tensor theories of gravity with arbitrary coupling functions, set in the Jordan frame, in the cosmological epoch when the energy density of the ordinary dust matter dominates over the energy d... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 064013] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: General relativity, gravitation
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    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
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  • 49
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    Finsler geometric extension of Einstein gravity (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Christian Pfeifer and Mattias N. R. Wohlfarth We construct gravitational dynamics for Finsler spacetimes in terms of an action integral on the unit tangent bundle. These spacetimes are generalizations of Lorentzian metric manifolds which satisfy necessary causality properties. A coupling procedure for matter fields to Finsler gravity completes ... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 064009] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: General relativity, gravitation
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  • 50
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    Dynamics of confined water reconstructed from inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of bulk response functions (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Robert H. Coridan, Nathan W. Schmidt, Ghee Hwee Lai, Peter Abbamonte, and Gerard C. L. Wong Nanoconfined water and surface-structured water impacts a broad range of fields. For water confined between hydrophilic surfaces, measurements and simulations have shown conflicting results ranging from “liquidlike” to “solidlike” behavior, from bulklike water viscosity to viscosity orders of magnit... [Phys. Rev. E 85, 031501] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Structured and complex fluids
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
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    Striped networks and other hierarchical structures in A_{m}B_{m}C_{n} (2m+n)-miktoarm star terpolymer melts (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard Using dissipative particle dynamics simulations we give numerical evidence of the formation of “striped” (or A B alternating) diamond and gyroid network structures and other hierarchical morphologies in A m B m C n ( 2 m + n )-miktoarm star terpolymers where the main variable is the ratio x = n / m with m , n being ... [Phys. Rev. E 85, 031802] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Polymers
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    Required criteria for recognizing new types of chaos: Application to the “cord” attractor (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Christophe Letellier and Luis A. Aguirre After suggesting criteria to recognize a new system and a new attractor—and to make a distinction between them—the paper details the topological analysis of the “cord” attractor. This attractor, which resembles a cord between two leaves, is produced by a three-dimensional system that is obtained aft... [Phys. Rev. E 85, 036204] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Chaos and pattern formation
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    BF gravity with Immirzi parameter and matter fields (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Merced Montesinos and Mercedes Velázquez We perform the coupling of the scalar, Maxwell, and Yang-Mills fields as well as the cosmological constant to BF gravity with Immirzi parameter. The proposed action principles employ auxiliary fields in order to keep a polynomial dependence on the B fields. By handling the equations of motion for th... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 064011] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: General relativity, gravitation
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
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    Calculating nonadiabatic pressure perturbations during multifield inflation (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Ian Huston and Adam J. Christopherson Isocurvature perturbations naturally occur in models of inflation consisting of more than one scalar field. In this paper, we calculate the spectrum of isocurvature perturbations generated at the end of inflation for three different inflationary models consisting of two canonical scalar fields. The ... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 063507] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Astrophysics & Cosmology
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
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    Short periodic orbit approach to resonances and the fractal Weyl law (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): J. M. Pedrosa, D. Wisniacki, G. G. Carlo, and M. Novaes We investigate the properties of the semiclassical short periodic orbit approach for the study of open quantum maps that was recently introduced [ Novaes, Pedrosa, Wisniacki, Carlo and Keating Phys. Rev. E 80 035202 (2009) ]. We provide solid numerical evidence, for the paradigmatic systems of the o... [Phys. Rev. E 85, 036203] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Chaos and pattern formation
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  • 56
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    Dielectric function beyond the random-phase approximation: Kinetic theory versus linear response theory (2012)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): H. Reinholz and G. Röpke Calculating the frequency-dependent dielectric function for strongly coupled plasmas, the relations within kinetic theory and linear response theory are derived and discussed in comparison. In this context, we give a proof that the Kohler variational principle can be extended to arbitrary frequencie... [Phys. Rev. E 85, 036401] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Plasma physics
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    Kinetic Monte Carlo and cellular particle dynamics simulations of multicellular systems (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Elijah Flenner, Lorant Janosi, Bogdan Barz, Adrian Neagu, Gabor Forgacs, and Ioan Kosztin Computer modeling of multicellular systems has been a valuable tool for interpreting and guiding in vitro experiments relevant to embryonic morphogenesis, tumor growth, angiogenesis and, lately, structure formation following the printing of cell aggregates as bioink particles. Here we formulate two ... [Phys. Rev. E 85, 031907] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Biological physics
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    Laser Radiation Pressure Slowing of a Molecular Beam (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): J. F. Barry, E. S. Shuman, E. B. Norrgard, and D. DeMille We demonstrate deceleration of a beam of neutral strontium monofluoride molecules using radiative forces. Under certain conditions, the deceleration results in a substantial flux of detected molecules with velocities ≲50  m/s . Simulations and other data indicate that the detection of molecules below... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 103002] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
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    Single-Shot Electronic Optical Activity Interferometry: Power and Phase Fluctuation-Free Measurement (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Intae Eom, Sung-Hyun Ahn, Hanju Rhee, and Minhaeng Cho We demonstrate that a single-pulse characterization of electronic optical activity-free induction decay, which carries information on both circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion, is experimentally feasible. Employing a self-referencing scheme, we show that a highly reliable interferometr... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 103901] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Nonlinear Dynamics, Fluid Dynamics, Classical Optics, etc.
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    Absolute Stability of Axisymmetric Perturbations in Strongly Magnetized Collisionless Axisymmetric Accretion Disk Plasmas (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): C. Cremaschini, M. Tessarotto, and J. C. Miller This Letter presents a kinetic description of low-frequency and long-wavelength axisymmetric electromagnetic perturbations in nonrelativistic, strongly magnetized, and gravitationally bound axisymmetric accretion-disk plasmas in the collisionless regime. The analysis, carried out within the framewor... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 101101] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Gravitation and Astrophysics
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    Cavitating Langmuir Turbulence in the Terrestrial Aurora (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): B. Isham, M. T. Rietveld, P. Guio, F. R. E. Forme, T. Grydeland, and E. Mjølhus Langmuir cavitons have been artificially produced in Earth’s ionosphere, but evidence of naturally occurring cavitation has been elusive. By measuring and modeling the spectra of electrostatic plasma modes, we show that natural cavitating, or strong, Langmuir turbulence does occur in the ionosphere,... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 105003] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Plasma and Beam Physics
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    Nanoscale Deformation of a Liquid Surface (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Rene Ledesma-Alonso, Dominique Legendre, and Philippe Tordjeman We study the interaction between a solid particle and a liquid interface. A semianalytical solution of the nonlinear equation that describes the interface deformation points out the existence of a bifurcation behavior for the apex deformation as a function of the distance. We show that the apex curv... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 106104] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Structure, etc.
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    Increased Superconducting Transition Temperature of a Niobium Thin Film Proximity Coupled to Gold Nanoparticles Using Linking Organic Molecules (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Eran Katzir, Shira Yochelis, Felix Zeides, Nadav Katz, Yaov Kalcheim, Oded Millo, Gregory Leitus, Yuri Myasodeyov, Boris Ya. Shapiro, Ron Naaman, and Yossi Paltiel The superconducting critical temperature, T C , of thin Nb films is significantly modified when gold nanoparticles (NPs) are chemically linked to the Nb film, with a consistent enhancement when using 3 nm long disilane linker molecules. The T C increases by up to 10% for certain linker length and NP si... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 107004] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, etc.
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    Prediction of the Bottomonium D-Wave Spectrum from Full Lattice QCD (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): J. O. Daldrop, C. T. H. Davies, and R. J. Dowdall (HPQCD Collaboration) We calculate the full spectrum of D -wave states in the Υ system in lattice QCD for the first time, by using an improved version of nonrelativistic QCD on coarse and fine “second-generation” gluon field configurations from the MILC Collaboration that include the effect of up, down, strange, and charm... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 102003] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Elementary Particles and Fields
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    Differentiating the Higgs Boson from the Dilaton and Radion at Hadron Colliders (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Vernon Barger, Muneyuki Ishida, and Wai-Yee Keung A number of candidate theories beyond the standard model (SM) predict new scalar bosons below the TeV region. Among these, the radion, which is predicted in the Randall-Sundrum model, and the dilaton, which is predicted by the walking technicolor theory, have very similar couplings to those of the S... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 101802] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Elementary Particles and Fields
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    Transmembrane Helix Assembly by Window Exchange Umbrella Sampling (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Soohyung Park, Taehoon Kim, and Wonpil Im A method of window exchange umbrella sampling molecular dynamics simulation is employed for transmembrane helix assembly. An analytical expression for the average acceptance probability between neighboring windows is derived and combined with the first passage time optimization method to predetermin... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 108102] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Soft Matter, Biological, and Interdisciplinary Physics
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    Unidirectional Pinning and Hysteresis of Spatially Discordant Alternans in Cardiac Tissue (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Per Sebastian Skardal, Alain Karma, and Juan G. Restrepo Spatially discordant alternans is a widely observed pattern of voltage and calcium signals in cardiac tissue that can precipitate lethal cardiac arrhythmia. Using spatially coupled iterative maps of the beat-to-beat dynamics, we explore this pattern’s dynamics in the regime of a calcium-dominated pe... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 108103] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Soft Matter, Biological, and Interdisciplinary Physics
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    Highly Confined Spin-Polarized Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in SrTiO_{3}/SrRuO_{3} Superlattices (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Marcos Verissimo-Alves, Pablo García-Fernández, Daniel I. Bilc, Philippe Ghosez, and Javier Junquera We report first-principles characterization of the structural and electronic properties of (SrTiO 3 ) 5 /(SrRuO 3 ) 1 superlattices. We show that the system exhibits a spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gas, extremely confined to the 4 d orbitals of Ru in the SrRuO 3 layer. Every interface in the superl... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 107003] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, etc.
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    Scattering of Magnetic Mirror Trapped Fast Electrons by a Shear Alfvén Wave (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Yuhou Wang, Walter Gekelman, Patrick Pribyl, and Konstantinos Papadopoulos Laboratory observations of enhanced loss of fast electrons trapped in a magnetic mirror geometry irradiated by shear Alfvén waves (SAW) are reported. A population of runaway electrons generated by second harmonic electron-cyclotron-resonance heating, as evidenced by the production of hard x rays wit... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 105002] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Plasma and Beam Physics
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    Reliability of Frequency and Amplitude Decoding in Gene Regulation (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Filipe Tostevin, Wiet de Ronde, and Pieter Rein ten Wolde In biochemical signaling, information is often encoded in oscillatory signals. However, the advantages of such a coding strategy over an amplitude-encoding scheme of constant signals remain unclear. Here we study the dynamics of a simple model gene promoter in response to oscillating and constant tr... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 108104] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Soft Matter, Biological, and Interdisciplinary Physics
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    Majorana Fermions and Exotic Surface Andreev Bound States in Topological Superconductors: Application to Cu_{x}Bi_{2}Se_{3} (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Timothy H. Hsieh and Liang Fu The recently discovered superconductor Cu x Bi 2 Se 3 is a candidate for three-dimensional time-reversal-invariant topological superconductors, which are predicted to have robust surface Andreev bound states hosting massless Majorana fermions. In this work, we analytically and numerically find the linear... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 107005] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, etc.
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    Magnetism and Antiferroelectricity in MgB_{6} (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Igor Popov, Nadjib Baadji, and Stefano Sanvito We report on a density functional theory study demonstrating the coexistence of weak ferromagnetism and antiferroelectricity in boron-deficient MgB 6 . A boron vacancy produces an almost one dimensional extended molecular orbital, which is responsible for the magnetic moment formation. Then, long-rang... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 107205] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, etc.
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    Erratum: Otho-Para H_{2} Conversion by Proton Exchange at Low Temperature: An Accurate Quantum Mechanical Study [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 023201 (2011)] (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): P. Honvault, M. Jorfi, T. González-Lezana, A. Faure, and L. Pagani [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 109903] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Errata
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    Structure, physical properties, and applications of SrRuO_{3} thin films (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Gertjan Koster, Lior Klein, Wolter Siemons, Guus Rijnders, J. Steven Dodge, Chang-Beom Eom, Dave H. A. Blank, and Malcolm R. Beasley The complex oxide perovskite SrRuO 3 is recognized as an almost ideal material for study: it can be grown epitaxially on a variety of complex oxide substrates, it is a good conductor without the need for added dopants, and it is a model system for the study of itinerant ferromagnetism with intermedia... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 253] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Condensed matter
    Print ISSN: 0034-6861
    Electronic ISSN: 1539-0756
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    Sensors, Vol. 12, Pages 3418-3437: Improving Fingerprint Verification Using Minutiae Triplets (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Improving fingerprint matching algorithms is an active and important research area in fingerprint recognition. Algorithms based on minutia triplets, an important matcher family, present some drawbacks that impact their accuracy, such as dependency to the order of minutiae in the feature, insensitivity to the reflection of minutiae triplets, and insensitivity to the directions of the minutiae relative to the sides of the triangle. To alleviate these drawbacks, we introduce in this paper a novel fingerprint matching algorithm, named M3gl. This algorithm contains three components: a new feature representation containing clockwise-arranged minutiae without a central minutia, a new similarity measure that shifts the triplets to find the best minutiae correspondence, and a global matching procedure that selects the alignment by maximizing the amount of global matching minutiae. To make M3gl faster, it includes some optimizations to discard non-matching minutia triplets without comparing the whole representation. In comparison with six verification algorithms, M3gl achieves the highest accuracy in the lowest matching time, using FVC2002 and FVC2004 databases.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Sensors, Vol. 12, Pages 3370-3393: Cell-Based Sensor System Using L6 Cells for Broad Band Continuous Pollutant Monitoring in Aquatic Environments (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Pollution of drinking water sources represents a continuously emerging problem in global environmental protection. Novel techniques for real-time monitoring of water quality, capable of the detection of unanticipated toxic and bioactive substances, are urgently needed. In this study, the applicability of a cell-based sensor system using selected eukaryotic cell lines for the detection of aquatic pollutants is shown. Readout parameters of the cells were the acidification (metabolism), oxygen consumption (respiration) and impedance (morphology) of the cells. A variety of potential cytotoxic classes of substances (heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, neurotoxins, waste water) was tested with monolayers of L6 cells (rat myoblasts). The cytotoxicity or cellular effects induced by inorganic ions (Ni2+ and Cu2+) can be detected with the metabolic parameters acidification and respiration down to 0.5 mg/L, whereas the detection limit for other substances like nicotine and acetaminophen are rather high, in the range of 0.1 mg/L and 100 mg/L. In a close to application model a real waste water sample shows detectable signals, indicating the existence of cytotoxic substances. The results support the paradigm change from single substance detection to the monitoring of overall toxicity.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Sensors, Vol. 12, Pages 3359-3369: Circulating microRNAs as Biomarkers, Therapeutic Targets, and Signaling Molecules (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Small noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of post-transcriptional gene regulation and have altered the prevailing view of a linear relationship between gene and protein expression. Aberrant miRNA expression is an emerging theme for a wide variety of diseases, highlighting the fundamental role played by miRNAs in both physiological and pathological states. The identification of stable miRNAs in bodily fluids paved the way for their use as novel biomarkers amenable to clinical diagnosis in translational medicine. Identification of miRNAs in exosomes that are functional upon delivery to the recipient cells has highlighted a novel method of intercellular communication. Delivery of miRNAs to recipient cells via blood, with functional gene regulatory consequences, opens up novel avenues for target intervention. Exosomes thus offer a novel strategy for delivering drugs or RNA therapeutic agents. Though much work lies ahead, circulating miRNAs are unequivocally ushering in a new era of novel biomarker discovery, intercellular communication mechanisms, and therapeutic intervention strategies.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Sensors, Vol. 12, Pages 3350-3358: Novel Principle of Contactless Gauge Block Calibration (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: In this paper, a novel principle of contactless gauge block calibration is presented. The principle of contactless gauge block calibration combines low-coherence interferometry and laser interferometry. An experimental setup combines Dowell interferometer and Michelson interferometer to ensure a gauge block length determination with direct traceability to the primary length standard. By monitoring both gauge block sides with a digital camera gauge block 3D surface measurements are possible too. The principle presented is protected by the Czech national patent No. 302948.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Sensors, Vol. 12, Pages 3327-3349: Quorum Sensing and Expression of Virulence in Pectobacteria (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Quorum sensing (QS) is a population density-dependent regulatory mechanism in which gene expression is coupled to the accumulation of a chemical signaling molecule. QS systems are widespread among the plant soft-rotting bacteria. In Pectobacterium carotovorum, at least two QS systems exist being specified by the nature of chemical signals involved. QS in Pectobacterium carotovorum uses N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) based, as well as autoinducer-2 (AI-2) dependent signaling systems. This review will address the importance of the QS in production of virulence factors and interaction of QS with other regulatory systems in Pectobacterium carotovorum.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Sensors, Vol. 12, Pages 3314-3326: Dynamic Strain Measured by Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Optical Fiber Sensors (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Optical fibers possess many advantages such as small size, light weight and immunity to electro-magnetic interference that meet the sensing requirements to a large extent. In this investigation, a Mach-Zehnder interferometric optical fiber sensor is used to measure the dynamic strain of a vibrating cantilever beam. A 3 × 3 coupler is employed to demodulate the phase shift of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The dynamic strain of a cantilever beam subjected to base excitation is determined by the optical fiber sensor. The experimental results are validated with the strain gauge.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Sensors, Vol. 12, Pages 3394-3417: Simultaneous Source Localization and Polarization Estimation via Non-Orthogonal Joint Diagonalization with Vector-Sensors (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Joint estimation of direction-of-arrival (DOA) and polarization with electromagnetic vector-sensors (EMVS) is considered in the framework of complex-valued non-orthogonal joint diagonalization (CNJD). Two new CNJD algorithms are presented, which propose to tackle the high dimensional optimization problem in CNJD via a sequence of simple sub-optimization problems, by using LU or LQ decompositions of the target matrices as well as the Jacobi-type scheme. Furthermore, based on the above CNJD algorithms we present a novel strategy to exploit the multi-dimensional structure present in the second-order statistics of EMVS outputs for simultaneous DOA and polarization estimation. Simulations are provided to compare the proposed strategy with existing tensorial or joint diagonalization based methods.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Materials, Vol. 5, Pages 404-414: Initial Processes of Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 on InGaAs: Interface Formation Mechanisms and Impact on Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Device Performance (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Interface-formation processes in atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 on InGaAs surfaces were investigated using on-line Auger electron spectroscopy. Al2O3 ALD was carried out by repeating a cycle of Al(CH3)3 (trimethylaluminum, TMA) adsorption and oxidation by H2O. The first two ALD cycles increased the Al KLL signal, whereas they did not increase the O KLL signal. Al2O3 bulk-film growth started from the third cycle. These observations indicated that the Al2O3/InGaAs interface was formed by reduction of the surface oxides with TMA. In order to investigate the effect of surface-oxide reduction on metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) properties, capacitors and field-effect transistors (FETs) were fabricated by changing the TMA dosage during the interface formation stage. The frequency dispersion of the capacitance-voltage characteristics was reduced by employing a high TMA dosage. The high TMA dosage, however, induced fixed negative charges at the MIS interface and degraded channel mobility.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Symptoms of late-stage Alzheimer's can be delayed (2012)
    Reed Business Information
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Two drugs that were thought not to be of benefit in the later stages of Alzheimer's disease have been shown to hold back severe decline by four months
    Print ISSN: 0028-6664
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Reed Business Information
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    Cancer chimeras complicate therapy (2012)
    Reed Business Information
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Hopes dashed of personalised drug treatments after two-thirds of genetic mutations in the same tumour are found to vary from one biopsy to the next
    Print ISSN: 0028-6664
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    MgFeGe as an isoelectronic and isostructural analog of the superconductor LiFeAs (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Xiaofeng Liu, Satoru Matsuishi, Satoru Fujitsu, and Hideo Hosono MgFeGe with a CeFeSi-type structure was synthesized by high-pressure method, and its electrical transport, magnetic properties, and electronic structure were investigated. It is found that MgFeGe has the smallest c / a (1.65) ratio and the shortest in-plane Fe-Fe distance (2.75 Å) among CeFeSi-type an... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 104403] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 86
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    First-principles study of the SiN_{x}/TiN(001) interface (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Tobias Marten, Björn Alling, Eyvaz I. Isaev, Hans Lind, Ferenc Tasnádi, Lars Hultman, and Igor A. Abrikosov The structure of the SiN x tissue phase in superhard TiN/SiN x nanocomposites has been debated in the literature. We present a theoretical investigation of the possibility of crystalline and coherent (001) interfaces that satisfies the two necessary criteria, stability with respect to lattice vibratio... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 104106] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 87
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    Radiative coupling and weak lasing of exciton-polariton condensates (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): I. L. Aleiner, B. L. Altshuler, and Y. G. Rubo In spite of having finite lifetimes exciton-polaritons in microcavities are known to condense at strong enough pumping of the reservoir. We present an analytical theory of such Bose condensates on a set of localized one-particle states: condensation centers. To understand the physics of these arrays... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 121301] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Semiconductors II: surfaces, interfaces, microstructures, and related topics
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 88
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    Graphing and grafting graphene: Classifying finite topological defects (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Eric Cockayne The structure of finite-area topological defects in graphene is described in terms of both the direct honeycomb lattice and its dual triangular lattice. Such defects are equivalent to cutting out a patch of graphene and replacing it with a different patch with the same number of dangling bonds. An i... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 125409] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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    Density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy constrained by mean-field calculations (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Jianmin Dong, Wei Zuo, Jianzhong Gu, and Umberto Lombardo We establish a correlation for the symmetry energy at saturation density S 0 , slope parameter L , and curvature parameter K sym based on widely different mean-field interactions. With the help of this correlation and available empirical and theoretical information, the density-dependent behavior around... [Phys. Rev. C 85, 034308] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Nuclear Structure
    Print ISSN: 0556-2813
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-490X
    Topics: Physics
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  • 90
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    Decoherence and dynamical decoupling control of nitrogen vacancy center electron spins in nuclear spin baths (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Nan Zhao, Sai-Wah Ho, and Ren-Bao Liu We theoretically study the decoherence and the dynamical decoupling control of nitrogen vacancy center electron spins in high-purity diamond, where the hyperfine interaction with 13 C nuclear spins is the dominating decoherence mechanism. The decoherence is formulated as the entanglement between the ... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 115303] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Semiconductors II: surfaces, interfaces, microstructures, and related topics
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 91
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    Radion-Higgs mixing effects on bounds from LHC Higgs boson searches (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Author(s): Hiroshi de Sandes and Rogerio Rosenfeld The radion, a scalar particle associated with the radius of a compact warped extra dimension, may be the lightest new particle in this class of models. Its couplings to SM particles are proportional to the their masses, similar to the usual Higgs boson, but suppressed by a scale Λ r , the radion vacuu... [Phys. Rev. D 85, 053003] Published Thu Mar 08, 2012
    Keywords: Electroweak interactions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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    IJERPH, Vol. 9, Pages 821-830: Cadmium Accumulation in Tissues of Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppel, 1852) from the Aby Lagoon System in Côte d’Ivoire (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: This study assessed the concentrations of cadmium in the gills, livers and muscles of a commercially important tilapia fish (Sarotherodon melanotheron) from Aby Lagoon in Adiaké, Côte d’Ivoire, between January and December, 2010. The organisms were grouped into two composite samples (juvenile and adult) of five individuals. Levels of cadmium were determined in tissues using Perkin-Elmer (AAnalyst 200) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) after a digestion method. Fish muscle appeared to have a significantly higher tendency to accumulate cadmium (1.19–5.18 µg/g dw) while gills and livers had minimum concentrations (0.07–1.32 and 0.12–1.25 µg/g dw). This study has revealed that the concentrations of Cd in Sarotherodon melanotheron muscle tissue were above the maximum acceptable concentrations for human consumption, thus precautions need to be taken in order to prevent future contamination.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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    Future Internet, Vol. 4, Pages 161-178: Sensing the News: User Experiences when Reading Locative News (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: This article focuses on user experiences on reading location-aware news on the mobile platform and aims to explore what experiences this kind of locative journalism generates and how such experiences change the users’ social interaction with news. We produced a specially designed mobile application and tailored news stories specific to this project called LocaNews in order to explore participants’ relation to the content in this journalistic format. The result is generated through a field study and a questionnaire of 32 people to find out how they experience the news presented in this format. The user participants’ responses are analyzed based on their news experiences, contextualizing places and their social interaction with the news within this form of journalism. Results showed that the local, semi-local and non-local user approaches the locative news in a different manner, but that the average user found this kind of news more interesting and more informative than ordinary news. The participants also have a problem identifying this as journalism, rather than an information service.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-5903
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Effects of photon momentum in nonrelativistic (γ,2e) processes (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Author(s): A. G. Galstyan, O. Chuluunbaatar, Yu. V. Popov, and B. Piraux We study the effects of nonzero photon momentum on the triply differential cross section (TDCS) for ( γ ,2 e ) processes. Due to the low value of the photon momentum, these effects are weak and manifest only in special kinematical conditions such as the back-to-back emission of the electrons with equal ... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 023418] Published Tue Feb 21, 2012
    Keywords: Atomic and molecular processes in external fields, including interactions with strong fields and short pulses
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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    State-selective electron transfer and ionization in collisions of highly charged ions with ground-state Na(3s) and laser-excited Na^{*}(3p) (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Author(s): I. Blank, S. Otranto, C. Meinema, R. E. Olson, and R. Hoekstra Single electron transfer and ionization in collisions of N 5+ and Ne 8+ with ground state Na( 3 s ) and laser excited Na * ( 3 p ) are investigated both experimentally and theoretically at collision energies from 1 to 10 keV/amu, which includes the classical orbital velocity of the valence electron. State-sel... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 022712] Published Tue Feb 21, 2012
    Keywords: Atomic and molecular collisions and interactions
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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    Evaporation-limited loading of an atomic trap (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Author(s): Markus Falkenau, Valentin V. Volchkov, Jahn Rührig, Hannes Gorniaczyk, and Axel Griesmaier Recently, we have experimentally demonstrated a continuous loading mechanism for an optical dipole trap from a guided atomic beam [ M. Falkenau, V. V. Volchkov, J. Rührig, A. Griesmaier and T. Pfau Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 163002 (2011) ]. The observed evolution of the number of atoms and temperature in... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 023412] Published Tue Feb 21, 2012
    Keywords: Atomic and molecular processes in external fields, including interactions with strong fields and short pulses
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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    Dynamics of D_{3}^{+} slow dissociation induced by intense ultrashort laser pulses (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Author(s): B. Gaire, J. McKenna, M. Zohrabi, K. D. Carnes, B. D. Esry, and I. Ben-Itzhak The dissociation of D 3 + in intense ultrashort laser pulses is investigated using an improved coincidence three-dimensional momentum imaging method that allows clear separation of all fragmentation channels and the determination of the kinetic energy release down to zero. Our results, using 10-fs, 79... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 023419] Published Tue Feb 21, 2012
    Keywords: Atomic and molecular processes in external fields, including interactions with strong fields and short pulses
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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    Low-density molecular gas of tightly bound Rashba-Dresselhaus fermions (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Author(s): So Takei, Chien-Hung Lin, Brandon M. Anderson, and Victor Galitski We study interacting Rashba-Dresselhaus fermions in two spatial dimensions. First, we present an exact solution to the two-particle bound-state problem of spin-orbit (SO)-coupled fermions for arbitrary Rashba and Dresselhaus SO interactions. An exact molecular-wave function and the Green's function ... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 023626] Published Tue Feb 21, 2012
    Keywords: Matter waves and collective properties of cold atoms and molecules
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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  • 99
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    Stabilization of one-dimensional solitons against the critical collapse by quintic nonlinear lattices (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Author(s): Jianhua Zeng and Boris A. Malomed It has recently been discovered that stabilization of two-dimensional (2D) solitons against the critical collapse in media with cubic nonlinearity by means of nonlinear lattices (NLs) is a challenging problem. We address the one-dimensional (1D) version of the problem, i.e., the nonlinear-Schrödinge... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 023824] Published Tue Feb 21, 2012
    Keywords: Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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    Dynamic quantum Kerr effect in circuit quantum electrodynamics (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Author(s): Yi Yin, H. Wang, M. Mariantoni, Radoslaw C. Bialczak, R. Barends, Y. Chen, M. Lenander, Erik Lucero, M. Neeley, A. D. O'Connell, D. Sank, M. Weides, J. Wenner, T. Yamamoto, J. Zhao, A. N. Cleland, and John M. Martinis A superconducting qubit coupled to a microwave resonator provides a controllable system that enables fundamental studies of light-matter interactions. In the dispersive regime, photons in the resonator exhibit induced frequency and phase shifts which are revealed in the resonator transmission spectr... [Phys. Rev. A 85, 023826] Published Tue Feb 21, 2012
    Keywords: Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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