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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of polyethylene melt rheological properties from molecular weight distribution data obtained by gel permeation chromatography (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting rheological characteristics, such as shear dependent (non-Newtonian) viscosity and components of linear oscillatory (complex) response functions for polyethylene melts from molecular weight distribution data obtained from gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis. The results are compared with measured values of the rheological functions obtained from a variety of instruments over an extensive range of shear rates-and frequencies. The agreement between predicted and measured rheological functions is quite good for high density resins. However, for a low density resin the agreement is not as good, although still reasonable over a considerable range of conditions. It is concluded that the quality of the GPC data is the key factor in the degree of success of the method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160810
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160901
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jetting phenomena in injection mold filling mold filling (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 585-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies of injection molding of polymer melts have classified two regimes of mold filling-simple filling and jetting. In this paper we have examined a wide range of polymer melts and mold designs in an attempt to devise a criterion for the transition between these regimes. This criterion is found to be related to the extrudate swell d, gate diameter D, and small cavity dimension at the gate h. For isothermal mold filling, if d/h exceeds 1.0, the-melt will contact the mold, stick to it, and induce a simple mold filling regime. The variation in behavior in vertical and horizontal mold filling is considered, as is the influence of barriers near the gate. For the non-isothermal mold case, the manner of filling is similar, and the criterion for jetting remains the same, The die swell behavior in the non-isothermal case is complex.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160811
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transition behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(ethyl methacrylate) blends (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 593-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous work has shown evidence that PMMA and PEMA are miscible with PVF2. The present paper examines in detail the behavior of PEMA/PVF2 blends by thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. All transitions and relaxations are affected by blond composition but in a complex manner owing to the crystallization of PVF2 from blends rich in this component. Inadequacies of the simple two-phase picture of semi-crystalline polymers is believed responsible for some of the transitional behavior observed here. The melting point depression observed for PVF2 was found to be consistent with an exothermic heat of mixing for this pair comparable in value to that found for PPMA/PVF2/All evidence here are consistent with the previous conclusion of miscibility for these systems.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160902
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of biaxially oriented poly(vinyl chloride) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 638-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This report describes the influence, of (a) degree of biaxial orientation, (b) stretching rate, and (c) stretching temperature on the tensile, dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of non-impact modified PVC. A new parameter designated “planar strain” is used to correlate anisotropic property values with both equal and unequal biaxial stretching in a single two-dimensional plot, thereby providing a direct comparison of the effects of two or more biaxial stretching ratios. It is shown that optimum stretching conditions depend to some extent upon end use and that a 2 × 2 stretch ratio is optimum for impact resistance. The actual property/processing condition relationships exhibit very complicated interactions and are correlated empirically in this study. The dynamic measurements suggest that overall local segmental beta motion is increased after orientation but that the relative chain alignment makes it more difficult to activate this motion.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160907
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The quantitative differential thermal analysis determination of polyolefin stabilization (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 652-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Quantitative Differential, Thermal Analysis has been used in the wire and cable industry for determining the degree of oxidative stability of polyolefins for quality control purposes in lieu of a direct antioxidant analysis, However, it has never been shown whether the presence of each additive in a stabilizer package could be detected by this method. The results presented here indicate that the presence of a primary antioxidant and a copper inhibitor in combination can be detected separately by comparing the oxidative induction times in copper and aluminum pans. The addition of a thioester synergist such as distearyl thiodipropionate, DSTDP, is evidenced by an increased induction time in aluminum pans. However, the presence of DSTDP makes it impossible by this method to determine whether an effective level of copper inhibitor is present since the sample shows a reduced stability on copper compared to aluminum. One of two factors can be invoked to explain these results: a) DSTDP interferes with the complexing ability of the copper inhibitor or b) the copper-inhibitor complex retards the synergistic effect of the DSTDP. In either case, this factor is not important at lower temperatures since oxygen uptake data at 130°C indicate that DSTDP is an effective synergist in the presence of copper.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160909
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  • 107
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    The mechanical behavior of polyarylsulfonePresented at the March Meeting of the American Physical Society, Denver, Colorado, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 645-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A detailed study of the fracture behavior of polyarylsulfone was conducted over a temperature range of -175 to 120°C. Both fatigue crack propagation and fracture toughness tests were run as well as forced torsion pendulum tests to characterize the dynamic properties. The polymer exhibited a broad secondary loss peak and a high glass transition temperature at -110 and 295°C, respectively. Fracture toughness, KIC, and fatigue crack growth resistance were found to vary similarly with temperature, minima being observed near -50°C. Below that temperature, both a rise in toughness and in fatigue resistance is associated with the broad secondary loss peak. The slopes of the log fatigue crack velocity (da/dN) vs log stress intensity range (ΔK) curves varied from 2.6 to 13.2. Since the equation da/dN = α(ΔK)n described all of the data, the log-log slope or exponent, n = ∂ln(da/dN)∂ln ΔK, was considered as a stress intensity sensitivity index with respect to fatigue behavior. This index was at a maximum near -50°C, where the minimum in toughness occurred. A kinetic model was utilized to correlate the stress intensity sensitivity index and suggested that a single thermally activated mechanism controls the low temperature mechanical behavior of polyarylsulfone.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160908
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Electrostatic powder mixingPortions of this paper were presented November 6, 1975 at a symposium sponsored by the MIT-Industry Polymer Processing Program. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 1976 Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 657-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A device has been developed which uses electrostatic forces to mix powders. This mixer has no moving parts, and the mixture it produces approaches a perfect mixture whereas mechanical devices can at best produce a random mixture. The device is described, as are experiments which exhibit its operation. Also included are a mathematical model describing the behavior of the device, suggestions for scale-up procedures, and h discussion of some closely related concepts of mixing.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161002
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  • 109
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    An experimental technique for predicting foam processability and physical propertiesPresented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the A.I.Ch.E. in Los Angeles, California, November, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 706-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermoplastic foam properties and processing stability depend strongly on the ability to obtain the proper rheological properties for the polymer melt at temperatures where the decomposition of a chemical blowing agent may be controlled. An experimental technique has been developed which allows stable processing conditions to be determined for the continuous extrusion of foamed thermoplastics with known foam properties. The technique involves a thermal analysis of the polymer-blowing agent formulation to determine the range of controllable extrusion temperatures. Rheological analysis was carried out using a slit die to establish a relationship between the thermal blowing characteristics of the polymer composition and rheological data which correlate with foam extrudability and the physical properties of the foam. This provides a means of predicting both processability and foam properties which aid in the scale-up to production. The rheological-foam property correlations were confirmed by continuous foam extrusion on a laboratory extruder.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161009
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  • 110
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    An extensiometer for molten plastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 799-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new rheometer has been developed to measure the extensional viscosity of molten thermoplastics at typical extrusion temperatures. It is at the same time versatile and easy to operate. One end of the test specimen is held in a fixed position by an oil-cooled chimp mounted on the end of a force transducer. The other end of the specimen is held by, a moving, oil-cooled chimp. The moving clamp is suspended from a carriage mounted on a ball nut which travels on a long lead screw. The lead screw is driven by an electric motor operating through a gear box, and its speed can be controlled to produce either a constant stress (creep) or a constant strain-rate (stress growth) experiment. Experimental results have verified that in the “constant strain rate” mode the strain rate does rise rapidly to a constant level. Measurements on several polyethylene resins indicated that the extensional viscosity rises with strain rate at low strain rates.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161204
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  • 111
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    Toughness and brittleness of plastics: A summary of an ACS/SPE symposium (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 823-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recent and joint ACS/SPE symposium featured 40 papers on the fundamental mechanism of brittle fracture, low-speed crazing and fracture, high-speed impact mechanisms, fatigue failure, multi-phase polymer systems, and reinforcing fibers. A survey of these papers indicates the present state of our knowledge in this field, and the rapid progress it is making toward the development of high-performance plastic materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161209
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  • 112
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    Extrusion of polymer tubing using a rotating mandrel (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 827-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rotating mandrel in a tubing die produces multiaxial orientation in the extruded melt. If the polymer melt is quenched rapidly, some multiaxial orientation is retained in the resultant tubing. Multiaxially oriented tubing exhibits reduced crack propagation and some enhancement of yield and fracture strengths. During the processing of multiaxially oriented tubing, relaxation occurs after the melt leaves the die and gives rise to wall thickening and reduction in the lumen of the tubing; the magnitude of these effects is a function of the rate of mandrel rotation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161210
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  • 113
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    A method for the rapid processing of thermoplastic articlesPortions of this paper were presented November 6, 1975 at a symposium sponsored by the MIT-Industry Polymer Processing Program. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 841-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method for increasing the productivity of molded polymeric articles and a new kind of molding material are described. This process eliminates the heating and cooling time associated with the conventional injection molding process. Polymeric granules with heterogeneous dielectric loss characteristics are used so that during dielectric heating the surfaces of the granules melt and fuse. During cooling, the heat flows from the shell of each granule to the core, rendering the article rigid almost immediately. An analysis is done which shows that this process is feasible. Based on the analytical results, the material requirements are specified. Experimental results confirm the theoretical predictions and the viability of the basic concept. Heating and cooling are accomplished in a time period of the order of 1 sec.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161213
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  • 114
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    Influence of long-chain branching on the viscoelastic properties of low-density polyethylenes (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt How data has been determined for a series of fractionated and whole low density polyethylenes which has been characterized in terms of their molecular weights and degree of long-chain branching, (LCB). The resulting data indicate that low LCB influences melt flow both through a reduction in molecular size and an increased level of intermolecular interaction. Die swell measurements on whole polymers indicate an increase in melt elasticity with increase in degree of LCB for samples of similar melt flow (MI). Comparison of GPC data with observed die swell characteristics indicates that die swell is a molecular size dependent property and independent of intermolecular entanglement effects, suggesting that the measurement of elastic properties of LDPE melts will provide a means of determining relative degrees of LCB for commercial resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161206
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  • 115
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    Properties, environmental stability, and molding characteristics of polyphenylene sulfide (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 831-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylene sulfide is a new engineering plastic characterized by a unique combination of useful environmental, mechanical, and flame resistant properties. This paper presents a variety of new developments in molding methods and long term properties of polyphenylene sulfide. Optimum conditions for fabrication by injection molding, compression molding, and free sintering techniques are described along with a comprehensive tabulation of mechanical, factional, and electrical properties of various filled and unfilled compositions. The effect of injection molding conditions and post-treatments, such as annealing, on mechanical behavior is discussed. Long term stability of molded specimens of the polymer to a variety of chemical environments as well as oven aging studies are reported. The significance of these properties is illustrated by a discussion emphasizing new applications for various compositions based on polyphenylene sulfide.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161211
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  • 116
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    Inhibitor selection for vinyl monomers by differential scanning calorimetry (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 836-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Inhibitors to prevent vinyl polymerization were selected rapidly and effectively by differential scanning calorimetry. The autopolymerization temperature (APT) and the relative polymerization rate constants were used to define the type and amount of inhibitor necessary to prevent polymerization of acrylic esters and acrylamides. The APT was also used to determine the amount of inhibitor in a vinyl monomer. The rate of polymerization and storage stability of vinyl monomers were determined by these methods.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161212
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  • 117
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160201
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  • 118
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    Strain-induced crystallization II. Subsequent fibrillar-to-lamellar transformationPreviously presented at the ACS Symposium on Fiber and Yarn Processing Philadelphia (April 9, 1975) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Part II discusses numerous examples of a morphological fibrillar-to-lamellar transformation that has reportedly been observed in stretched polymers upon additional thermal treatment (or TIC), Stretched polymers containing initially a typical fibrillar morphology for either crystallites in cold-drawn polymers, crystallites induced by stretching, or simply non-crystalline fibrils can yield a more or less lamellar morphology after the thermally-induced transformation. There is no evidence of extended-chain crystals present in either the original fibrils or the transformed lamellae; however, the extent of the transformation is strongly dictated by the annealing conditions and the stretch ratios, and therefore the local strains on tie molecules between the crystallites. Of particular interest is the observation of lamellar formation in conjunction with decreasing stress (or increasing length) during TIG under strain. This is in conflict with the generally expected stress increase if chain folding is presumed to occur during formation of lamellae, Consequently, it leads to the conclusion that lamellae form from prefolded structures during TIC. In the light of this surprising conclusion, available evidence on the presence of structure or non-Gaussian chain segments in the amorphous state is also cited. Included are the most recent neutron scattering results from concentrated solutions of polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160305
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  • 119
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    Optical studies of the stress-induced crystallization of polymersSupported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office (Durham), the General Tire Co., Xerox Corp., and by a contract (DAAG-46-75-0-0052) with the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-induced crystallization may be studied by the birefringence technique and by low-angle light scattering. From measurements of the change in birefringence and stress during the crystallization of a polymer above its Tg and from a calculation of the intrinsic birefringence of a polymer crystal, the change in volume fraction crystallinity may be calculated. The technique is illustrated for several polymers and found to give values in reasonable agreement with other methods for the study of crystallinity. Crystallization is also accompanied by the development of a low-angle light scattering pattern, the size and shape of which is indicative of the amount, size and morphology of the crystalline superstructure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160306
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  • 120
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    Structure studies of chemically etched poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A macrostructure consisting of 1500 Å long network, elements has been studied in unoriented and oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. The long dimension of the structure is oriented transverse to the stretch direction. A length to width ratio of approximately 10:1 is observed. The structure is observed by scanning electron microscopy after room temperature etching with n-propylamine under special conditions. Also studied are weight loss measurements for up to 80 hrs of etching and molecular weight degradation by gel permeation chromatography. The induction time before weight loss commences depends on sample elongation and thermal history. A coincidence of the following times are observed: (I) commencement of weight loss, (2) development of a well-defined macrostructure by SEM, and (3) completion of molecular weight degradation. Therefore, visual evidence of a macrostructure occurs when weight loss has commenced which requires degradation to products soluble in the etchant. The GPC curves vs rich time show that etched film oriented to a crystalline state possesses two molecular weight peaks. The peak for polymer in which no degradation occurred is replaced by a peak for polymer of nine to ten repeat units which is highly crystalline and, therefore, resistant to further attack.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160317
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  • 121
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    The injection molding of thermosets (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Current industry trends toward increasing automation, as well as increased flexibility in material selection have focused a strong spot light on thermoset injection molding. The growth of thermoset injection molding is reviewed comparatively with the technical history and growth of thermoplastic injection. The progress we see to date and the promise for the future in material characteristics and properties, mold design features, equipment features, changing concepts and new thoughts are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160403
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    Using system identification to determine the thermal properties of plastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a new experimental and analytical method for determining the specific heat and thermal coductivity of plastic materials. This method arrives at these temperature-dependent properties by analyzing the thermal history of a slab of the plastic material. The procedure is as follows: 1) A partial differential equation model of the heat flow through the slab is established a priori. 2) A varying heat flux is a applied to the slab, and temperature readings throughout the plastic are recorded at fixed time intervals. 3) This temperature data is fed into a digital computer (along with the established mathematical model) and the required specific heat and thermal conductivity values are extracted. The extraction is done by using the maximum likelihood system identification technique.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160402
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    Structure-property relationships of isomeric addition polyimides containing nadimide end groups (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 314-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Addition polyirnide oligomers with nadimide end groups (I) have been synthesized from 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride with several isomeric diamines and, nadic anhydride. The low molecular weight amic acid? and corresponding imides were isolated and characterized. Solubility and melt-flow properties of the imide prepolymers were studied to determine the applicability of the resins as adhesives and composite matrices. Thermomechanical transitions of the polymers were obtained by torsional braid analysis. Properties were compared with a similar addition polymer, P13N.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160507
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    Flow-induced crystallization of linear polyethylene above its normal melting point (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 512-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of flow-induced crystallization was investigated using a linear polyethylene above its normal melting point flowing continuously in a Biconical Rheometer. It was found that the resin crystallized in the superheated state at rates which increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing temperature. A method of analysis of the temperature dependence of the various stages of flow induced crystallization is proposed. It deals with and attempts to explain the experimental fact that a higher viscosity enhances the rate of flow-induced crystallization in contrast to the effect of viscosity on the rate of quiescent crystallization. Some of the flow-induced crystallization samples were transparent and exhibited a high DSC thermogram “tail”.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160709
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160801
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  • 126
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    Lactone polymers VII. Activation energies for glass transitions of poly-∊-caprolactone and poly-∊-thiocaprolactone (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 526-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The activation energies for segmental motion have been determined for partially crystalline poly-∊-caprolactone and poly-∊-thiocaprolactone over a temperature range that extends from below the glass transition to near the melt region. Based on the shift factors obtained from the time-temperature superposition of stress relaxation data, the activation energy for the glass transition of poly-∊-caprolactone is 160 kcal/mole and of poly-∊-thiocaprolactone is 200 kcal/mole. The value obtained for poly-∊-caprolactone is in excellent agreement with the reported value obtained from dielectric relaxation studies. A relatively broad secondary maximum in the activation energy spectrum was observed for each polymer in the respective temperature regions between the glass transition and the melt zone.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160710
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    Effect of matrix ductility and interface treatment on mechanical properties of glass fiber mat composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 537-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of matrix properties on randomly oriented glass fiber epoxy composites has been studied. It is shown that an increased ductility (flexibility) of the matrix does not result in greater elongation to failure of the composite under tensile and flexural loads. The tensile (and flexural) strength and the modulus of elasticity are decreased as the ductility of the resin is increased. It is concluded that since the matrix material is subjected to a triaxial state of stress when the composite specimen is subjected to uniaxial loads, the effect of matrix modulus, Poisson's ratio, and yield strength are more important than the matrix ductility measured under uniaxial stress. The effect on mechanical properties of various surface treatments applied to the fibers is also investigated. Finally, scanning electron micrographs are presented showing matrix cracks, fiber debonding, and fiber pull-out.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160803
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    Cold compaction molding and sintering of polystyrene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 529-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is the objective of this paper to demonstrate the applicability of cold compaction molding followed by a sintering treatment to the processing of polystyrene powders. The influence of pressure, compaction speed, and peak pressure dwell time on the green (as compacted) density and the green tensile strength, as well as the effect of sintering on the tensile strength and dimensional change, were evaluated. The resulting data indicate that room temperature compaction alone is insufficient to provide adequate tensile strength for the compacts. Sintering the green compacts at temperatures of 150 to 173°C markedly improves the tensile strength while simultaneously causing a thickness change in the compacts. This thickness change results from gas evolution, pore shrinkage, and viscoelastic recovery of the residual stresses induced by pressure. For compacts of 0.225 in. thickness, an optimum sintering treatment of 173°C for 30 mins is recommended to provide a tensile strength of 4,000 psi and a thickness change of less than + 7 percent. Coining (repressing) the green compacts does not appreciably affect the sintered strength. However, a finer particle size improves the sintered properties. A review of the literature on the flow behavior of polystyrene suggests that a non-Newtonian viscous flow mechanism is followed by a Newtonian one as sintering progresses.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160802
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    Thermal analysis of dielectric insulation, ethylene/propylene rubbers, and cross-linked polyethylenes decomposed in a nitrogen atmospherePart V in a series on Characterization of Polymeric Dielectric Insulation, see Refs. 13 to 16. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 544-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The techniques of thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses have been applied to the determination of temperatures and heats of decompositions of four ethylene/propylene rubbers and seven cross-linked polyethylenes in nitrogen. These materials are commonly used in the wire and ruble industry as dielectric insulation. The polymers were found to decompose in at least three overlapping stages. Each stage has an activation energy characteristic of the process. Differential thermal analysis was significantly less useful in this study due to the conflict of the endothermal heat of vaporization and the exothermal heat of decomposition.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160804
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    Prediction of vinyl chloride monomer migration from rigid PVC pipe (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 552-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Data on the solubility and diffusion of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in PVC resin powders have been combined with published solutions of Fick's diffusion equation to yield predictions of the amount and rate of loss of residual VCM (RVCM) from rigid PVC pipe under storage and service conditions. The principal factors controlling VCM migration are the initial VCM content, thickness of the PVC section, temperature and the age of the PVC product. Analysis Solutions are presented for RVCM loss from freshly exturded pipe (uniform VCM concentration) into either the storage environment or the pipe contents. From these solutions, estimates are made for the real-world situation of closed-system service following variable storage periods. The validity of this approach for rigid PVC pipe in water-service is supported by reasonable agreement between its predictions and experimental laboratory data on the VCM content of water stored in PVC pipes. Both the predictive model and experimental data indicate that PVC pipe containing ≤ mg/kg (1 part per million) residual VCM will result in VCM concentrations in water of less than 0.002 mg/kg - under any expected service conditions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160805
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    New techniques for mixing viscous reacting liquids. Part II. Electrical-mechanical hybrid mixerPortions of tins paper were presented November 6, 1975 at a symposium sponsored by the MIT-Industry Polymer Processing Program. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 1976 Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 672-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on an understanding of the basic mechanisms and governing laws for liquid mixing, a new concept for increasing the efficiency of laminar mixing is advanced. The new concept is motivated in part by the observation that in laminar flows, the interface between two fluid components tends to line up parallel to the streamlines, leading to decreased mixing efficiency. This decrease in effectiveness can be overcome by simultaneously applying mechanically induced shear forces and electrically induced destabilizing forces (which act on the interfaces) to mix the liquids. Results show a dramatic increase in mixing efficiency with the electrical-mechanical hybrid system. Descriptions of the analytical and experimental work done to characterize the concept and prove its efficacy are presented in detail. Scale-up factors are discussed in terms of dimensionless groups.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161004
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    A critical examination of the prepreg resin flow experimentThis work was conducted while the author was at Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 687-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper takes a critical look at the applicability of the currently accepted Resin Flow Method of prepreg evaluation. The Resin Flow test is generally a high pressure, small dimension lamination experiment which is used to characterize materials processed tit high pressures and large dimensions. Several simple experiments are described which support previously reported theory and provide a basis-for more meaningful comparison of materials based on appropriate scaling via an analytical flow model.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161006
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    Studies on multilayer film coextrusion I. The rheology of flat film coextrusion (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 697-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer flat film coextrusion was studied, both experimentally and theoretically. For the experimental study, a sheet-forming die with a feedblock was designed, and plastic films of three and five layers were coextruded. The die was provided with three pressure transducers in the axial direction in order to determine the pressure gradient in the die, allowing the determination of the reduction in pressure drop when different combinations of two polymer melts were coextruded. Polymers used for coextrusion were: (1) low density polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate; (2) low density-polyethylene and high density polyethylene; (3) low density polyethylene and polystyrene. For the theoretical study, the z-component of the equations of motion for steady fully-developed flow were solved using a power law non-Newtonian model, Comparisons were made between the experimental and the theoretically predicted volumetric flow rates. Predictions of the velocity distributions, shear rate profiles, and shear stress distributions were made as functions of the processing conditions and the rheological properties of the individual polymers concerned.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161008
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    A generalized melt viscosity-temperature dependence for styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 690-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the melt flow of polymers on temperature is of both theoretical and commercial importance. A useful representation of the temperature dependence of the shear-dependent viscosity, based on superposition of flow curves at various temperatures, has previously been presented by the author for several olefin polymers. This method is extended in the current work to styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers. The melt viscosity-temperature dependence of a broad range of styrenic polymers and copolymers, ranging from polystyrene to 82 percent AN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, with and without rubber inclusions, was investigated. Flow curves at the various temperatures were found to be superimposable, as had earlier been found to be the case for olefin polymers, and a unique quantitative relationship between the superposition shift factors and temperature was found applicable to the entire family of polymers. The resultant energy of activation for viscous flow is in excellent agreement with previously published results for polystyrene Newtonian viscosities, and the magnitude of the shift factors is consistent with a limited set reported for ABS polymers. Independent tests of the derived relationships provided excellent prediction of measured viscosities. Thus, it is considered that a general viscosity-temperature relationship has been defined for this family of polymers, independent of molecular structural detail.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161007
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    Finite element analysis of calendering (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 712-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The general equations describing the flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the gap of two calender rolls were simplified by making use of the lubrication approximation. The resulting equations were solved by the finite element method. The results are in excellent agreement with existing analytical solutions for Newtonian fluids. New results were obtained for pressure, velocity profiles and sheet thickness of non-Newtonian fluids for symmetric and asymmetric calendering (different roll diameters, different roll speeds). The solution of this problem demonstrated the great possibilities offered by the finite element method in solving Theological problems of practical significance, particularly whenever complicated wall boundaries or free surfaces are involved.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161010
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161101
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